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  • 1
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    Phytoplankton in the ocean use non-phosphorus lipids in response to phosphorus scarcity (2009)
    Nature Publishing Group (NPG)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2009-02-03
    Description: Phosphorus is an obligate requirement for the growth of all organisms; major biochemical reservoirs of phosphorus in marine plankton include nucleic acids and phospholipids. However, eukaryotic phytoplankton and cyanobacteria (that is, 'phytoplankton' collectively) have the ability to decrease their cellular phosphorus content when phosphorus in their environment is scarce. The biochemical mechanisms that allow phytoplankton to limit their phosphorus demand and still maintain growth are largely unknown. Here we show that phytoplankton, in regions of oligotrophic ocean where phosphate is scarce, reduce their cellular phosphorus requirements by substituting non-phosphorus membrane lipids for phospholipids. In the Sargasso Sea, where phosphate concentrations were less than 10 nmol l-1, we found that only 1.3 +/- 0.6% of phosphate uptake was used for phospholipid synthesis; in contrast, in the South Pacific subtropical gyre, where phosphate was greater than 100 nmol l-1, plankton used 17 6% (ref. 6). Examination of the planktonic membrane lipids at these two locations showed that classes of sulphur- and nitrogen-containing membrane lipids, which are devoid of phosphorus, were more abundant in the Sargasso Sea than in the South Pacific. Furthermore, these non-phosphorus, 'substitute lipids' were dominant in phosphorus-limited cultures of all of the phytoplankton species we examined. In contrast, the marine heterotrophic bacteria we examined contained no substitute lipids and only phospholipids. Thus heterotrophic bacteria, which compete with phytoplankton for nutrients in oligotrophic regions like the Sargasso Sea, appear to have a biochemical phosphorus requirement that phytoplankton avoid by using substitute lipids. Our results suggest that phospholipid substitutions are fundamental biochemical mechanisms that allow phytoplankton to maintain growth in the face of phosphorus limitation.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Van Mooy, Benjamin A S -- Fredricks, Helen F -- Pedler, Byron E -- Dyhrman, Sonya T -- Karl, David M -- Koblizek, Michal -- Lomas, Michael W -- Mincer, Tracy J -- Moore, Lisa R -- Moutin, Thierry -- Rappe, Michael S -- Webb, Eric A -- England -- Nature. 2009 Mar 5;458(7234):69-72. doi: 10.1038/nature07659.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Department of Marine Chemistry and Geochemistry, Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution, Woods Hole, Massachusetts 02543, USA. bvanmooy@whoi.edu〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19182781" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Carbon/analysis ; *Lipid Metabolism ; Lipids/*chemistry ; Membrane Lipids/chemistry ; Nitrogen/analysis/metabolism ; Oceans and Seas ; Phosphates/metabolism ; Phospholipids/biosynthesis ; Phosphorus/analysis/*deficiency ; Phytoplankton/*metabolism ; Seawater/*chemistry/microbiology ; Synechococcus/chemistry/metabolism
    Print ISSN: 0028-0836
    Electronic ISSN: 1476-4687
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
    Published by Nature Publishing Group (NPG)
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  • 2
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    Genome streamlining in a cosmopolitan oceanic bacterium (2005)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2005-08-20
    Description: The SAR11 clade consists of very small, heterotrophic marine alpha-proteobacteria that are found throughout the oceans, where they account for about 25% of all microbial cells. Pelagibacter ubique, the first cultured member of this clade, has the smallest genome and encodes the smallest number of predicted open reading frames known for a free-living microorganism. In contrast to parasitic bacteria and archaea with small genomes, P. ubique has complete biosynthetic pathways for all 20 amino acids and all but a few cofactors. P. ubique has no pseudogenes, introns, transposons, extrachromosomal elements, or inteins; few paralogs; and the shortest intergenic spacers yet observed for any cell.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Giovannoni, Stephen J -- Tripp, H James -- Givan, Scott -- Podar, Mircea -- Vergin, Kevin L -- Baptista, Damon -- Bibbs, Lisa -- Eads, Jonathan -- Richardson, Toby H -- Noordewier, Michiel -- Rappe, Michael S -- Short, Jay M -- Carrington, James C -- Mathur, Eric J -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2005 Aug 19;309(5738):1242-5.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Department of Microbiology, Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR 97331, USA. steve.giovannoni@oregonstate.edu〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16109880" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Alphaproteobacteria/classification/*genetics/isolation & purification/physiology ; Bacterial Proteins/genetics/metabolism ; Base Composition ; Biological Evolution ; Carbon/metabolism ; Computational Biology ; DNA, Bacterial/chemistry/genetics ; DNA, Intergenic ; Gene Expression Regulation, Bacterial ; Genes, Bacterial ; *Genome, Bacterial ; Membrane Transport Proteins/genetics/metabolism ; Molecular Sequence Data ; Oceans and Seas ; Phosphates/metabolism ; Phylogeny ; Seawater/*microbiology ; Selection, Genetic ; Sigma Factor/genetics ; Thymidylate Synthase/genetics
    Print ISSN: 0036-8075
    Electronic ISSN: 1095-9203
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Computer Science , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
    Published by American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
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  • 3
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    Fluids from aging ocean crust that support microbial life (2003)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2003-01-04
    Description: Little is known about the potential for life in the vast, low-temperature (〈100 degrees C) reservoir of fluids within mid-ocean ridge flank and ocean basin crust. Recently, an overpressured 300-meter-deep borehole was fitted with an experimental seal (CORK) delivering crustal fluids to the sea floor for discrete and large-volume sampling and characterization. Results demonstrate that the 65 degrees C fluids from 3.5-million-year-old ocean crust support microbial growth. Ribosomal RNA gene sequence data indicate the presence of diverse Bacteria and Archaea, including gene clones of varying degrees of relatedness to known nitrate reducers (with ammonia production), thermophilic sulfate reducers, and thermophilic fermentative heterotrophs, all consistent with fluid chemistry.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Cowen, James P -- Giovannoni, Stephen J -- Kenig, Fabien -- Johnson, H Paul -- Butterfield, David -- Rappe, Michael S -- Hutnak, Michael -- Lam, Phyllis -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2003 Jan 3;299(5603):120-3.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Department of Oceanography, School of Ocean and Earth Science and Technology, University of Hawaii, Honolulu, HI 96822, USA. jcowen@soest.hawaii.edu〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/12511653" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Ammonia/analysis/metabolism ; Archaea/cytology/*genetics/isolation & purification/physiology ; Bacteria/cytology/*growth & development/isolation & purification/metabolism ; Bacterial Physiological Phenomena ; Carboxylic Acids/metabolism ; Electrons ; Fermentation ; Genes, rRNA ; Geologic Sediments/*microbiology ; Hydrocarbons/metabolism ; Hydrogen/metabolism ; Hydrogen Sulfide/analysis/metabolism ; Nitrates/analysis/metabolism ; Nitrogen Fixation ; Oxidation-Reduction ; Pacific Ocean ; Phylogeny ; Seawater/chemistry/*microbiology ; Sulfates/analysis/metabolism ; Temperature
    Print ISSN: 0036-8075
    Electronic ISSN: 1095-9203
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Computer Science , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
    Published by American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
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  • 4
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    Mesoscale eddies drive increased silica export in the subtropical Pacific Ocean (2007)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2007-05-19
    Description: Mesoscale eddies may play a critical role in ocean biogeochemistry by increasing nutrient supply, primary production, and efficiency of the biological pump, that is, the ratio of carbon export to primary production in otherwise nutrient-deficient waters. We examined a diatom bloom within a cold-core cyclonic eddy off Hawaii. Eddy primary production, community biomass, and size composition were markedly enhanced but had little effect on the carbon export ratio. Instead, the system functioned as a selective silica pump. Strong trophic coupling and inefficient organic export may be general characteristics of community perturbation responses in the warm waters of the Pacific Ocean.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Benitez-Nelson, Claudia R -- Bidigare, Robert R -- Dickey, Tommy D -- Landry, Michael R -- Leonard, Carrie L -- Brown, Susan L -- Nencioli, Francesco -- Rii, Yoshimi M -- Maiti, Kanchan -- Becker, Jamie W -- Bibby, Thomas S -- Black, Wil -- Cai, Wei-Jun -- Carlson, Craig A -- Chen, Feizhou -- Kuwahara, Victor S -- Mahaffey, Claire -- McAndrew, Patricia M -- Quay, Paul D -- Rappe, Michael S -- Selph, Karen E -- Simmons, Melinda P -- Yang, Eun Jin -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2007 May 18;316(5827):1017-21.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Department of Geological Sciences and Marine Science Program, University of South Carolina, Columbia, SC 29208, USA. cbnelson@geol.sc.edu〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17510362" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Animals ; Bacteria/growth & development ; Biomass ; Carbon/analysis ; Chlorophyll/analysis ; Diatoms/*growth & development/physiology ; *Ecosystem ; Hawaii ; Nitrates ; Nitrites/analysis ; Pacific Ocean ; Photosynthesis ; Phytoplankton/growth & development/physiology ; *Seawater/chemistry ; Silicic Acid/analysis ; Silicon Dioxide/*analysis ; Temperature ; *Water Movements ; Zooplankton/growth & development/physiology
    Print ISSN: 0036-8075
    Electronic ISSN: 1095-9203
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Computer Science , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
    Published by American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
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  • 5
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    16S rRNA genes reveal stratified open ocean bacterioplankton populations related to the Green Non-Sulfur bacteria. (1996)
    National Academy of Sciences
    Details
    Publication Date: 1996-07-23
    Print ISSN: 0027-8424
    Electronic ISSN: 1091-6490
    Topics: Biology , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General
    Published by National Academy of Sciences
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  • 6
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    Biogeography of planktonic and coral-associated microorganisms across the Hawaiian Archipelago (2016)
    Oxford University Press
    Details
    Publication Date: 2016-06-17
    Description: Factors driving the distribution of marine microorganisms are widely debated and poorly understood. Recent studies show that free-living marine microbes exhibit geographical patterns indicative of limited dispersal. In contrast, host-associated microbes face a different set of dispersal challenges, and hosts may function as habitat ‘islands’ for resident microbial populations. Here, we examine the biogeographical distributions of planktonic and adjacent coral-associated bacterial communities across the Hawaiian Archipelago, Johnston Atoll (~1400 km southwest of Hawaii) and American Samoa in the Pacific Ocean and investigate the potential underlying processes driving observed patterns. Statistical analyses of bacterial community structure, determined using a small-subunit ribosomal RNA gene-based approach, showed that bacterioplankton and coral-associated bacterial communities were distinct, and correlated with geographical distance between sites. In addition, biogeographical patterns of bacterial associates paralleled those of their host coral Porites lobata , highlighting the specificity of these associations and the impact that host dispersal may have on bacterial biogeography. Planktonic and coral-associated bacterial communities from distant Johnston Atoll were shown to be connected with communities from the center of the Hawaiian Archipelago, a pattern previously observed in fish and invertebrates. No significant correlations were detected with habitat type, temperature or depth. However, non-distance-based geographical groupings were detected, indicating that, in addition to dispersal, unidentified environmental factors also affected the distributions of bacterial communities investigated here.
    Print ISSN: 0168-6496
    Electronic ISSN: 1574-6941
    Topics: Biology
    Published by Oxford University Press
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