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  • 1
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    The Sustainability of Habitability on Terrestrial Planets: Insights, Questions, and Needed Measurements from Mars for Understanding the Evolution of Earth-like Worlds (2016)
    Wiley
    Details
    Publication Date: 2016-09-17
    Description: With the advent of exoplanetary astronomy and the ongoing discovery of terrestrial-type planets around other stars, our own solar system becomes a key testing ground for ideas about what factors control planetary evolution. In particular, what allows a planet to be both within a potentially habitable zone and sustain habitability over long geologic time, are crucial issues. In this regard, Mars is uniquely suited, providing the solar system's longest record of the interplay of the physical and chemical processes relevant to habitability on an accessible rocky planet with an atmosphere and hydrosphere. Here we review current understanding and update the timeline of key processes in early Mars history. We then draw on knowledge of exoplanets and the other solar system terrestrial planets to identify 6 broad questions of high importance to the development and sustaining of habitability (unprioritized): (1) Is small planetary size fatal? (2) How do magnetic fields influence atmospheric evolution? (3) To what extent does starting composition dictate subsequent evolution, including redox processes and the availability of water and organics? (4) Does early bombardment during an era of higher impact flux have a net deleterious or beneficial influence? (5) How do planetary climates respond to stellar evolution, e.g., sustaining early liquid water in spite of a faint young sun? (6) How important are the timescales of climate forcing and their dynamical drivers? Finally, we suggest crucial Mars measurements (unprioritized) to address these questions: (1) in situ petrology at multiple units/sites; (2) continued quantification of volatile reservoirs and new isotopic measurements of H, C, N, O, S, Cl, and noble gases in rocks that sample multiple stratigraphic sections; (3) radiometric age dating of units in stratigraphic sections and from key volcanic and impact units; (4) higher resolution measurements of heat flux, subsurface structure, and magnetic field anomalies coupled with absolute age dating. The unique dataset recording the evolution of early Mars will feed forward to understanding divergent evolutionary paths of the Earth, Venus, and thousands of small rocky extrasolar planets yet to be discovered.
    Print ISSN: 0148-0227
    Topics: Geosciences , Physics
    Published by Wiley on behalf of American Geophysical Union (AGU).
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  • 2
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    Context of ancient aqueous environments on Mars from in situ geologic mapping at Endeavour crater (2015)
    Wiley
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    Publication Date: 2015-02-12
    Description: Using the Mars Exploration Rover Opportunity , we have compiled one of the first field geologic maps on Mars while traversing the Noachian terrain along the rim of the 22-km diameter Endeavour crater (Lat -2° 16’ 33”, Long -5° 10’ 51”). In situ mapping of the petrographic, elemental, structural, and stratigraphic characteristics of outcrops and rocks distinguishes four mappable bedrock lithologic units. Three of these rock units pre-date the surrounding Burns formation sulfate-rich sandstones and one, the Matijevic formation, represents conditions on early Mars pre-dating the formation of Endeavour crater. The stratigraphy assembled from these observations includes several geologic unconformities. The differences in lithologic units across these unconformities record changes in the character and intensity of the Martian aqueous environment over geologic time. Water circulated through fractures in the oldest rocks over periods long enough that texturally and elementally significant alteration occurred in fracture walls. These oldest pre-Endeavour rocks and their network of mineralized and altered fractures were preserved by burial beneath impact ejecta and were subsequently exhumed and exposed. The alteration along joints in the oldest rocks, and the mineralized veins and concentrations of trace metals in overlying lithologic units is direct evidence that copious volumes of mineralized and/or hydrothermal fluids circulated through the early Martian crust. The wide range in intensity of structural and chemical modification from outcrop to outcrop along the crater rim shows that the ejecta of large (〉8 km in diameter) impact craters is complex. These results imply that geologic complexity is to be anticipated in other areas of Mars where cratering has been a fundamental process in the local and regional geology and mineralogy.
    Print ISSN: 0148-0227
    Topics: Geosciences , Physics
    Published by Wiley on behalf of American Geophysical Union (AGU).
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  • 3
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    Using dust shed from asteroids as microsamples to link remote measurements with meteorite classes (2019)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2019
    Description: Abstract Given the compositional diversity of asteroids, and their distribution in space, it is impossible to consider returning samples from each one to establish their origin. However, the velocity and molecular composition of primary minerals, hydrated silicates, and organic materials can be determined by in situ dust detector instruments. Such instruments could sample the cloud of micrometer‐scale particles shed by asteroids to provide direct links to known meteorite groups without returning the samples to terrestrial laboratories. We extend models of the measured lunar dust cloud from LADEE to show that the abundance of detectable impact‐generated microsamples around asteroids is a function of the parent body radius, heliocentric distance, flyby distance, and speed. We use Monte Carlo modeling to show that several tens to hundreds of particles, if randomly ejected and detected during a flyby, would be a sufficient number to classify the parent body as an ordinary chondrite, basaltic achondrite, or other class of meteorite. Encountering and measuring microsamples shed from near‐Earth and Main Belt asteroids, coupled with complementary imaging and multispectral measurements, could accomplish a thorough characterization of small, airless bodies.
    Print ISSN: 1086-9379
    Electronic ISSN: 1945-5100
    Topics: Geosciences , Physics
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  • 4
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    Support for the lunar cataclysm hypothesis from lunar meteorite impact melt ages (2000)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2000-01-11
    Description: Lunar meteorites represent a more random sampling of lunar material than the Apollo or Luna collections and, as such, lunar meteorite impact melt ages are the most important data in nearly 30 years with which to reexamine the lunar cataclysm hypothesis. Within the lunar meteorite breccias MAC 88105, QUE 93069, DaG 262, and DaG 400, seven to nine different impact events are represented with 40Ar-39Ar ages between 2.76 and 3.92 billion years ago (Ga). The lack of impact melt older than 3.92 Ga supports the concept of a short, intense period of bombardment in the Earth-moon system at approximately 3.9 Ga. This was an anomalous spike of impact activity on the otherwise declining impact- frequency curve.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Cohen, B A -- Swindle, T D -- Kring, D A -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2000 Dec 1;290(5497):1754-6.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉The University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ 85721, USA. bcohen@utk.edu〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/11099411" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Print ISSN: 0036-8075
    Electronic ISSN: 1095-9203
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Computer Science , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
    Published by American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
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  • 5
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    Analysis of combinatorial cis-regulation in synthetic and genomic promoters (2008)
    Nature Publishing Group (NPG)
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    Publication Date: 2008-11-26
    Description: Transcription factor binding sites are being discovered at a rapid pace. It is now necessary to turn attention towards understanding how these sites work in combination to influence gene expression. Quantitative models that accurately predict gene expression from promoter sequence will be a crucial part of solving this problem. Here we present such a model, based on the analysis of synthetic promoter libraries in yeast (Saccharomyces cerevisiae). Thermodynamic models based only on the equilibrium binding of transcription factors to DNA and to each other captured a large fraction of the variation in expression in every library. Thermodynamic analysis of these libraries uncovered several phenomena in our system, including cooperativity and the effects of weak binding sites. When applied to the S. cerevisiae genome, a model of repression by Mig1 (which was trained on synthetic promoters) predicts a number of Mig1-regulated genes that lack significant Mig1-binding sites in their promoters. The success of the thermodynamic approach suggests that the information encoded by combinations of cis-regulatory sites is interpreted primarily through simple protein-DNA and protein-protein interactions, with complicated biochemical reactions-such as nucleosome modifications-being downstream events. Quantitative analyses of synthetic promoter libraries will be an important tool in unravelling the rules underlying combinatorial cis-regulation.〈br /〉〈br /〉〈a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2677908/" target="_blank"〉〈img src="https://static.pubmed.gov/portal/portal3rc.fcgi/4089621/img/3977009" border="0"〉〈/a〉   〈a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2677908/" target="_blank"〉This paper as free author manuscript - peer-reviewed and accepted for publication〈/a〉〈br /〉〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Gertz, Jason -- Siggia, Eric D -- Cohen, Barak A -- R01 GM078222/GM/NIGMS NIH HHS/ -- R01 GM078222-01A1/GM/NIGMS NIH HHS/ -- R01 GM078222-02/GM/NIGMS NIH HHS/ -- England -- Nature. 2009 Jan 8;457(7226):215-8. doi: 10.1038/nature07521. Epub 2008 Nov 23.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Center for Genome Sciences, Department of Genetics, Washington University in Saint Louis School of Medicine, 4444 Forest Park Avenue, St Louis, Missouri 63108, USA.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19029883" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Allosteric Site ; DNA/genetics/metabolism ; DNA-Binding Proteins/metabolism ; Down-Regulation ; *Gene Expression Regulation, Fungal ; *Gene Library ; Genes, Synthetic/*genetics ; Genome, Fungal/*genetics ; Models, Genetic ; Promoter Regions, Genetic/*genetics ; Regulatory Sequences, Nucleic Acid/*genetics ; Repressor Proteins/metabolism ; Saccharomyces cerevisiae/*genetics ; Saccharomyces cerevisiae Proteins/metabolism ; Thermodynamics ; Transcription Factors/metabolism
    Print ISSN: 0028-0836
    Electronic ISSN: 1476-4687
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
    Published by Nature Publishing Group (NPG)
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  • 6
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    Pyroclastic activity at Home Plate in Gusev Crater, Mars (2007)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2007-05-05
    Description: Home Plate is a layered plateau in Gusev crater on Mars. It is composed of clastic rocks of moderately altered alkali basalt composition, enriched in some highly volatile elements. A coarsegrained lower unit lies under a finer-grained upper unit. Textural observations indicate that the lower strata were emplaced in an explosive event, and geochemical considerations favor an explosive volcanic origin over an impact origin. The lower unit likely represents accumulation of pyroclastic materials, whereas the upper unit may represent eolian reworking of the same pyroclastic materials.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Squyres, S W -- Aharonson, O -- Clark, B C -- Cohen, B A -- Crumpler, L -- de Souza, P A -- Farrand, W H -- Gellert, R -- Grant, J -- Grotzinger, J P -- Haldemann, A F C -- Johnson, J R -- Klingelhofer, G -- Lewis, K W -- Li, R -- McCoy, T -- McEwen, A S -- McSween, H Y -- Ming, D W -- Moore, J M -- Morris, R V -- Parker, T J -- Rice, J W Jr -- Ruff, S -- Schmidt, M -- Schroder, C -- Soderblom, L A -- Yen, A -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2007 May 4;316(5825):738-42.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Department of Astronomy, Space Sciences Building, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14853, USA.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17478719" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Print ISSN: 0036-8075
    Electronic ISSN: 1095-9203
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Computer Science , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
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  • 7
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    Exploration of Victoria crater by the Mars rover Opportunity (2009)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2009-05-23
    Description: The Mars rover Opportunity has explored Victoria crater, an approximately 750-meter eroded impact crater formed in sulfate-rich sedimentary rocks. Impact-related stratigraphy is preserved in the crater walls, and meteoritic debris is present near the crater rim. The size of hematite-rich concretions decreases up-section, documenting variation in the intensity of groundwater processes. Layering in the crater walls preserves evidence of ancient wind-blown dunes. Compositional variations with depth mimic those approximately 6 kilometers to the north and demonstrate that water-induced alteration at Meridiani Planum was regional in scope.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Squyres, S W -- Knoll, A H -- Arvidson, R E -- Ashley, J W -- Bell, J F 3rd -- Calvin, W M -- Christensen, P R -- Clark, B C -- Cohen, B A -- de Souza, P A Jr -- Edgar, L -- Farrand, W H -- Fleischer, I -- Gellert, R -- Golombek, M P -- Grant, J -- Grotzinger, J -- Hayes, A -- Herkenhoff, K E -- Johnson, J R -- Jolliff, B -- Klingelhofer, G -- Knudson, A -- Li, R -- McCoy, T J -- McLennan, S M -- Ming, D W -- Mittlefehldt, D W -- Morris, R V -- Rice, J W Jr -- Schroder, C -- Sullivan, R J -- Yen, A -- Yingst, R A -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2009 May 22;324(5930):1058-61. doi: 10.1126/science.1170355.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Department of Astronomy, Space Sciences Building, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14853, USA. squyres@astro.cornell.edu〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19461001" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Extraterrestrial Environment ; Ferric Compounds ; *Mars ; Spacecraft ; Water
    Print ISSN: 0036-8075
    Electronic ISSN: 1095-9203
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Computer Science , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
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  • 8
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    A nebular origin for chondritic fine-grained phyllosilicates (2003)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2003-01-25
    Description: Hydrated minerals occur in accretionary rims around chondrules in CM chondrites. Previous models suggested that these phyllosilicates did not form by gas-solid reactions in the canonical solar nebula. We propose that chondrule-forming shock waves in icy regions of the nebula produced conditions that allowed rapid mineral hydration. The time scales for phyllosilicate formation are similar to the time it takes for a shocked system to cool from the temperature of phyllosilicate stability to that of water ice condensation. This scenario allows for simultaneous formation of chondrules and their fine-grained accretionary rims.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Ciesla, Fred J -- Lauretta, Dante S -- Cohen, Barbara A -- Hood, Lon L -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2003 Jan 24;299(5606):549-52.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Department of Planetary Sciences, Lunar and Planetary Laboratory, University of Arizona, 1629 East University Boulevard, Tucson, AZ 85721, USA. fciesla@lpl.arizona.edu〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/12543970" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Ice ; *Meteoroids ; Pressure ; *Silicates ; Temperature ; Thermodynamics ; *Water
    Print ISSN: 0036-8075
    Electronic ISSN: 1095-9203
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Computer Science , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
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  • 9
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    Finding functional features in Saccharomyces genomes by phylogenetic footprinting (2003)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2003-05-31
    Description: The sifting and winnowing of DNA sequence that occur during evolution cause nonfunctional sequences to diverge, leaving phylogenetic footprints of functional sequence elements in comparisons of genome sequences. We searched for such footprints among the genome sequences of six Saccharomyces species and identified potentially functional sequences. Comparison of these sequences allowed us to revise the catalog of yeast genes and identify sequence motifs that may be targets of transcriptional regulatory proteins. Some of these conserved sequence motifs reside upstream of genes with similar functional annotations or similar expression patterns or those bound by the same transcription factor and are thus good candidates for functional regulatory sequences.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Cliften, Paul -- Sudarsanam, Priya -- Desikan, Ashwin -- Fulton, Lucinda -- Fulton, Bob -- Majors, John -- Waterston, Robert -- Cohen, Barak A -- Johnston, Mark -- R01 GM63803/GM/NIGMS NIH HHS/ -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2003 Jul 4;301(5629):71-6. Epub 2003 May 29.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Department of Genetics, Washington University School of Medicine, 660 South Euclid Avenue, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/12775844" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Algorithms ; Base Sequence ; Binding Sites ; Computational Biology ; *Conserved Sequence ; *DNA, Intergenic ; Gene Expression Profiling ; Genes, Fungal ; *Genome, Fungal ; Molecular Sequence Data ; *Phylogeny ; *Regulatory Sequences, Nucleic Acid ; Saccharomyces/classification/*genetics/physiology ; Saccharomyces cerevisiae/genetics/physiology ; Sequence Alignment ; Sequence Analysis, DNA ; Transcription Factors/metabolism
    Print ISSN: 0036-8075
    Electronic ISSN: 1095-9203
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Computer Science , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
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  • 10
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    Ancient impact and aqueous processes at Endeavour Crater, Mars (2012)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2012-05-05
    Description: The rover Opportunity has investigated the rim of Endeavour Crater, a large ancient impact crater on Mars. Basaltic breccias produced by the impact form the rim deposits, with stratigraphy similar to that observed at similar-sized craters on Earth. Highly localized zinc enrichments in some breccia materials suggest hydrothermal alteration of rim deposits. Gypsum-rich veins cut sedimentary rocks adjacent to the crater rim. The gypsum was precipitated from low-temperature aqueous fluids flowing upward from the ancient materials of the rim, leading temporarily to potentially habitable conditions and providing some of the waters involved in formation of the ubiquitous sulfate-rich sandstones of the Meridiani region.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Squyres, S W -- Arvidson, R E -- Bell, J F 3rd -- Calef, F 3rd -- Clark, B C -- Cohen, B A -- Crumpler, L A -- de Souza, P A Jr -- Farrand, W H -- Gellert, R -- Grant, J -- Herkenhoff, K E -- Hurowitz, J A -- Johnson, J R -- Jolliff, B L -- Knoll, A H -- Li, R -- McLennan, S M -- Ming, D W -- Mittlefehldt, D W -- Parker, T J -- Paulsen, G -- Rice, M S -- Ruff, S W -- Schroder, C -- Yen, A S -- Zacny, K -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2012 May 4;336(6081):570-6. doi: 10.1126/science.1220476.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Department of Astronomy, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14853, USA. squyres@astro.cornell.edu〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22556248" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Calcium Sulfate ; Extraterrestrial Environment ; Geological Phenomena ; *Mars ; Meteoroids ; Silicates ; Spacecraft ; *Water ; Zinc
    Print ISSN: 0036-8075
    Electronic ISSN: 1095-9203
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Computer Science , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
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