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  • 1
    Publication Date: 2012-08-29
    Description: B vitamins are some of the most commonly required biochemical cofactors in living systems. Therefore, cellular metabolism of marine vitamin-requiring (auxotrophic) phytoplankton and bacteria would likely be significantly compromised if B vitamins (thiamin B1, riboflavin B2, pyridoxine B6, biotin B7, and cobalamin B12) were unavailable. However, the factors controlling the...
    Print ISSN: 0027-8424
    Electronic ISSN: 1091-6490
    Topics: Biology , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General
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  • 2
    Publication Date: 2012-05-15
    Description: We determine rates of gross photosynthetic O2 production (GOP) and net community O2 production (NCP) using the triple oxygen isotope and O2/Ar approach on two spring and two late summer meridional transects of the NE Pacific. Observed GOP and NCP in the subtropical (89 ± 9 and 8.3 ± 1.3 mmol O2 m−2 d−1, respectively) and subarctic (193 ± 16 and 16.3 ± 3.8 mmol O2 m−2 d−1) were in agreement with rates previously determined at time series stations in each region, validating the regional representativeness of these sites. At the transition zone chlorophyll front (TZCF), which migrates seasonally from 32°N in spring to 40°N in summer, GOP and NCP were elevated by 2–4× compared to adjacent areas. Coincident with the TZCF, increases in surface nitrate concentration and extensive changes in phytoplankton community composition were observed. HPLC pigment data indicated substantial increases in a prymnesiophyte (e.g., coccolithophore) biomarker at the TZCF on a spring and summer cruise, and a diatom biomarker on the spring cruise. Increases in remotely sensed surface particulate inorganic carbon concentration were also observed at the TZCF on all four cruises, indicating that coccolithophore production may contribute to increased productivity at the TZCF. Meridional trends in observed air-sea CO2 flux on each cruise resembled those of the biologically induced CO2 flux (NCP), but with an overprinting of the response of air-sea CO2 exchange to summer warming. A simple carbon budget based on regional CO2 flux climatology demonstrates the importance of NCP for net annual air-sea CO2 uptake, although slow air-sea equilibration and seasonal solubility effects obscure this term.
    Print ISSN: 0148-0227
    Topics: Geosciences , Physics
    Published by Wiley on behalf of American Geophysical Union (AGU).
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  • 3
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    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Publication Date: 2002-04-23
    Description: 〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Johnson, Kenneth S -- Karl, David M -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2002 Apr 19;296(5567):467-8 author reply 467-8.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/11965672" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Carbon Dioxide/*metabolism ; Ecosystem ; Eutrophication ; Fertilizers ; Greenhouse Effect ; *Iron ; Oceans and Seas ; Phytoplankton/*physiology ; *Seawater
    Print ISSN: 0036-8075
    Electronic ISSN: 1095-9203
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Computer Science , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
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  • 4
    Publication Date: 1999-12-11
    Description: Analysis of a portion of Vostok ice core number 5G, which is thought to contain frozen water derived from Lake Vostok, Antarctica (a body of liquid water located beneath about 4 kilometers of glacial ice), revealed between 2 x 10(2) and 3 x 10(2) bacterial cells per milliliter and low concentrations of potential growth nutrients. Lipopolysaccharide (a Gram-negative bacterial cell biomarker) was also detected at concentrations consistent with the cell enumeration data, which suggests a predominance of Gram-negative bacteria. At least a portion of the microbial assemblage was viable, as determined by the respiration of carbon-14-labeled acetate and glucose substrates during incubations at 3 degrees C and 1 atmosphere. These accreted ice data suggest that Lake Vostok may contain viable microorganisms.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Karl, D M -- Bird, D F -- Bjorkman, K -- Houlihan, T -- Shackelford, R -- Tupas, L -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 1999 Dec 10;286(5447):2144-7.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉School of Ocean and Earth Science and Technology (SOEST), University of Hawaii, Honolulu, HI 96822, USA.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/10591643" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Acetates/metabolism ; Adenosine Triphosphate/analysis ; Antarctic Regions ; Bacteria/*isolation & purification ; Bacterial Physiological Phenomena ; Bacterial Proteins/metabolism ; Biomass ; Colony Count, Microbial ; Ecosystem ; Flow Cytometry ; Fresh Water/*microbiology ; Glucose/metabolism ; Gram-Negative Bacteria/*isolation & purification/physiology ; *Ice ; Lipopolysaccharides/analysis ; Microscopy, Electron, Scanning ; Microscopy, Fluorescence ; Nucleic Acids/metabolism ; Oxidation-Reduction ; Water Microbiology
    Print ISSN: 0036-8075
    Electronic ISSN: 1095-9203
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Computer Science , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
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  • 5
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    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Publication Date: 2000-08-05
    Description: Surface waters of the subtropical Sargasso Sea contain dissolved inorganic phosphate (DIP) concentrations of 0.2 to 1.0 nanomolar, which are sufficiently low to result in phosphorus control of primary production. The DIP concentrations in this area (which receives high inputs of iron-rich dust from arid regions of North Africa) are one to two orders of magnitude lower than surface levels in the North Pacific (where eolian iron inputs are much lower and water column denitrification is much more substantial). These data indicate a severe relative phosphorus depletion in the Atlantic. We hypothesize that nitrogen versus phosphorus limitation of primary production in the present-day ocean may be closely linked to iron supply through control of dinitrogen (N2) fixation, an iron-intensive metabolic process. Although the oceanic phosphorus inventory may set the upper limit for the total amount of organic matter produced in the ocean over geological time scales, at any instant in geological time, oceanic primary production may fall below this limit because of a persistent insufficient iron supply. By controlling N2 fixation, iron may control not only nitrogen versus phosphorus limitation but also carbon fixation and export stoichiometry and hence biological sequestration of atmospheric carbon dioxide.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Wu, J -- Sunda, W -- Boyle, E A -- Karl, D M -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2000 Aug 4;289(5480):759-62.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Department of Earth, Atmospheric, and Planetary Sciences, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/10926534" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Atlantic Ocean ; Cyanobacteria/*metabolism ; Iron/analysis/metabolism ; Nitrates/analysis/metabolism ; Nitrites/analysis/metabolism ; *Nitrogen Fixation ; Pacific Ocean ; Phosphates/*metabolism ; Seawater/*chemistry/microbiology
    Print ISSN: 0036-8075
    Electronic ISSN: 1095-9203
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Computer Science , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
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  • 6
    Publication Date: 2009-02-03
    Description: Phosphorus is an obligate requirement for the growth of all organisms; major biochemical reservoirs of phosphorus in marine plankton include nucleic acids and phospholipids. However, eukaryotic phytoplankton and cyanobacteria (that is, 'phytoplankton' collectively) have the ability to decrease their cellular phosphorus content when phosphorus in their environment is scarce. The biochemical mechanisms that allow phytoplankton to limit their phosphorus demand and still maintain growth are largely unknown. Here we show that phytoplankton, in regions of oligotrophic ocean where phosphate is scarce, reduce their cellular phosphorus requirements by substituting non-phosphorus membrane lipids for phospholipids. In the Sargasso Sea, where phosphate concentrations were less than 10 nmol l-1, we found that only 1.3 +/- 0.6% of phosphate uptake was used for phospholipid synthesis; in contrast, in the South Pacific subtropical gyre, where phosphate was greater than 100 nmol l-1, plankton used 17 6% (ref. 6). Examination of the planktonic membrane lipids at these two locations showed that classes of sulphur- and nitrogen-containing membrane lipids, which are devoid of phosphorus, were more abundant in the Sargasso Sea than in the South Pacific. Furthermore, these non-phosphorus, 'substitute lipids' were dominant in phosphorus-limited cultures of all of the phytoplankton species we examined. In contrast, the marine heterotrophic bacteria we examined contained no substitute lipids and only phospholipids. Thus heterotrophic bacteria, which compete with phytoplankton for nutrients in oligotrophic regions like the Sargasso Sea, appear to have a biochemical phosphorus requirement that phytoplankton avoid by using substitute lipids. Our results suggest that phospholipid substitutions are fundamental biochemical mechanisms that allow phytoplankton to maintain growth in the face of phosphorus limitation.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Van Mooy, Benjamin A S -- Fredricks, Helen F -- Pedler, Byron E -- Dyhrman, Sonya T -- Karl, David M -- Koblizek, Michal -- Lomas, Michael W -- Mincer, Tracy J -- Moore, Lisa R -- Moutin, Thierry -- Rappe, Michael S -- Webb, Eric A -- England -- Nature. 2009 Mar 5;458(7234):69-72. doi: 10.1038/nature07659.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Department of Marine Chemistry and Geochemistry, Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution, Woods Hole, Massachusetts 02543, USA. bvanmooy@whoi.edu〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19182781" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Carbon/analysis ; *Lipid Metabolism ; Lipids/*chemistry ; Membrane Lipids/chemistry ; Nitrogen/analysis/metabolism ; Oceans and Seas ; Phosphates/metabolism ; Phospholipids/biosynthesis ; Phosphorus/analysis/*deficiency ; Phytoplankton/*metabolism ; Seawater/*chemistry/microbiology ; Synechococcus/chemistry/metabolism
    Print ISSN: 0028-0836
    Electronic ISSN: 1476-4687
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
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  • 7
    Publication Date: 2009-05-16
    Description: Plankton use solar energy to drive the nutrient cycles that make the planet habitable for larger organisms. We can now explore the diversity and functions of plankton using genomics, revealing the gene repertoires associated with survival in the oceans. Such studies will help us to appreciate the sensitivity of ocean systems and of the ocean's response to climate change, improving the predictive power of climate models.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Bowler, Chris -- Karl, David M -- Colwell, Rita R -- 1R01A139129-01/PHS HHS/ -- England -- Nature. 2009 May 14;459(7244):180-4. doi: 10.1038/nature08056.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉CNRS UMR8186, Department of Biology, Ecole Normale Superieure, 46 rue d'Ulm, Paris, France. cbowler@biologie.ens.fr〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19444203" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Animals ; *Ecosystem ; Gene Expression Profiling/trends ; Genomics/trends ; Greenhouse Effect ; Human Activities ; Humans ; *Marine Biology/trends ; *Oceanography ; Oceans and Seas ; Plankton/genetics/isolation & purification/metabolism ; Seawater/*microbiology/virology ; Vibrio cholerae/isolation & purification/metabolism ; *Water Microbiology ; Water Pollution/adverse effects
    Print ISSN: 0028-0836
    Electronic ISSN: 1476-4687
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
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  • 8
    Publication Date: 2010-06-26
    Description: Concentrations of dissolved inorganic carbon (DIC) decrease in the surface mixed layers during spring and summer in most of the oligotrophic ocean. Mass balance calculations require that the missing DIC is converted into particulate carbon by photosynthesis. This DIC uptake represents one of the largest components of net community production in the world ocean. However, mixed-layer waters in these regions of the ocean typically contain negligible concentrations of plant nutrients such as nitrate and phosphate. Combined nutrient supply mechanisms including nitrogen fixation, diffusive transport and vertical entrainment are believed to be insufficient to supply the required nutrients for photosynthesis. The basin-scale potential for episodic nutrient transport by eddy events is unresolved. As a result, it is not understood how biologically mediated DIC uptake can be supported in the absence of nutrients. Here we report on high-resolution measurements of nitrate (NO(3)(-)) and oxygen (O(2)) concentration made over 21 months using a profiling float deployed near the Hawaii Ocean Time-series station in the North Pacific subtropical gyre. Our measurements demonstrate that as O(2) was produced and DIC was consumed over two annual cycles, a corresponding seasonal deficit in dissolved NO(3)(-) appeared in water at depths from 100 to 250 m. The deep-water deficit in NO(3)(-) was in near-stoichiometric balance with the fixed nitrogen exported to depth. Thus, when the water column from the surface to 250 m is considered as a whole, there is near equivalence between nutrient supply and demand. Short-lived transport events (〈10 days) that connect deep stocks of nitrate to nutrient-poor surface waters were clearly present in 12 of the 127 vertical profiles.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Johnson, Kenneth S -- Riser, Stephen C -- Karl, David M -- England -- Nature. 2010 Jun 24;465(7301):1062-5. doi: 10.1038/nature09170.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Monterey Bay Aquarium Research Institute, Moss Landing, California 95039, USA. johnson@mbari.org〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20577212" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Atmosphere/chemistry ; Carbon Dioxide/analysis/metabolism ; Ecosystem ; Hawaii ; Nitrates/*analysis/chemistry/*metabolism ; Nitrogen/analysis/chemistry/metabolism ; Oxygen/analysis/metabolism ; Pacific Ocean ; Salinity ; Seasons ; Seawater/*chemistry ; Ships ; Solubility ; Time Factors ; *Tropical Climate
    Print ISSN: 0028-0836
    Electronic ISSN: 1476-4687
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
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  • 9
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    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Publication Date: 1991-07-05
    Description: Primary productivity in the Southern Ocean is approximately 3.5 gigatons of carbon per year, which accounts for nearly 15 percent of the global total. The presence of high concentrations of nitrate in Antarctic waters suggests that it might be possible to increase primary production significantly and thereby alleviate the net accumulation of atmospheric carbon dioxide. An analysis of the food web for these waters implies that the Southern Ocean may be remarkably inefficient as a carbon sink. This inefficiency is caused by the large flux of carbon respired to the atmosphere by air-breathing birds and mammals, dominant predators in the unusually simple food web of Antarctic waters. These top predators may transfer into the atmosphere as much as 20 to 25 percent of photosynthetically fixed carbon.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Huntley, M E -- Lopez, M D -- Karl, D M -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 1991 Jul 5;253(5015):64-6.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Scripps Institution of Oceanography, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla 92093.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/1905841" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Animals ; *Atmosphere ; Carbon/*metabolism ; Carbon Dioxide/metabolism ; Oceans and Seas ; Plankton/metabolism ; Plants/metabolism ; Respiration
    Print ISSN: 0036-8075
    Electronic ISSN: 1095-9203
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Computer Science , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
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  • 10
    Publication Date: 2007-04-28
    Description: The oceanic biological pump drives sequestration of carbon dioxide in the deep sea via sinking particles. Rapid biological consumption and remineralization of carbon in the "twilight zone" (depths between the euphotic zone and 1000 meters) reduce the efficiency of sequestration. By using neutrally buoyant sediment traps to sample this chronically understudied realm, we measured a transfer efficiency of sinking particulate organic carbon between 150 and 500 meters of 20 and 50% at two contrasting sites. This large variability in transfer efficiency is poorly represented in biogeochemical models. If applied globally, this is equivalent to a difference in carbon sequestration of more than 3 petagrams of carbon per year.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Buesseler, Ken O -- Lamborg, Carl H -- Boyd, Philip W -- Lam, Phoebe J -- Trull, Thomas W -- Bidigare, Robert R -- Bishop, James K B -- Casciotti, Karen L -- Dehairs, Frank -- Elskens, Marc -- Honda, Makio -- Karl, David M -- Siegel, David A -- Silver, Mary W -- Steinberg, Deborah K -- Valdes, Jim -- Van Mooy, Benjamin -- Wilson, Stephanie -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2007 Apr 27;316(5824):567-70.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Department of Marine Chemistry and Geochemistry, Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution, Woods Hole, MA 02543, USA. kbuesseler@whoi.edu〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17463282" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Animals ; *Carbon/metabolism ; Carbon Dioxide ; Copepoda/physiology ; *Ecosystem ; Food Chain ; Geologic Sediments/chemistry ; Hydrogen-Ion Concentration ; Pacific Ocean ; Phytoplankton/physiology ; *Seawater/chemistry ; Zooplankton/physiology
    Print ISSN: 0036-8075
    Electronic ISSN: 1095-9203
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Computer Science , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
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