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  • 1
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Influence of various soil factors on the effects of ferulic acid on leaf expansion of cucumber seedlings (1987)
    Springer
    Plant and soil 98 (1987), S. 111-130 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5036
    Keywords: Allelopathy ; Cucumber seedlings ; Ferulic acid ; Portsmouth soil ; Seedling growth ; Soil extractions Microbes
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Summary Cucumber seedlings were grown in a Portsmouth soil-sand system to study how varying soil clay and organic matter content might modify cucumber seedling response to ferulic acid, a reported allelopathic agent. Leaf area expansion of cucumber seedlings, soil respiration, and soil solution concentrations of ferulic acid were monitored. Leaf area, mean absolute rates of leaf expansion, and shoot dry weight of cucumber seedlings were significantly reduced by ferulic acid concentrations ranging from 10 to 70 μg/g dry soil. Ferulic acid was applied every other day, since it rapidly disappeared from soil solution as a result of retention by soil particles, utilization by microbes and/or uptake by roots. The amount of ferulic acid retained (i.e., adsorbed, polymerized,etc.) by soil particles appeared to be secondary to microbial utilization and/or uptake by roots. Varying clay (5.3 to 9.8 g/cup) and organic matter (2.0 to 0.04g/cup) contents of the soil appeared to have little impact on the disappearance of ferulic acid from soil solution under “ideal” growth conditions for cucumber seedlings unless larger amounts of ferulic acid were added to the soil; in this case 200 μg/g. The addition of ferulic acid to the soil materials substantially increased the activity of the soil microbes. This latter conclusion is based on recovery of ferulic acid from soil solution and soil respiration measurements.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02381732
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  • 2
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Effects of ferulic andp-coumaric acids in nutrient culture of cucumber leaf expansion as influenced by pH (1985)
    Springer
    Journal of chemical ecology 11 (1985), S. 1567-1582 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-1561
    Keywords: Ferulic acid ; p-coumaric acid ; allelopathy ; pH ; leaf area expansion ; phytotoxins ; water utilization ; cucumber seedlings ; Cucumus sativus
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Abstract Cucumber seedlings were grown in 5 mM MES [2-(N-morpholino)ethanesulfonic acid] -buffered nutrient solutions adjusted to a pH of 5.5, 6.25, or 7.0. Nutrient solutions were changed on alternate days. Seedlings were treated for a two-day period with various concentrations (0–1 mM) of ferulic acid,p-coumaric acid, or mixtures of these phenolic acids when 16 days old. Leaf growth, dry weight, and water utilization of the seedlings; pH of the solutions; and disappearance of the phenolic acids from nutrient solutions were monitored. Leaf area expansion of cucumber seedlings was inhibited by both ferulic andp-coumaric acid, and the magnitude of these inhibitions was influenced by concentration and pH. Inhibition of leaf area expansion was greater at pH 5.5 and nominal at pH 7.O. Ferulic acid was more inhibitory thanp-coumaric acid. The effect of pH on growth was best described by data for mean relative rates of leaf expansion. For example, the mean relative rates of leaf expansion by both acids at 0.5 mM for the 16- to 18-day growth period (treatment period) were reduced by 45, 31, and 8% for the pH 5.5, 6.25, and 7.0 treatments, respectively. The dry weight of seedlings at harvest (day 22) was significantly reduced for seedlings grown in the pH 5.5 and 6.25 treatments, but not for the pH 7.0 treatment. There was, however, one exception; the dry weight of seedlings treated withp-coumaric acid solutions adjusted to a pH of 5.5 was not significantly reduced. Water utilization by the seedlings was reduced by both ferulic andp-coumaric acid. Again, the impact of ferulic acid was greater thanp-coumaric acid. The effect of ferulic acid on water utlization decreased with increasing pH of the nutrient solution. The pH effects were not so consistent forp-coumaric acid. The effects of equimolar mixtures of the two phenolic acids were additive for all variables measured. There was a linear correlation between mean relative rates of leaf expansion and water utilization.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01012202
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  • 3
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Effects of mixtures of phenolic acids on phosphorus uptake by cucumber seedlings (1990)
    Springer
    Journal of chemical ecology 16 (1990), S. 2559-2567 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-1561
    Keywords: Joint action analysis ; phenolic acid mixtures ; phosphorus uptake ; phenolic acid uptake ; ferulic acid ; vanillic acid ; p-coumaric acid ; Cucumis sativus
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Abstract To determine how individual phenolic acids in a mixture might affect phosphorus (P) uptake, 15-day-old cucumber seedlings grown in solution culture were treated with ferulic, vanillic,p-coumaric, or equimolar mixtures of these phenolic acids. Phenolic acid and P uptake were determined by solution depletion. The joint action of the mixtures of these phenolic acids on P uptake was primarily additive. Thus, as the number of phenolic acids increased in the mixture, the concentrations of the individual phenolic acids in the mixture required to bring about a given response declined. Seedling uptake of individual phenolic acids from solution mixtures of phenolic acids was reduced when compared to the uptake of phenolic acids from single phenolic acid solutions. The magnitude of the reduction varied with phenolic acid and concentration. The dose required for 50% inhibition of P uptake was approximately two to three times higher for vanillic acid (6.73 mM) than for ferulic (2.27 mM) andp-coumaric acids (3.00 mM) when dose was based on the initial treatment concentrations. The dose required for 50% inhibition of P uptake was not significantly different for the three phenolic acids (42 ± 5 μmol/g root fresh weight) when dose was based on phenolic acid uptake. Potential reasons for these differences are discussed.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01017478
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  • 4
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Influence of Phenolic acids on microbial populations in the rhizosphere of cucumber (1991)
    Springer
    Journal of chemical ecology 17 (1991), S. 369-389 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-1561
    Keywords: Allelopathy ; ferulic acid ; p-courmaric acid ; vanillic acid ; Cucumis sativus ; bacteria ; fungi
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Abstract Experiments were conducted to determine whether changes in soil microbial populations that occur in response to additions of certain allelopathic phenolic acids to bulk soil also occur in the rhizosphere. Cucumber seedlings were transplanted into cups containing a nutrient-enriched mixture of Portsmouth B1, soil and sand and were watered five times (once every 48 hr) with aqueous solutions of ferulic,p-coumaric, or vanillic acid (each at 0, 0.25, or 0.50μol/g soil material). Nutrient solution was applied on alternate days. Leaf growth was suppressed by up to 42% by phenolic acids, but changes in root growth varied with the compound and concentration in solution. Significant increases (over 600% relative to controls) in populations of fast-growing bacteria in the rhizosphere were detected after two but not after five treatments, and increases (400% relative to controls) in numbers of fungal propagules were detected after five treatments. Such increases suggested that chronic exposure to a phenolic acid might resuit in high populations of rhizosphere microorganisms that could metabolize the compounds and thus alter observable responses by the plant. To test this, plants were watered repeatedly with a low-concentration solution of ferulic acid (chronic treatments; 0.0 or 0.1μmol/g soil material in one experiment, 0.000 or 0.025μimol/g soil material in a second) and then once with a highconcentration solution (acute treatment; 0.0, 0.5, or 1.0μmol/g soil material in the first experiment; 0.000, 0.125, or 0.250μmol/g soil material in the second).
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00994339
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  • 5
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Effects of exogenously applied ferulic acid, a potential allelopathic compound, on leaf growth, water utilization, and endogenous abscisic acid levels of tomato, cucumber, and bean (1991)
    Springer
    Journal of chemical ecology 17 (1991), S. 865-886 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-1561
    Keywords: Tomato ; Lycopersicon esculentum ; wild typeand flacca mutant ; cucumber ; Cucumis sativus ; bean ; Phaseolus vulgaris ; ferulic acid ; leaf expansion ; water utilization ; abscisic acid ; allelopathy
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Abstract To determine the relative sensitivities of tomato, cucumber, and bean to exogenously applied concentrations of ferulic acid (FA) and to determine whether FA-induced stress responses increase endogenous levels of abscisic acid (ABA), wild-type andFlacca (ABA-deficient mutant) tomato (Lycopersicon esculentum Mill. cv. Ailsa Craig), cucumber, (Cucumis sativus L. cv. Early Green Cluster), and bean (Phaseolus vulgaris L. cv. Oregon 91) were treated with FA (0.0, 0.2, 0.4, 0.8 mM) in nutrient solution every other day for a total of two or three treatments. FA inhibited leaf growth and water utilization of wild-type tomato,Flacca tomato, and cucumber, but not of bean. Acclimation to FA was observed following the first FA treatment and increased endogenous ABA levels were found in wild-type tomato,Flacca tomato, and cucumber following multiple FA treatments. Induction of ABA biosynthesis occurred in wild-type tomato within 8 hr of FA treatment and maximum ABA levels were observed 24 hr after treatment. At that time, ABA levels of tomato treated with 0.4 and 0.8 mM FA were 13.7 times and 2.6 times higher than control levels, respectively. A second FA (0.4 or 0.8 mM) treatment, 48 hr after the first, did not appear to affect ABA levels. Ninety-six hours after the first treatment, ABA levels of tomato treated with 0.4 mM FA approached control levels; ABA levels of plants treated with 0.8 mM FA were 1.9 times higher than control levels. Control ABA levels increased gradually with time. The data showed that plant sensitivity and ability of subsequent acclimation to phenolic acids, such as FA, were taxa dependent.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01395596
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  • 6
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Effects of soil nitrogen level on ferulic acid inhibition of cucumber leaf expansion (1990)
    Springer
    Journal of chemical ecology 16 (1990), S. 1371-1383 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-1561
    Keywords: Allelopathy ; ferulic acid ; Cucumis sativus ; leaf expansion ; nitrogen levels ; growth inhibition
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Abstract It has been suggested that the allelopathic activity of phenolic acids should be primarily important in soils of low fertility. If this is true, then plant growth inhibition by phenolic acids may be unimportant in managed agricultural soils. The objective of this study was to determine how soil nitrogen (N) level might modify phenolic acid inhibition of growth. Cucumber seedlings (Cucumis sativus cv Early Green Cluster) grown in containers in growth chambers under varying N levels (5, 10, 15, 20, and 25 μg N/g soil) in Portsmouth B,-horizon soil material were treated with ferulic acid (0 or 10 μg/g soil). Nitrogen and ferulic acid (FA) were applied every other day to the soil surface. The amount of FA in the soil solution declined with depth in the containers. A more rapid disappearance of FA from the soil solution was observed for the last FA treatment (0% recovered after 10 hr on day 23) than the first treatment (44% recovered after 10 hr on day 13). Both low N (5 μg N/g soil) and FA treatments reduced shoot dry weight, the mean absolute (AGR) and the mean relative (RGR) rates of leaf expansion, and increased the root-shoot ratio. High N treatments reduced shoot dry weight and the AGR. Ferulic acid inhibited cucumber seedling growth over a range of N concentrations, suggesting that the allelopathic activity of phenolic acids may be important in both nutrient limiting and nonlimiting soils for some species.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01021033
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  • 7
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Benefits of Citrate Over EDTA for Extracting Phenolic Acids from Soils and Plant Debris (1997)
    Springer
    Journal of chemical ecology 23 (1997), S. 347-362 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-1561
    Keywords: Citrate ; EDTA ; soil extractions ; ferulic acid ; phenolic acids ; Trifolium incarnatum L. Tibbee ; Trifolium subterraneaum L. Mt. Barker ; Secale cereale L. Wrens Abruzzi ; Tritium aestivum L. Coker 983
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Abstract The effectiveness of various citrate extractions to recover ferulic acid, a phenolic acid, from Cecil Ap and Bt soil and plant surface debris (crimson clover, rye, subterranean clover, and wheat) was compared with that of EDTA extractions. Citrate extractions were equivalent to or better than EDTA in recovering phenolic acids from soil and plant debris. Citrate, unlike EDTA, did not interfere with the Folin & Ciocalteu's phenol reagent when determining total phenolic acid content in soil and plant debris extracts. Care, however, must be taken when using Folin & Ciocalteu's phenol reagent to estimate total phenolic acid content, particularly in the presence of soil organic matter. Citrate was also more effective in extracting phenolic acids from A-horizon soils. Thus, citrate extractions overcome some of the major limitations observed for EDTA extractions.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/B:JOEC.0000006364.17425.75
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  • 8
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Allelopathic substances in ecosystems (1983)
    Springer
    Journal of chemical ecology 9 (1983), S. 1185-1201 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-1561
    Keywords: Ferulic acid ; allelopathy ; soils ; gibbsite ; geothite ; Georgia kaolin ; Utah bentonite ; organic matter
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Abstract Recovery studies were conducted with ferulic acid, a common allelopathic agent, using various soils and soil components. Ferulic acid was placed into sterile soil components (gibbsite, geothite, Georgia kaolin, and Utah bentonite), and different sterile soil materials (from different horizons in the same profile) varying in mineralogy and in organic matter content. The initial concentration of ferulic acid added to the soil materials was 1000 μg/g (5.149 mmol/g). The pH of the soil materials was adjusted and maintained at approximately 4.5 or 7.5. Samples were extracted with 0.03 M EDTA at days, 1, 4, 7, 10, and 13 after addition of ferulic acid. Concentrations of ferulic acid in the extracts were determined with a high performance liquid chromatograph. No breakdown products were detected. Models were developed to describe the recovery of ferulic acid from each soil material and soil component over time. Organic matter was the most active soil component involved in the irreversible retention of ferulic acid. The inorganic soil components were much less active than organic matter but appeared to be similar to each other in activity. Irreversible retention of ferulic acid by soil and soil components was greatest as pH 7.5.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00982221
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  • 9
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Inhibition and recovery of cucumber roots given multiple treatments of ferulic acid in nutrient culture (1989)
    Springer
    Journal of chemical ecology 15 (1989), S. 917-928 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-1561
    Keywords: Allelopathy ; ferulic acid ; leaf expansion ; root elongation ; carbon allocation ; Cucumis sativus ; cucumber
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Abstract Ferulic acid, a frequently cited allelopathic agent, inhibited photosynthesis, leaf expansion, and root elongation of cucumber seedlings grown in aerated nutrient cultures in a growth chamber. Other effects were a reduction in the proportion of radioactivity fixed by photosynthesis translocated to roots, a stimulation in secondary root initiation, and an increase in root-shoot ratios. Inhibition of leaf expansion and root elongation induced by multiple ferulic acid treatments was rapidly lost once ferulic acid was removed from the root environment. The changes in general root morphology, i.e., average root length and root number, associated with ferulic acid treatments, were partially reversed or not affected when ferulic acid was removed from the root environment.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01015187
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  • 10
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Effects of Microbial Utilization of Phenolic Acids and their Phenolic Acid Breakdown Products on Allelopathic Interactions (1998)
    Springer
    Journal of chemical ecology 24 (1998), S. 685-708 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-1561
    Keywords: Allelopathy ; phenolic acids ; sorption ; microbial utilization ; soil extractions ; ferulic acid ; p-coumaric acid ; p-hydroxybenzoic acid ; vanillic acid
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Abstract Reversible sorption of phenolic acids by soils may provide some protection to phenolic acids from microbial degradation. In the absence of microbes, reversible sorption 35 days after addition of 0.5–3 μmol/g of ferulic acid or p-coumaric acid was 8–14% in Cecil Ap horizon and 31–38% in Cecil Bt, horizon soil materials. The reversibly sorbed/solution ratios (r/s) for ferulic acid or p-coumaric acid ranged from 0.12 to 0.25 in Ap and 0.65 to 0.85 in Bt horizon soil materials. When microbes were introduced, the r/s ratio for both the Ap and Bt horizon soil materials increased over time up to 5 and 2, respectively, thereby indicating a more rapid utilization of solution phenolic acids over reversibly sorbed phenolic acids. The increase in r/s ratio and the overall microbial utilization of ferulic acid and/or p-coumaric acid were much more rapid in Ap than in Bt horizon soil materials. Reversible sorption, however, provided protection of phenolic acids from microbial utilization for only very short periods of time. Differential soil fixation, microbial production of benzoic acids (e.g., vanillic acid and p-hydroxybenzoic acid) from cinnamic acids (e.g., ferulic acid and p-coumaric acid, respectively), and the subsequent differential utilization of cinnamic and benzoic acids by soil microbes indicated that these processes can substantially influence the magnitude and duration of the phytoxicity of individual phenolic acids.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1022394203540
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