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  • Articles  (164)
  • Lepidoptera  (62)
  • wheat  (60)
  • Zea mays  (43)
  • Springer  (164)
  • 1990-1994  (164)
  • 1992  (164)
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  • Articles  (164)
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  • 1990-1994  (164)
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  • 1
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Response of the braconid parasitoid Cotesia (= Apanteles) glomerata to volatile infochemicals: effects of bioassay set-up, parasitoid age and experience and barometric flux (1992)
    Springer
    Entomologia experimentalis et applicata 63 (1992), S. 163-175 
    Details
    ISSN: 1570-7458
    Keywords: Hymenoptera ; Braconidae ; Lepidoptera ; Pieridae ; cabbage ; tritrophic interactions ; semiochemicals ; host-habitat location ; foraging behaviour
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Upon initiating a research project on the role of volatile infochemicals in the tritrophic system Cotesia (= Apanteles) glomerata (L.)-Pieris brassicae (L.)-cabbage, a bioassay was developed to investigate the response of C. glomerata. The bioassay should be effective in terms of high responsiveness and minimum variability and constructed through a comparative approach. Twenty seven treatments, organized in a factorial randomized block design, compared the effect of three bioassay set-ups (glasshouse flight chamber, wind-tunnel and Y-tube olfactometer), three parasitoid age groups (1–2, 4–5 and 8–9 days old females), three pre-treatment experiences (naive, damage experienced and oviposition experienced wasps) and the day-to-day effect on response of C. glomerata to clean cabbage (CC) and planthost complex (PHC) in a dual choice test. The best results with regard to the strength and consistency of response to the PHC were obtained in the glasshouse flight-chamber by 4–5 days old female wasps with either damage or oviposition experience (94 and 90%, respectively). It is therefore recommended as a suitable bioassay for studying the role of volatile infochemicals in host-habitat location by C. glomerata. A day-to-day variation in response was found in the glasshouse and wind-tunnel. It was correlated with the direction of change in barometric pressure within the time period of the experiment, showing that steadily increasing atmospheric pressure yields a significantly higher response than steadily decreasing or fluctuating barometric flux. To control for the day effect it is suggested to conduct further experiments in a block design, having day as a block. Several aspects of the infochemical ecology of C. glomerata are discussed.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00343576
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  • 2
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Diet-induced food preference by Manduca sexta larvae: acceptable non-host plants elicit a stronger induction than host plants (1992)
    Springer
    Entomologia experimentalis et applicata 63 (1992), S. 3-12 
    Details
    ISSN: 1570-7458
    Keywords: Feeding ; behaviour ; food preference induction ; diets ; Manduca sexta ; Lepidoptera
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Diet-induced changes in food preference by fifth instar larvae of the tobacco hornworm, Manduca sexta (Johan.) (Lepidoptera, Sphingidae), were examined. Two groups of larvae with different diet experience were used: larvae reared on a host or on an acceptable non-host plant species. Each group of larvae was offered a choice between leaf discs from each rearing plant species (2-plant choice test) and food preference was measured as the consumption of one plant species relative to that of the other plant species. Diet-induced changes in preferences were larger with the host versus acceptable non-host plant pairs Solanum pseudocapsicum (L.) versus Raphanus sativus (L.), Lycopersicon esculentum (Mill.) versus Vigna sinensis (Savi), and Datura innoxia (L.) versus V. sinensis than with the host versus host plant pairs L. esculentum versus Capsicum annuum (L.) and L. esculentum versus D. innoxia. To examine how much the food preference had been altered for each test plant species alone, two other groups of larvae were offered a choice between leaf discs from a single plant species and filter paper discs laced with distilled water (1-plant choice test). Larvae preferred the dietary plant species more strongly than the non-dietary plant species in tests using the following plant species: for C. annuum with C. annuum and L. esculentum as diets, for V. sinensis with V. sinensis and L. esculentum or D. innoxia as diets, and for R. sativus with R. sativus and S. pseudocapsicum as diets. The preference for the hosts L. esculentum and D. innoxia did not change significantly after rearing larvae on different hosts or on an acceptable non-host. Thus, diet-induction by M. sexta larvae results in an enhancement of preference for the dietary plant species which is much stronger with acceptable non-hosts than with hosts.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00350341
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  • 3
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Gut contents in molting lepidopteran larvae: a source of error in nutritional studies (1992)
    Springer
    Entomologia experimentalis et applicata 62 (1992), S. 87-91 
    Details
    ISSN: 1570-7458
    Keywords: Molting ; Lepidoptera ; nutritional indices
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00185646
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  • 4
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Resistance in certain maize cultivars to first and third-instar Chilo partellus larvae (1992)
    Springer
    Entomologia experimentalis et applicata 65 (1992), S. 75-80 
    Details
    ISSN: 1570-7458
    Keywords: Pyralidae ; Lepidoptera ; Zea mays L. ; Chilo partellus ; susceptibility
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract The resistance/susceptibility levels of ten maize (Zea mays L.) cultivars to neonates and 3rd-instar larvae of Chilo partellus (Swinhoe) (Lepidoptera: Pyralidae) were measured in the field and screenhouse experiments. The maize cultivars tested were: Inbred A, Mp 704, V-37, Population 10, Hybrid 511, Katumani Composite B, ER-29 SVR, Poza Rica 7832, ICZ2-CM, and MMV 400. Most cultivars were found susceptible to 3rd-instar larvae based on the incidence of dead heart symptoms, foliar feeding and stem tunnelling caused by stem borers in both the field and screenhouse experiments. However, the maize cultivars V-37, MMV 400 and Poza Rica 7832 sustained significantly lesser damage than the other cultivars when infested with neonates or 3rd instar larvae. The screenhouse experiments conducted with five maize cultivars, i.e. Inbred A, Mp 704, V-37, ER-29 SVR, and Poza Rica 7832 showed that neonates fed less on the resistant than the susceptible maize cultivars but feeding by the 3rd instars was equally high on all the maize cultivars except Mp 704 on which the larvae fed less than the others. In the cultivars infested with neonates, the mean period for 50% moth emergence P50 was longest on Mp 704 followed by Poza Rica 7832, ER-29 SVR, V-37 and Inbred A. In the cultivars infested with 3rd-instars, P50 was longest for Poza Rica 7832 followed equally by the remaining cultivars. On the basis of the evidence presented we here conclude that neonates of C. partellus are sensitive to the growth inhibiting effects of the resistant maize cultivars Mp 704, V-37, and Poza Rica 7832 but the older larvae are insensitive to these effects of Mp 704 and V-37 but not of Poza Rica 7832.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00189719
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  • 5
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Diel flight periodicity of Chilo partellus (1992)
    Springer
    Entomologia experimentalis et applicata 65 (1992), S. 165-170 
    Details
    ISSN: 1570-7458
    Keywords: Lepidoptera ; Pyralidae ; stem borer ; suction trap ; behaviour ; maize ; dispersal ; pheromones ; activity
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract The diel flight periodicity of the nocturnal moth Chilo partellus (Swinhoe) (Lepidoptera;Pyralidae) was measured in the laboratory using an actograph and in the field with suction traps. Females showed almost no flight activity on the night of eclosion. Flight activity of mated females peaked before midnight, the period of peak oviposition activity. Male peak activity occurred after midnight coinciding with female eclosion. Presence or absence of females did not affect when or how long males were active. Data on flight activity and reproductive behaviour are discussed in relation to the use of pheromones to protect maize.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00221367
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  • 6
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    MaleHeliothis virescens maintain upwind flight in response to experimentally pulsed filaments of their sex pheromone (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae) (1992)
    Springer
    Journal of insect behavior 5 (1992), S. 669-687 
    Details
    ISSN: 1572-8889
    Keywords: Heliothis virescens ; Noctuidae ; Lepidoptera ; upwind flight ; sex pheromone ; filaments
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Aspects of the intermittent fine structure of an odor plume were mimicked and experimentally modified in the wind tunnel using an air-pulsing device. Filaments of a behaviorally active blend of six sex-pheromone components created by the device in a temporally regular fashion elicited sustained upwind flight and source location in male Heliothis virescens.Males did not exhibit sustained upwind flight in significant numbers until a frequency of 4 filaments/s was delivered, at a loading of 1 μg of the major component, Z11-16: Ald, with the other components loaded at their appropriate ratios. A loading of 10 μg Z11-16: Ald was found to be optimal at this filament delivery rate. Electroantennogram recordings to different filament delivery rates of the complete blend indicated that a stationary male antenna can respond to the pulse rates used in this study. Importantly, when a main component necessary for upwind flight, Z9-14:Ald, was isolated into its own filaments and pulsed alternately against filaments of the five other components (including the other component essential for upwind flight, Z11-16: Ald), upwind flight to the source was significantly reduced (9%) compared to upwind flight and source location in response to filaments composed of the entire blend (30%), indicating that the complete pheromone blend must arrive on the antenna simultaneously for optimal evocation of sustained upwind progress. Neurophysiological evidence from other studies suggests that higher-order interneurons whose phasic response is enhanced when the entire blend is presented simultaneously may be of importance in explaining this behavioral difference stemming from synchronous vsasynchronous arrival of the components.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01047979
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  • 7
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Factors influencing the landing of maleEpiphyas postvittana (Walker) exhibiting pheromone-mediated flight (Lepidoptera: Tortricidae) (1992)
    Springer
    Journal of insect behavior 5 (1992), S. 699-720 
    Details
    ISSN: 1572-8889
    Keywords: sex pheromone ; landing behavior ; visual cues ; Epiphyas postvittana ; Lepidoptera ; Tortricidae
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract The effects of changes in various visual and olfactory properties of a white card surface on the landing position of male Epiphyas postvittanaexhibiting pheromone-mediated flight were studied in a wind tunnel. Males landed predominantly at the most downwind position of a surface in line with the pheromone source, regardless of the strength of the source. The position on the surface that males landed was strongly influenced by visual factors. The landing position of males appeared to be influenced by visual cues along all three axes of the surface. Decreases in either the dimension horizontally perpendicular to the wind direction or the vertical dimension resulted in greater numbers of males landing farther upwind on the surface than the downwind edge. Visual changes in the axis along the wind direction also affected the position at which males landed. For example, when presented with two white card surfaces with a 4- cm gap between them, males tended to land on the downwind edge of the upwind surface (on which the source was located). When the gap was bridged with clear Mylar, the landing pattern was significantly different, with the greater proportion of males landing on the downwind surface. However, when Mylar was placed on the plexiglass floor of the tunnel (in addition to bridging the gap), the landing pattern on the surface was not significantly different from that on the two surfaces without the Mylar bridge. It is suggested that during the prelanding and landing phases of pheromone-mediated flight, male moths orient to visual features of the surface containing the pheromone source rather than to visual features of the source (conspecific female moth) itself.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01047981
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  • 8
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    The influence of nutritional and genetic factors on larval performance of the cinnabar moth, Tyria jacobaeae (1992)
    Springer
    Entomologia experimentalis et applicata 62 (1992), S. 29-36 
    Details
    ISSN: 1570-7458
    Keywords: Alkaloids ; cinnabar moth ; insect genetics ; larval performance ; Lepidoptera ; nutritional ecology ; nitrogen ; sugar ; Tyria jacobaeae
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract In a laboratory experiment using full-sibs, 60% of the variation in pupal weight of the monophage Tyria jacobaeae L. (Lepidoptera, Arctiidae) could be explained by variation in the nitrogen concentration of the food plant, Senecio jacobaea L. and only 4% by variation in sugar concentration. Larval weight and growth rates of young and old larvae were also positively correlated with nitrogen and sugar concentration. Developmental time was negatively correlated with nitrogen concentration. In a second experiment full-sib families differed significantly in larval weight at day 7, mortality, growth rate and developmental time. Pupal weight did not differ significantly among families, but was positively correlated with nitrogen concentration of Senecio. Larval performance was not significantly influenced by concentrations of sugars or alkaloids. We conclude that larval performance of Tyria during most of the larval period is mainly determined by genetic factors, but pupal weights are primarily determined by nitrogen concentration of the food plant.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00185638
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  • 9
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Deterrence of feeding and oviposition responses of adult Heliothis virescens by some compounds bitter-tasting to humans (1992)
    Springer
    Entomologia experimentalis et applicata 65 (1992), S. 81-93 
    Details
    ISSN: 1570-7458
    Keywords: Heliothis virescens ; Lepidoptera ; Noctuidae ; feeding behavior ; oviposition behavior ; electrophysiology ; deterrence ; antifeedant ; quinine ; quinidine ; atropine ; caffeine ; denatonium benzoate ; naringin ; sucrose octaacetate
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Some compounds that are bitter-tasting to humans, both alkaloidal (quinine, quinidine, atropine, caffeine) and non-alkaloidal (denatonium benzoate, sucrose octaacetate, naringin), deterred feeding and oviposition by Heliothis virescens (F.) in laboratory and field cage experiments. Preliminary electrophysiological studies of gustatory sensilla on the ovipositor of H. virescens provided evidence of 3 neurons, one of which is responsive to sucrose. Preliminary indications are that responses of this neuron may be inhibited by quinine and denatonium benzoate.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00189720
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  • 10
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Mating behaviour of the corn stalk borerSesamia nnonagrioides (1992)
    Springer
    Entomologia experimentalis et applicata 65 (1992), S. 199-204 
    Details
    ISSN: 1570-7458
    Keywords: Sesamia nonagrioides ; Lepidoptera ; Noctuidae ; calling behaviour ; mating behaviour ; circadian rhythm
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract The mating behaviour of the corn stalk borerSesamia nonagrioides (Lef.) [Lepidoptera:Noctuidae] was studied under laboratory conditions at 25 ± 1 °C, 65 ± 5% r.h. and 16:8 (L:D) regime. The females began calling during the first scotophase following emergence, the peak of calling occurred during the second scotophase and thereafter decreased. Maximum calling was observed between the fourth and sixth hour of the scotophase. The calling pattern varied with age. During the first and second scotophase most of the females were calling continuously, while during the third and fourth scotophase periodic calling was observed. The mean onset of calling was advanced and the mean length of calling per day was increased slightly as the female became older. Females held for 72 h in continuous darkness exhibited an endogenous circadian rhythm of calling. Matings began during the first scotophase following emergence and the peak of mating was observed during the second scotophase. Mated females did not remate. Few males mated more than once during the following scotophases.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02343852
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  • 11
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Localization of spectral receptors in the ommatidium of butterfly compound eye determined by polarization sensitivity (1992)
    Springer
    Journal of comparative physiology 171 (1992), S. 289-297 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-1351
    Keywords: Electrophysiology ; Lepidoptera ; Photoreceptor ; Spectral sensitivity ; Vision
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary 1. A butterfly Papilio has 5 types of spectral receptors in the compound eye. The spectral sensitivity of each type peaks in the UV, violet, blue, green, and red wavelengths, respectively. The green type contains two subtypes with and without a UV secondary peak. Here we studied the localization of these spectral receptors within the ommatidium. 2. An ommatidium contains 9 photoreceptors (R1–9), each of which is one of the 5 spectral receptor types. The photoreceptors bear parallel microvilli to form a nontwisted rhabdom, and thereby the photoreceptors are polarization sensitive. 3. We first examined the microvillar orientation by electron microscopy. The microvilli of R1, 2, and 9 are oriented dorso-ventrally (0°), whereas those of R3 and 4 are parallel to the antero-posterior axis (90°). The R5–8 bear microvilli diagonally: 45° for R6 and R8, 135° for R5 and R7. 4. We then recorded spectral and polarization sensitivities from single photoreceptors. The peak angle of the polarization sensitivity (θmax) of the UV, violet, and blue receptors were around 0°, whereas that of the green receptors was around 90°. In the double-peaked green receptors, the θmax at UV was also around 90°. The red receptors showed a θmax at around 35°. The polarization sensitivity ratio (PSmax/PSmin) of the double-peaked green receptors measured at UV was around 4, whereas the ratio of other receptors was around 2. 5. We conclude that R1 and R2 are either UV, violet, or blue receptors whereas R3 and R4 are green receptors. Some R6 and R8 are red receptors. We also conclude that the UV secondary peak in the double-peaked green receptor is not simply attributable to the coupling with UV receptors.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00223959
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  • 12
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    High resolution measurement of atmospheric carbon dioxide concentration changes by the labial palp organ of the moth Heliothis armigera (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae) (1992)
    Springer
    Journal of comparative physiology 171 (1992), S. 317-324 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-1351
    Keywords: Carbon dioxide ; Chemoreception ; Lepidoptera ; Microclimate ; Sensory transduction
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary In recordings of single unit action potentials, the responses of CO2-receptors in the labial palp organ of the moth Heliothis armigera to modulation of CO2-density around a background of 350 ppm were investigated. Modulation of CO2-density by square wave changes in concentration at constant barometric pressure evokes modulation of the spike rate. Modulation of CO2-density by square wave changes in barometric pressure at constant CO2-concentration evokes responses similar to those evoked by concentration modulation. For modulation depths of less than 1.5%, the output modulation depth is linearly related to the input; at higher modulation depths the gain decreases progressively. Using sinusoidal pressure modulation, the frequency dependence of both gain and output noise was determined over a range of 0.05 to 12.8 Hz. With increasing frequency the gain progressively increases at a rate of 2.4 dB/octave up to a maximum of 63 at 3 Hz; at higher frequencies, it decreases rapidly. The threshold sensitivity of the receptors, using input noise amplitude density as a criterion, is broadly tuned, with a minimum of 1 % contrast Hz-0.5 between 0.3 and 3 Hz. Using these figures, it is concluded that the sensory organ is capable of detecting fluctuations in CO2-density of 0.14% or 0.5 ppm. The results are related to the fluctuations in CO2-density which occur in a natural environment.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00223962
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  • 13
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Sequential development of pathogens in the maize tarspot disease complex (1992)
    Springer
    Mycopathologia 117 (1992), S. 157-161 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-0832
    Keywords: Phyllachora maydis ; Monographella maydis ; Coniothyrium phyllachorae ; Zea mays ; tarspot complex
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Abstract The tarspot complex is caused by the interaction of Phyllachora maydis and Monographella maydis. Coniothyrium phyllachorae, possibly a mycoparasite, is found in older ascostromata of P. maydis, which always appears first causing tarspot. M. maydis follows and is responsible for the damaging “fisheye” symptom. The fisheye symptom is always associated with a tarspot in the center of the lesion, whereas 12 to 20% of the Phyllachora ascostromata remained free of M. maydis. Inoculations of maize leaves with the Microdochium anamorph of the Monographella (usually produced in lesions) failed to produce infections. Some infections with M. maydis were, however, obtained under unusual conditions in the field. Inoculations onto tarspots in the laboratory were unsuccessful, but in field experiments inoculations with conidia of M. maydis enhanced severity of the tarspot complex. Fisheye symptoms of the complex naturally appear 2 to 7 days after the manifestation of P. maydis. This is followed a week later by the appearance of M. maydis which became predominant in the lesions and is associated with empty perithecia of P. maydis. In the early stages of the tarspots pycnidia of the anamorph of P. maydis, Linochora sp., could occasionally be observed. Ascomata of M. maydis were rare in the field. Of the 36 genetic materials of CIMMYT tested, 30 developed the fisheye symptom, 4 tarspots only and 2 remained free of symptoms
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00442777
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  • 14
    Electronic Resource
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    The effects of aflatoxin B1 on immature germinating maize (Zea mays) embryos (1992)
    Springer
    Mycopathologia 119 (1992), S. 181-190 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-0832
    Keywords: aflatoxin B1 ; electron microscopy ; in vitro ; immature maize embryo ; Zea mays
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Abstract Immature maize (Zea mays L.) embryos were treated with aflatoxin B1 concentrations, ranging from 0.1 μg ml−1 to 25 μg ml−1. Below 5 μg ml−1 aflatoxin B1, root and shoot elongation was not significantly inhibited. Ultrastructurally, root tip cells showed little deterioration, except a possible diffused clearing in mitochondria and plastids. As the toxin concentration was increased above 5 μgml−1, shoot, and particularly root elongation, was progressively inhibited. Associated with this, there was an apparent decrease in the ribosome population. Furthermore, membranes, particularly the vacuolar membrane, became abnormal and vacuolar distension occurred. At 20 and 25 μg ml−1, these effects were exacerbated, and mitochondria and plastid structure was disrupted. At these concentrations, there was evidence of a disruption in lipid metabolism. The results are discussed in the context of known aflatoxin effects on cellular control mechanisms and ultrastructure in animal systems.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00448817
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  • 15
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    The current and residual value of superphosphate for lupins grown in rotation with oats and wheat on a deep sandy soil (1992)
    Springer
    Nutrient cycling in agroecosystems 31 (1992), S. 319-329 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-0867
    Keywords: Superphosphate ; fertilizer effectiveness ; residual value ; lupins ; oats ; wheat ; grain production ; bicarbonate-extractable soil phosphorus
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract In a field experiment on a deep pale-yellow sand in a 600 mm per annum rainfall Mediterranean environment of south-western Australia, six levels of phosphorus (P) as superphosphate (O up to 546 kg P ha−1) were applied once only, to the soil surface, before sowing lupins (Lupinus angustifolius). The lupins were grown in a continuous arable cropping rotation with, in successive years, oats (Avena sativa), wheat (Triticum aestivum), lupins. Five such rotations were started in the experiment from 1985 to 1989. The experiment continued until the end of 1990. The relationship between lupin seed (grain) yields and the level of P applied was measured in the year of P application for five successive years (1985 to 1989). The relationship had the same general form but it varied between years, largely due to different maximum yields (yield plateaux) in each year. The residual value of superphosphate applied three years previously was measured for lupins on two occasions (1988 and 1989) relative to superphosphate applied in the current year. The residual values was different in the two years. The superphosphate applied three years previously was about 30% as effective as freshly applied superphosphate in 1988, and 12% as effective in 1989. At each harvest, the relationship between grain yield and the P concentration in the grain differed for different species. However, for each species at each harvest, the relationship was similar regardless of when the P was applied in the previous years. Thus each species had the same internal efficiency of P use curve, and yields varied only with P concentration in tissue. Bicarbonate-extractable soil P was determined on soil samples taken in mid-July of 1989 and 1990. These soil test values were related to grain yields at harvest. The relationship between yield and soil test values had the same general form but varied for different species within years and for each species between years. It also varied for each species within years depending on the year the P was applied.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01051283
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  • 16
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    Residual value of superphosphate for wheat and lupin grain production on a uniform yellow sandplain soil (1992)
    Springer
    Nutrient cycling in agroecosystems 31 (1992), S. 331-340 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-0867
    Keywords: Superphosphate ; residual value ; wheat ; lupins ; soil test for phosphorus
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract In a field experiment on a sandplain soil in a low rainfall (326 mm per annum) Mediterranean environment of south-western Australia, the effectiveness of superphosphate applied in 1986 was measured in three subsequent years relative to freshly-applied superphosphate each year, using grain (seed) yields of wheat (Triticum aestivum) and lupins (Lupinus angustifolius). The wheat and lupins were grown in rotation and both crops were grown each year starting in 1986. Bicarbonate-soluble phosphorus was determined on soil samples taken in mid June from where the P treatment was applied in 1986 only. These soil test values were related to the grain yields produced that year. For each level of superphosphate applied in 1986, soil test values decreased with increasing time from application. The relationship between grain yield and soil test values had the same general form within each year for both plant species, but varied between years. For both species, the effectiveness of superphosphate decreased by about 70–80% between the year of application and the first and second years after application, and by a further approximate 10% in the third year. The relationship between grain yield and the level of superphosphate applied became sigmoidal by 1989.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01051284
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  • 17
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    Relationship between electroultrafiltration (EUF) extractable nitrogen, grain yield, and optimum nitrogen fertilizer rates for winter wheat (1992)
    Springer
    Nutrient cycling in agroecosystems 32 (1992), S. 37-43 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-0867
    Keywords: nitrogen fertilizer rate ; electroultrafiltration ; wheat ; soil test
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract The objective of the investigation was to examine whether there exist relationships between the optimum nitrogen fertilizer rate for winter wheat and soil nitrogen fractions extracted by electroultrafiltration (EUF) from autumn samples of the upper soil layer (0–30 cm). Optimum nitrogen fertilizer rates were derived from grain yield curves of field trials carried out with increasing nitrogen fertilizer rates on 19 different sites in 1985/86 and 1986/87. Most soils were luvisols derived from loess, two soils were brown earths and one a pararendzina. Total Nitrogen fertilizer rates were 0, 40, 80, and 120 kg N/ha applied twice before ear emergence. The final nitrogen rate at ear emergence was the same for all treatments, namely 60 kg N/ha. Optimum nitrogen fertilizer rates were derived from the grain yield curve fitted to a modified Mitscherlich equation. The optimum nitrogen fertilizer rates were correlated with the nitrogen fractions extracted by EUF. The regression equation thus obtained showed that NO 3 - , the organic N fraction (EUF Norg), and the EUF Norg-quotient each had a highly significant impact on the optimum nitrogen fertilizer rate. The higher the amounts of EUF-N extracted the lower the optimum nitrogen rate. Substituting the EUF Norg-fraction for total nitrogen concentration in the upper soil layer gave a poorer relationship between the optimum nitrogen fertilizer rate and the soil data. In absolute terms the EUF Norg-fraction had by far the greatest impact on calculating the optimum nitrogen fertilizer rate. The investigation shows that the EUF method is a suitable technique for the determination of available soil nitrogen from which optimum nitrogen fertilizer rates can be derived for winter wheat cultivated under soil and climatic conditions typical for cereal growing areas in central Europe.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01054392
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    Effect of superphosphate and nitrogen on yield and take-all of wheat (1992)
    Springer
    Nutrient cycling in agroecosystems 31 (1992), S. 43-49 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-0867
    Keywords: Superphosphate ; nitrogen fertilizer ; take-all ; (Gaeumannomyces graminis) ; wheat ; Triticum aestivum L.
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract Wheat was grown continuously in soil amended with 5 levels of superphosphate and with 4 levels of urea at 3 sites. The incidence and severity of take-all, caused byGaeumannomyces graminis var.tritici, declined with increasing rates of application of both superphosphate and urea. In both years, the severity of take-all on plants receiving neither superphosphate nor urea was about 40% while at the highest level of superphosphate and urea supply the take-all severity was approximately halved at 22%. There was an increase in grain yield in response to applied superphosphate and urea to the highest level of each nutrient. There was also an increase in the 1,000-kernal weights with superphosphate and urea fertilizer application.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01064226
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    The phosphorus requirement of different crop species compared with wheat on lateritic soils (1992)
    Springer
    Nutrient cycling in agroecosystems 32 (1992), S. 27-36 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-0867
    Keywords: Phosphorus requirement ; wheat ; oats ; barley ; lupins ; triticale ; superphosphate ; grain yield ; phosphorus in grain
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract The phosphorus (P) requirement for grain production of different crop species (oats (Avena sativa), barley (Hordeum vulgare), triticale (xTriticosecale), narrow-leafed lupins (Lupinus angustifolius), and sandplain lupins (L. cosentinii) was compared with wheat (Triticum aestivum) in five field experiments on different lateritic soils in south-western Australia. Seven or eight levels of superphosphate were applied at the start of each experiment. The amount of P required to produce 70% (four experiments) or 90% (one experiment) of the maximum yield was used to compare P requirements. Large differences in the P requirements of the species were obtained. On P deficient soil in 3 experiments, oats required from 50 to 70% less P than wheat, but required 40% more P on a soil with a long history of superphosphate applications. Compared with wheat, in the year of P application, barley required 50% less P in one experiment, had similar P requirements in two experiments, and required 80% more P in another experiment. In the years after P application, barley required 20% less P in two experiments. On an acidic soil triticale required from 50% to 70% less P than wheat, but on less acidic soil it required 100% more P. In the year of P application, narrow-leafed lupins required 800% more P than wheat in one experiment, and 30% more P in the other experiment. In the year of P application, sandplain lupins required 70% less P than wheat in one experiment.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01054391
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    Phosphorus effectiveness in fertilized soils evaluated by chemical solutions and residual value for wheat growth (1992)
    Springer
    Nutrient cycling in agroecosystems 32 (1992), S. 185-194 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-0867
    Keywords: Residual P ; P fixation ; Bray P ; Olsen P ; wheat
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract Nineteen soils from the south east of the Province of Buenos Aires (Argentina) that had been fertilized with moderate amounts of P (10–40 kgP/ha) during the last 10 years were used to investigate the effect of time on the decline of P availability as measured by three soil tests (Bray 1, Bray 2, Olsen) and the null-point method. Differences in rates of P decline among soils and chemical methods were characterized by an exponential coefficient for time (b 2) in equations which describe the changes of the added P retained by the soil (Pr =ac b1 t b2). The rate of decline of P for the nineteen soils calculated for the soil test methods was ordered decreasingly as: null-point 〉 Olsen 〉 Bray 1 〉 Bray 2. The ability of the chemical methods for assessing the residual value of P for wheat growth (RV) was tested in a pot experiment on seven of the soils that differed in their individual rates of reaction with P. Differences between soils in the rate of reaction with P as measured in the laboratory by the null-point method and by the Olsen test were reflected in different residual values for P fertilizer for wheat plants. Thus the value ofb 2 for these methods was well correlated with the observed residual values. The soil properties commonly associated with the retention of P were not related to the value ofb 2 suggesting that more than one soil property may be involved in the measure ofb 2. The exponent for timeb 2 may be used as an index of the ability of the soil test to reflect the decline of P availability with time.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01048781
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    Antioxidant alteration ofGlycine max (Fabaceae) defensive chemistry: Analogy to herbivory elicitation (1992)
    Springer
    Chemoecology 3 (1992), S. 25-32 
    Details
    ISSN: 1423-0445
    Keywords: defensive chemistry ; alterable ; elicitation ; herbivory ; antioxidant ; Fabaceae ; Glycine max ; Lepidoptera ; Noctuidae ; Trichoplusia ni
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Summary The water-soluble antioxidant, L-ascorbic acid (vitamin C), proved elicitory to alterable anti-herbivory inGlycine max againstTrichoplusia ni larvae. Elicitation by vitamin C was influenced especially by dose, time after elicitation and space in the plant. Results allow an analogy between antioxidant and herbivory elicitation. Elicitation apparently involves a sulfhydryl-protein-dependent redox mechanism which can be significantly affected by antioxidants. Findings would also support a proposed common redox-based mechanism, involving the plasma membrane, for communication between plant and animal cells and their environments.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01261453
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    Cardenolide content, emetic potency, and thin-layer chromatography profiles of monarch butterflies,Danaus plexippus, and their larval host-plant milkweed,Asclepias humistrata, in Florida (1992)
    Springer
    Chemoecology 3 (1992), S. 1-13 
    Details
    ISSN: 1423-0445
    Keywords: aposematism ; cardenolide fingerprint ; chemical defense ; emesis ; plant-insect interaction ; migration ; Asclepiadaceae ; Apocynales ; Asclepias humistrata ; milkweed ; Lepidoptera ; Danainae ; Danaus plexippus ; monarch butterfly
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Summary This paper is the fourth in a series on cardenolide fingerprints of monarch butterflies (Danaus plexippus, Danainae) and their host-plant milkweeds (Asclepiadaceae) in the eastern United States. Cardenolide concentrations ofAsclepias humistrata plants from north central Florida ranged from 71 to 710 µg/0.1 g dry weight, with a mean of 417 µg/0.1 g. Monarchs reared individually on these plants contained cardenolide concentrations ranging from 243 to 575 µg/0.1 g dry weight, with a mean of 385 µg/0.1 g. Cardenolide uptake by butterflies was independent of plant concentration, suggesting that sequestration saturation occurs in monarchs fed cardenolide-rich host plants. Thinlayer chromatography resolved 19 cardenolides in the plants and 15 in the butterflies. In addition to humistratin,A. humistrata plants contained several relatively non-polar cardenolides of the calotropagenin series which are metabolized to more polar derivatives in the butterflies. These produced a butterfly cardenolide fingerprint clearly distinct from those previously established for monarchs reared on otherAsclepias species. In emetic assays with the blue jay,Cyanocitta cristata, the 50% emetic dose (ED50) per jay was 57.1 µg, and the average number of ED50 units per butterfly was 13.8, establishing that this important south eastern milkweed produces highly emetic, chemically defended monarchs. Our data provide further support for the use of cardenolide fingerprints of wild-caught monarchs to make ecological predictions concerning defence against natural enemies, seasonal movement and larval host-plant utilization by monarch butterflies during their annual cycle of migration, breeding and overwintering.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01261450
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    Leaf surface chemicals stimulating oviposition byPieris rapae (Lepidoptera: Pieridae) on cabbage (1992)
    Springer
    Chemoecology 3 (1992), S. 33-38 
    Details
    ISSN: 1423-0445
    Keywords: oviposition ; 3-indolylmethyl glucosinolate ; sinigrin ; glucoiberin ; cabbage ; Cruciferae ; Brassica oleracea ; Lepidoptera ; Pieridae ; Pieris rapae
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Summary The chemical stimulation of oviposition byPieris rapae on cabbage was investigated by leaf washing and extraction. Isolation of the stimulant by various chromatographic techniques was monitored by a bioassay using Sieva bean as a surrogate host plant. Cold water, chloroform, or chloroform followed by cold water washes failed to release the stimulant from leaf surfaces. Boiling water or chloroform followed by methanol was required. The most active stimulatory compound was identified as 3-indolylmethyl glucosinolate (glucobrassicin). Other glucosinolates were identified as sinigrin, which was only slightly active, and glucoiberin, which was completely inactive as a stimulant. The significance of the selective response ofP. rapae andP. brassicae to different glucosinolates and the implications of the binding of polar allelochemicals to leaf surfaces is discussed with respect to host utilization and perception mechanisms of pierids.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01261454
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    Survival of first instar larvae ofDanaus plexippus (Lepidoptera: Danainae) in relation to cardiac glycoside and latex content ofAsclepias humistrata (Asclepiadaceae) (1992)
    Springer
    Chemoecology 3 (1992), S. 81-93 
    Details
    ISSN: 1423-0445
    Keywords: first instar survival ; latex ; cardiac glycosides ; cardenolides ; Lepidoptera ; Danainae ; Danaus plexippus ; Asclepiadaceae ; Asclepias humistrata ; milkweed
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Summary Our paper addresses field survivorship of first instar monarch butterfly larvae (Danaus plexippus L., Lep.: Danainae) in relation to the dual cardenolide and latex chemical defenses of the sand hill milkweed plant,Asclepias humistrata (Asclepiadaceae) growing naturally in north central Florida. Survival of first instar larvae in the field was 11.5% in the first experiment (15–20 April 1990), and dropped to 3.4% in the second experiment (20–30 April). About 30% of the larvae were found glued to the leaf surface by the milkweed latex. Predator exclusion of non-flying inverte-brates by applying “tanglefoot” to the plant stems suggested that the balance of the mortality was due to volant inverte-brates, or to falling and/or moving off the plants. Regression analyses to isolate some of the other variables affecting survivorship indicated that first instar mortality was correlated with (1) increasing cardiac glycoside concentration of the leaves, (2) increasing age of the plants, and (3) the temporal increase in concentration of cardiac glycosides in the leaves. The study also provided confirmatory data of previous studies that wild monarch females tend to oviposit onA. humistrata plants containing intermediate concentrations of cardiac glycosides. Cardiac glycoside concentration in the leaves was not correlated with that in the latex. The concentration of cardenolide in the latex is extremely high, constituting an average of 1.2 and 9.5% of the mass of the wet and dry latex, respectively. The data suggest that an increase in water content of the latex is compensated for by an influx of cardenolide with the result that the cardenolide concentration remains constant in the latex systems of plants that are growing naturally. We also observed first instar larvae taking their first bite of milkweed leaves in the field. In addition to confirming other workers findings that monarch larvae possess elaborate “sabotaging” behaviour of the milkweed's latex system, we discovered that several larvae on their first bite involuntarily imbided a small globule of latex and instantly became cataleptic. This catalepsis, lasting up to 10 min, may have been in response to the high concentration of cardenolide present in the latex ofA. humistrata, more than 10 times that in the leaves. The results of the present study suggest that more attention should be directed to plant chemical defenses upon initial attack by first instar insect larvae, rather than attempting correlations of plant chemistry with older larvae that have already passed the early instar gauntlet. The first bite of neonate insects may be the most critical moment for coping with the chemical defenses of many plants and may play a much more important role in the evolution of insect herbivory than has previously been recognized.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01245886
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    Identification of an oviposition-regulating pheromone in the European grapevine moth,Lobesia botrana (Lepidoptera: Tortricidae) (1992)
    Springer
    Cellular and molecular life sciences 48 (1992), S. 697-699 
    Details
    ISSN: 1420-9071
    Keywords: Oviposition-deterring pheromone ; Lepidoptera ; Tortricidae ; Lobesia botrana ; eggs ; fatty acids ; esters of fatty acids
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Abstract The oviposition of the European grapevine moth (EGVM)Lobesia botrana can be deterred by an extract of conspecific eggs corresponding to 20 egg equivalents. The reduction of the oviposition behavior is dose-dependent. Nine chemicals have been extracted from the eggs and identified as straight chain fatty acids and esters of fatty acids. A mixture of these rather simple molecules induces the same levels of deterrence as the total extract. It might be possible to use oviposition regulating pheromone in the future for the control of EGVM populations.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02118323
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    Leaf surface compound fromBrassica oleracea (Cruciferae) induces oviposition byPieris brassicae (Lepidoptera: Pieridae) (1992)
    Springer
    Chemoecology 3 (1992), S. 39-44 
    Details
    ISSN: 1423-0445
    Keywords: oviposition ; kairomone ; host plant selection ; indole glucosinolates ; Cruciferae ; Brassica oleracea ; cabbage ; Lepidoptera ; Pieridae ; Pieris brassicae
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Summary Chemicals present on the surface of cabbage (Brassica oleracea L.) leaves were extracted by dipping these leaves for 3 s in dichloromethane followed by a 3 s dip in methanol. When offered in dual choice bioassays using green paper cards as a substrate, the methanol extract stimulated oviposition activity byPieris brassicae L. (Lepidoptera: Pieridae) females. The oviposition stimulant was isolated using medium pressure liquid chromatography, reversed-phase HPLC, ion-pair HPLC and ion exchange chromatography. Using1H-NMR spectroscopy, the stimulant could be identified as glucobrassicin (3-indolyl-methyl-glucosinolate). When pure glucobrassicin was offered at a dose identical to that in the crude methanol extract, butterflies did not discriminate between these two substrates in a dual choice test. It is argued that a high sensitivity for indole glucosinolates as host recognition factors may confer an adaptive value for these specialist crucifer feeders. The nutritional significance of their precursor tryptophan and the non-volatile nature of the aglycones formed upon enzymic hydrolysis in damaged tissues are proposed as properties of indole glucosinolates that contribute to this possible adaptive advantage.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01261455
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    Chemical basis of pupal cannibalism in a caterpillar (Utetheisa ornatrix) (1992)
    Springer
    Cellular and molecular life sciences 48 (1992), S. 97-102 
    Details
    ISSN: 1420-9071
    Keywords: Lepidoptera ; Arctiidae ; pyrrolizidine alkaloids ; cannibalism ; acquired defense ; phagostimulation ; specific hunger
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Abstract The mothUtetheisa ornatrix derives protection against predation from systemic pyrrolizidine alkaloids (PAs) that it sequesters as a larva from its foodplants (Leguminosae,Crotalaria spp.). We here show, in laboratory tests, thatUtetheisa deficient in body PA can make up for the chemical shortfall by cannibalizing pupae. We present evidence indicating that cannibalism in larvae is elicited not by hunger, but possibly by PA deficiency itself, and that in making cannibalistic choices larvae prefer PA-containing over PA-free pupae. PAs themselves, either in crystalline form or as additives to food items, proved phagostimulatory to larvae. In natureUtetheisa tend to pupate away from their foodplant, essentially out of reach of larval attack. The threat of cannibalism may have contributed to the evolution of this pupation behavior.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01923618
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    Electroporation and PEG delivery of DNA into maize microspores (1992)
    Springer
    Plant cell reports 11 (1992), S. 567-570 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-203X
    Keywords: Microspore ; Electroporation ; Transformation ; Zea mays
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Summary The ability to deliver and detect reporter gene activity in maize microspores was tested. Tested expression vectors contained the chloramphenicol acetyl transferase (CAT) gene and one of the following promoter-intron combinations: 1) cauliflower mosaic virus (CaMV 35S), 2) CaMV 35S + maize alcohol dehydrogenase 1 intron 6 (Adh1-I6), 3) maize alcohol dehydrogenase 1 + intron 1 (Adh1-I1), or 4) maize ubiquitin 1 + intron 1 (Ubiq 1-I1) promoter + intron. The expression vectors were delivered into maize microspores using electroporation or polyethylene glycol (PEG). Both methods were effective for delivering free DNA into microspores. Although all four promoters were active in maize protoplasts, only two promoters were active in maize microspores. The CaMV 35S and the Adh1 promoters did not promote gene expression in maize microspore. The CaMV 35S + Adh1-I6 and Ubiq1-I1 promoters produced high levels of CAT activity in maize microspores.
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    Relative nutritional quality of C3 and C4 grasses for a graminivorous lepidopteran, Paratrytone melane (Hesperiidae) (1992)
    Springer
    Oecologia 92 (1992), S. 97-103 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-1939
    Keywords: C3 and C4 grasses ; Lepidoptera ; Hesperiidae ; Paratrytone melane ; Nutrients
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Summary We tested the hypothesis that C4 grasses are inferior to C3 grasses as host plants for herbivorous insects by measuring the relative performance of larvae of a graminivorous lepidopteran, Paratrytone melane (Hesperiidae), fed C3 and C4 grasses. Relative growth rates and final weights were higher in larvae fed a C3 grass in Experiment I. However, in two additional experiments, relative growth rates and final weights were not significantly different in larvae fed C3 and C4 grasses. We examined two factors which are believed to cause C4 grasses to be of lower nutritional value than C3 grasses: foliar nutrient levels and nutrient digestibility. In general, foliar nutrient levels were higher in C3 grasses. In Experiment I, protein and soluble carbohydrates were digested from a C3 and a C4 grass with equivalent efficiencies. Therefore, differences in larval performance are best explained by higher nutrient levels in the C3 grass in this experiment. In Experiment II, soluble carbohydrates were digested with similar efficiencies from C3 and C4 grasses but protein was digested with greater efficiency from the C3 grasses. We conclude (1) that the bundle sheath anatomy of C4 grasses is not a barrier to soluble carbohydrate digestion and does not have a nutritionally significant effect on protein digestion and (2) that P. melane may consume C4 grasses at compensatory rates.
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    Digestion of uncrushed leaf tissues by leaf-snipping larval Lepidoptera (1992)
    Springer
    Oecologia 89 (1992), S. 229-235 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-1939
    Keywords: Lepidoptera ; Digestion ; Larvae ; Mandible ; C4 grasses
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Summary Cynodon dactylon (Poaceae) leaf pieces recovered from the frass of final-instar Paratrytone melane larvae (Lepidoptera: Hesperiidae) were composed of 14–22 percent crushed cells and 78–86 percent uncrushed cells, yet approximate digestibilities of soluble carbohydrates and protein averaged 78 and 88 percent, respectively. Therefore, nutrients from uncrushed cells were extracted by P. melane. The ability of P. melane and another leaf-snipping lepidopteran, Pseudaletia unipuncta (Noctuidae), to digest the contents of uncrushed bundle sheath and mesophyll cells in C. dactylon was examined with transmission electron microscopy. Organelles and plasma membranes were digested in the foreguts and midguts of both species. These findings suggest that nutrients in uncrushed leaf cells may be extracted through plasmodesmata and cell wall pores after membranes are digested. The generality of leaf-snipping, vis-a-vis leaf crushing, among larval Lepidoptera was assessed by surveying the mandible morphologies of 202 species. In 82 percent of the species surveyed only incisor regions were present. I conclude that leaf-snipping is a common mode of feeding among phytophagous Lepidoptera and that the digestion of cell contents is efficient despite the fact that few of the cells of ingested plant tissues are crushed.
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    Cleavage polyembryony in maize (1992)
    Springer
    Sexual plant reproduction 5 (1992), S. 224-226 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-2145
    Keywords: Zea mays ; Maize ; Polyembryony
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Summary Two types of cleavage polyembryony are described in the inbred line VIR 17 of maize. Suspensorial embryony was observed to occur spontaneously. Typical cleavage of the zygotic proembryo occurred spontaneously, but could also be induced by treating the developing caryopses with 2,4-Dichlorophenoxyacetic acid (2,4-D) on the second day after pollination. 2,4-D was active as a decorelative factor also evoking the expression of totipotency in individual proembryonal cells.
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    Analysis of pollen-tube growth in cultured maize silks (1992)
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    Sexual plant reproduction 5 (1992), S. 227-231 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-2145
    Keywords: Zea mays ; Maize ; Pollen-tube growth regulation ; In vitro pollination
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Summary In vitro pollen-tube growth in maize was studied using an in vitro pollination system. In the ‘cut-silk’ method, ovaries with silks were placed on medium in vitro, whereafter the silk was cut and the upper part of the silk was pollinated. Pollen tubes were not able to bridge the space between the two silk parts. Even when silk parts were tightly connected, pollen tubes still were not able to pass the cut ends and reach the lower silk part. Pollen-tube growth rates and the direction of tube growth were not influenced by the presence or absence of an ovary. Prepollination did not have any influence on pollen-tube growth rate. Measurements of pollen-tube growth rate also showed that there was no ‘population effect’, i.e. growth rate was not stimulated by pollination with an excess of pollen grains. We found that the direction in which maize pollen grew was determined only by the positioning of the silk hairs.
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    Maturation of maize pollen in vitro (1992)
    Springer
    Plant cell reports 11 (1992), S. 535-539 
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    ISSN: 1432-203X
    Keywords: Zea mays ; in vitro culture ; in vitro pollen ; pollen germination ; fertilization
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Summary Maturation of maize pollen was obtained in male reproductive structures cultured in vitro. Immature tassels containing microspores at the mid-uninucleate to late-binucleate stage of development were excised and spikelets, anthers, and/or isolated microspores were cultured on a medium capable of supporting pollen maturation. Microspore mitosis, culminating in the production of starch-filled, trinucleate pollen capable of germination, was observed after 7–15 days, depending on the genotype and stage at which the cultures were initiated. Up to 100%, 70%, and 20% of the cultured spikelets, anthers, and isolated microspores, respectively, produced mature pollen, which germinated, however, at different frequencies (i.e., spikelets, 50–70%; anthers, 5–10%; microspores, 〈1%). Mature kernels were produced following fertilization with pollen from cultured spikelets and anthers. These procedures provide methods for the in vitro manipulation of a significant phase of the maize life cycle.
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    Matrix-associated DNA from maize is enriched in repetitive sequences (1992)
    Springer
    Plant cell reports 11 (1992), S. 355-358 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-203X
    Keywords: Zea mays ; Matrix-associated ; DNA ; repetitive sequences ; DNA loops
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract In order to elucidate some features of the topological organization of DNA within the plant nucleus, DNA fragments involved in the attachment of the DNA loops to the nuclear matrix in maize were studied. The matrix-associated DNA from dry embryo and meristematic cells after extensive digestion with DNase I and high salt treatment was about 2% of the total DNA, sized within the range of 50 and 250 bp. This DNA was found to be enriched in repetitive DNA sequences, both for nuclei from dry embryo and meristematic cells. The loop size of the DNA in cells of Zea mays appeared to be between 5 and 25 kbp.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00233365
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    Field evaluation of N2 fixation and N partitioning in climbing bean (Phaseolus vulgaris L.) using 15N (1992)
    Springer
    Biology and fertility of soils 13 (1992), S. 142-146 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0789
    Keywords: A value ; Common bean ; N remobilization ; Soil N balance ; Atom% 15N excess ; Phaseolus vulgaris ; Zea mays
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Geosciences , Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Summary The common bean (Phaseolus vulgaris L.) is generally regarded as a poor N2 fixer. This study assessed the sources of N (fertilizer, soil, and fixed N), N partitioning and mobilization, and soil N balance under field conditions in an indeterminate-type climbing bean (P. vulgaris L. cv. Cipro) at the vegetative, early pod-filling, and physiological maturity stages, using the A-value approach. This involved the application of 10 and 100 kg N ha-1 of 15N-labelled ammonium sulphate to the climbing bean and a reference crop, maize (Zea mays L.). At the late pod-filling stage (75 days after planting) the climbing bean had accumulated 119 kg N ha-1, 84% being derived from fixation, 16% from soil, and only 0.2% from the 15N fertilizer. N2 fixation was generally high at all stages of plant growth, but the maximum fixation (74% of the total N2 fixed) occurred during the interval between early (55 days after planting) and late podfilling. The N2 fixed between 55 and 75 days after planting bas a major source (88%) of the N demand of the developing pod, and only about 11% was contributed from the soil. There was essentially no mobilization of N from the shoots or roots for pod development. The cultivation of common bean cultivars that maintain a high N2-fixing capacity especially during pod filling, satisfying almost all the N needs of the developing pod and thus requiring little or no mobilization of N from the shoots for pod development, may lead to a net positive soil N balance.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00336269
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    Capture of gypsy moth,Lymantria dispar (L.), andLymantria mathura (L.) males in traps baited with disparlure enantiomers and olefin precursor in the People's Republic of China (1992)
    Springer
    Journal of chemical ecology 18 (1992), S. 2153-2159 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-1561
    Keywords: Lymantria dispar ; gypsy moth ; Lymantria mathura ; Lepidoptera ; Lymantriidae ; pheromone ; disparlure ; cis-7,8-epoxy-2-methyocta-decane
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Abstract Pheromone traps baited with (+)-disparlure,cis-7,8-epoxy-2methyocta-decane, captured males ofLymantria dispar, L. monacha, andL. mathura in northeastern People's Republic of China.L. dispar responded to the addition of olefin to (+)-disparlure-baited traps in a negative doseresponse manner. Observations on site and seasonal capture ofL. dispar andL. mathura are discussed.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00984942
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    Allelopathic activity in wheat-conventional and wheat-no-till soils: Development of soil extract bioassays (1992)
    Springer
    Journal of chemical ecology 18 (1992), S. 2191-2221 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-1561
    Keywords: Cover crops ; wheat ; Triticum aestivum ; soybean ; Glycine max ; soil extracts ; germination bioassays ; phenolic acids ; hydroxamic acids ; allelopathy ; slope analysis ; ivy-leaved morning glory ; Ipomoea hederacea ; crimson clover ; Trifolium incarnalum
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Abstract The primary objective of this research was to determine if soil extracts could be used directly in bioassays for the detection of allelopathic activity. Here we describe: (1) a way to estimate levels of allelopathic compounds in soil; (2) how pH, solute potential, and/or ion content of extracts may modify the action of allelopathic compounds on germination and radicle and hypocotyl length of crimson clover (Trifolium incarnatum L.) and ivyleaved morning glory (Ipomoea hederacea L. Jacquin.); and (3) how biological activity of soil extracts may be determined. A water-autoclave extraction procedure was chosen over the immediate-water and 5-hr EDTA extraction procedures, because the autoclave procedure was effective in extracting solution and reversibly bound ferulic acid as well as phenolic acids from wheat debris. The resulting soil extracts were used directly in germination bioassays. A mixture of phenolic acids similar to that obtained from wheat-no-till soils did not affect germination of clover or morning glory and radicle and hypocotyl length of morning glory. The mixture did, however, reduce radicle and hypocotyl length of clover. Individual phenolic acids also did not inhibit germination, but did reduce radicle and hypocotyl length of both species. 6-MBOA (6-methoxy-2,3-benzoxazolinone), a conversion product of 2-o-glucosyl-7-methoxy-1,4-benzoxazin-3-one, a hydroxamic acid in living wheat plants, inhibited germination and radicle and hypocotyl length of clover and morning glory. 6-MBOA, however, was not detected in wheat debris, stubble, or soil extracts. Total phenolic acids (FC) in extracts were determined with Folin and Ciocalteu's phenol reagent. Levels of FC in wheat-conventionaltill soil extracts were not related to germination or radicle and hypocotyl length of either species. Levels of FC in wheat-no-till soil extracts were also not related to germination of clover or morning glory, but were inversely related to radicle and hypocotyl length of clover and morning glory. FC values, solute potential, and acidity of wheat-no-till soil extracts appeared to be independent (additive) in action on clover radicle and hypocotyl length. Radicle and hypocotyl length of clover was inversely related to increasing FC and solute potential and directly related to decreasing acidity. Biological activity of extracts was determined best from slopes of radicle and hypocotyl length obtained from bioassays of extract dilutions. Thus, data derived from the water-autoclave extraction procedure, FC analysis, and slope analysis for extract activity in conjunction with data on extract pH and solute potential can be used to estimate allelopathic activity of wheat-no-till soils
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    Behavioral and electrophysiological activity of (Z,E)-7,9,11-dodecatrienyl formate, a mimic of the major sex pheromone component of carob moth,Ectomyelois ceratoniae (1992)
    Springer
    Journal of chemical ecology 18 (1992), S. 2331-2352 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-1561
    Keywords: Lepidoptera ; Pyralidae ; sex pheromone ; (Z,E)-9,11,13-tetradecatrienal ; mimic ; (Z,E)-7,9,11-dodecatrienyl formate ; wind tunnel ; attractant ; electrophysiology ; receptor cell
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Abstract The behavioral and electrophysiological activity of a mimic [(Z,E)7,9,11-dodecatrienyl formate] of the major sex pheromone component [(Z,E) 9,11,13-tetradecatrienal] of carob moth was assessed. Wind-tunnel bioassays demonstrated that the formate was as effective as natural gland extracts, and significantly more effective than the trienal alone or than the trienal blended with two minor pheromone components, in evoking source contact. Dispensers containing the formate were as effective as trienal-containing blend lures in attracting males when placed at the same dosage in traps in date gardens. Single-cell recordings showed that at least two olfactory neurons, differentiated by spike amplitude, are located in the long trichoid hairs on male carob moth antennae. Dose-response relationships indicated that puffs from cartridges loaded with at least 0.1 μg of the formate or of the trienal were necessary to elicit spiking by either the small or the large-spiking cell within a sensillum. Cross-adaptation studies demonstrated that both compounds stimulated the same large-spiking cell. The frequencies of spikes evoked from the large cell when stimulated by emissions from 0.1-μg, 1-μg, or 10-μg cartridges of either the formate or the trienal were not significantly different, suggesting that the formate is an effective mimic of the trienal at the antennal receptor cell level.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00984953
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    Evaluation of flavonoids inGossypium arboreum (L.) cottons as potential source of resistance to tobacco budworm (1992)
    Springer
    Journal of chemical ecology 18 (1992), S. 105-114 
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    ISSN: 1573-1561
    Keywords: Cotton ; Gossypium arboreum ; tobacco budworm ; Heliothis virescens ; Lepidoptera ; Noctuidae ; resistance ; allelochemicals ; flavonoids ; gossypetin 8-0-rhamnoside ; gossypetin 8-0-glucoside
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Abstract Asiatic cottons [Gossypium arboreum (L.)] have been investigated as a source of resistance to the tobacco budworm [Heliothis virescens (Fab.)] because their diversely colored petals have been presumed to contain various allelochemicals. However, we found that larvae fedG. arboreum squares (buds) grew about equally compared with those fed squares from commercialG. hirsutum lines. The best source of resistance was found in severalG. hirsutum double-haploid (DH) lines. In our investigation of allelochemicals, G.arboreum lines were found to contain much less gossypol in leaves, squares (buds), and petals thanG. hirsutum L. lines. Flavonoids were significantly higher inG. arboreum lines only in petals. Of 22G. arboreum lines from which squares were gathered and fed to tobacco budworm (TBW) larvae in the laboratory, larval growth was not significantly decreased on any, but larval survival was decreased on six. When the square flavonoids were isolated and incorporated in laboratory diets for the TBW, moderate toxicity was observed. However, the estimated toxicities were not greater than those of the same flavonoid isolates fromG. hirsutum lines. The most prevalent flavonoids, all previously found in G.arboreum plant tissues, were gossypetin 8-0-glucoside and gossypetin 8-0-rhamnoside, neither of which were present inG. hirsutum tissue. Quercetin 3-0-glucoside, quercetin-3′-0-glucoside, and quercetin 7-0-glucoside were also present in significant amounts in both species. Gossypetin 8-0-rhamnoside and gossypetin 8-0-glucoside were the most toxic flavonoids tested (the ED50% was estimated to be 0.007 and 0.024) and therefore may prove to be contributing factors of resistance to TBW feeding.
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    Attraction ofHeliothis virescens (F.) (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae) to volatiles from extracts of cotton flowers (1992)
    Springer
    Journal of chemical ecology 18 (1992), S. 907-914 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-1561
    Keywords: Tobacco budworm ; Heliothis virescens ; Lepidoptera ; Noctuidae ; cotton ; gossypium hirsutum ; oviposition ; attractant ; floral extracts
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Abstract Mated and virgin female and virgin male tobacco budworm moths,Heliothis virescens (F.), responded via directed upwind flight in wind-tunnel bioassays to volatiles from floral extracts of cotton,Gossypium hirsutum L. Significantly more male and female moths landed on cloth dispensers treated with a methylene chloride extract of debracted flowers than on control dispensers treated only with methylene chloride. Only mated females landed in significant numbers on the dispensers treated with extract of cotton squares, flowers (including bracts), or flower petals. After landing, most of the moths examined the dispensers by probing with their antennae, proboscis, and/or ovipositor.
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    Influence of cabbage proteinase inhibitorsin situ on the growth of larvalTrichoplusia ni andPieris rapae (1992)
    Springer
    Journal of chemical ecology 18 (1992), S. 1009-1024 
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    ISSN: 1573-1561
    Keywords: Pieris rapae ; Artogeia rapae ; Trichoplusia ni ; Lepidoptera ; Noctuidae ; Pieridae ; trypsin inhibitors ; chymotrypsin inhibitors ; serine proteinase inhibitors ; cabbage ; Cruciferae
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Abstract Trypsin and chymotrypsin inhibitors are proteins that are developmentally regulated in foliage of cabbage plants, appearing at high concentrations in young foliage on mature plants. This temporal and spacial regulation of foliar proteinase inhibitors is synchronized with the appearance and distribution of foliar feeding Lepidoptera. When insects were allowed to select their feeding sites, larvalPieris rapae fed on the young foliage of cabbage plants, while larvalTrichoplusia ni fed on the mature foliage on cabbage plants. LarvalP. rapae that fed on mature plants were significantly smaller than larvae feeding on young plants, while there was no significant difference between larvalT. ni feeding on mature plants and those feeding on young plants. Thus, there was a significant inverse correlation between the level of proteinase inhibitory activity in cabbage foliage and larval growth. WhenP. rapae andT. ni were provided with an artificial diet containing total protein (including significant levels of proteinase inhibitors) that was extracted from cabbage foliage, there was a significant reduction in growth and development of both species of Lepidoptera.
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    Qualitative and quantitative analyses of volatiles and pheromone gland extracts collected fromGalleria mellonella (L.) (Lepidoptera: Pyralidae) (1992)
    Springer
    Journal of chemical ecology 18 (1992), S. 1255-1268 
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    ISSN: 1573-1561
    Keywords: Lepidoptera ; Pyralidae ; Gallerinae ; Galleria mellonella ; greater wax moth ; sex pheromone gland ; nonanoic acid ; undecanoic acid ; 1-nonanol ; 1-undecanol
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Abstract Chemical analyses of pheromone-gland extracts and volatiles released by maleGalleria mellonella (L.), the greater wax moth, resulted in the identification and quantification of the aldehydes, primary alcohols, and fatty acids of nonane and undecane. Adult females released none of these six compounds. Mean percentages of the aldehydes and alcohols in the gland extracts were 19.0% undecanal, 3.9% nonanal, 48.3% 1-undecanol, and 28.8% 1-nonanol. Mean percentages of the aldehydes and alcohols in volatiles collected during the first hour of scotophase from moths 1 to 9 days old were 77.4% undecanal, 20.8% nonanal, 1.46% 1-undecanol, and 0.36% 1-nonanol. Age did not significantly affect the amount of each compound collected. The collection of volatiles from moths 3 to 5 days old during a 12-hr scotophase indicated that production was greatest during the first and third quarters of the period. Methylation of group volatile samples allowed the quantification of the fatty acids.
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    Abraxas grossulariata L. (Lepidoptera: Geometridae): Identification of (3Z,6Z,9Z)-3,6,9-heptadecatriene and (6Z,9Z)-6,9-cis-3,4-epoxyheptadecadiene in the female sex pheromone (1992)
    Springer
    Journal of chemical ecology 18 (1992), S. 13-25 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-1561
    Keywords: Pheromone identification ; (6Z,9Z)-6,9-cis-3,4-epoxyhepta-decadiene ; (3Z,6Z,9Z)-3,6,9-heptadecatriene ; Abraxas grossulariata ; Lepidoptera ; Geometridae
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Abstract (3Z,6Z,9Z)-3,6,9-Heptadecatriene and (6Z,9Z)-6,9-cis-3,4-epoxyheptadecadiene have been identified in female sex pheromone gland extracts ofAbraxas grossulariata L. (Lepidoptera: Geometridae). The compounds were detected by gas chromatography with electroantennographic detection (GC-EAD) and identified by GC-mass spectrometry (GC-MS). The amounts of hydrocarbon and epoxide were 0.13 and 0.42 ng/female, respectively. These identifications were confirmed by synthesis; the absolute configuration of the epoxide remains to be determined. Another isomeric epoxide, (3Z,6Z)-3,6-cis-9,10-epoxyheptadecadiene, was tentatively identified in small amounts (0.04 ng/female). Racemic (6Z,9Z)-6,9-cis-3,4-epoxyheptadecadiene elicited the largest electroantennogram response within a series of heptadecadiene and nonadecadiene monoepoxides and the corresponding trienic hydrocarbons and, in field tests, attracted maleA. grossulariata into traps. Addition of 10% (3Z,6Z,9Z)-3,6,9-heptadecatriene to this epoxide enhanced attractiveness; addition of (3Z,6Z)-3,6-cis-9,10-epoxyheptadecadiene had no effect at low proportions while higher proportions caused a reduction in the numbers of males caught.
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    Multicomponent sex pheromone inMacrocentrus grandii Goidanich (Hymenoptera: Braconidae) (1992)
    Springer
    Journal of chemical ecology 18 (1992), S. 1901-1912 
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    ISSN: 1573-1561
    Keywords: Parasitoid ; pheromone ; bioassay ; wind-tunnel ; Hymenoptera ; Braconidae ; Macrocentrus grandii ; Lepidoptera ; Pyralidae ; Ostrinia nubil-alis
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Abstract A multicomponent sex pheromone inMacrocentms grandii Goidanich (Hymenoptera: Braconidae) was demonstrated using wind-tunnel and field bioassays. In wind-tunnel bioassays, three Florisii fractions from female wasps (hexane, 5%, and 50% ether in hexane) and one from male wasps (50% ether in hexane) were attractive to males. The hexane and 5% ether in hexane fractions each elicited similar male behavioral responses. These included upwind anemotaxis, casting, landing on the source, wing fanning, and mating attempts between males. The 50% ether in hexane fraction, whether male- or female-derived, initiated a strong flight response by males but few landings on the source. In addition, the 50% ether in hexane fraction was found to synergize strongly the hexane fraction. All females tested in the wind tunnel gave no responses to male- or female-derived extracts. Field tests generally supported the wind-tunnel results, although no field attraction was observed for the 5% ether in hexane fraction.
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    Sex pheromone components of the giant looper,Boarmia selenaria schiff. (Lepidoptera: Geometridae): Identification, synthesis, electrophysiological evaluation, and behavioral activity (1992)
    Springer
    Journal of chemical ecology 18 (1992), S. 165-181 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-1561
    Keywords: Boarmia selenaria ; giant looper ; sex pheromones ; Lepidoptera ; Geometridae ; (Z,Z)-6,9-cis-(3S,4R)-epoxynonadecadiene ; (Z,Z)-6,9-cis-(3R,4S)-epoxynonadecadiene ; (Z,Z,Z)-3,6,9-nonadecatriene, anantiomers ; enantioselective synthesis ; EAG ; wind tunnel ; field tests ; precursor
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Abstract (Z,Z)-6,9-cis-(3S,4R)-Epoxynonadecadiene9a and (Z,Z,Z)-3,6,9-nonadecatriene have been identified as sex pheromone components in female ovipositor extracts and effluvia of the geometridBoarmia selenaria. The identification was based on relative retention times on gas chromatographic columns, GC-MS, chemical enantioselective syntheses, EAG, wind-tunnel behavioral experiments, and field tests. A single female ovipositor extract contained an average of 42 ng of (Z,Z)-6,9-cis-3,4-epoxynonadecadiene and 2 ng of (Z,Z,Z)-3,6,9-nonadecatriene.EAG, wind-tunnel behavioral studies, and field tests demonstrated that maleB. selenaria exhibit preferential attraction for the (3S,4R)-enantiomer of (Z,Z)-6,9-cis-3,4-epoxynonadecadiene. Only in effluvia and ovipositor extracts of calling females was (Z,Z)-6,9-cis- 3,4-epoxynonadecadiene detected, whereas relatively high amounts of (Z,Z,Z)-3,6,9-nonadecatriene were found in noncalling females. Wind-tunnel behavioral studies showed that (Z,Z,Z)-3,6,9-nonadecatriene did not elicit any response in the males, and when tested in combination with a mixture of monoepoxynonadecadienes, (Z,Z,Z)-3,6,9-nonadecatriene decreased the observed behavioral responses. A possible precursor role for (Z,Z,Z)-3,6,9-nonadecatriene in the pheromonal system is discussed.
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    Biological activity and in vivo degradation of tritiated female sex pheromone in the male European corn borer (1992)
    Springer
    Journal of chemical ecology 18 (1992), S. 283-298 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-1561
    Keywords: Lepidoptera ; Pyralidae ; Ostrinia nubilalis ; European corn borer ; tritiated pheromone ; 11-tetradecenyl acetate ; sensory biochemistry ; catabolism
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Abstract Isomers of [11,12-3H2]-11-tetradecenyl acetate (57 Ci/mM) were synthesized. Behavioral assay of the two compounds using Z- and E-type European corn borer (ECB) males showed that introduction of tritons into the double bond of the pheromone caused a significant isotope effect in the E-type ECB but not in the Z-type ECB. Measurements of tritium associated with the male antennae after a 3-min exposure showed that radioactivity equivalent to 10−7 mol pheromone was adsorbed onto male antennae. Time-course in vivo metabolic studies with picogram amounts of compound applied topically to antennae of E- and Z-type males and Z-type females showed that they metabolized pheromone similarly but females degraded pheromone more slowly than males. Pheromone was hydrolyzed, and the only other major radiolabeled metabolite observed by combined high-pressure liquid chromatography-radiodetection was tritiated water. Capillary gas chromatography and radiomonitoring permitted detection of a trace amount of 11-tetradecenoic acid, which indicated alcohol oxidase activity is associated with the antennae. Evidence shows that clearing of pheromone from the ECB male antennae involves hydrolysis and oxidation of the alcohol to fatty acid, which in turn is degraded, probably via β-oxidation, to carbon dioxide and water.
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    Odors influence choice of oviposition sites byDiabrotica virgifera virgifera (Coleoptera: Chrysomelidae) (1992)
    Springer
    Journal of chemical ecology 18 (1992), S. 1227-1237 
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    ISSN: 1573-1561
    Keywords: Western corn rootworm ; Diabrotica virgifera virgifera ; Coleoptera ; Chrysomelidae ; bacteria ; carbon dioxide ; pheromone ; semiochemicals ; Zea mays
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Abstract FemaleDiabrotica virgifera virgifera LeConte were allowed to choose between oviposition substrates that were and those that were not associated with potential sources of semiochemicals. Females deposited over five times more eggs on moist towelettes that were treated with homogenates of female abdomens than on towelettes treated with distilled water. Similar results were obtained when screening separated the homogenates from the towelettes, indicating that odors alone could elicit the response. In contrast, females did not choose towelettes that had previously been used for oviposition or towelettes containing eggs over unused towelettes. Further tests with homogenates of abdomens and a bacteriostatic agent (sorbate) indicated that the females were probably responding to bacterial odors rather than an oviposition-enhancing pheromone. Four strains of bacteria were isolated from a homogenate of female abdomens; females deposited 4 to 16 times more eggs on substrates with odors of the bacteria than on substrates with odors of uninoculated nutrient agar. In no-choice tests, bacterial odors did not increase the number of eggs deposited per female beetle; however, in choice tests with dishes that tended to retain any beetles that entered, there were more eggs per female (but not more beetles) after 24 hr in dishes with bacterial odors than in those without the odors. Females also chose dishes with odors of excised maize (Zea mays L.) roots or elevated levels of carbon dioxide over “control” dishes.
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    Nucleotide sequence of a cDNA coding for the barley seed protein CMa: an inhibitor of insect α-amylase (1992)
    Springer
    Plant molecular biology 18 (1992), S. 423-427 
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    ISSN: 1573-5028
    Keywords: Hordeum vulgare L. ; CM protein ; wheat
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract The primary structure of the insect α-amylase inhibitor CMa of barley seeds was deduced from a full-length cDNA clone pc43F6. Analysis of RNA from barley endosperm shows high levels 15 and 20 days after flowering. The cDNA predicts an amino acid sequence of 119 residues preceded by a signal peptide of 25 amino acids. Ala and Leu account for 55% of the signal peptide. CMa is 60–85% identical with α-amylase inhibitors of wheat, but shows less than 50% identity to trypsin inhibitors of barley and wheat. The 10 Cys residues are located in identical positions compared to the cereal inhibitor family with a Pro-X-Cys motif present in all.
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    Mutational analysis of the ‘conserved region’ of maize streak virus suggests its involvement in replication (1992)
    Springer
    Plant molecular biology 19 (1992), S. 601-610 
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    ISSN: 1573-5028
    Keywords: geminivirus ; agroinfection ; Zea mays ; large intergenic region (LIR)
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Maize streak virus as well as other geminiviruses contain a potential hairpin structure with the conserved sequence TAATATTAC in the loop. We assessed the possible involvement of this structure in replication and symptom induction of the virus. A series of insertion and deletion mutants were analyzed by agroinfection. Deletion of the hairpin or insertions in the conserved sequence abolished symptom development. Viral DNA could not be detected in the infected tissue. However, a mutant with a point mutation in the ‘conserved’ sequence, isolated after inoculation of maize plants with an insertion mutant, was able to replicate and to induce symptoms.
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    An mRNA that specifically accumulates in maize roots delineates a novel subset of developing cortical cells (1992)
    Springer
    Plant molecular biology 20 (1992), S. 821-831 
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    ISSN: 1573-5028
    Keywords: cortex ; developmental regulation ; in situ hybridization ; organ-specific gene expression ; roots ; Zea mays
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract A near full-length cDNA clone (pZRP3) corresponding to an mRNA that accumulates specifically in roots of maize was isolated. The ZRP3 mRNA is ca. 600 nucleotides in length. The amino acid sequence of the predicted polypeptide is rich in leucine (16%), proline (11%), and cysteine (8.5%). The zrp3 gene appears to be expressed exclusively in roots, whereas other ZRP3-related genes are expressed in additional organs of the maize plant. In situ hybridization shows that ZRP3 mRNA accumulation is largely confined to the cells of the cortical ground meristem. Furthermore, accumulation of this mRNA occurs within a distinct subset of cortical cells, the inner three to four cell layers.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00027153
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    Analysis of the gibberellin-responsive promoter of a cathepsin B-like gene from wheat (1992)
    Springer
    Plant molecular biology 20 (1992), S. 849-856 
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    ISSN: 1573-5028
    Keywords: GA regulation ; thiol-protease promoter ; wheat ; aleurone ; particle gun
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract A wheat gene (A121) encoding a protein with sequence similarity to mammalian cathepsin B is regulated by gibberellic acid (GA) in aleurone layers of germinating grains. To analyse the mechanism of A121 regulation, its promoter was fused to the β-glucuronidase reporter gene (GUS) and introduced by micro-projectile bombardment into aleurone layers of oat. With 2.3 kb of promoter sequence, the GUS expression was enhanced by GA treatment. This effect was reversed by abscisic acid (ABA). This result showed for A121, like the α-amylase genes, that the regulation by GA and ABA was at the level of transcription. The GA responsiveness of the promoter was retained with as little as 276 bp of promoter sequence. Sequence comparison with a GA responsive promoter of an α-amylase gene identified the conserved element GCAACGGCAACGATGG which is required intact for full expression of both promoters. However, there was no identifiable similarity in the cathepsin-like promoter with the GA-responsive element of α-amylase promoters with the consensus sequence TAACAAA, suggesting that GA affects more than one mechanism of transcriptional control.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00027156
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    Sequence analysis of WIS-2-1A, a retrotransposon-like element from wheat (1992)
    Springer
    Plant molecular biology 20 (1992), S. 991-995 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5028
    Keywords: retrotransposon-like element ; sequence analysis ; wheat
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract WIS-2-1A, a 8624 bp insertion in the Glu-1A-2 locus of chromosome 1A of wheat, consists of two 1755 bp long terminal repeats enclosing a 5114 bp internal region. No long open reading frames could be found, but inspection of the predicted amino acid sequence showed regions with homology to retrotransposon structures, including a methionine tRNA initiator binding site, a nucleotide binding domain, a protease, an integrase and a polymerase. DNA replication errors have resulted in frame-shifts in the protein coding region, suggesting that retrotransposition of WIS-2-1A, if it occurs, must be mediated by trans-acting factors.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00027169
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    A DNA polymerase from maize axes: its purification and possible role (1992)
    Springer
    Plant molecular biology 20 (1992), S. 1159-1168 
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    ISSN: 1573-5028
    Keywords: DNA polymerase ; germination ; Zea mays
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Three different DNA polymerase activities can be resolved by passing a protein extract from 24 h imbibed maize axes through DEAE-cellulose. These activities have been numbered 1, 2 and 3, according to their elution order. One of them, DNA polymerase 2, elutes at 100–120 mM phosphates. This enzyme was further purified by passing it through Heparin-Sepharose, Sephacryl S-300 and DNA cellulose. Purification was nearly 5000-fold. The enzyme needs Mg2+, is stimulated by K+, has an optimum pH of 7.0 and its optimum temperature is 30–37 °C. Specific inhibitors for different types of polymerases, such as aphidicolin, dideoxythymidine triphosphate and N-ethyl maleimide, gave intermediate values of inhibition, making impossible the definition of the type of enzyme purified by its inhibitory pattern. SDS-PAGE indicated the presence of several bands of molecular masses of 28–40, 56 and 15 kDa. Most of these bands could be visualized when proteins from crude extracts were analyzed by western blot, using an antibody against calf thymus DNA polymerase α. A high molecular mass (around 500 kDa) was calculated by western blot of native gels using the same antibody. Finally, specific activity of this enzyme increased 100-fold during maize germination whereas polymerase 3 virtually did not increase. Furthermore, immunoprecipitation experiments with the antipolymerase α-antibody showed a decrease in DNA polymerase activity by 70%. The possibility that polymerase 2 is a replicative enzyme is discussed.
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    Stress responses in maize: Sequence analysis of cDNAs encoding glycine-rich proteins (1992)
    Springer
    Plant molecular biology 18 (1992), S. 847-849 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5028
    Keywords: cDNA ; nucleotide sequence ; glycine-rich proteins ; chemical stress ; Zea mays
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00020034
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    Multiple ocs-like elements required for efficient transcription of the mannopine synthase gene of T-DNA in maize protoplasts (1992)
    Springer
    Plant molecular biology 20 (1992), S. 219-233 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5028
    Keywords: promoter ; electroporation ; protoplasts ; transient assay ; Agrobacterium ; Ti plasmid ; Zea mays
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Regulatory elements controlling transcriptional activity of the mannopine synthase 2′ promoter (mas 2′) were defined by analysis of deletion mutants in transient expression assays in maize protoplasts. Deletion of the region between −305 and −290 containing sequence similarity to the octopine synthase (ocs) promoter element reduced activity by 67% compared to wild type activity. Less than 1% of the activity remained in 5′ deletions downstream of −153. Inclusion of various heterologous enhancer-like sequences immediately upstream of position −325 increased activity by up to 7.5-fold. Insertion of the −325 to −275 sequence alone, or in combination with heterologous enhancer-like elements, restored activity of some of the 5′-deletion mutants. Restoration of activity was not obtained with mutants deleted past position −127. Our results suggest that a single class of nuclear proteins from maize interact with high affinity at elements designated mas b (−306 to −275; mas 1′ element), d (−127 to −108), and e (−82 to −39; mas 2′ element) as well as the 20 bp element from the ocs promoter. Although the binding site at mas d only appears to accommodate a single protein, this element has the potential to make a weak, but positive, contribution to the activity of the mas 2′ promoter. The binding of nuclear proteins could not be demonstrated at mas a and c, both of which showed limited homology to the ocs element. Mutational evidence suggested that mas a and c may also contribute to mas 2′ transcription.
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    Nucleotide sequence of a region of maize chloroplast DNA containing the 3′ end of clpP, exon 1 of rps12 and rpl20 and their cotranscription (1992)
    Springer
    Plant molecular biology 18 (1992), S. 415-418 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5028
    Keywords: ribosomal protein ; rps12 ; rpl20 ; clpP ; chloroplast genome ; Zea mays
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00034970
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    Nitrate reductase transcript is expressed in the primary response of maize to environmental nitrate (1992)
    Springer
    Plant molecular biology 18 (1992), S. 55-64 
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    ISSN: 1573-5028
    Keywords: cycloheximide ; leaf ; nitrate induction ; nitrate reductase transcript ; root ; scutellum ; Zea mays
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract The nitrate induction of NADH:nitrate reductase mRNA in maize roots, scutella and leaves was investigated in the presence and absence of inhibitors of protein synthesis. In the absence of inhibitors, nitrate treatment caused a fairly rapid (2 to 3 h) increase in the level of the nitrate reductase transcript in all tissues. When cytoplasmic protein synthesis was inhibited by cycloheximide, nitrate reductase mRNA was induced by nitrate in all tissues to levels equal to or greater than those found with nitrate treatment alone. Treatment of maize tissues with cycloheximide in the absence of nitrate had only a small effect on the accumulation of the nitrate reductase mRNA. Inhibition of organellar protein synthesis with chloramphenicol also had little or no effect on nitrate-induced nitrate reductase mRNA accumuiation in roots and scutella, but did appear to partially inhibit appearance of transcript in leaves. Excision of scutella in the absence of nitrate was sufficient to cause some accumulation of the nitrate reductase transcript. Since cytoplasmic protein synthesis was not required for expression of nitrate reductase transcripts, induction of these transcripts by nitrate is a primary response of maize to this environmental signal. Thus, it appears that the signal transduction system mediating this response is constitutively expressed in roots, scutella and leaves of maize.
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    cDNA clones encoding Arabidopsis thaliana and Zea mays mitochondrial chaperonin HSP60 and gene expression during seed germination and heat shock (1992)
    Springer
    Plant molecular biology 18 (1992), S. 873-885 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5028
    Keywords: Arabidopsis thaliana ; ATPase ; cpn60 ; developmental regulation ; molecular chaperones ; Zea mays
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Mitochondria contain a nuclear-encoded heat shock protein, HSP60, which functions as a chaperonin in the post-translational assembly of multimeric proteins encoded by both nuclear and mitochondrial genes. We have isolated and sequenced full-length complementary DNAs coding for this mitochondrial chaperonin in Arabidopsis thaliana and Zea mays. Southern-blot analysis indicates the presence of a single hsp60 gene in the genome of A. thaliana. There is a high degree of homology at the predicted amino acid levels (43 to 60%) between plant HSP60s and their homologues in prokaryotes and other eukaryotes which indicates that these proteins must have similar evolutionarily conserved functions in all organisms. Northern- and western-blot analyses indicate that the expression of the hsp60 gene is developmentally regulated during seed germination. It is also heat-inducible. Developmental regulation of the (β-subunit) of F1-ATPase, an enzyme complex that is involved in the cyanide-sensitive mitochondrial electron transport system, indicates that imbibed embryos undergo rapid mitochondrial biogenesis through the early stages of germination. Based on the functional role of HSP60 in macromolecular assembly, these data collectively suggest that the presence of higher levels of HSP60 is necessary during active mitochondrial biogenesis, when the need for this protein is greatest in assisting the rapid assembly of the oligomeric protein structures.
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    Dissection of a pollen-specific promoter from maize by transient transformation assays (1992)
    Springer
    Plant molecular biology 18 (1992), S. 211-218 
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    ISSN: 1573-5028
    Keywords: pollen-specific gene expression ; promoter analysis ; transient assays ; Tradescantia ; Zea mays
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract We have previously reported the isolation and characterization of a gene (Zm 13) from Zea mays which shows a pollen-specific pattern of expression. Stably transformed tobacco plants containing a reporter gene linked to portions of the Zm 13 5′ flanking region show correct temporal and spatial expression of the gene. Here we present a more detailed analysis of the 5′ regions responsible for expression in pollen by utilizing a transient expression system. Constructs containing the β-glucuronidase (GUS) gene under the control of various sized fragments of the Zm13 5′ flanking region were introduced into Tradescantia and Zea mays pollen via high-velocity microprojectile bombardment, and monitored both visually and with a fluorescence assay. The results suggest that sequences necessary for expression in pollen are present in a region from −100 to −54, while other sequences which amplify that expression reside between −260 and −100. The replacement of the normal terminator with a portion of the Zm13 3′ region containing the putative polyadenylation signal and site also increased GUS expression. While the −260 to −100 region contains sequences similar to other protein-binding domains reported for plants, the −100 to −54 region appears to contain no significant homology to other known promoter fragments which direct pollen-specific expression. The microprojectile bombardment of Tradescantia pollen appears to be a good test system for assaying maize and possibly other monocot promoter constructs for pollen expression.
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    Isolation and characterization of a cDNA clone encoding the TATA box-binding protein (TFIID) from wheat (1992)
    Springer
    Plant molecular biology 19 (1992), S. 867-872 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5028
    Keywords: TATA box ; TFIID ; transcription factor ; wheat
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract We isolated a complementary DNA (cDNA) encoding the TATA-binding factor ‘TFIID’ from a wheat seedling cDNA library. The wheat TFIID transcript of 1.2 kb poly(A)+ RNA was expressed at a low level early in germination, but gradually increased as the seedlings developed. In vitro binding experiments showed that the bacterially expressed wheat TFIID protein could specifically bind to the TATA boxes of the cauliflower mosaic virus (CaMV) 35S, wheat histone H3 and adenovirus major late genes with different affinity. A comparison with Arabidopsis TFIID showed the presence of a plant-specific region consisting of 13 amino acids at the divergent amino terminus and a conserved region (182 amino acids) at the carboxy terminus longer than that observed in yeasts (180 amino acids) and animals (181 amino acids).
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    Nucleotide sequence of the internal transcribed spacer region of rDNA in diploid wheat,Triticum speltoides L. (Tausch) Gren. ex Richter (Gramineae) (1992)
    Springer
    Plant molecular biology 20 (1992), S. 157-158 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5028
    Keywords: rRNA ; PCR ; ITS ; DNA sequence ; nucleotide ; Triticum speltoides ; wheat
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00029158
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    Nucleotide sequence of the internal transcribed spacer region of rDNA in wheat,Triticum aestivum L. (Gramineae) (1992)
    Springer
    Plant molecular biology 20 (1992), S. 159-160 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5028
    Keywords: rRNA ; PCR ; ITS ; DNA sequence ; nucleotide ; Triticum aestivum ; wheat
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00029159
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    Sequence and organization of a 7.2 kb region of wheat mitochondrial DNA containing the large subunit (26S) rRNA gene (1992)
    Springer
    Plant molecular biology 20 (1992), S. 347-352 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5028
    Keywords: mitochondrial DNA ; repeated sequences ; ribosomal RNA ; t-elements ; Triticum aestivum ; wheat
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract We report the sequence of a 7.2 kilobase pair DNA fragment containing a copy of the wheat mitochondrial gene (rrn26) that encodes the mitochondrial large-subunit ribosomal RNA (26S rRNA). The mature 26S rRNA was determined by direct RNA sequencing to be 3467 nucleotides long, and to share a 5′-terminal pentanucleotide (5′-AUCAU), thought to be important in post-transcriptional processing, with the wheat mitochondrial small-subunit (18S) rRNA. Two other prominent features of the sequence were noted. First, upstream of rrn26 are located two tandem copies of a 70 base pair element containing a putative mitochondrial promoter motif (TCGTATAAAAA). Second, downstream of rrn26 is a sequence element that, if transcribed, would produce and RNA with a secondary structure resembling that of tRNAs but differing sufficiently from the latter structure to preclude any transcript from functioning normally in translation. These upstream and downstream sequence elements may play a role in the expression of rrn26 in wheat mitochondria.
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    Dynamical behavior of psb gene transcripts in greening wheat seedlings. I. Time course of accumulation of the psbA through psbN gene transcripts during light-induced greening (1992)
    Springer
    Plant molecular biology 20 (1992), S. 695-704 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5028
    Keywords: chloroplast ; gene expression ; photosystem 2 ; transcription ; wheat
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract The time course of the accumulation of the transcripts from 13 psb genes encoding a major part of the proteins composing photosystem II during light-induced greening of dark-grown wheat seedlings was examined focusing on early stages of plastid development (0.5 h through 72 h). The 13 genes can be divided into three groups. (1) The psbA gene is transcribed as a single transcript of 1.3 kb in the dark-grown seedlings, but its level increases 5- to 7-fold in response to light due to selective increase in RNA stability as well as in transcription activity. (2) The psbE-F-L-J operon, psbM and psbN genes are transcribed as a single transcript of 1.1 kb, two transcripts of 0.5 and 0.7 kb and a single transcript of 0.3 kb, respectively, in the dark-grown seedlings. The levels of accumulation of every transcript remain unchanged or rather decrease during plastid development under illumination. (3) The psbK-I-D-C gene cluster and psbB-H operon exhibit fairly complicated northern hybridization patterns during the greening process. When a psbC or psbD gene probe was used for northern hybridization, five transcripts differing in length were detected in the etioplasts from 5-day old dark-grown seedlings. After 2 h illumination, two new transcripts of different length appeared. Light induction of new transcripts was also observed in the psbB-H operon.
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    Chromosomal and cell size analysis of cold tolerant maize (1992)
    Springer
    Theoretical and applied genetics 84 (1992), S. 798-802 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-2242
    Keywords: Zea mays ; C-banding ; Cell size ; Chloroplast number ; Cold tolerance
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Summary C-band number, guard cell length, and chloroplast number per guard cell were determined for eight maize populations. These populations consisted of maize selected for cold tolerance at the University of Nebraska as well as the original unselected populations. The genome size of these populations had previously been determined. C-band number fluctuated concertedly with the changes in genome size indicating that deletions and additions of constitutive heterochromatin occurred during selection, resulting in altered genome sizes. Guard cell size of all the cold tolerant populations was greater than the cell size of the respective nonselected populations. Chloroplast number per guard cell was also higher in all the cold tolerant populations than in their parental populations, but the increases were not statistically significant. The results indicate that changes in genome size that occurred during selection for cold tolerance are the result of changes in amounts of C-band heterochromatin and that the selection process results in an increase in cell size in the cold tolerant populations.
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    Mechanical release and lectin labeling of maize root protoplasts (1992)
    Springer
    Protoplasma 169 (1992), S. 49-56 
    Details
    ISSN: 1615-6102
    Keywords: Lectin ; Plasma membrane ; Protoplast isolation ; Zea mays
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Summary An improved method for the mechanical release of protoplasts from plant tissues is described. The historically-low yield of mechanically-released protoplasts is greatly increased by use of a simple electrically-driven tissue sheer and by optimization of various other steps in the procedure. As counted by light microscopy of a purified preparation, the number of mechanically-released protoplasts obtained is about 6×104 per gram fresh weight of cortical tissue from the primary root of maize (Zea mays L. WF9×Mo 17) seedlings. Nuclear staining of the preparation, however, shows that about half of these protoplasts lack a nucleus and thus are actually subprotoplasts. Comparison of lectin binding to the plasma membranes of mechanically-and enzymatically-released protoplasts shows that both types contain binding sites forRicinus communis agglutinin. Binding sites for peanut (Arachis hypogaea) agglutinin are not naturally present on mechanically-released protoplasts but are generated by exposure to a mixture of Cellulysin and Pectolyase Y-23, the cell wall-degrading enzymes used to prepare enzymatically-released protoplasts.
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    Plant cell wall architecture is revealed by rapid-freezing and deep-etching (1992)
    Springer
    Protoplasma 167 (1992), S. 33-42 
    Details
    ISSN: 1615-6102
    Keywords: Daucus carota ; Zea mays ; Vigna radiata ; Helicoidal cell walls ; Polylamellate cell walls ; Rapid-freeze deep-etch
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Summary This paper reports on preliminary investigations into the structure of cell walls of varying complexity as revealed by the rapidfreeze deep-etch technique. Three cell types from different species were examined in order to compare the three-dimensional arrangement of random, polylamellate and helicoidal walls. Each cell type displayed a distinctive level of organisation with respect to the cellulose microfibrils and the matrix material. In polylamellated walls, the microfibrils within each layer were linked to each other by 16–20 nm long side chains regularly spaced along the length of the microfibril. In helicoidal walls, the shifting of the microfibrils could cleary be seen, yet no recognisable structures were observed which could mediate this movement.
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    Effect of thefloury-2 locus on protein body formation during maize endosperm development (1992)
    Springer
    Protoplasma 171 (1992), S. 123-133 
    Details
    ISSN: 1615-6102
    Keywords: Endosperm ; Floury-2 ; Immunocytochemistry ; Protein bodies ; Zea mays
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Summary The seed storage proteins of maize (Zea mays L.) are synthesized during endosperm development on membrane-bound polyribosomes. These proteins, collectively called zeins, are translocated into the lumen of the rough endoplasmic reticulum, where they assemble into protein bodies. Protein body formation in normal genotypes occurs via an ordered deposition of the various types of zeins, and leads to the formation of spherical structures with a diameter of about 1 μm. These structures consist of a central core that contains predominantly α-zein; this central region is surrounded by a peripheral layer of β- and γ-zeins, and the entire structure is bounded by rough endoplasmic reticulum. In the endosperm mutant floury-2 the levels of all classes of zeins are reduced; these kernels exhibit an opaque phenotype instead of the vitreous phenotype observed in normal genotypes. In contrast to the discrete, spherical protein bodies which are formed in normal maize endosperm, the protein bodies within floury-2 endosperm are irregular and the zeins are disorganized; patches of β- and γ-zeins occur within irregularly lobed clusters of α-zein within the lumen of the rough endoplasmic reticulum. The implications of this aberrant distribution are discussed, both with respect to protein body development and kernel characteristics.
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    Increases in binding protein (BiP) accompany changes in protein body morphology in three high-lysine mutants of maize (1992)
    Springer
    Protoplasma 171 (1992), S. 142-152 
    Details
    ISSN: 1615-6102
    Keywords: Endosperm ; Zea mays ; Immunolocalization ; Rough endoplasmic reticulum ; Binding protein ; Protein bodies
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Summary A maize 75 kDa protein recently has been identified as a plant homolog of the mammalian binding protein (BiP). To better understand the function of BiP in protein body formation in maize endosperm, immunomicroscopy studies were conducted on three maize endosperm mutants, floury-2, Mucronate, and Defective endosperm-B 30, in which the level of BiP is highly elevated. Our results showed that protein body morphology in all three mutants was altered. In addition, BiP was localized in both the ER and peripheral regions of the abnormal protein bodies. The degree to which protein body morphology differed from normal was positively correlated with increased amounts of BiP. In addition, the accumulation of BiP in abnormal protein bodies increased with protein body maturation. In the three endosperm mutants, the arrangement of zeins within protein bodies had been perturbed, yet none of the specific zein subclasses exhibited the staining pattern found for BiP. The association of BiP with abnormal packaging of proteins in protein bodies may reflect a biological function to mediate protein folding and assembly in maize endosperm.
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    Effect of cereal-legumechapati diets on absorption and retention of calcium (1992)
    Springer
    Plant foods for human nutrition 42 (1992), S. 165-173 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-9104
    Keywords: Calcium ; absorption ; wheat ; Bengal gram
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract Wheatchapati, wheat+Bengal gram (80∶20 and 70∶30)chapatis and casein diets, at 10 percent protein level, were fed to rats for 12 weeks to study the effect on calcium utilization. The supplementation of Bengal gram to wheat diets significantly improved the calcium absorption. The urinary calcium excretion in wheat+Bengal gramchapati diets was significantly less than that of wheatchapati diet fed group. The in vivo45Ca absorption (CPM/100 μl serum) was also less in wheatchapati group as compared to wheat+Bengal gramchapati diets fed groups. The supplementation of legumes to cereals improved the calcium utilization and it may be concluded that there will be no risk of occurance of protein induced hypercalciuria.
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    Reactivation of Mutator transposable elements of maize by ultraviolet light (1992)
    Springer
    Molecular genetics and genomics 234 (1992), S. 353-360 
    Details
    ISSN: 1617-4623
    Keywords: Zea mays ; Somatic instability ; Bronze-2 ; Genomic shock ; Pollen
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Summary After epigenetic loss of Mutator activity, the family of Mu elements in Zea mays becomes immobile and highly methylated; in addition, Mu9, the presumptive autonomous regulatory element, is transcriptionally silent and its copy number decreases in successive crosses to non-Mutator lines. Spontaneous reactivation, scored as restoration of somatic instability of potentially mutable alleles of Bronze-2, of such cryptic Mutator lines is rare, occurring with a frequency of about 10−4. Irradiation of pollen with 254 nm ultraviolet light increases reactivation rate in the progeny kernels by up to 40-fold. Accompanying reactivation, the copy number of Mu9 elements increased, two-fold in one line and 20 to 40-fold in a second line. Reactivation may involve direct DNA damage or immediate physiological stress in the treated pollen.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00538694
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    Regulated transcription of the maize Bronze-2 promoter in electroporated protoplasts requires the C1 and R gene products (1992)
    Springer
    Molecular genetics and genomics 233 (1992), S. 379-387 
    Details
    ISSN: 1617-4623
    Keywords: Bz2 gene ; Transcriptional regulation ; Anthocyanin pathway ; Transient assay ; Zea mays
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Summary The putative maize transcription factor genes R and C1 are required for expression of reporter genes with promoters from the Bz1 and A1 genes, which encode enzymes required for anthocyanin biosynthesis in maize. Bz2 is another anthocyanin biosynthetic gene; we show that expression of a reporter gene from the Bz2 promoter also requires R and C1 when the fusion construct is introduced into maize kernels by particle gun bombardment. When electroporated into maize protoplasts from a suspension cell line not synthesizing anthocyanins, reporter genes with Bz2, Bz1, and A1 promoters are expressed only when both R and C1 expression plasmids are co-electroporated. Electroporation of R and C1 expression plasmids also induces the endogenous genes required for anthocyanin synthesis, resulting in pink protoplasts within 24 h. RNase protection analysis demonstrates that accumulation of mRNA from the endogenous Bzl and Bz2 genes absolutely requires introduced R and C1. In time-course experiments there is a delay of 3–6 h before the Bz2 promoter is activated, supporting the proposed role for R- and C1-encoded proteins in transcriptional control. An excess of R relative to C1 suppresses expression of A1, Bz1, and Bz2 promoters, suggesting an interaction between the R and C1 proteins.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00265434
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    Mechanism of Ds1 excision from the genome of maize streak virus (1992)
    Springer
    Molecular genetics and genomics 233 (1992), S. 388-394 
    Details
    ISSN: 1617-4623
    Keywords: Viral vector ; Transposable element ; Zea mays ; Agroinfection
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Summary We have previously shown that the maize transposable element Ds1 introduced into maize plants by agroinfection can be excised from the genome of geminivirus maize streak virus (MSV). Excision depended strictly on the presence of an active Ac element in the plants. In this study, the excision products or “footprints” left in the MSV genome after Ds1 excision were extensively characterized and the effects of flanking sequences on Ds1 excision were analysed. Most types of footprints obtained were comparable to those described for Ds1 excision in the maize genome, and could be explained by the models proposed for excision of plant transposable elements. In two revertants, however, some terminal sequences of the Ds1 element were found to have been left behind at the excision site. The finding of this novel type of Ds1 footprint indicated that gene conversion events occurred during and/or after Ds1 excision from the MSV genome. A partial deletion of one copy of the 8 by duplications flanking the Ds1 element had no effect on the frequency or on the types of footprints of Ds1 excision from the MSV genome. Thus, the duplicated 8 by sequences flanking the transposable element are not involved in Ds1 excision. These results, as well as a statistical analysis of the modifications of the bases flanking the Ds1 element after excision, are discussed in terms of excision models.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00265435
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    Functional analysis of the — 300 region of maize zein genes (1992)
    Springer
    Molecular genetics and genomics 231 (1992), S. 369-374 
    Details
    ISSN: 1617-4623
    Keywords: Zea mays ; Transcription ; Transformation ; Endosperm ; Tissue culture
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Summary A 43 by fragment containing the — 300 region upstream control element common to the endosperm expressed zein genes of Zea mays L. has been analyzed by in vivo and in vitro techniques. Transient transformation studies with protoplasts from a maize endosperm culture indicate that the element positively affects CaMV 35S promoter-driven gene expression, and that this effect is both orientation- and position-dependent. Band-shift and Southwestern blotting experiments demonstrate that the element is specifically bound by different sets of DNA-binding proteins from seedling and endosperm nuclei. A 2 by substitution within the most conserved region of the element both reduces the stimulatory effect on transcription and alters the binding of nuclear proteins from both tissues.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00292705
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    Structural and functional analysis of theBz2 locus ofZea mays: characterization of overlapping transcripts (1992)
    Springer
    Molecular genetics and genomics 233 (1992), S. 269-277 
    Details
    ISSN: 1617-4623
    Keywords: Zea mays ; Bz2 locus ; Natural antisense transcripts ; Transposable elements ; Gene family
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Summary Analysis of the transcription pattern of theBz2 locus revealed that overlapping transcripts are derived from opposite DNA strands. The most abundant transcript (sense transcript) has an open reading frame coding for a protein of 241 amino acids, whilst in the antisense orientation no open reading frame has been detected; the antisense transcripts are detected only in those tissues that show high levels of sense transcript. Particle gun experiments indicate that the sense transcript is sufficient to provide theBz2 function. The promoter driving the sense transcript contains the elements usually found in front of eukaryotic genes. In addition an element with similarity to theC1 andR binding sites identified in theBz1 promoter is found. Further upstream in the promoter region a transposon-like insertion has been identified. This element has features similar to members of theAc/Ds transposable element family. The putativeBz2 protein shows similarity to various other plant proteins and to anEscherichia coli protein. All related proteins have in common the fact that they are involved in stress responses.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00587588
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    Effects of rainfall on the use of foliar analysis for diagnosing boron toxicity in field-grown wheat (1992)
    Springer
    Plant and soil 140 (1992), S. 311-314 
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    ISSN: 1573-5036
    Keywords: boron toxicity ; diagnosis ; foliar analysis ; mineral nutrition ; nutrient leaching ; rain ; wheat
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract The effect of rain on foliage elemental composition, especially B, was assessed using samples of wheat collected at three harvests from a field trial conducted in soil containing excessive levels of B. Moderate rainfall substantially decreased both the B concentration and content of whole shoots and young leaves. The change in B concentration due to rain suggests that foliar analysis is unreliable for diagnosing B toxicity. For the other elements examined (Ca, Cu, Mg, Mn, Mg, P, S, Zn), rainfall had little effect.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00010608
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    The root activity of cereals and peas when grown in pure stands and mixtures (1992)
    Springer
    Plant and soil 142 (1992), S. 281-285 
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    ISSN: 1573-5036
    Keywords: barley ; mixed-cropping ; peas ; root activity ; rooting-depth ; tracers ; wheat
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract Lithium was used as a non-radioactive tracer to investigate the root activity of two cereals (wheat and barley), and of two contrasting cultivars of pea (leafy and semi-leafless), both in pure stands and in mixtures. The mixtures included combinations of each cereal with each pea cultivar in single rows, alternative rows and cross-drilled. Total lithium uptake (mg m-2) was higher for wheat than for barley, and higher for semi-leafless pea than for leafy peas. Growing cereals with peas reduced the total lithium uptake by peas, compared with pure stands, especially in alternate-row mixtures. Growing peas with cereals only reduced the total Li uptake by cereals when they were cross-drilled. The Li uptake by wheat, barley and peas generally decreased with soil depth in a similar manner; however, semi-leafless peas absorbed proportionately more Li from close to the soil surface than did leafy peas. Both pea cultivars absorbed more Li at 10–20 cm depth when grown in intimate mixtures with cereals, compared with less intimate mixtures or pure stands. The potential of lithium as a non-radioactive tracer in mixed-cropping studies is briefly discussed.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00010973
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    In vivo demonstration of acid phosphatase activity in the rhizosphere of soil-grown plants (1992)
    Springer
    Plant and soil 144 (1992), S. 199-205 
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    ISSN: 1573-5036
    Keywords: acid phosphatase ; ectoenzymes ; naphthyl phosphate ; Picea abies ; rhizosphere ; Zea mays
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract For in vivo demonstration of acid phosphatase activity in the rhizosphere of soil-grown plants filter papers were treated with a mixture of 1-naphthyl phosphate as substrate and the diazonium salt Fast Red TR as an indicator. After enzymatic hydrolysis, 1-naphthol forms a red complex with Fast Red TR. This method was applied to 8-day old maize plants and 3-year old Norway spruce plants growing in rhizoboxes in soil under non-sterile conditions. The treated filter paper is placed at the surface of roots and soil and acid phosphatase activity is visualized as a red-coloured ‘root print’ on the filter paper. The method can be used as a qualitative analysis of acid phosphatase in the rhizosphere. It also allows a rough estimate of phosphatase activity in different root zones.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00012876
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    Empirical models to approximate calcium and magnesium ameliorative effects and genetic differences in aluminium tolerance in wheat (1992)
    Springer
    Plant and soil 144 (1992), S. 281-287 
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    ISSN: 1573-5036
    Keywords: aluminium ; aluminium tolerance ; calcium ; magnesium ; Triticum aestivum L. ; wheat
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract The activities of inorganic, monomeric aluminium (Al) species in the root environment are important in the toxicity of Al to plant roots, which may be ameliorated by increased activities of basic cations. Additionally, it has been suggested that electro-chemical processes in walls of root cells play a role in Al tolerance. Empirical models were proposed to accomodate genetic and calcium (Ca) and magnesium (Mg) ameliorative effects on Al toxicity. The models were tested using data from a solution culture study (with ionic strength 1.6 to 8.6 mM) in which wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) cvv. Warigal (Al-sensitive) and Waalt (Al-tolerant) were grown for 28 d at 0, 10 and 20 μM Al, in factorial combination with 200, 400, 800 and 1600 μM Ca and 100, 200, 400 and 800 μM Mg. There was a poor relationship between relative total dry mass (TDM) (calculated as a percentage of the average TDM of each cultivar in the absence of added Al) and the activity of Al3+ or the sum of the activities of the monomeric Al species in solution. A model based on the ratios of activities of cations in solution, taking valency into consideration, was more successful, accounting for ca 85% of the observed variation in relative TDM. There were no systematic variations between observed values and those estimated by the model.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00012886
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    Soil conduciveness to take-all of wheat: Influence of the nitrogen fertilizers on the structure of populations of fluorescent pseudomonads (1992)
    Springer
    Plant and soil 145 (1992), S. 29-36 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5036
    Keywords: ammonium ; cyanides ; Gaeumannomyces graminis var tritici ; nitrate ; nitrogen fertilizer ; pseudomonads ; soil conduciveness ; wheat
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract In a field cropped with wheat, a high and low level of soil conduciveness to take-all were induced by applying a nitrogen fertilizer with either calcium nitrate or ammonium sulphate. From these two soils, two representative populations of fluorescent pseudomonads were tested for their in situ behaviour. Take-all index and root dry weight were assessed on plants cropped in soils infested with Gaeumannomyces graminis var tritici (Ggt) and each bacterized with one of the isolates of fluorescent pseudomonads. The bacteria tested can be split into three groups: antagonists which reduce take-all, deleterious isolates which aggravate the disease and neutral without evident effect on the disease. The predominance of antagonistic fluorescent pseudomonads in the NH4-treated soil and the predominance of deleterious ones in the NO3-treated soil was confirmed after statistical analysis. The microbial impact on take-all must be more considered as the resulting effect of divergent activities of both rhizobacteria types than the only consequences of the presence of antagonistic pseudomonads. All the high cyanogenic pseudomonads were antagonists in situ and were more numerous in the NH4-treated soil than in the NO3-treated soil.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00009538
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    Relationships between take-all, soil conduciveness to the disease, populations of fluorescent pseudomonads and nitrogen fertilizers (1992)
    Springer
    Plant and soil 145 (1992), S. 17-27 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5036
    Keywords: ammonium ; Gaeumannomyces graminis var tritici ; nitrate ; nitrogen fertilizers ; fluorescent pseudomonads ; root system ; soil conduciveness ; wheat
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract Take-all of wheat, caused by Gaeumannomyces graminis var tritici (Ggt), is reduced by ammoniacal fertilizers as compared to nitrate sources. This influence of nitrogen on the disease is only observed on nodal roots at flowering. But soil conduciveness to take-all, as measured in a soil bioassay, is modified earlier. Forty days after nitrogen application at early tillering, the NH4-treated soil became less conducive than the NO3-treated one. When nitrogen applications are done at sowing and at tillering, differences in disease propagation between the two soils are enhanced. Results from four years of experimentation show that when the level of natural soil inoculum is high, disease severity is reduced by ammonium, showing an effect on the parasitic phase of Ggt. At a low level of natural inoculum the effect of the source of nitrogen is mainly observed on the percent of infected plants, indicating that the saprophytic and preparasitic phases are affected. Rhizospheric bacterial populations increase from sowing to tillering, but differences on take-all conduciveness after tillering are not correlated with differences in the amounts of aerobic bacteria or fluorescent pseudomonads isolated from soils treated with different sources of nitrogen. Qualitative changes in fluorescent Pseudomonas spp. populations, like in vitro antagonism, are more likely to explain differences in soil conduciveness to take-all than are quantitative changes in this group. Nevertheless, the introduction of Ggt in a cropped soil leads to a greater increase in fluorescent pseudomonads populations than in total aerobic bacteria. The delay between reducing soil conduciveness and reducing disease in the field with ammonium nitrogen fertilization, the qualitative change of fluorescent pseudomonads populations and the role of necroses in rhizobacteria multiplication, provide information leading to our representation of a dynamic model based on the differentiation of the wheat root system into seminal and nodal roots.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00009537
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    A review of phosphorus efficiency in wheat (1992)
    Springer
    Plant and soil 146 (1992), S. 163-168 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5036
    Keywords: genetic variability ; NIR ; ploidy ; phosphorus ; wheat
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract More efficient utilization of phosphorus by wheat plants is needed to extend the useful life of the phosphate reserves in the world, to reduce the cost of producing crops, and to improve the value of the grain and the straw produced. In this paper definitions of efficient use of phosphorus by wheat are reviewed, genotypic variation in phosphorus efficiency is reported, some consequences of breeding for greater efficiency are discussed, and ways to select more efficient genotypes are suggested.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00012009
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    Genetic control of a response to the segregation distortion allele, Sd-1d, in the common wheat line ‘Indis’ (1992)
    Springer
    Euphytica 60 (1992), S. 89-95 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5060
    Keywords: cuckoo effect ; gametocidal chromosome/gene ; preferential transmission ; Triticum aestivum ; wheat
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Summary A translocated chromosome segment, derived from Thinopyrum distichum, carries the leaf rust resistance allele Lr19d and a segregation distorter allele, Sd-1d. In translocation heterozygotes, male and female gametophytes lacking the translocation are aborted, the severity of the effect depending on the genotype of the hybrid. The selective abortion of the gametophytes with a normal chromosome 7D appears to be based on the absence of the translocated chromosome rather than the presence of the normal chromosome. The magnitude of the gametocidal response, elicited by Sd-1d, is under multigenic control. A number of chromosomes, the individual effects of which are generally small, may act to suppress or promote the response. Chromosome arms 2AL, 2BL, 5BL and 5DL of ‘Chinese Spring’ were found to reduce sensitivity to the presence of the gametocidal chromosome. Chromosome 3B of ‘Inia 66-1’ also reduce the gametocidal response while chromosome arm 6DS of ‘Chinese Spring’ may promote the effect
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00029663
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    Genetic analysis and selection for wheat yield in drought-stressed and irrigated environments (1992)
    Springer
    Euphytica 62 (1992), S. 89-96 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5060
    Keywords: Triticum aestivum ; wheat ; stress tolerance ; genetic variance ; genetic correlation ; selection
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Summary Wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) cultivars grown in the southern Great Plains of the U.S.A. are exposed to a wide range of moisture conditions due to large fluctuations in the amount and frequency of rainfall. Yield stability under those conditions is therefore a desirable trait for wheat breeders. Our primary objective was to quantify various genetic parameters for grain production in drought-stressed and irrigated environments. We also attempted to predict and measure yield responses when selection is practiced in either drought-stressed or irrigated environments, or both. Seventy F2-derived lines from the cross, TAM W-101/Sturdy, were evaluated at Goodwell, OK, under irrigated and naturally drought-stressed conditions in 1987 and 1988. Genetic variance and heritability estimates were higher in the irrigated environment than in the drought-stressed environment. The genetic correlation coefficient for yields in the two environments was 0.20±0.16, indicating that selection of widely adapted genotypes requires testing in both environments. Based on the genetic variance/covariance structure of this particular population, the linear index which maximized the combined expected gain in both environments was 0.66Y1 + 0.34Y2, in which Y1 and Y2 are yields in the irrigated and drought-stressed environments. This index is not expected to apply across all populations; rather, it further supports the hypothesis that testing in either environment alone (drought stressed or irrigated) may not be most effective for increasing either mean productivity or yield under drought stress.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00037933
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    Genotypic differences in wheat Al tolerance (1992)
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    Euphytica 62 (1992), S. 111-117 
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    ISSN: 1573-5060
    Keywords: aluminium ; root growth ; screening ; tolerance ; Triticum aestivum ; wheat
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Summary Aluminium tolerance of 83 genotypes from Croatian and Yugoslav Triticum aestivum germplasm was evaluated in nutrient solutions having Al3+ activities of 0, 12.5 and 25 μM. Relative root length (25 μM Al3+/0 Al) of various genotypes ranged from 2 to 97% (from very sensitive to tolerant to Al). No genotype with Al tolerance close to that of very tolerant cultivar Atlas-66 was found. Soil, climatic, fertilization, and liming effects that wheat plants giving seeds for the nutrient solution Al-tolerance screening had been subjected to during their growth cycle did not influence the Al-tolerance ranking. Significant correlation was found between screening wheat for Al tolerance in nutrient solutions and in acid Pseudogley soil amended with five rates of limestone in a greenhouse experiment. Seed protein concentration was significantly related to the Al-tolerance ranking (r2 = 0.962). Such a significant correlation was not obtained in a case of rheological and other quality characteristics of seeds. Al-tolerant wheat genotypes identified in this study will be used in breeding for improved Al tolerance.
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    Relationship between cold resistance, heading traits and ear primordia development of wheat cultivars (1992)
    Springer
    Euphytica 64 (1992), S. 123-130 
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    ISSN: 1573-5060
    Keywords: heading time ; narrow-sense earliness ; photoperiodic response ; Triticum aestivum ; vernalization requirement ; winter hardiness ; wheat
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Summary For breeding early heading wheat cultivars with resistance to frost damage which are well adapted to dry areas of West Asia and North Africa, the relationships between winter hardiness, ear primordia development and heading traits, i.e. veernalization requirement, photoperiodic response and narrow-sense earliness, were assessed using a total of 30 genotypes of wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) grown in an experiment in Syria. The results of artificial freezing tests indicated that cultivars with good winter hardiness were to be found only in the winter wheat cultivars which required 50 or more days of vernalization treatment. These winter wheat cultivars did not initiate internode elongation without vernalization even at 95 days after planting. Thus their ear primordia were still underground and were protected from frost injury at this stage. Photoperiodic response and narrow-sense earliness were not associated with winter hardiness and earliness of internode elongation, but were related to the number of days to heading after planting. This indicated the possibility for breeding early heading cultivars with winter hardiness and tiller frost avoidance by combining high vernalization requirement, short narrow-sense earliness and neutral response to photoperiod.
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    Past, present and future opportunities in breeding for disease resistance, with examples from wheat (1992)
    Springer
    Euphytica 63 (1992), S. 3-22 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5060
    Keywords: wheat ; Triticum aestivum ; yellow (stripe) rust ; Puccinia striiformis ; septoria ; Septoria tritici ; S. nodorum ; eyespot ; Pseudocercosporella herpotrichoides ; resistance genetics ; pathogen variation ; durable resistance
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Summary This introductory chapter contains some general comments about plant breeding and breeding for disease resistance. The use of disease resistant crop plants is an environmentally favourable method of controlling disease but the process of breeding for disease resistance is subject to several constraints. Among them is the variability of pathogens in relation to host resistance. Some parts of this variation can be resolved into gene-for-gene interactions, but the boundaries within which such interactions can be detected are not sharp. The discussion of this variation is illustrated by reference to some important diseases of wheat, especially yellow rust, septoria and eyespot. The objective of obtaining durable resistance is discussed and some contributions of new genetical and molecular techniques to breeding for resistance are considered. It is suggested that new technology will enhance breeding for disease resistance but that established techniques of plant breeding will remain relevant and important.
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    Divergent full-sib recurrent selection for germination at low temperature in a maize population (1992)
    Springer
    Euphytica 64 (1992), S. 21-29 
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    ISSN: 1573-5060
    Keywords: cold tolerance ; correlated responses ; germination ; kernel type ; kernel weight ; recurrent selection ; Zea mays
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Summary Four cycles of divergent full-sib recurrent selection for the ability to germinate at low temperature were conducted in a maize (Zea mays L.) F2 population. The selection criterion was the high (H) or the low (L) value in algebraic terms of the difference (DG) between germination percentage at 9.5°C (G9.5) detected 19 days after sowing and germination percentage at 25°C (G 25) seven days after sowing; both traits were evaluated in a controlled environment (germinator). Direct and correlated responses estimated during the course of selection were in accordance with those evaluated at the end. Selection for H led to populations with higher DG values, while the reverse was noted for L; differences between H and L populations increased in successive selection cycles, though divergence tended to level off. Selection for H also resulted in higher G 9.5 (day 19), shorter germination time and more flinty kernels, while selection for L led to responses in the opposite direction as well as to a lower G 9.5 detected 37 days after sowing (i.e. at the end of germination). In contrast, responses were negligible for G 25 and varied erratically from one cycle to another for kernel weight.
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    The effect of nitrogen fertilizer and irrigation on black point incidence in soft white spring wheat (1992)
    Springer
    Plant and soil 140 (1992), S. 41-47 
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    ISSN: 1573-5036
    Keywords: Alternaria alternata ; black point ; fertilization ; irrigation ; nitrogen ; wheat
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract Agronomic studies were conducted to examine the effect of fertilizer N on black point incidence in Fielder soft white spring wheat (Triticum aestivum L. em Thell.). Black point incidence rose with increases in the amount of N supplied either as fertilizer applied during the growing season in irrigation water or as soil N, specifically nitrate, from fertilizer N application in previous years. A comparison of four different irrigation regimes demonstrated that black point incidence was highest under frequent irrigation (irrigate to field capacity at 75% available moisture) and lowest under conventional irrigation (irrigate to field capacity at 50% available soil moisture). In each irrigation regime, disease incidence increased as N rates were raised from 0 to 120 kg ha-1. A residual fertilizer-N study demonstrated in 1985 and 1986 that black point incidence generally rose with increasing levels of nitrogen from either preplant applications in the spring or soil nitrate from the previous year. However, additions of fertilizer N were shown to slightly reduce black point incidence at soil nitrate levels above 150 kg ha-1. A two-year fertilizer N study demonstrated that in treatments receiving the same amount (90 kg ha-1) of fertilizer N, the amount broadcast as a preplant treatment versus the amount applied in irrigation water in a fertigation treatment had no effect on black point incidence, but all fertilized treatments had significantly higher levels of disease than the unfertilized check.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00012805
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  • 90
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    Electronic Resource
    Wheat growth responses of cultivars to H+ concentration (1992)
    Springer
    Plant and soil 146 (1992), S. 55-59 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5036
    Keywords: acid soils ; low pH ; Triticum aestivum ; wheat
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract Shoot length (cm), shoot fresh weight (g/pot), root length (cm), and root fresh weight (g/pot) were measured on six cultivars of wheat (Triticum aestivum L. cv Saluda, C9733, Gore, Stacy, FL301, and FL302) grown at pH 6.0, 5.5, 5.0, 4.5, or 4.0 for 14 days in ‘white quartz flintshot’ sand. Plants were watered on alternate days with pH-adjusted buffer solutions. All measured plant parameters decreased as H+ concentration increased from pH 6.0 to 4.0. Decreased lengths of shoots and roots were similar among the cultivars as the pH decreased. This indicated a uniform response of wheat cultivars to excess H+ concentration in the soil solution; however, the decrease in shoot and root length was only about 50% as large as was previously reported for sorghum [Sorghum bicolor (L.) Moench.].
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00011995
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  • 91
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    Comparison of techniques for determining the effect of aluminium on the growth of, and the inheritance of aluminium tolerance in wheat (1992)
    Springer
    Plant and soil 146 (1992), S. 1-8 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5036
    Keywords: aluminium ; genetics ; inheritance ; toxicity ; wheat
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract The effect of Al on the growth of plants derived from the F3 generation of a cross between Al tolerant (Waalt) and Al sensitive (Warigal) wheat cultivars, grown in low ionic strength nutrient solutions, were assessed by a number of methods viz; root length and haematoxylin stain after 3 days exposure to Al and plant top and root yields, and root length and visual assessment for Al damage after 4 weeks growth. Of these methods haematoxylin stain (3 days) and visual assessment at 4 weeks identified the same plants as being sensitive or tolerant to Al and clearly segregated the 2 populations. Consequently these 2 methods were used as ‘standard’ techniques to determine the ability of the other methods to distinguish between tolerant and sensitive plants. The ratio of plant top: root yields clearly segregated the 2 populations. The 2 populations could not be clearly distinguished based on plant top or root yields, or on root length either after 3 days or 4 weeks exposure to Al. Within the population of tolerant plants, root length was significantly correlated with root weight (r2=0.86) and top weight (r2=0.71). None of these relationships were significant for the population of sensitive plants. These techniques were applied in a number of separate experiments on the F2 and F3 populations from a Waalt × Warigal cross. The results indicate that Al tolerance in wheat is inherited by a single gene and that this gene has incomplete dominance.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00011989
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  • 92
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    Preliminary results from a microscopic examination on the effects of aluminium on the root tips of wheat (1992)
    Springer
    Plant and soil 146 (1992), S. 83-87 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5036
    Keywords: aluminium ; electron microscope ; light microscope ; Triticum aestivum ; wheat
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract Root tips from aluminium (Al) tolerant (Waalt) and Al sensitive (Warigal) wheat (Triticum aestivum (L). Thell.) cultivars exposed to low concentrations of Al (10 μM) for 10, 24 and 72 hours were examined under the light and electron microscope. After fixing and embedding, longitudinal and transverse thin and ultrathin sections were cut. There was no evidence of Al damage to the root tips of the Al tolerant cultivar under both the light and electron microscope. For the Al sensitive cultivar, Al had no observable effect on the root tips 10 hours after Al addition when examined under the light microscope. When examined under an electron microscope, electron dense globular deposits were observed between the cell wall and cell membrane of the epidermal cells. There was not obvious damage to the cell cytoplasm. Two or 3 days after Al addition, light microscopy showed that the cells in the root tips had become swollen and extensively vacuolated. The tissues appeared disorganised and degenerate, particularly in the epidermis and outer cortical cells. The electron microscope also revealed a thickening of the cell wall. The cell wall was broken down, particularly in the epidermis in the region 4–6 mm from the root tip. The tissue in the meristematic area was largely intact.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00011999
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  • 93
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    Increasing salinity tolerance of grain crops: Is it worthwhile? (1992)
    Springer
    Plant and soil 146 (1992), S. 89-98 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5036
    Keywords: barley ; drought ; halophytes ; productivity ; salinity ; salt tolerance ; sunflower ; water-use efficiency ; wheat
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract The productivity of wheat and barley was compared in soils of different salt concentrations with a limited water supply. Productivity was assessed as total dry weight or dry weight per unit of water used (water use efficiency, WUE). Barley achieved the highest productivity because it used more of the available water and it had a greater WUE for above-ground dry weight. However, when WUE for total organic weight of roots and shoots was determined, or WUE was corrected for grain production, wheat and barley had the same productivity. In two experiments in drying soils with different salt concentrations but the same amount of soil water, wheat and barley had a higher dry weight than salt-tolerant grasses and they were more productive than C4 halophytes and non-halophytes when adjusted for water use. In one experiment, sown at a low plant density, barley and wheat used less water than some halophytes and they completed their life cycle leaving some water behind in the soil. Their higher WUE did not compensate for their lower water use. However, when all species were sown at a high density, wheat and barley were either as productive or more productive than the most salt-tolerant species, including a C4 halophyte, as they used all the available water and had the highest WUE. A sunflower cultivar was similary more productive than a salt-tolerant relative. The contribution that salt-tolerant relatives of wheat, barley and sunflower can make to genetically improving the productivity of these species in dry saline soils is questioned.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00012000
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  • 94
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    Physiological and genetic control of the tolerance of wheat to high concentrations of boron and implications for plant breeding (1992)
    Springer
    Plant and soil 146 (1992), S. 251-260 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5036
    Keywords: boron ; genetic variation ; major genes ; uptake ; wheat
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract Physiological and genetic studies have been undertaken to further the understanding of genetic variation in response to high concentrations of B in the soil and so facilitate the breeding of tolerant varieties for cultivation in high B regions. Genetic variation in response to high concentrations of B has been identified for a number of crop and pasture species of southern Australia, including wheat, barley, oats, field peas and annual pasture medics. The wheat variety Halberd, which was the most widely grown variety in Australia during the 1970s and early 1980s, is the most tolerant of the current Australian wheat varieties. The mechanism of tolerance for all species studied is reduced accumulation of B by tolerant genotypes in both roots and shoots. Results from experiments of uptake kinetics indicate that control of B uptake is a non-metabolic process. The response of wheat to high B supply is under the control of several major additive genes, one of which has been located to chromosome 4A.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00012019
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  • 95
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    Evaluation of in vitro selection regimes for a mitochondrial trait (methomyl resistance) in cms-T maize (1992)
    Springer
    Plant cell, tissue and organ culture 28 (1992), S. 129-137 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5044
    Keywords: cms-T ; in vitro selection ; methomyl resistance ; mitochondrial mutation ; Zea mays
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Several factors affecting the success of selection in plant populations were examined for their relevance to in vitro selection. Three in vitro selection schemes and two growth assessment procedures were evaluated for effectiveness in selecting for a mitochondrial trait in maize: resistance to the insecticidal compound methomyl. Regenerable maize callus was derived from immature embryos of the three-way hybrid P39/IL766A2 x W182BN containing Texas male sterile cytoplasm (cms-T). Either low, gradually increasing, or high selection pressures were used to grow callus over a period of 3–5 months. There was no significant difference in recovery of resistant plants using these 3 methods. Growth of callus on medium containing methomyl was assessed by increase in fresh weight during the final month of selection or by increase in number of callus pieces over the course of selection. These quantitative measures of growth were unreliable indicators for gain in resistance within the callus population. A procedure for recovery of methomyl resistant and male-fertile cms-T plants is suggested.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00055507
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  • 96
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    Relationship of embryogenic competence in maize (Zea mays L.) leaves to mitotic activity, cell cycle and nuclear DNA content (1992)
    Springer
    Plant cell, tissue and organ culture 31 (1992), S. 215-221 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5044
    Keywords: cell cycle ; DNA content ; embryogenic competence ; flow cytometry ; mitotic activity ; somatic embryogenesis ; Zea mays
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Embryogenic competence of maize (Zea mays L.) leaf tissues was studied with regard to leaf age, distance from leaf base, mitotic activity, 2C nuclear DNA content, and the distribution of cells within the cell cycle. The highest embryogenic competence was observed in the first segment of the second innermost leaf. In a succession of 8 mm segments from the leaf base, the frequency of cells in the G0/G1 phase of the cell cycle and mitotic activity decreased with leaf age and with the distance from leaf base. No significant differences in 2C nuclear DNA content were found for leaf segments of different age and position. The mean 2C nuclear DNA content was 5.74 pg. The results suggested that the loss of embryogenic competence in mature maize leaf tissues is not related to changes in nuclear DNA content, and that the competence is not simply related to a certain distribution of cells within the cell cycle or to a certain level of mitotic activity.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00036227
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  • 97
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    Filamentous nature of pheromone plumes protects integrity of signal from background chemical noise in cabbage looper moth,Trichoplusia ni (1992)
    Springer
    Journal of chemical ecology 18 (1992), S. 299-307 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-1561
    Keywords: Trichoplusia ni ; Lepidoptera ; Noctuidae ; sex pheromone ; inhibitor ; (Z)-7-dodecenol ; wind tunnel ; orientation
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Abstract (Z)-7-Dodecenol failed to interrupt pheromone-mediated anemotactic responses by male cabbage looper moths,Trichoplusia ni (Hübner) (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae) in a wind tunnel when released 5 cm crosswind on both sides of the pheromone source or 10 cm upwind of the source to create an overlapping plume downwind. Significant inhibitory effects of (Z)-7-dodecenol were observed when released with the six-component pheromone blend from the same septum or abutting septa. These results indicate that (Z)-7-dodecenol needs to be received simultaneously with the pheromone blend to inhibit the anemotactic responses of males to the sex pheromone. We suggest that this feature and the filamentous nature of pheromone plumes render pheromone signals relatively protected from background chemical noise that may originate from pheromone plumes of other insect species. Unless filaments from a pheromone signal and an inhibitor arrive simultaneously, the integrity of the signal is maintained.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00994233
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  • 98
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    Biological evidence of an oviposition-deterring pheromone inLobesia botrana Den. et Schiff. (Lepidoptera, Tortricidae) (1992)
    Springer
    Journal of chemical ecology 18 (1992), S. 353-358 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-1561
    Keywords: Pheromone ; oviposition-deterring pheromone ; oviposition ; Lobesia botrana ; Lepidoptera ; Tortricidae
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Abstract Females of the European grapevine moth (Lobesia botrana Den. et Schiff.) usually deposit isolated eggs on flowers and berries of the grapevine (Vitis vinifera L.). We have investigated whether an epideictic pheromone could be present on the egg surface to explain this spacing behavior. About 21,000 eggs ofL. botrana were washed in cold methanol, and the biological activity was tested in a two-choice bioassay offering treated and nontreated areas. Different dilutions of the extract were tested in methanol, which was inactive alone. At the dose of four egg equivalents per microliter of extract, the number of eggs laid by theL. botrana females was reduced by as much as 57% on the treated areas compared to nontreated areas. A longer-term suppression of oviposition (at least 24 hr) following an exposure to the extract occurred for two doses (0.6 and 4.0 eggs/μl) of egg extract. Our results strongly suggest the occurrence of an oviposition-deterring pheromone (ODP) on the eggs ofL. botrana. The ecological value of these results is discussed.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00994236
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  • 99
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    6,10,14-Trimethylpentadecan-2-one: A Bermuda grass phagostimulant to fall armyworm (lepidoptera: Noctuidae) (1992)
    Springer
    Journal of chemical ecology 18 (1992), S. 673-682 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-1561
    Keywords: Allelochemistry ; Bermuda grass ; Cynodon dactylon ; phagostimulant ; Spodoptera frugiperda ; Lepidoptera ; Noctuidae ; fall armyworm ; 6,10, 14-trimethylpentadecan-2-one
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Abstract A phagostimulant, 6,10,14-trimethylpentadecan-1-one (phytone), was isolated and identified from Bermuda grass,Cynodon dactylon (L.). The phagostimulant activity of this isoprenoid ketone was established from bioassays of fall armyworm larvae,Spodoptera frugiperda (J.E. Smith). Larvae displayed increased body mass accumulation as well as preference to diet supplemented with this molecule. Neonate larvae fed diet supplemented with chromatographic isolates of phytone-containing fractions from six Bermuda grass cultivars showed a 10–40% increase in body mass accumulation as compared with controls. This variation in larval body mass accumulation seems attributable to a differential concentration of phytone in the cultivars, which ranged from 0.5 to 43 ppm. Additionally, first-instar larvae responded preferentially to diet pellets topically treated with phytone in concentrations as low as 0.1 ppm.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00987827
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  • 100
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    Floral volatiles ofTanacetum vulgare L. attractive toLobesia botrana den. et schiff. females (1992)
    Springer
    Journal of chemical ecology 18 (1992), S. 693-701 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-1561
    Keywords: Lobesia botrana ; Vitis vinifera ; Tanacetum vulgare ; tansy ; grapevine ; Lepidoptera ; Tortricidae ; Compositae ; plant-insect relationships ; olfaction ; allelochemicals ; terpenoids ; coupling GC-EAG
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Abstract The European grapevine moth (EGVM),Lobesia botrana, is a major pest of grapes in Europe. Females are attracted to a nonhost plant: tansy (Tanacetum vulgare L.), which is a common weed in Slovakian vineyards. A steam distillate extract of tansy flowers was analyzed by means of a GC-EAG technique to screen constituents detected by the olfactory receptors of EGVM females. From more than 200 GC peaks, nine peaks corresponding to monoterpenoids released an EAG response in more than 70% of the females (N=15):p-cymene,d-limonene,α-thujene,α-thujone,β-thujone, thujyl alcohol, terpinene-4-ol, (Z)-verbenol, and piperitone. The steam distillate of tansy as well as a synthetic blend of identified compounds released consistent attraction in a field cage. The use of nonhost plants and host plant odors in integrated pest management is discussed.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00994607
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