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  • 1
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Phylogenetic relationships among eukaryotic kingdoms inferred from ribosomal RNA sequences (1985)
    Springer
    Journal of molecular evolution 22 (1985), S. 32-38 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-1432
    Keywords: Ribosomal RNA ; Eukaryotic kingdoms ; Phylogeny ; Maximum-likelihood method
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Summary Phylogenetic trees among eukaryotic kingdoms were inferred for large- and small-subunit rRNAs by using a maximum-likelihood method developed by Felsenstein. Although Felsenstein's method assumes equal evolutionary rates for transitions and transversions, this is apparently not the case for these data. Therefore, only transversiontype substitutions were taken into account. The molecules used were large-subunit rRNAs fromXenopus laevis (Animalia), rice (Plantae),Saccharomyces cerevisiae (Fungi),Dictyostelium discoideum (Protista), andPhysarum polycephalum (Protista); and small-subunit rRNAs from maize (Plantae),S. cerevisiae, X. laevis, rat (Animalia), andD. discoideum. Only conservative regions of the nucleotide sequences were considered for this study. In the maximum-likelihood trees for both large- and small-subunit rRNAs, Animalia and Fungi were the most closely related eukaryotic kingdoms, and Plantae is the next most closely related kingdom, although other branching orders among Plantae, Animalia, and Fungi were not excluded by this work. These three eukaryotic kingdoms apparently shared a common ancestor after the divergence of the two species of Protista,D. discoideum andP. polycephalum. These two species of Protista do not form a clade, andP. polycephalum diverged first andD. discoideum second from the line leading to the common ancestor of Plantae, Animalia, and Fungi. The sequence data indicate that a drastic change occurred in the nucleotide sequences of rRNAs during the evolutionary separation between prokaryote and eukaryote.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02105802
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  • 2
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Genetic screening of Hrp type III-related pathogenicity genes controlled by the HrpB transcriptional activator in Ralstonia solanacearum (2004)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Science Ltd
    Molecular microbiology 54 (2004), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1365-2958
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: As in many other Gram-negative phytopathogenic bacteria, the Hrp type III secretion system is essential for the pathogenicity of Ralstonia solanacearum on host plants. The expression of most of the type III effector genes previously isolated from R. solanacearum is co-regulated with those of hrp genes by an AraC-type transcriptional activator, HrpB. In order to isolate type III-related pathogenicity genes, we screened hrpB-regulated genes in R. solanacearum. Using a transposon-based system, we isolated 30 novel hpx (hrpB-dependent expression) genes outside the hrp gene cluster. Most of the hpx genes contain a PIP (plant-inducible promoter) box-like motif in their putative promoter regions. Seven hpx genes encoded homologues of known type III effectors and type III-related proteins found in other animal and plant pathogens. Four encoded known enzymes, namely, glyoxalase I, Nudix hydrolase, spermidine synthase and transposase. Interestingly, six hpx genes encoded two types of leucine-rich repeat (LRR) protein. Products of the remaining genes did not show any significant homology to known proteins. We also identified two novel hrpB-regulated genes, hpaZ and hpaB, downstream of hrpY in the hrp cluster. The hpaB gene of R. solanacearum, but not hpaZ, was required for both the pathogenicity and ability to induce hypersensitive reaction on plants. We show that a hpaB null mutant still produces Hrp pili on the cell surface although it shows a typical Hrp-defective phenotype on plants.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2958.2004.04328.x
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  • 3
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    The historical differentiation process inHemerocallis middendorfii (Liliaceae) of Japan based on restriction site variations of chlorplast DNA (1995)
    Springer
    Journal of plant research 108 (1995), S. 41-45 
    Details
    ISSN: 1618-0860
    Keywords: Chloroplast DNA ; Hemerocallis middendorfii ; Liliaceae ; Phytogeography
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Chloroplast DNA restriction site variation inHemerocallis middendorfii Trautv. & Meyer was investigated to deduce the historical differentiation process that had taken place in populations among three districts Hokkaido, Honshu and the Island of Tobishima in Japan as distinct from the morphological data. The populations selected were eight in total, consisting of two populations from Honshu, one each from the Islands of Sado and Tobishima and four from Hokkaido. Twelve endonuclease restriction enzymes were used. Six restriction site mutations were found among the populations investigated. A single, most parsimonious phylogenetic tree is generated, and revealed that the four populations of Hokkaido and two populations of the Islands of Sado and Tobishima are monophyly, respectively.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02344303
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  • 4
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Silicon carbide fiber-mediated DNA delivery into cells of wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) mature embryos (1996)
    Springer
    Plant cell reports 16 (1996), S. 133-136 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-203X
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract. We have demonstrated that foreign DNA can be delivered into cells of mature embryos of wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) using silicon carbide fibers (SCF). The highest transient expression of the gusA (GUS) gene was detected when dry embryos were vortexed for 10–30 min in a SCF-DNA solution containing 90–120 g/l of sucrose. Up to 100 (on average 20–40) blue expression units per embryo were observed. Scutellum side and epiblast of the intact wheat embryos are preferentially transformed. When embryos with the coleoptilar tip removed were treated and allowed to germinate, GUS staining was observed in emerging leaf tissues. The potential of this new approach for stable transformation of wheat is under investigation. It has been found that callus tissues induced from the SCF treated embryos contain GUS-expressing sectors one month after treatment.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s002990050192
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  • 5
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Proximal promoter region of the wheat histone H3 gene confers S phase-specific gene expression in transformed rice cells (1993)
    Springer
    Plant molecular biology 23 (1993), S. 553-565 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5028
    Keywords: aphidicolin block ; cis-acting elements ; S1 protection analysis ; S phase-specific expression ; transformed rice cells ; wheat histone H3 gene
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract The cis-regulatory elements that confer cell cycle-dependent expression to the wheat histone H3 gene were investigated in rice cells (Oc strain) transformed with H3/GUS chimeric genes. 5′ deletion mutants of the H3 promoter region (from −1711, −908 or −185 to +57 relative to the transcription start site) were joined to the coding sequence of the bacterial β-glucuronidase (GUS) gene then introduced stably into rice cells. S1 analyses of the RNA from transformed rice cells whose cell cycles had been synchronized by treatment with aphidicolin showed that the steady-state levels of the transcripts from chimeric genes were altered with the change in DNA synthesis and the content of rice H3 mRNA throughout the cell cycle. Even though H3 promoter activity decreased as 5′ deletion proceeded, transcripts from the chimeric genes showed increases, as much as 10-fold 1 h after release from the aphidicolin block, which were rapidly lost over the next 4 h. The results suggest that the 242 bp sequence from −185 to +57, which contains the basal promoter region, confers the S phase-specific expression of the H3 gene and that the upstream sequence from position −186 is required for the full activity of this promoter.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00019303
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  • 6
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    A type I element composed of the hexamer (ACGTCA) and octamer (CGCGGATC) motifs plays a role(s) in meristematic expression of a wheat histone H3 gene in transgenic rice plants (1995)
    Springer
    Plant molecular biology 27 (1995), S. 17-26 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5028
    Keywords: cis factor ; gene expression ; promoter ; transgenic rice ; wheat histone H3
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Type I element (CCACGTCACCGATCCGCG) is a well-conserved regulatory element found in proximal promoter region of a certain class of plant histone genes, that is composed of two independent cis-acting elements of the hexamer (ACGTCA) and the reverse-oriented octamer (GATCCGCG) motifs. To investigate functional role(s) of the type I element in regulation of a wheat histone H3 gene (TH012) promoter activity in vivo, base substitution mutations were introduced into the element and activities of the mutated promoters were examined in cultured rice cells, and in regenerated roots and anther walls of transgenic rice plants by employing a GUS reporter system. Mutations of each or both of the hexamer and the octamer motifs caused a reduction in the promoter activity in protoplasts transfected transiently or stably transformed calli. The mutation of the octamer motif with or without the mutation of the hexamer motif caused a marked reduction of the promoter activity in the root meristem of transgenic rice although the mutation of the hexamer motif alone caused a weak reduction. In contrast to these results, no effect of the mutations of either the hexamer or the octamer motif was found in the anther wall in which replication-independent activity of the H3 promoter was observed. Our results suggested that the hexamer and the octamer motifs may play important role(s) in regulation of replication-dependent but not of replication-independent expression of the wheat histone H3 gene.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00019175
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  • 7
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Structural characteristics of two wheat histone H2A genes encoding distinct types of variants and functional differences in their promoter activity (1997)
    Springer
    Plant molecular biology 33 (1997), S. 791-802 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5028
    Keywords: cis/-regulatory sequences ; promoter analysis ; S phase-specific expression ; transgenic tobacco ; wheat H2A genes
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract To investigate the regulation of plant histone H2A gene expression, we isolated two H2A genes (TH254 and TH274) from wheat, which encode two variants of H2A. Both genes had an intron in the coding region. In the promoters, some characteristic sequences, such as Oct and Nona motifs, which are conserved among plant histone genes, were located in a short region (about 120 bp) upstream from the putative TATA box. Transient expression analyses of promoter activity with H2A–GUS fusion genes using tobacco protoplasts revealed novel types of positive cis/-acting sequences in the TH254 promoter: a direct repeat of a 13 bp sequence (AGTTACATTATTG) and a stretch composed of an AT-rich sequence (ATATAGAAAATTAAAA) and a G-box (CACGTG). Quantitative S1 assay of the mRNA amounts from the TH254/GUS and TH274/GUS chimeric genes in stably transformed and cell cycle-synchronized tobacco cell lines showed that the promoters of both genes contained at least one cis/-acting element responsible for S phase-specific expression. Histochemical analysis of transgenic tobacco plants carrying the chimeric genes showed that the promoters of the two H2A genes were active in developing seedlings and flower organs but were regulated in a different manner.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1005768104540
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  • 8
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Conserved Ser residues in the basic region of the bZIP-type transcription factor HBP-1a(17): importance in DNA binding and possible targets for phosphorylation (1998)
    Springer
    Plant molecular biology 36 (1998), S. 125-136 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5028
    Keywords: bZIP ; Ca2+ ; DNA binding ; HBP1a(17) ; phosphorylation
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract HBP-1a(17) is representative of a group of plant bZIP-type transcription factors which includes HBP-1a proteins and G-box-binding factors. We found kinase activity in wheat nuclear extract that phosphorylated HBP-1a(17). Experiments using recombinant HBP-1a(17) derivatives as substrates revealed that all three of the Ser residues in the basic region, Ser-261, Ser-265, and Ser-269, were phosphorylated in a Ca2+-stimulated manner. DNA-binding analysis of mutants with a Ser-to-Glu change, prepared to mimic the phosphorylated proteins, indicated that introduction of a negative charge at position 265 or 269 prevents HBP-1a(17) from binding DNA not only in the homodimer of mutants but also in heterodimers with a wild-type protein. It is therefore suggested that the phosphorylation regulates the function of HBP-1a(17) at least at the level of DNA binding. Since Ser-265 and Ser-269 are highly conserved among the plant bZIP-type factors known to date, a common Ca2+-mediated regulatory mechanism may exert an effect on the bZIP-type factors through phosphorylation of these conserved Ser residues.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1005934332530
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  • 9
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Regulation of histone gene expression during the cell cycle (2000)
    Springer
    Plant molecular biology 43 (2000), S. 643-657 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5028
    Keywords: cell cycle ; gene regulation ; histone ; proliferation ; S phase-specific expression
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract The steady-state level of histone mRNAs fluctuates coordinately with chromosomal DNA synthesis during the cell cycle. Such an S phase-specific expression pattern results from transcriptional activation of histone genes coupled with the onset of replication and from transcriptional repression of the genes as well as specific destabilization of histone mRNAs around the end of the S phase. Proliferation-coupled and S phase-specific expression of histone genes is primarily achieved by the activities of the proximal promoter regions, where several conserved cis-acting elements have been identified. Among them, three kinds of Oct-containing composite elements (OCEs) play a pivotal role in S phase-specific transcriptional activation. Other ones, such as Nona, solo-Oct, and CCGTC motifs, appear to modulate the functions of OCEs to enhance or repress the transcriptional level, possibly depending on the state of the cells. Here, we review the growing evidence concerning the regulatory mechanisms by which plant histone genes are expressed S phase-specifically in proliferating cells.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1006421821964
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  • 10
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Structural and functional characterization of two wheat histone H2B promoters (1995)
    Springer
    Plant molecular biology 28 (1995), S. 155-172 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5028
    Keywords: cis-regulatory sequences ; gel mobility shift assay ; HBP-1a ; HBP-1b ; transgenic tobacco plants ; wheat H2B genes
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Two wheat histone H2B genes (TH123 and TH153) were isolated. Nucleotide sequence analysis revealed that some characteristic sequence motifs were conserved in both the 5′- and 3′-flanking regions. A canonical TATA box and several CCAAT sequences were present in the presumed promoter regions. Motifs similar or identical to the hexamer (ACGTCA) and octamer (CGCGGATC) motifs that are positive cis-acting elements of the wheat H3 (TH012) promoter were also observed in both the H2B promoters. A gel mobility shift assay indicated that the hexamer and hexamer-like motifs bound the wheat bZIP proteins HBP-1a and/or HBP-1b in vitro. A novel sequence motif, (A/T)(G/A)AAAT(A/G), was found downstream of a translational stop codon as observed in several plant histone H2B cDNAs. Promoter activity was analyzed with H2B promoter-GUS fusion genes in the transient system using tobacco protoplasts. Studies of the promoter function in transgenic tobacco plants showed that the H2B promoters were preferentially active in meristematic tissues. Taken together, our data indicate that the H2B genes are regulated, in part, by the same mechanism as found in H3 and H4 gene transcription.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00042047
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