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Contribution of aerobic photoheterotrophic bacteria to the carbon cycle in the ocean (2001)

Z. S. Kolber ; F. G. Plumley ; A. S. Lang ; [et al.]

American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)

In: Science. 292(5526): 2492-5. doi: 10.1126/science.1059707.

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Publication Date: 2001-06-30

Description: The vertical distribution of bacteriochlorophyll a, the numbers of infrared fluorescent cells, and the variable fluorescence signal at 880 nanometers wavelength, all indicate that photosynthetically competent anoxygenic phototrophic bacteria are abundant in the upper open ocean and comprise at least 11% of the total microbial community. These organisms are facultative photoheterotrophs, metabolizing organic carbon when available, but are capable of photosynthetic light utilization when organic carbon is scarce. They are globally distributed in the euphotic zone and represent a hitherto unrecognized component of the marine microbial community that appears to be critical to the cycling of both organic and inorganic carbon in the ocean.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Kolber, Z S -- Plumley, F G -- Lang, A S -- Beatty, J T -- Blankenship, R E -- VanDover, C L -- Vetriani, C -- Koblizek, M -- Rathgeber, C -- Falkowski, P G -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2001 Jun 29;292(5526):2492-5.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Environmental Biophysics and Molecular Ecology Program, Institute of Marine and Coastal Sciences, Rutgers University, 71 Dudley Road, New Brunswick, NJ 08901-8521, USA. zkolber@imcs.rutgers.edu〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/11431568" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉

Keywords: Aerobiosis ; Alphaproteobacteria/classification/growth & development/isolation & ; purification/*metabolism ; Atlantic Ocean ; Bacteriochlorophylls/analysis ; Carbon/metabolism ; Carbon Dioxide/*metabolism ; Colony Count, Microbial ; Culture Media ; Ecosystem ; Genes, Bacterial ; Genes, rRNA ; Microscopy, Fluorescence ; Pacific Ocean ; *Photosynthesis ; Phylogeny ; RNA, Ribosomal, 16S/genetics ; Seawater/*microbiology ; Spectrometry, Fluorescence

Print ISSN: 0036-8075

Electronic ISSN: 1095-9203

Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Computer Science , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics

Published by American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)

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Phytoplankton in the ocean use non-phosphorus lipids in response to phosphorus scarcity (2009)

B. A. Van Mooy ; H. F. Fredricks ; B. E. Pedler ; [et al.]

Nature Publishing Group (NPG)

In: Nature. 458(7234): 69-72. doi: 10.1038/nature07659.

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Publication Date: 2009-02-03

Description: Phosphorus is an obligate requirement for the growth of all organisms; major biochemical reservoirs of phosphorus in marine plankton include nucleic acids and phospholipids. However, eukaryotic phytoplankton and cyanobacteria (that is, 'phytoplankton' collectively) have the ability to decrease their cellular phosphorus content when phosphorus in their environment is scarce. The biochemical mechanisms that allow phytoplankton to limit their phosphorus demand and still maintain growth are largely unknown. Here we show that phytoplankton, in regions of oligotrophic ocean where phosphate is scarce, reduce their cellular phosphorus requirements by substituting non-phosphorus membrane lipids for phospholipids. In the Sargasso Sea, where phosphate concentrations were less than 10 nmol l-1, we found that only 1.3 +/- 0.6% of phosphate uptake was used for phospholipid synthesis; in contrast, in the South Pacific subtropical gyre, where phosphate was greater than 100 nmol l-1, plankton used 17 6% (ref. 6). Examination of the planktonic membrane lipids at these two locations showed that classes of sulphur- and nitrogen-containing membrane lipids, which are devoid of phosphorus, were more abundant in the Sargasso Sea than in the South Pacific. Furthermore, these non-phosphorus, 'substitute lipids' were dominant in phosphorus-limited cultures of all of the phytoplankton species we examined. In contrast, the marine heterotrophic bacteria we examined contained no substitute lipids and only phospholipids. Thus heterotrophic bacteria, which compete with phytoplankton for nutrients in oligotrophic regions like the Sargasso Sea, appear to have a biochemical phosphorus requirement that phytoplankton avoid by using substitute lipids. Our results suggest that phospholipid substitutions are fundamental biochemical mechanisms that allow phytoplankton to maintain growth in the face of phosphorus limitation.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Van Mooy, Benjamin A S -- Fredricks, Helen F -- Pedler, Byron E -- Dyhrman, Sonya T -- Karl, David M -- Koblizek, Michal -- Lomas, Michael W -- Mincer, Tracy J -- Moore, Lisa R -- Moutin, Thierry -- Rappe, Michael S -- Webb, Eric A -- England -- Nature. 2009 Mar 5;458(7234):69-72. doi: 10.1038/nature07659.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Department of Marine Chemistry and Geochemistry, Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution, Woods Hole, Massachusetts 02543, USA. bvanmooy@whoi.edu〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19182781" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉

Keywords: Carbon/analysis ; *Lipid Metabolism ; Lipids/*chemistry ; Membrane Lipids/chemistry ; Nitrogen/analysis/metabolism ; Oceans and Seas ; Phosphates/metabolism ; Phospholipids/biosynthesis ; Phosphorus/analysis/*deficiency ; Phytoplankton/*metabolism ; Seawater/*chemistry/microbiology ; Synechococcus/chemistry/metabolism

Print ISSN: 0028-0836

Electronic ISSN: 1476-4687

Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics

Published by Nature Publishing Group (NPG)

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Southern Ocean iron enrichment experiment: carbon cycling in high- and low-Si waters (2004)

K. H. Coale ; K. S. Johnson ; F. P. Chavez ; [et al.]

American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)

In: Science. 304(5669): 408-14. doi: 10.1126/science.1089778.

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Publication Date: 2004-04-17

Description: The availability of iron is known to exert a controlling influence on biological productivity in surface waters over large areas of the ocean and may have been an important factor in the variation of the concentration of atmospheric carbon dioxide over glacial cycles. The effect of iron in the Southern Ocean is particularly important because of its large area and abundant nitrate, yet iron-enhanced growth of phytoplankton may be differentially expressed between waters with high silicic acid in the south and low silicic acid in the north, where diatom growth may be limited by both silicic acid and iron. Two mesoscale experiments, designed to investigate the effects of iron enrichment in regions with high and low concentrations of silicic acid, were performed in the Southern Ocean. These experiments demonstrate iron's pivotal role in controlling carbon uptake and regulating atmospheric partial pressure of carbon dioxide.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Coale, Kenneth H -- Johnson, Kenneth S -- Chavez, Francisco P -- Buesseler, Ken O -- Barber, Richard T -- Brzezinski, Mark A -- Cochlan, William P -- Millero, Frank J -- Falkowski, Paul G -- Bauer, James E -- Wanninkhof, Rik H -- Kudela, Raphael M -- Altabet, Mark A -- Hales, Burke E -- Takahashi, Taro -- Landry, Michael R -- Bidigare, Robert R -- Wang, Xiujun -- Chase, Zanna -- Strutton, Pete G -- Friederich, Gernot E -- Gorbunov, Maxim Y -- Lance, Veronica P -- Hilting, Anna K -- Hiscock, Michael R -- Demarest, Mark -- Hiscock, William T -- Sullivan, Kevin F -- Tanner, Sara J -- Gordon, R Mike -- Hunter, Craig N -- Elrod, Virginia A -- Fitzwater, Steve E -- Jones, Janice L -- Tozzi, Sasha -- Koblizek, Michal -- Roberts, Alice E -- Herndon, Julian -- Brewster, Jodi -- Ladizinsky, Nicolas -- Smith, Geoffrey -- Cooper, David -- Timothy, David -- Brown, Susan L -- Selph, Karen E -- Sheridan, Cecelia C -- Twining, Benjamin S -- Johnson, Zackary I -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2004 Apr 16;304(5669):408-14.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Moss Landing Marine Laboratories, 8272 Moss Landing Road, Moss Landing, CA 95039-9647, USA. coale@mlml.calstate.edu〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15087542" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉

Keywords: Atmosphere ; Biomass ; Carbon/analysis/*metabolism ; Carbon Dioxide/analysis/metabolism ; Chlorophyll/analysis ; Diatoms/growth & development/metabolism ; Ecosystem ; *Iron/analysis/metabolism ; Nitrates/analysis/metabolism ; Nitrogen/analysis/metabolism ; Oceans and Seas ; Photosynthesis ; Phytoplankton/*growth & development/metabolism ; Seawater/chemistry ; *Silicic Acid/analysis/metabolism

Print ISSN: 0036-8075

Electronic ISSN: 1095-9203

Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Computer Science , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics

Published by American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)

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Integrity and Activity of Photosystem 2 Complexes Isolated from the Thermophilic Cyanobacterium Synechococcus Elongatus Using Various Detergents (1999)

Šetlíková, E. ; Sofrová, D. ; Prášil, O. ; [et al.]

Springer

Photosynthetica 37 (1999), S. 183-200

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ISSN: 1573-9058

Keywords: fluorescence induction ; low temperature fluorescence spectra ; oxygen evolution ; PQ pool ; QA -reoxidation ; QB pocket ; thermoluminescence

Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000

Topics: Biology

Notes: Abstract The efficiency in selective extraction of photosystem (PS) 2 oxygen evolving complexes was compared among seven detergents. These were applied to thylakoid membranes of the thermophilic cyanobacterium Synechococcus elongatus. Used were five non-ionic detergents with one ionic and one zwitterionic for comparison. To compare the suitability and efficiency of the detergents the following properties of the extracts were examined: maximum rate of oxygen evolution with various electron acceptors, the relative variable fluorescence (FV/FM), the contamination of the extract with photosystem (PS) 1, and the status of the electron acceptor side of PS2 reaction centre. None of the detergents yielded a highly selective extraction of the PS2 complexes (negligible contamination with PS1) which would simultaneously display a high photochemical activity and high structural intactness. Heptylthioglucoside and dodecylmaltoside yielded the nearest approximation to the optimum result. Kinetic fluorometry was applied here for the first time to characterize the functional and structural properties of PS2 particles from cyanobacteria.

Type of Medium: Electronic Resource

URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1007047703388

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Photoadaptation in the Green Alga Spongiochloris Sp. A Three-Fluorometer Study (1999)

Koblížek, M. ; Ciscato, M. ; Komenda, J. ; [et al.]

Springer

Photosynthetica 37 (1999), S. 307-323

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ISSN: 1573-9058

Keywords: chlorophyll fluorescence ; photochemical yield ; non-photochemical quenching ; connectivity ; electron transport rate

Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000

Topics: Biology

Notes: Abstract The dark-adapted cells of the green alga Spongiochloris sp. were exposed to "white light" of 1000 µmol(photon) m−2 s−1 for 2 h and then dark adapted for 1.5 h. Changes of photochemical activities during photoadaptation were followed by measurement of chlorophyll (Chl) fluorescence kinetics, 77 K emission spectra, photosynthetic oxygen evolution, and pigment composition. We observed a build-up of slowly-relaxing non-photochemical quenching which led to a decrease of the Fv/Fm parameter and the connectivity. In contrast to the depression of Fv/Fm (35 %) and the rise of non-photochemical quenching (∼ 1.6), we observed an increase in effective absorption cross-section (20 %), Hill reaction (30 %), photosynthetic oxygen evolution (80 %), and electron transport rate estimated from the Chl fluorescence analysis (80 %). We showed an inconsistency in the presently used interpretation schemes, and ascribe the discrepancy between the increase of effective absorption cross-section and the photosynthetic activities on one side and the effective non-photochemical quenching on the other side to the build-up of a quenching mechanism which dissipates energy in closed reaction centres. Such a type of quenching changes the ratio between thermal dissipation and fluorescence without any effect on photochemical yield. In this case the Fv/Fm ratio cannot be used as a measure of the maximum photochemical yield of PS2.

Type of Medium: Electronic Resource

URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1007120424769

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Changes in chlorophyll fluorescence quenching and pigment composition in the green alga Chlorococcum sp. grown under nitrogen deficiency and salinity stress (2000)

Masojídek, J. ; Torzillo, G. ; Kopecký, J. ; [et al.]

Springer

Journal of applied phycology 12 (2000), S. 417-426

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ISSN: 1573-5176

Keywords: astaxanthin ; Chlorococcum sp. ; Wfluorescence ; nitrogen deficiency ; photobioreactor ; secondary carotenoid ; salinity ; xanthophyll cycle

Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000

Topics: Biology

Notes: Abstract Changes in the in vivo chlorophyll fluorescencequenching, photosynthesis and pigment composition werefollowed in the green alga Chlorococcum sp.during exposure of the culture to nitrogen deficiencyand salinity stress with the aims to study theinterrelations between changes in physiological andphotochemical parameters and xanthophyll-cyclepigments content during adaptation to stress, and toevaluate the capacity of this green alga to producesecondary carotenoids in tubular photobioreactors.Exposure of Chlorococcum to nitrogendeficiency, 0.2 M NaCl and high irradiance outdoorscaused a strong depression of the photosyntheticactivity and of photochemical quantum yield ofPSII (Fv/Fm). These changes wereaccompanied by an increase of the non-photochemicalquenching coefficient (NPQ), of the amount ofxanthophyll-cycle pigments and of thecarotenoid/chlorophyll ratio. As a result of exposureto stress conditions, cell division completelystopped, although an increase in the biomass dryweight could be detected due to an increase in thecell size. These processes were followed, with acertain delay (15–20 h), by massive appearance ofsecondary carotenoids that reached the maximum (about50% total carotenoids) after 2–3 days of cultivation.The results show that despite of the lower carotenoidcontent (2 mg g-1 dry wt) as compared with Haematococcus, Chlorococcum can be apotentially interesting strain for secondarycarotenoid production because of its higher growthrate.

Type of Medium: Electronic Resource

URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1008165900780

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