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  • Articles  (1,569)
  • Inorganic Chemistry  (1,420)
  • Rats
  • 1995-1999
  • 1990-1994  (1,569)
  • 1950-1954
  • 1993  (800)
  • 1990  (769)
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  • Articles  (1,569)
Years
  • 1995-1999
  • 1990-1994  (1,569)
  • 1950-1954
Year
  • 1
    Publication Date: 1993-01-01
    Description: A myelin-associated protein from the central nervous system, the neurite growth inhibitor NI-35, inhibits regeneration of lesioned neuronal fiber tracts in vivo and growth of neurites in vitro. Growth cones of cultured rat dorsal root ganglion neurons arrested their growth and collapsed when exposed to liposomes containing NI-35. Before morphological changes, the concentration of free intracellular calcium ([Ca2+]i) showed a rapid and large increase in growth cones exposed to liposomes containing NI-35. Neither an increase in [Ca2+]i nor collapse of growth cones was detected in the presence of antibodies to NI-35. Dantrolene, an inhibitor of calcium release from caffeine-sensitive intracellular calcium stores, protected growth cones from collapse evoked by NI-35. Depletion of these caffeine-sensitive intracellular calcium stores prevented the increase in [Ca2+]i evoked by NI-35. The NI-35-evoked cascade of intracellular messengers that mediates collapse of growth cones includes the crucial step of calcium release from intracellular stores.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Bandtlow, C E -- Schmidt, M F -- Hassinger, T D -- Schwab, M E -- Kater, S B -- NS24683/NS/NINDS NIH HHS/ -- NS28323/NS/NINDS NIH HHS/ -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 1993 Jan 1;259(5091):80-3.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Brain Research Institute, University of Zurich, Switzerland.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/8418499" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Animals ; Caffeine/pharmacology ; Calcium/*metabolism ; Cells, Cultured ; Drug Carriers ; Fura-2 ; Ganglia, Spinal/*physiology ; Growth Inhibitors/*pharmacology ; Kinetics ; Liposomes ; Nerve Fibers/drug effects/*physiology/ultrastructure ; Neurons/drug effects/*physiology/ultrastructure ; Rats
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    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Computer Science , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
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  • 2
    Publication Date: 1993-03-12
    Description: Glucagon and the glucagon receptor are a primary source of control over blood glucose concentrations and are especially important to studies of diabetes in which the loss of control over blood glucose concentrations clinically defines the disease. A complementary DNA clone for the glucagon receptor was isolated by an expression cloning strategy, and the receptor protein was expressed in several kidney cell lines. The cloned receptor bound glucagon and caused an increase in the intracellular concentration of adenosine 3', 5'-monophosphate (cAMP). The cloned glucagon receptor also transduced a signal that led to an increased concentration of intracellular calcium. The glucagon receptor is similar to the calcitonin and parathyroid hormone receptors. It can transduce signals leading to the accumulation of two different second messengers, cAMP and calcium.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Jelinek, L J -- Lok, S -- Rosenberg, G B -- Smith, R A -- Grant, F J -- Biggs, S -- Bensch, P A -- Kuijper, J L -- Sheppard, P O -- Sprecher, C A -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 1993 Mar 12;259(5101):1614-6.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉ZymoGenetics Inc., Seattle, WA 98105.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/8384375" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Amino Acid Sequence ; Animals ; Calcium/pharmacology ; Cell Line ; Cloning, Molecular ; Cricetinae ; Cyclic AMP/metabolism ; Glucagon/metabolism/*pharmacology ; Kidney ; Kinetics ; Liver/*metabolism ; Molecular Sequence Data ; Rats ; Receptors, Gastrointestinal Hormone/genetics/metabolism/*physiology ; Receptors, Glucagon ; *Signal Transduction ; Transfection
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  • 3
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    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Publication Date: 1993-11-12
    Description: Activation of the Raf and extracellular signal-regulated kinases (ERKs) (or mitogen-activated protein kinases) are key events in mitogenic signalling, but little is known about interactions with other signaling pathways. Agents that raise levels of intracellular cyclic adenosine 3',5'-monophosphate (cAMP) blocked DNA synthesis and signal transduction in Rat1 cells exposed to epidermal growth factor (EGF) or lysophosphatidic acid. In the case of EGF, receptor tyrosine kinase activity and association with the signaling molecules Grb2 and Shc were unaffected by cAMP. Likewise, EGF-dependent accumulation of the guanosine 5'-triphosphate-bound form of Ras was unaffected. In contrast, activation of Raf-1 and ERK kinases was inhibited. Thus, cAMP appears to inhibit signal transmission from Ras by preventing Ras-dependent activation of Raf-1.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Cook, S J -- McCormick, F -- UO1 CA51992-03/CA/NCI NIH HHS/ -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 1993 Nov 12;262(5136):1069-72.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Onyx Pharmaceuticals, Richmond, CA 94806.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/7694367" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: 1-Methyl-3-isobutylxanthine/pharmacology ; Animals ; Bucladesine/pharmacology ; Calcium-Calmodulin-Dependent Protein Kinases/*metabolism ; Cell Line ; Cholera Toxin/pharmacology ; Cyclic AMP/*pharmacology ; Cyclic AMP-Dependent Protein Kinases/metabolism ; Enzyme Activation ; Epidermal Growth Factor/pharmacology ; Interphase ; Lysophospholipids/pharmacology ; Mitogen-Activated Protein Kinase 1 ; Mitogen-Activated Protein Kinase 3 ; *Mitogen-Activated Protein Kinases ; Phosphorylation ; Protein-Tyrosine Kinases/*metabolism ; Proto-Oncogene Proteins/*metabolism ; Proto-Oncogene Proteins c-raf ; Proto-Oncogene Proteins p21(ras)/*metabolism ; Rats ; Receptor, Epidermal Growth Factor/metabolism ; *Signal Transduction
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  • 4
    Publication Date: 1993-01-15
    Description: Nerve growth factor (NGF) is essential for the survival of both peripheral ganglion cells and central cholinergic neurons of the basal forebrain. The accelerated loss of central cholinergic neurons during Alzheimer's disease may be a determinant of dementia in these patients and may therefore suggest a therapeutic role for NGF. However, NGF does not significantly penetrate the blood-brain barrier, which makes its clinical utility dependent on invasive neurosurgical procedures. When conjugated to an antibody to the transferrin receptor, however, NGF crossed the blood-brain barrier after peripheral injection. This conjugated NGF increased the survival of both cholinergic and noncholinergic neurons of the medial septal nucleus that had been transplanted into the anterior chamber of the rat eye. This approach may prove useful for the treatment of Alzheimer's disease and other neurological disorders that are amenable to treatment by proteins that do not readily cross the blood-brain barrier.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Friden, P M -- Walus, L R -- Watson, P -- Doctrow, S R -- Kozarich, J W -- Backman, C -- Bergman, H -- Hoffer, B -- Bloom, F -- Granholm, A C -- NS29601-01/NS/NINDS NIH HHS/ -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 1993 Jan 15;259(5093):373-7.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Alkermes, Inc., Cambridge, MA 02139.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/8420006" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Animals ; Anterior Chamber/metabolism ; Antibodies/*metabolism ; *Blood-Brain Barrier ; Brain/blood supply/metabolism ; Capillaries ; Cell Line ; Cross-Linking Reagents ; Dose-Response Relationship, Drug ; Drug Carriers ; Immunohistochemistry ; Nerve Growth Factors/administration & dosage/*pharmacokinetics/pharmacology ; Rats ; Rats, Sprague-Dawley ; Receptors, Transferrin/*immunology
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  • 5
    Publication Date: 1993-08-06
    Description: Major histocompatibility complex (MHC) class I molecules present peptides derived from nuclear and cytosolic proteins to CD8+ T cells. These peptides are translocated into the lumen of the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) to associate with class I molecules. Two MHC-encoded putative transporter proteins, TAP1 and TAP2, are required for efficient assembly of class I molecules and presentation of endogenous peptides. Expression of TAP1 and TAP2 in a mutant cell line resulted in the delivery of an 11-amino acid oligomer model peptide to the ER. Peptide translocation depended on the sequence of the peptide, was adenosine triphosphate (ATP)-dependent, required ATP hydrolysis, and was inhibited in a concentration-dependent manner.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Neefjes, J J -- Momburg, F -- Hammerling, G J -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 1993 Aug 6;261(5122):769-71.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉The Netherlands Cancer Institute, Amsterdam.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/8342042" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: *ATP-Binding Cassette Transporters ; Adenosine Triphosphate/*metabolism ; Amino Acid Sequence ; Animals ; Biological Transport ; Carrier Proteins/*metabolism ; Cell Line ; Cell Membrane Permeability ; Endoplasmic Reticulum/metabolism ; Glycosylation ; Histocompatibility Antigens Class II/*metabolism ; Molecular Sequence Data ; Oligopeptides/*metabolism ; Rats ; T-Lymphocytes, Cytotoxic/*metabolism ; Transfection
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  • 6
    Publication Date: 1993-02-26
    Description: Visualization of fibronectin and neurotensin messenger RNAs within mammalian interphase nuclei was achieved by fluorescence hybridization with genomic, complementary DNA, and intron-specific probes. Unspliced transcripts accumulated in one or two sites per nucleus. Fibronectin RNA frequently accumulated in elongated tracks that overlapped and extended well beyond the site of transcription. Splicing appears to occur directly within this RNA track, as evidenced by an unambiguous spatial separation of intron-containing and spliced transcripts. Excised introns for neurotensin RNA appear free to diffuse. The transcription and processing site of the fibronectin gene localized to the nuclear interior and was associated with larger transcript domains in over 88 percent of the cells. These results support a view of nuclear function closely integrated with structure.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Xing, Y -- Johnson, C V -- Dobner, P R -- Lawrence, J B -- R01 HG00251/HG/NHGRI NIH HHS/ -- R01 HL33307/HL/NHLBI NIH HHS/ -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 1993 Feb 26;259(5099):1326-30.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Department of Cell Biology, University of Massachusetts Medical Center, Worcester 01655.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/8446901" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Animals ; Cell Nucleus/metabolism/*ultrastructure ; Fibronectins/genetics ; Gene Expression ; In Vitro Techniques ; Introns ; Microscopy, Fluorescence ; Neurotensin/genetics ; PC12 Cells ; Poly A/metabolism ; *RNA Processing, Post-Transcriptional ; RNA Splicing ; RNA, Messenger/*metabolism ; Rats ; Spliceosomes/metabolism ; *Transcription, Genetic
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  • 7
    Publication Date: 1993-02-12
    Description: The efficient introduction of genetic material into quiescent nerve cells is important in the study of brain function and for gene therapy of neurological disorders. A replication-deficient adenoviral vector that contained a reporter gene encoding beta-galactosidase infected rat nerve cells in vitro and in vivo. beta-Galactosidase was expressed in almost all sympathetic neurons and astrocytes in culture. After stereotactic inoculations into the rat hippocampus and the substantia nigra, beta-galactosidase activity was detected for 2 months. Infected cells were identified as microglial cells, astrocytes, or neurons with anatomical, morphological, and immunohistochemical criteria. No obvious cytopathic effect was observed.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Le Gal La Salle, G -- Robert, J J -- Berrard, S -- Ridoux, V -- Stratford-Perricaudet, L D -- Perricaudet, M -- Mallet, J -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 1993 Feb 12;259(5097):988-90.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Institut Alfred Fessard, Unite Propre de Recherche 2212, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Gif sur Yvette, France.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/8382374" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Adenoviridae/*genetics ; Animals ; Astrocytes/metabolism/microbiology ; Avian Sarcoma Viruses/genetics ; Brain/*cytology ; DNA/genetics ; Gene Expression ; *Genetic Vectors ; Hippocampus/cytology/metabolism ; Neuroglia/*metabolism/microbiology ; Neurons/*metabolism/microbiology ; Promoter Regions, Genetic/genetics ; Rats ; Substantia Nigra/cytology/metabolism ; *Transfection ; beta-Galactosidase/genetics
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  • 8
    Publication Date: 1993-04-30
    Description: Sensorineural hearing loss resulting from the loss of auditory hair cells is thought to be irreversible in mammals. This study provides evidence that retinoic acid can stimulate the regeneration in vitro of mammalian auditory hair cells in ototoxic-poisoned organ of Corti explants in the rat. In contrast, treatment with retinoic acid does not stimulate the formation of extra hair cells in control cultures of Corti's organ. Retinoic acid-stimulated hair cell regeneration can be blocked by cytosine arabinoside, which suggests that a period of mitosis is required for the regeneration of auditory hair cells in this system. These results provide hope for a recovery of hearing function in mammals after auditory hair cell damage.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Lefebvre, P P -- Malgrange, B -- Staecker, H -- Moonen, G -- Van de Water, T R -- DC00088/DC/NIDCD NIH HHS/ -- NS07098/NS/NINDS NIH HHS/ -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 1993 Apr 30;260(5108):692-5.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Department of Human Physiology and Pathophysiology, University of Liege, Belgium.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/8480180" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Animals ; Cytarabine/pharmacology ; Hair Cells, Auditory/*drug effects/physiology/ultrastructure ; Microscopy, Electron ; Neomycin/toxicity ; Organ Culture Techniques ; Organ of Corti/*drug effects/physiology/ultrastructure ; Rats ; Regeneration/*drug effects ; Tretinoin/*pharmacology
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  • 9
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    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Publication Date: 1993-06-11
    Description: Hippocampal long-term potentiation (LTP) is thought to serve as an elementary mechanism for the establishment of certain forms of explicit memory in the mammalian brain. As is the case with behavioral memory, LTP in the CA1 region has stages: a short-term early potentiation lasting 1 to 3 hours, which is independent of protein synthesis, precedes a later, longer lasting stage (L-LTP), which requires protein synthesis. Inhibitors of cyclic adenosine monophosphate (cAMP)-dependent protein kinase (PKA) blocked L-LTP, and analogs of cAMP induced a potentiation that blocked naturally induced L-LTP. The action of the cAMP analog was blocked by inhibitors of protein synthesis. Thus, activation of PKA may be a component of the mechanism that generates L-LTP.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Frey, U -- Huang, Y Y -- Kandel, E R -- GM32099/GM/NIGMS NIH HHS/ -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 1993 Jun 11;260(5114):1661-4.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Center for Neurobiology and Behavior, Howard Hughes Medical Institute, College of Physicians and Surgeons, Columbia University, New York, NY 10032.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/8389057" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Action Potentials/drug effects/physiology ; Animals ; Cyclic AMP/*physiology ; Hippocampus/cytology/drug effects/*physiology ; In Vitro Techniques ; Male ; Memory/physiology ; Neurons/drug effects/*physiology ; Protein Kinases/physiology ; Rats ; Rats, Sprague-Dawley ; Receptors, N-Methyl-D-Aspartate/physiology ; Second Messenger Systems/physiology ; Time Factors
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  • 10
    Publication Date: 1993-05-21
    Description: A potent neurotrophic factor that enhances survival of midbrain dopaminergic neurons was purified and cloned. Glial cell line-derived neurotrophic factor (GDNF) is a glycosylated, disulfide-bonded homodimer that is a distantly related member of the transforming growth factor-beta superfamily. In embryonic midbrain cultures, recombinant human GDNF promoted the survival and morphological differentiation of dopaminergic neurons and increased their high-affinity dopamine uptake. These effects were relatively specific; GDNF did not increase total neuron or astrocyte numbers nor did it increase transmitter uptake by gamma-aminobutyric-containing and serotonergic neurons. GDNF may have utility in the treatment of Parkinson's disease, which is marked by progressive degeneration of midbrain dopaminergic neurons.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Lin, L F -- Doherty, D H -- Lile, J D -- Bektesh, S -- Collins, F -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 1993 May 21;260(5111):1130-2.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Synergen, Inc., Boulder, CO 80301.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/8493557" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Amino Acid Sequence ; Animals ; Astrocytes/cytology/drug effects ; Base Sequence ; Cell Differentiation/drug effects ; Cell Line ; Cell Survival/drug effects ; Cells, Cultured ; Cloning, Molecular ; Dopamine/*biosynthesis ; Glial Cell Line-Derived Neurotrophic Factor ; Humans ; Mesencephalon/cytology/*drug effects/metabolism ; Molecular Sequence Data ; Molecular Weight ; *Nerve Growth Factors ; Nerve Tissue Proteins/chemistry/genetics/isolation & purification/*pharmacology ; Neuroglia/*metabolism ; Neurons/cytology/*drug effects/metabolism ; Parkinson Disease/drug therapy ; Rats
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  • 11
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    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Publication Date: 1993-06-18
    Description: Mammalian apolipoprotein B (apo B) exists in two forms, each the product of a single gene. The shorter form, apo B48, arises by posttranscriptional RNA editing whereby cytidine deamination produces a UAA termination codon. A full-length complementary DNA clone encoding an apo B messenger RNA editing protein (REPR) was isolated from rat small intestine. The 229-residue protein contains consensus phosphorylation sites and leucine zipper domains. HepG2 cell extracts acquire editing activity when mixed with REPR from oocyte extracts. REPR is essential for apo B messenger RNA editing, and the isolation and characterization of REPR may lead to the identification of other eukaryotic RNA editing proteins.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Teng, B -- Burant, C F -- Davidson, N O -- DK-42086/DK/NIDDK NIH HHS/ -- HL-38180/HL/NHLBI NIH HHS/ -- KO-4 HL-02166/HL/NHLBI NIH HHS/ -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 1993 Jun 18;260(5115):1816-9.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Department of Medicine, University of Chicago, IL 60637.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/8511591" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Amino Acid Sequence ; Animals ; Apolipoproteins B/*genetics ; Base Sequence ; Cell Line ; *Cloning, Molecular ; Cytidine Deaminase/chemistry/*genetics ; Humans ; Intestine, Small/chemistry ; Leucine Zippers ; Molecular Sequence Data ; Molecular Weight ; Open Reading Frames ; Phosphorylation ; *RNA Editing ; Rats ; Tumor Cells, Cultured
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  • 12
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    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Publication Date: 1993-01-01
    Description: In humans temporal lobe epilepsy (TLE) is characterized by recurrent seizures, neuronal hyperexcitability, and selective loss of certain neuronal populations in the hippocampus. Animal models of the condition indicate that a diminution of inhibition mediated by gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA) accounts for the altered function, and it has been hypothesized that the diminution arises because GABAergic basket interneurons are "dormant" as a result of their being disconnected from excitatory inputs. In hippocampal slices, inhibitory postsynaptic potentials (IPSPs) were elicited in CA1 pyramidal cells by activation of basket cells; responses from an animal model of TLE were compared to those from control tissue. IPSPs evoked indirectly by activation of terminals that then excited basket cells were reduced in the epileptic tissue, whereas IPSPs evoked by direct activation of basket cells, when excitatory neurotransmission was blocked, were not different from controls. These results provide support for the "dormant basket cell" hypothesis and have implications for the pathophysiology and treatment of human TLE.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Bekenstein, J W -- Lothman, E W -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 1993 Jan 1;259(5091):97-100.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Department of Neurology, University of Virginia Health Sciences Center, Charlottesville 22908.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/8093417" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: 6-Cyano-7-nitroquinoxaline-2,3-dione ; Action Potentials ; Animals ; Baclofen/analogs & derivatives/pharmacology ; Electric Stimulation ; Epilepsy, Temporal Lobe/*physiopathology ; Evoked Potentials ; Hippocampus/*physiology/*physiopathology ; In Vitro Techniques ; Interneurons/drug effects/*physiology ; Male ; Membrane Potentials ; Picrotoxin/pharmacology ; Pyramidal Tracts/drug effects/*physiology ; Quinoxalines/pharmacology ; Rats ; Rats, Sprague-Dawley ; Receptors, GABA-A/physiology ; Receptors, N-Methyl-D-Aspartate/physiology ; Status Epilepticus/*physiopathology
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  • 13
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    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Publication Date: 1993-07-02
    Description: Histamine is a neuromodulator in the brain, and the hippocampus is one of the regions of the brain that is innervated by histaminergic neurons. When applied to cultured hippocampal neurons, histamine selectively increased by up to tenfold the amplitude of the component of synaptic transmission that was mediated by N-methyl-D-aspartate (NMDA) receptors. Spontaneous miniature synaptic currents and the current elicited by applied NMDA also were enhanced, indicating that the histamine effect was expressed primarily postsynaptically. These results suggest that histamine may modulate processes involving NMDA receptors, such as the induction of long-term potentiation.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Bekkers, J M -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 1993 Jul 2;261(5117):104-6.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Division of Neuroscience, John Curtin School of Medical Research, Australian National Univresity, Canberra, ACT.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/8391168" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Animals ; Animals, Newborn ; Cells, Cultured ; Guanosine 5'-O-(3-Thiotriphosphate)/pharmacology ; Hippocampus/cytology/drug effects/*physiology ; Histamine/*pharmacology ; Ion Channel Gating/drug effects ; N-Methylaspartate/*metabolism/pharmacology ; Rats ; Receptors, Histamine/physiology ; Receptors, N-Methyl-D-Aspartate/metabolism ; Synapses/*physiology ; Synaptic Transmission/*drug effects ; Virulence Factors, Bordetella/pharmacology
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  • 14
    Publication Date: 1993-06-11
    Description: The guanosine triphosphate (GTP)-binding protein Ras functions in regulating growth and differentiation; however, little is known about the protein interactions that bring about its biological activity. Wild-type Ras or mutant forms of Ras were covalently attached to an insoluble matrix and then used to examine the interaction of signaling proteins with Ras. Forms of Ras activated either by mutation (Gly12Val) or by binding of the GTP analog, guanylyl-imidodiphosphate (GMP-PNP) interacted specifically with Raf-1 whereas an effector domain mutant, Ile36Ala, failed to interact with Raf-1. Mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAP kinase) activity was only associated with activated forms of Ras. The specific interaction of activated Ras with active MAP kinase kinase (MAPKK) was confirmed by direct assays. Thus the forming of complexes containing MAPKK activity and Raf-1 protein are dependent upon the activity of Ras.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Moodie, S A -- Willumsen, B M -- Weber, M J -- Wolfman, A -- CA 39076/CA/NCI NIH HHS/ -- CA 40042/CA/NCI NIH HHS/ -- GM 41220/GM/NIGMS NIH HHS/ -- etc. -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 1993 Jun 11;260(5114):1658-61.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Department of Cell Biology, Cleveland Clinic Foundation, OH 44106.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/8503013" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Animals ; Brain/metabolism ; Guanosine Triphosphate/*metabolism ; Guanylyl Imidodiphosphate/metabolism ; In Vitro Techniques ; Mitogen-Activated Protein Kinase 1 ; Mitogen-Activated Protein Kinase Kinases ; Mutation ; Phosphorylation ; Protein Binding ; Protein Kinases/*metabolism ; Protein-Serine-Threonine Kinases/metabolism ; Protein-Tyrosine Kinases/metabolism ; Proto-Oncogene Proteins/*metabolism ; Proto-Oncogene Proteins c-raf ; Proto-Oncogene Proteins p21(ras)/*metabolism ; Rats ; Signal Transduction/physiology
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  • 15
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    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Publication Date: 1993-01-22
    Description: Neurotransmitters acting on presynaptic terminals regulate synaptic transmission and plasticity. Because of the difficulty of direct electrophysiological recording from small presynaptic terminals, little is known about the ion channels that mediate these actions or about the mechanisms by which transmitter secretion is altered. The patch-clamp technique is used to show that the predominant inhibitory presynaptic neurotransmitter, gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA), activates a GABAA receptor and gates a chloride channel in the membranes of peptidergic nerve terminals of the posterior pituitary. The opening of a chloride channel by GABA weakly depolarizes the nerve terminal membrane and blocks action potentials. In this way, GABA limits secretion by retarding the spread of excitation into the terminal arborization.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Zhang, S J -- Jackson, M B -- NS30016/NS/NINDS NIH HHS/ -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 1993 Jan 22;259(5094):531-4.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Department of Physiology, University of Wisconsin Medical School, Madison 53706.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/8380942" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Animals ; Bicuculline/pharmacology ; Chlordiazepoxide/pharmacology ; Chloride Channels ; Chlorides/*metabolism ; GABA-A Receptor Antagonists ; Male ; Membrane Potentials/drug effects ; Membrane Proteins/drug effects/*physiology ; Muscimol/pharmacology ; Nerve Endings/drug effects/*physiology ; Picrotoxin/pharmacology ; Pituitary Gland, Posterior/drug effects/*physiology ; Rats ; Receptors, GABA-A/*physiology ; gamma-Aminobutyric Acid/*pharmacology
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  • 16
    Publication Date: 1993-02-26
    Description: Attempts to correlate behavioral learning with cellular changes, such as increased synaptic efficacy, have often relied on increased extracellular potentials as an index of enhanced synaptic strength. A recent example is the enlarged excitatory field potentials in the dentate gyrus of rats that are learning spatial relations by exploration. The altered hippocampal field potentials do not reflect learning-specific cellular changes but result from a concomitant rise in brain temperature that is caused by the associated muscular effort. Enhanced dentate field excitatory potentials followed both passive and active heating and were linearly related to the brain temperature. These temperature-related effects may mask any learning-induced changes in field potential.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Moser, E -- Mathiesen, I -- Andersen, P -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 1993 Feb 26;259(5099):1324-6.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Department of Neurophysiology, University of Oslo, Norway.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/8446900" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Animals ; Behavior, Animal/physiology ; Body Temperature ; Cerebellar Nuclei/*physiology ; Hippocampus/*physiology ; Male ; Membrane Potentials ; Physical Exertion ; Rats ; Swimming/physiology
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  • 17
    Publication Date: 1993-09-03
    Description: Annexins are a family of calcium- and phospholipid-binding proteins implicated in mediating membrane-related processes such as secretion, signal transduction, and ion channel activity. The crystal structure of rat annexin V was solved to 1.9 angstrom resolution by multiple isomorphous replacement. Unlike previously solved annexin V structures, all four domains bound calcium in this structure. Calcium binding in the third domain induced a large relocation of the calcium-binding loop regions, exposing the single tryptophan residue to the solvent. These alterations in annexin V suggest a role for domain 3 in calcium-triggered interaction with phospholipid membranes.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Concha, N O -- Head, J F -- Kaetzel, M A -- Dedman, J R -- Seaton, B A -- R01-DK-41740/DK/NIDDK NIH HHS/ -- R01-NS-20357/NS/NINDS NIH HHS/ -- R29-GM-44554/GM/NIGMS NIH HHS/ -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 1993 Sep 3;261(5126):1321-4.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Department of Physiology, Boston University School of Medicine, MA 02118.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/8362244" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Amino Acid Sequence ; Animals ; Annexin A5/*chemistry/metabolism ; Binding Sites ; Calcium/*metabolism ; Computer Graphics ; Crystallization ; Humans ; Hydrogen Bonding ; Molecular Sequence Data ; Protein Conformation ; Rats ; Sequence Alignment ; Tryptophan/chemistry ; X-Ray Diffraction
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  • 18
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    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Publication Date: 1993-04-23
    Description: 〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Zurzolo, C -- Rodriguez-Boulan, E -- GM 34107/GM/NIGMS NIH HHS/ -- R01 GM034107/GM/NIGMS NIH HHS/ -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 1993 Apr 23;260(5107):550-2; author reply 554-6.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/8386394" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Animals ; Cell Line ; Cell Membrane/*enzymology ; *Cell Polarity ; Epithelial Cells ; Rats ; *Sodium-Potassium-Exchanging ATPase/*metabolism
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  • 19
    Publication Date: 1993-07-09
    Description: Immunoconjugates (BR96-DOX) were prepared between chimeric monoclonal antibody BR96 and the anticancer drug doxorubicin. The monoclonal antibody binds an antigen related to Lewis Y that is abundantly expressed at the surface of cells from many human carcinomas; it has a high degree of tumor selectivity and is internalized after binding. BR96-DOX induced complete regressions and cures of xenografted human lung, breast, and colon carcinomas growing subcutaneously in athymic mice and cured 70 percent of mice bearing extensive metastases of a human lung carcinoma. Also, BR96-DOX cured 94 percent of athymic rats with subcutaneous human lung carcinoma, even though the rats, like humans and in contrast to mice, expressed the BR96 target antigen in normal tissues.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Trail, P A -- Willner, D -- Lasch, S J -- Henderson, A J -- Hofstead, S -- Casazza, A M -- Firestone, R A -- Hellstrom, I -- Hellstrom, K E -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 1993 Jul 9;261(5118):212-5.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Bristol-Myers Squibb Pharmaceutical Research Institute, Princeton, NJ 08543.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/8327892" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Animals ; Antibodies, Monoclonal/administration & dosage/immunology/*therapeutic use ; Antigens, Neoplasm/immunology ; Antigens, Surface/immunology ; Breast Neoplasms/drug therapy ; Colonic Neoplasms/drug therapy ; Doxorubicin/administration & dosage/*therapeutic use ; Humans ; Immunotoxins/administration & dosage/*therapeutic use ; Lung Neoplasms/drug therapy ; Mice ; Mice, Nude ; Neoplasm Transplantation ; Neoplasms, Experimental/*drug therapy ; Rats ; Rats, Nude
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  • 20
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    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Publication Date: 1993-03-05
    Description: Imaging the interior of living bodies with light may assist in the diagnosis and treatment of a number of clinical problems, which include the early detection of tumors and hypoxic cerebral injury. An existing picosecond time-of-flight and absorbance (TOFA) optical system has been used to image a model biologic system and a rat. Model measurements confirmed TOFA principles in systems with a high degree of photon scattering; rat images, which were constructed from the variable time delays experienced by a fixed fraction of early-arriving transmitted photons, revealed identifiable internal structure. A combination of light-based quantitative measurement and TOFA localization may have applications in continuous, noninvasive monitoring for structural imaging and spatial chemometric analysis in humans.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Benaron, D A -- Stevenson, D K -- RR-00081/RR/NCRR NIH HHS/ -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 1993 Mar 5;259(5100):1463-6.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Department of Pediatrics, Stanford University School of Medicine, Palo Alto, CA 94305.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/8451643" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Animals ; Humans ; Light ; Models, Theoretical ; Radiation ; Rats ; Spectrophotometry/instrumentation/*methods ; Time Factors
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  • 21
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    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Publication Date: 1993-07-09
    Description: The regulation of transcription requires complex interactions between proteins bound to DNA sequences that are often separated by hundreds of base pairs. As demonstrated by a nuclear ligation assay, the distal enhancer and the proximal promoter regions of the rat prolactin gene were found to be juxtaposed. By acting through its receptor bound to the distal enhancer, estrogen stimulated the interaction between the distal and proximal regulatory regions two- to threefold compared to control values. Thus, the chromatin structure of the prolactin gene may facilitate the occurrence of protein-protein interactions between transcription factors bound to widely separated regulatory elements.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Cullen, K E -- Kladde, M P -- Seyfred, M A -- DK42731/DK/NIDDK NIH HHS/ -- T32HD07048/HD/NICHD NIH HHS/ -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 1993 Jul 9;261(5118):203-6.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Department of Molecular Biology, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN 37235.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/8327891" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Animals ; Base Sequence ; Cell Line ; Cell Nucleus/metabolism ; Chromatin/*chemistry/metabolism ; DNA/chemistry/metabolism ; Deoxyribonucleases, Type II Site-Specific ; *Enhancer Elements, Genetic ; Estrogens/metabolism ; Molecular Sequence Data ; Oligodeoxyribonucleotides ; Polymerase Chain Reaction ; Prolactin/*genetics ; *Promoter Regions, Genetic ; Protein Conformation ; Protein Folding ; Rats ; Receptors, Estrogen/metabolism ; Regulatory Sequences, Nucleic Acid ; *Transcription, Genetic
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  • 22
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    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Publication Date: 1993-04-09
    Description: 〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Travis, J -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 1993 Apr 9;260(5105):162-3.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/8469970" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Aging/drug effects ; Animals ; Colonic Neoplasms/*genetics ; Flumazenil/*pharmacology ; *Genes, DCC ; Humans ; Memory/*drug effects ; Rats ; Societies, Scientific/organization & administration
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  • 23
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    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Publication Date: 1993-03-26
    Description: 〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Travis, J -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 1993 Mar 26;259(5103):1829.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/8456311" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Animals ; Cell Differentiation ; Cell Division ; Humans ; Liver/*cytology ; Rats ; Stem Cells/*cytology
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  • 24
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    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Publication Date: 1993-11-26
    Description: 〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Panula, P -- Wasowicz, K -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 1993 Nov 26;262(5138):1454; author reply 1454-5.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/8248787" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Animals ; Anti-Ulcer Agents/pharmacology ; Gastric Mucosa/*chemistry ; Histidine Decarboxylase/analysis ; Macrophages/chemistry ; Oligonucleotide Probes ; Rats ; Receptors, Cell Surface/analysis ; Receptors, Histamine H2/*analysis
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  • 25
    Publication Date: 1993-05-14
    Description: The CD4 antigen is a membrane glycoprotein of T lymphocytes that interacts with major histocompatibility complex class II antigens and is also a receptor for the human immunodeficiency virus. the extracellular portion of CD4 is predicted to fold into four immunoglobulin-like domains. The crystal structure of the third and fourth domains of rat CD4 was solved at 2.8 angstrom resolution and shows that both domains have immunoglobulin folds. Domain 3, however, lacks the disulfide between the beta sheets; this results in an expansion of the domain. There is a difference of 30 degrees in the orientation between domains 3 and 4 when compared with domains 1 and 2. The two CD4 fragment structures provide a basis from which models of the overall receptor can be proposed. These models suggest an extended structure comprising two rigid portions joined by a short and possibly flexible linker region.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Brady, R L -- Dodson, E J -- Dodson, G G -- Lange, G -- Davis, S J -- Williams, A F -- Barclay, A N -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 1993 May 14;260(5110):979-83.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Department of Chemistry, University of York, United Kingdom.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/8493535" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Amino Acid Sequence ; Animals ; Antigens, CD4/*chemistry ; Crystallization ; Humans ; Models, Molecular ; Molecular Sequence Data ; Protein Conformation ; Protein Folding ; Protein Structure, Secondary ; Rats ; Sequence Alignment ; X-Ray Diffraction
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  • 26
    Publication Date: 1993-03-19
    Description: The alpha component of the receptor for ciliary neurotrophic factor (CNTF) differs from other known growth factor receptors in that it is anchored to cell membranes by a glycosylphosphatidylinositol linkage. One possible function of this type of linkage is to allow for the regulated release of this receptor component. Cell lines not normally responsive to CNTF responded to treatment with a combination of CNTF and a soluble form of the CNTF alpha receptor component. These findings not only demonstrate that the CNTF receptor alpha chain is a required component of the functional CNTF receptor complex but also reveal that it can function in soluble form as part of a heterodimeric ligand. Potential physiological roles for the soluble CNTF receptor are suggested by its presence in cerebrospinal fluid and by its release from skeletal muscle in response to peripheral nerve injury.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Davis, S -- Aldrich, T H -- Ip, N Y -- Stahl, N -- Scherer, S -- Farruggella, T -- DiStefano, P S -- Curtis, R -- Panayotatos, N -- Gascan, H -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 1993 Mar 19;259(5102):1736-9.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Regeneron Pharmaceuticals, Inc., Tarrytown, NY 10591.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/7681218" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Animals ; Cell Differentiation/drug effects ; Cell Division/drug effects ; Cell Membrane/metabolism ; Ciliary Neurotrophic Factor ; Cloning, Molecular ; Gene Expression ; Glycosylphosphatidylinositols/metabolism ; Growth Inhibitors/pharmacology ; Hematopoietic Stem Cells/cytology/drug effects ; Humans ; Interleukin-6/pharmacology ; Leukemia Inhibitory Factor ; Lymphokines/pharmacology ; Mice ; Muscle Denervation ; Muscles/innervation/metabolism ; Nerve Tissue Proteins/*pharmacology ; Phosphatidylinositol Diacylglycerol-Lyase ; Phosphoric Diester Hydrolases/metabolism ; Phosphotyrosine ; RNA, Messenger/genetics ; Rats ; Receptor, Ciliary Neurotrophic Factor ; Receptors, Cell Surface/chemistry/*physiology ; Signal Transduction/physiology ; Tumor Cells, Cultured ; Tyrosine/analogs & derivatives/metabolism
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  • 27
    Publication Date: 1993-02-05
    Description: beta-Adrenergic receptor kinase (beta ARK) and beta-arrestin function in the homologous or agonist-activated desensitization of G protein-coupled receptors. The isoforms beta ARK-2 and beta-arrestin-2 are highly enriched in and localized to the dendritic knobs and cilia of the olfactory receptor neurons where the initial events of olfactory signal transduction occur. Odorants induce a rapid and transient elevation of adenosine 3',5'-monophosphate (cAMP), which activates a nonspecific cation channel and produces membrane depolarization. Preincubation of rat olfactory cilia with antibodies raised against beta ARK-2 and beta-arrestin-2 increased the odorant-induced elevation of cAMP and attenuated desensitization. These results suggest that beta ARK-2 and beta-arrestin-2 mediate agonist-dependent desensitization in olfaction.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Dawson, T M -- Arriza, J L -- Jaworsky, D E -- Borisy, F F -- Attramadal, H -- Lefkowitz, R J -- Ronnett, G V -- NS 01578-01/NS/NINDS NIH HHS/ -- NS-02131/NS/NINDS NIH HHS/ -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 1993 Feb 5;259(5096):825-9.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Department of Neuroscience, Johns Hopkins Medical Institutions, Baltimore, MD 21205.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/8381559" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Animals ; Antigens/*metabolism ; *Arrestins ; Cells, Cultured ; Cyclic AMP/metabolism ; *Cyclic AMP-Dependent Protein Kinases ; Cytosol/metabolism ; Dendrites/physiology ; Eye Proteins/*metabolism ; G-Protein-Coupled Receptor Kinase 2 ; GTP-Binding Proteins/*metabolism ; Isoenzymes/metabolism ; Male ; Mechanoreceptors/*physiology ; Neurons/*physiology ; *Odors ; Olfactory Bulb/*physiology ; Protein Kinases/*metabolism ; Rats ; Rats, Sprague-Dawley ; Receptors, Adrenergic, beta/*physiology ; Signal Transduction ; *Smell ; Testis/physiology ; Turbinates/*physiology ; beta-Adrenergic Receptor Kinases
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  • 28
    Publication Date: 1993-06-11
    Description: Elevated blood concentrations of lipoprotein(a) [Lp(a)] and its constituent, apolipoprotein(a) [apo(a)], constitute a major risk factor for atherosclerosis, but their physiological activities remain obscure. Lp(a) and purified apo(a) stimulated the growth of human smooth muscle cells in culture. This effect resulted from inhibition of plasminogen activation, and consequently the activation by plasmin of latent transforming growth factor-beta, which is an inhibitor of smooth muscle cell growth. Because smooth muscle proliferation is one of the hallmarks of atherosclerotic lesions, these results point to a plausible mechanism for the atherogenic activity of Lp(a).〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Grainger, D J -- Kirschenlohr, H L -- Metcalfe, J C -- Weissberg, P L -- Wade, D P -- Lawn, R M -- Wellcome Trust/United Kingdom -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 1993 Jun 11;260(5114):1655-8.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Department of Biochemistry, University of Cambridge, United Kingdom.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/8503012" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Animals ; Apolipoproteins/physiology ; Apoprotein(a) ; Cell Division/drug effects/physiology ; Cells, Cultured ; Fibrinolysin/physiology ; Humans ; Lipoprotein(a)/*physiology ; Muscle, Smooth, Vascular/*cytology/metabolism ; Plasminogen Activators/metabolism ; Rats ; Tamoxifen/pharmacology ; Transforming Growth Factor beta/physiology
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  • 29
    Publication Date: 1993-06-04
    Description: Phosphorothioate oligodeoxynucleotides containing the C-5 propyne analogs of uridine and cytidine bind RNA with high affinity and are potent antisense inhibitors of gene expression. In a cellular assay, gene-specific antisense inhibition occurred at nanomolar concentrations of oligonucleotide, was dose-dependent and exquisitely sensitive to sequence mismatches, and was correlated with the melting temperature and length of oligonucleotide. Activity was independent of RNA target site and cell type but was detectable only when the oligonucleotides were microinjected or delivered with cell-permeabilizing agents. These oligonucleotides may have important applications in therapy and in studies of gene function.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Wagner, R W -- Matteucci, M D -- Lewis, J G -- Gutierrez, A J -- Moulds, C -- Froehler, B C -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 1993 Jun 4;260(5113):1510-3.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Gilead Sciences, Inc., Foster City, CA 94404.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/7684856" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Alkynes/pharmacology ; Animals ; Base Sequence ; Cell Line ; Cercopithecus aethiops ; Humans ; Molecular Sequence Data ; Oligonucleotides, Antisense/pharmacokinetics/*pharmacology ; Pyrimidine Nucleotides/pharmacokinetics/*pharmacology ; RNA/*drug effects ; Rats ; Thionucleotides/pharmacokinetics/*pharmacology
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  • 30
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    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Publication Date: 1993-07-02
    Description: During development of the nervous system, distinct populations of nerve cells extend specialized processes, axons and dendrites, over considerable distances to locate their targets. There is strong evidence for two general mechanisms by which these connections are made. The first involves attractive and repulsive interactions, both between cells and between them and their extracellular matrix. The second depends on the release of diffusible chemoattractants by target structures. Evidence is now provided for a mechanism of axon guidance in which diffusible chemorepulsive factors create exclusion zones for developing axons, causing them to turn away from inappropriate territory.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Pini, A -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 1993 Jul 2;261(5117):95-8.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Medical Research Council Mammalian Development Unit, London, United Kingdom.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/8316861" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Animals ; Axons/*physiology ; Cerebral Cortex/cytology/embryology/physiology ; Contact Inhibition ; Culture Techniques ; Olfactory Bulb/cytology/*embryology/physiology ; Olfactory Pathways/cytology/*embryology/physiology ; Rats ; Telencephalon/cytology/embryology/physiology
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  • 31
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    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Publication Date: 1993-06-04
    Description: Guanosine triphosphate (GTP) cyclohydrolase I, the rate-limiting enzyme in the biosynthesis of tetrahydrobiopterin (BH4), is subject to feedback inhibition by BH4, a cofactor for phenylalanine hydroxylase. Inhibition was found to depend specifically on BH4 and the presence of another protein (p35). The inhibition occurred through BH4-dependent complex formation between p35 protein and GTP cyclohydrolase I. Furthermore, the inhibition was specifically reversed by phenylalanine, and, in conjunction with p35, phenylalanine reduced the cooperativity of GTP cyclohydrolase I. These findings also provide a molecular basis for high plasma BH4 concentrations observed in patients with hyperphenylalaninemia caused by phenylalanine hydroxylase deficiency.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Harada, T -- Kagamiyama, H -- Hatakeyama, K -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 1993 Jun 4;260(5113):1507-10.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Department of Biochemistry, Osaka Medical College, Japan.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/8502995" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Animals ; Biological Factors/physiology ; Biopterin/analogs & derivatives/physiology ; Chromatography, Gel ; Feedback ; GTP Cyclohydrolase/antagonists & inhibitors/*metabolism ; Humans ; In Vitro Techniques ; Liver/metabolism ; Phenylalanine/physiology ; Phenylalanine Hydroxylase/metabolism ; Protein Binding ; Rats ; Recombinant Proteins/metabolism ; Tissue Extracts
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  • 32
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    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Publication Date: 1993-08-20
    Description: The effectiveness of long-term potentiation (LTP) as a mechanism for information storage would be severely limited if processes that decrease synaptic strength did not also exist. In area CA1 of the rat hippocampus, prolonged periods of low-frequency afferent stimulation elicit a long-term depression (LTD) that is specific to the stimulated input. The induction of LTD was blocked by the extracellular application of okadaic acid or calyculin A, two inhibitors of protein phosphatases 1 and 2A. The loading of CA1 cells with microcystin LR, a membrane-impermeable protein phosphatase inhibitor, or calmodulin antagonists also blocked or attenuated LTD. The application of calyculin A after the induction of LTD reversed the synaptic depression, suggesting that phosphatase activity is required for the maintenance of LTD. These findings indicate that the synaptic activation of protein phosphatases plays an important role in the regulation of synaptic transmission.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Mulkey, R M -- Herron, C E -- Malenka, R C -- MH00942/MH/NIMH NIH HHS/ -- MH10306/MH/NIMH NIH HHS/ -- MH45334/MH/NIMH NIH HHS/ -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 1993 Aug 20;261(5124):1051-5.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Department of Psychiatry, University of California, San Francisco 94143-0984.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/8394601" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Animals ; Calcium/metabolism ; Calmodulin/metabolism ; Electric Stimulation ; Ethers, Cyclic/pharmacology ; Hippocampus/drug effects/enzymology/*physiology ; Microcystins ; Okadaic Acid ; Oxazoles/pharmacology ; Peptides, Cyclic/pharmacology ; Phosphoprotein Phosphatases/antagonists & inhibitors/*metabolism ; Phosphorylation ; Rats ; Rats, Sprague-Dawley ; Receptors, N-Methyl-D-Aspartate/physiology ; Synapses/drug effects/*physiology ; *Synaptic Transmission/drug effects
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  • 33
    Publication Date: 1993-12-24
    Description: X-linked Charcot-Marie-Tooth disease (CMTX) is a form of hereditary neuropathy with demyelination. Recently, this disorder was mapped to chromosome Xq13.1. The gene for the gap junction protein connexin32 is located in the same chromosomal segment, which led to its consideration as a candidate gene for CMTX. With the use of Northern (RNA) blot and immunohistochemistry technique, it was found that connexin32 is normally expressed in myelinated peripheral nerve. Direct sequencing of the connexin32 gene showed seven different mutations in affected persons from eight CMTX families. These findings, a demonstration of inherited defects in a gap junction protein, suggest that connexin32 plays an important role in peripheral nerve.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Bergoffen, J -- Scherer, S S -- Wang, S -- Scott, M O -- Bone, L J -- Paul, D L -- Chen, K -- Lensch, M W -- Chance, P F -- Fischbeck, K H -- GM37751/GM/NIGMS NIH HHS/ -- NS01565/NS/NINDS NIH HHS/ -- NS08075/NS/NINDS NIH HHS/ -- etc. -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 1993 Dec 24;262(5142):2039-42.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Department of Neurology, University of Pennsylvania Medical School, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia 19104.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/8266101" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Amino Acid Sequence ; Animals ; Base Sequence ; Charcot-Marie-Tooth Disease/*genetics ; Chromosome Mapping ; Connexins/analysis/*genetics ; Female ; Genetic Linkage ; Humans ; Male ; Molecular Sequence Data ; *Mutation ; Nerve Fibers, Myelinated/chemistry ; Nerve Tissue Proteins/analysis ; Peripheral Nerves/chemistry ; Rats ; X Chromosome
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  • 34
    Publication Date: 1993-04-02
    Description: In pituitary gonadotropes, gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH) induces the rhythmic release of Ca2+ from an inositol 1,4,5-trisphosphate (IP3)-sensitive store. Simultaneous measurement of the concentration of cytosolic free Ca2+ ([Ca2+]i) and exocytosis in single identified gonadotropes showed that each elevation of [Ca2+]i induced a burst of exocytosis. These phenomena were largely suppressed by buffering of [Ca2+]i but persisted in the absence of extracellular Ca2+. Activation of voltage-gated Ca2+ channels by brief depolarizations seldom supplied enough Ca2+ for exocytosis, but [Ca2+]i elevations induced by photolysis of caged IP3 did trigger exocytosis, confirming that GnRH-stimulated gonadotropic hormone secretion is closely coupled to intracellular Ca2+ release. Agonist-induced oscillations of [Ca2+]i in secretory cells may be a mechanism to optimize the secretory output while avoiding the toxic effects of sustained elevation of [Ca2+]i.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Tse, A -- Tse, F W -- Almers, W -- Hille, B -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 1993 Apr 2;260(5104):82-4.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Department of Physiology and Biophysics, University of Washington School of Medicine, Seattle 98195.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/8385366" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Action Potentials ; Animals ; Calcium/*metabolism ; Calcium Channels/drug effects/physiology ; Cytoplasmic Granules/drug effects/physiology ; Electrophysiology ; Exocytosis/*drug effects ; Gonadotropin-Releasing Hormone/administration & dosage/*pharmacology ; Inositol 1,4,5-Trisphosphate/pharmacology ; Male ; Periodicity ; Photolysis ; Pituitary Gland/drug effects/*physiology/ultrastructure ; Rats ; Rats, Sprague-Dawley
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  • 35
    Publication Date: 1993-12-03
    Description: During inflammation, neutrophils migrate from the vascular lumen into extravascular sites. In vitro assays have suggested that platelet-endothelial cell adhesion molecule-1 [PECAM-1 (CD31)], a member of the immunoglobulin superfamily, is required for the transmigration of neutrophils across endothelial monolayers. Antibody to human PECAM-1, which cross-reacts with rat PECAM-1, was found to block not only in vivo accumulation of rat neutrophils into the peritoneal cavity and the alveolar compartment of the lung but also neutrophil accumulation in human skin grafts transplanted onto immunodeficient mice. On the basis of these findings in three different models of inflammation, it appears that PECAM-1 is required for neutrophil transmigration in vivo and may thus be a potential therapeutic target.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Vaporciyan, A A -- DeLisser, H M -- Yan, H C -- Mendiguren, I I -- Thom, S R -- Jones, M L -- Ward, P A -- Albelda, S M -- HL-31963/HL/NHLBI NIH HHS/ -- HL-430020-02/HL/NHLBI NIH HHS/ -- HL-46311/HL/NHLBI NIH HHS/ -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 1993 Dec 3;262(5139):1580-2.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Department of Pathology, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor 48109.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/8248808" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Animals ; Antibodies/pharmacology ; Antigens, CD31 ; Antigens, Differentiation, Myelomonocytic/immunology/*physiology ; Cell Adhesion Molecules/immunology/*physiology ; Cell Movement/physiology ; Chemotaxis, Leukocyte/physiology ; Endothelium/immunology ; Humans ; Immune Complex Diseases/immunology ; Membrane Glycoproteins/immunology/*physiology ; Mice ; Mice, SCID ; Neutrophils/*physiology ; Peritoneal Cavity/cytology ; Rats ; Skin Transplantation/immunology ; Transplantation, Heterologous/immunology
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  • 36
    Publication Date: 1993-10-15
    Description: Repetitive activation of excitatory synapses in the hippocampus produces a persistent enhancement of synaptic efficiency known as long-term potentiation (LTP). In anesthetized and in freely moving rats, the induction of LTP in the perforant path led to a transient increase in the amount of messenger RNA (mRNA) coding for a presynaptic glutamate receptor (GR33) in dentate granule cells. The amount of GR33 mRNA was increased for at least 5 hours after the induction of LTP but was indistinguishable from control values 1 day after induction. The N-methyl-D-aspartate receptor antagonist 2-aminophosphonovalerate prevented the induction of both LTP and the increase in GR33 mRNA. The amount of GR33 protein was increased in the mossy fiber terminal zone of dentate granule cells 5 hours after the induction of LTP. These results suggest that the induction of LTP in synapses at one stage in a neural network may lead to modification in synaptic function at the next stage in the network.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Smirnova, T -- Laroche, S -- Errington, M L -- Hicks, A A -- Bliss, T V -- Mallet, J -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 1993 Oct 15;262(5132):433-6.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Laboratoire de genetique moleculaire de la neurotransmission et des processus neurodegeneratifs, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Gif-sur-Yvette, France.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/8105538" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: 2-Amino-5-phosphonovalerate/pharmacology ; Animals ; Electric Stimulation ; Evoked Potentials ; Gene Expression ; Hippocampus/*metabolism/physiology ; In Situ Hybridization ; Male ; RNA, Messenger/genetics/metabolism ; Rats ; Rats, Sprague-Dawley ; Receptors, Glutamate/biosynthesis/*genetics ; Receptors, Presynaptic/biosynthesis/*genetics ; Synapses/*metabolism
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  • 37
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    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Publication Date: 1993-06-18
    Description: The reinforcing properties of cocaine are probably mediated by the mesocorticolimbic dopamine pathways in the central nervous system, but not all of the dopamine receptor subtypes involved in cocaine's reinforcing actions have been clearly identified. Recently, the D-3 receptor has been cloned, and its distribution in the brain has been found to be relatively restricted to limbic projections of the midbrain dopamine system. The D-3-selective compounds 7-hydroxy-N,N-di-n-propyl-2-aminotetralin (7-OHDPAT) and quinpirole potently decreased cocaine self-administration in the rat at doses that were not by themselves reinforcing. Moreover, three dopamine receptor agonists had affinities for binding to the D-3 receptor that correlated highly with their relative potencies in decreasing cocaine self-administration. The D-3 receptor may be involved in the reinforcing effects of cocaine and may be a useful target for the development of new pharmacotherapies for cocaine abuse.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Caine, S B -- Koob, G F -- NIDA DA04398/DA/NIDA NIH HHS/ -- NIDA DA05478/DA/NIDA NIH HHS/ -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 1993 Jun 18;260(5115):1814-6.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Department of Neuropharmacology, Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA 92037.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/8099761" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Animals ; Apomorphine/pharmacology ; Cocaine/*administration & dosage ; Dopamine Agents/*pharmacology ; Dose-Response Relationship, Drug ; Ergolines/pharmacology ; Male ; Quinpirole ; Rats ; Rats, Wistar ; Receptors, Dopamine/*metabolism ; *Receptors, Dopamine D2 ; Receptors, Dopamine D3 ; Reinforcement (Psychology) ; Self Administration ; Tetrahydronaphthalenes/pharmacology
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  • 38
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    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Publication Date: 1993-08-20
    Description: 〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Eichenbaum, H -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 1993 Aug 20;261(5124):993-4.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Center for Behavioral Neuroscience, State University of New York, Stony Brook 11794.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/8351525" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Animals ; Brain Mapping ; Cerebral Cortex/physiology ; Hippocampus/*physiology ; *Memory ; Neurons/*physiology ; *Perception ; Rats
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  • 39
    Publication Date: 1993-01-22
    Description: The function of neuropeptide Y, one of the most abundant peptide transmitters of the mammalian brain, remains unclear because of a lack of specific receptor antagonists. An antisense oligodeoxynucleotide corresponding to the NH2-terminus of the rat Y1 receptor was constructed and added to cultures of rat cortical neurons. This treatment resulted in a reduced density of Y1 (but not Y2) receptors and diminished the decrease in adenosine 3',5'-monophosphate (cAMP) usually seen after Y1 receptor activation. Repeated injection of the same oligodeoxynucleotide into the lateral cerebral ventricle of rats was followed by a similar reduction of cortical Y1 (but not Y2) receptors. Such antisense-treated animals displayed behavioral signs of anxiety. Thus, specific inhibition of neurotransmitter receptor expression can be accomplished in the living brain and demonstrates that altered central neuropeptide Y transmission produces an anxiety-like state.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Wahlestedt, C -- Pich, E M -- Koob, G F -- Yee, F -- Heilig, M -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 1993 Jan 22;259(5094):528-31.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Department of Neurology and Neuroscience, Cornell University Medical College, New York, NY 10021.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/8380941" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Animals ; *Anxiety ; Base Sequence ; Cells, Cultured ; Cerebral Cortex/*physiology ; Cyclic AMP/metabolism ; Down-Regulation ; Embryo, Mammalian ; Learning ; Male ; Molecular Sequence Data ; Neurons/drug effects/*physiology ; Neuropeptide Y/*physiology ; Oligodeoxyribonucleotides ; Oligonucleotides, Antisense/*pharmacology ; Polymerase Chain Reaction ; Rats ; Rats, Wistar ; Receptors, Neuropeptide Y/*drug effects/*genetics/metabolism
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  • 40
    Publication Date: 1993-02-05
    Description: Various heterotrimeric guanine nucleotide-binding proteins have been identified on the basis of the individual subtypes of their alpha subunits. The beta gamma complexes, composed of beta and gamma subunits, remain tightly associated under physiological conditions and have been assumed to constitute a common pool shared among various guanosine triphosphate (GTP)-binding (G) protein heterotrimers. Particular alpha and beta subunit subtypes participate in the signal transduction processes between somatostatin or muscarinic receptors and the voltage-sensitive L-type calcium channel in rat pituitary GH3 cells. Among gamma subunits the gamma 3 subtype was found to be required for coupling of the somatostatin receptor to voltage-sensitive calcium channels, whereas the gamma 4 subtype was found to be required for coupling of the muscarinic receptor to those channels.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Kleuss, C -- Scherubl, H -- Hescheler, J -- Schultz, G -- Wittig, B -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 1993 Feb 5;259(5096):832-4.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Institut fur Molekularbiologie und Biochemie, Freie Universitat Berlin, Germany.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/8094261" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Animals ; Base Sequence ; Calcium/metabolism ; Calcium Channels/*physiology ; Carbachol/pharmacology ; GTP-Binding Proteins/genetics/*metabolism ; Macromolecular Substances ; Molecular Sequence Data ; Oligodeoxyribonucleotides ; Oligonucleotides, Antisense/pharmacology ; Pituitary Neoplasms ; RNA, Messenger/genetics/isolation & purification/metabolism ; Rats ; Signal Transduction/drug effects/*physiology ; Somatostatin/pharmacology ; Tumor Cells, Cultured
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  • 41
    Publication Date: 1993-06-25
    Description: To acquire transforming potential, the precursor of the Ras oncoprotein must undergo farnesylation of the cysteine residue located in a carboxyl-terminal tetrapeptide. Inhibitors of the enzyme that catalyzes this modification, farnesyl protein transferase (FPTase), have therefore been suggested as anticancer agents for tumors in which Ras contributes to transformation. The tetrapeptide analog L-731,735 is a potent and selective inhibitor of FPTase in vitro. A prodrug of this compound, L-731,734, inhibited Ras processing in cells transformed with v-ras. L-731,734 decreased the ability of v-ras-transformed cells to form colonies in soft agar but had no effect on the efficiency of colony formation of cells transformed by either the v-raf or v-mos oncogenes. The results demonstrate selective inhibition of ras-dependent cell transformation with a synthetic organic inhibitor of FPTase.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Kohl, N E -- Mosser, S D -- deSolms, S J -- Giuliani, E A -- Pompliano, D L -- Graham, S L -- Smith, R L -- Scolnick, E M -- Oliff, A -- Gibbs, J B -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 1993 Jun 25;260(5116):1934-7.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Department of Cancer Research, Merck Research Laboratories, West Point, PA 19486.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/8316833" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: *Alkyl and Aryl Transferases ; Animals ; Antineoplastic Agents/chemistry/*pharmacology ; Cell Division/drug effects ; Cell Line ; Cell Transformation, Neoplastic/*drug effects ; Dipeptides/chemistry/*pharmacology ; Drug Design ; Farnesyltranstransferase ; *Genes, ras ; Oncogene Proteins/*metabolism ; Protein Prenylation/*drug effects ; Rats ; Transferases/*antagonists & inhibitors
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  • 42
    Publication Date: 1993-12-24
    Description: Major histocompatibility complex (MHC) class I molecules associate with peptides that are delivered from the cytosol to the lumen of the endoplasmic reticulum by the transporter associated with antigen processing (TAP). Liver microsomes of SHR and Lewis rats, which express different alleles of TAP (cim(b) and cim(a), respectively), accumulate different sets of peptides. Use of MHC congenic rats assigned this difference to the MHC, independent of the class I products expressed. Both the cim(a) and cim(b) TAP complexes translocate peptides with a hydrophobic carboxyl terminus, but translocation of peptides with a carboxyl-terminal His, Lys, or Arg residue is unique to cim(a). Thus, the specificity of the TAP peptide translocator restricts the peptides available for antigen presentation.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Heemels, M T -- Schumacher, T N -- Wonigeit, K -- Ploegh, H L -- R01 AI3 3456-01/AI/NIAID NIH HHS/ -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 1993 Dec 24;262(5142):2059-63.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Department of Biology, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge 02139.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/8266106" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: *ATP-Binding Cassette Transporters ; Alleles ; Amino Acid Sequence ; Animals ; Antigen Presentation/*physiology ; Biological Transport/physiology ; Carrier Proteins/genetics/*physiology ; Histocompatibility Antigens Class I/physiology ; Histocompatibility Antigens Class II/genetics/*physiology ; In Vitro Techniques ; Microsomes, Liver/metabolism ; Molecular Sequence Data ; Oligopeptides/*metabolism ; Rats ; Rats, Inbred BN ; Rats, Inbred Lew ; Rats, Inbred SHR ; Substrate Specificity
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  • 43
    Publication Date: 1993-12-17
    Description: The gamma chain of the interleukin-2 (IL-2) receptor is an indispensable subunit for IL-2 binding and intracellular signal transduction. A monoclonal antibody to the gamma chain, TUGm2, inhibited IL-2 binding to the functional IL-2 receptors and also inhibited IL-4-induced cell growth and the high-affinity binding of IL-4 to the CTLL-2 mouse T cell line. Another monoclonal antibody, TUGm3, which reacted with the gamma chain cross-linked with IL-2, also immunoprecipitated the gamma chain when cross-linked with IL-4. These results suggest that the IL-2 receptor gamma chain is functionally involved in the IL-4 receptor complex.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Kondo, M -- Takeshita, T -- Ishii, N -- Nakamura, M -- Watanabe, S -- Arai, K -- Sugamura, K -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 1993 Dec 17;262(5141):1874-7.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Department of Microbiology, Tohoku University School of Medicine, Sendai, Japan.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/8266076" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Animals ; Antibodies, Monoclonal ; Cell Division ; Cell Line ; Interleukin-2/metabolism/pharmacology ; Interleukin-4/metabolism/pharmacology ; Mice ; Rats ; Rats, Wistar ; Receptors, Interleukin-2/chemistry/immunology/*metabolism ; Receptors, Interleukin-4 ; Receptors, Mitogen/chemistry/immunology/*metabolism ; Signal Transduction ; T-Lymphocytes/cytology/immunology
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  • 44
    Publication Date: 1993-03-12
    Description: Betacellulin, a member of the epidermal growth factor family, has been identified in the conditioned medium of cell lines derived from mouse pancreatic beta cell tumors. Betacellulin is a 32-kilodalton glycoprotein that appears to be processed from a larger transmembrane precursor by proteolytic cleavage. The carboxyl-terminal domain of betacellulin has 50 percent sequence similarity with that of rat transforming growth factor alpha. Betacellulin is a potent mitogen for retinal pigment epithelial cells and vascular smooth muscle cells.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Shing, Y -- Christofori, G -- Hanahan, D -- Ono, Y -- Sasada, R -- Igarashi, K -- Folkman, J -- CA 70118/CA/NCI NIH HHS/ -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 1993 Mar 12;259(5101):1604-7.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Department of Surgery, Children's Hospital, Boston, MA.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/8456283" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: 3T3 Cells ; Amino Acid Sequence ; Animals ; Base Sequence ; Betacellulin ; Cell Division/drug effects ; Cells, Cultured ; DNA Replication/drug effects ; Endothelium, Vascular/cytology/drug effects ; Epidermal Growth Factor/pharmacology ; Growth Substances/*genetics/isolation & purification/pharmacology ; Humans ; *Intercellular Signaling Peptides and Proteins ; Islets of Langerhans/physiopathology ; Kinetics ; Mice ; Molecular Sequence Data ; Muscle, Smooth, Vascular/cytology/drug effects ; Oligodeoxyribonucleotides ; Pancreatic Neoplasms/*physiopathology ; Pigment Epithelium of Eye/cytology/drug effects ; Polymerase Chain Reaction/methods ; Protein Precursors/genetics ; Rats ; Receptor, Epidermal Growth Factor/metabolism ; Recombinant Proteins/pharmacology ; Sequence Homology, Amino Acid ; Thymidine/metabolism ; Transforming Growth Factor alpha/genetics
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  • 45
    Publication Date: 1993-10-15
    Description: The capsular polysaccharide complex from Bacteroides fragilis promotes the formation of intra-abdominal abscesses--a pathologic host response to infecting microorganisms. This complex consists of two distinct polysaccharides, each with repeating units that have positively charged amino groups and negatively charged carboxyl or phosphate groups. Analysis of these polysaccharides as well as other charged carbohydrates before and after chemical modification revealed that these oppositely charged groups are required for the induction of intra-abdominal abscesses in a rat model.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Tzianabos, A O -- Onderdonk, A B -- Rosner, B -- Cisneros, R L -- Kasper, D L -- 1F32 AI 084901 AI/AI/NIAID NIH HHS/ -- 2T32AI07061-11AI/AI/NIAID NIH HHS/ -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 1993 Oct 15;262(5132):416-9.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Channing Laboratory, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, MA.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/8211161" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: *Abdomen ; Abscess/*microbiology ; Animals ; Bacterial Capsules/*chemistry/toxicity ; Bacteroides Infections/*microbiology ; Bacteroides fragilis/*pathogenicity ; Carbohydrate Sequence ; Male ; Molecular Sequence Data ; Neisseria meningitidis/pathogenicity ; Polysaccharides, Bacterial/chemistry/toxicity ; Rats ; Rats, Wistar ; Salmonella typhi/pathogenicity ; Streptococcus pneumoniae/pathogenicity ; Structure-Activity Relationship
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  • 46
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    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Publication Date: 1993-03-26
    Description: Eukaryotic cells become committed to proliferate during the G1 phase of the cell cycle. In budding yeast, commitment occurs when the catalytic subunit of a protein kinase, encoded by the CDC28 gene (the homolog of the fission yeast cdc2+ gene), binds to a positively acting regulatory subunit, a cyclin. Related kinases are also required for progression through the G1 phase in higher eukaryotes. The role of cyclins in controlling G1 progression in mammalian cells was tested by construction of fibroblasts that constitutively overexpress human cyclin E. This was found to shorten the duration of G1, decrease cell size, and diminish the serum requirement for the transition from G1 to S phase. These observations show that cyclin levels can be rate-limiting for G1 progression in mammalian cells and suggest that cyclin synthesis may be the target of physiological signals that control cell proliferation.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Ohtsubo, M -- Roberts, J M -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 1993 Mar 26;259(5103):1908-12.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Department of Basic Sciences, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, WA 98104.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/8384376" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Animals ; Cell Division/physiology ; Cell Line ; Cloning, Molecular ; Cyclins/genetics/*physiology ; Fibroblasts/*cytology/metabolism ; Flow Cytometry ; G1 Phase/*physiology ; Gene Expression ; Genetic Vectors ; Humans ; Kanamycin Kinase ; Male ; Phosphotransferases/genetics ; Rats ; Recombinant Fusion Proteins/metabolism ; Retroviridae/genetics ; S Phase/physiology ; Time Factors ; Transfection
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  • 47
    Publication Date: 1993-01-01
    Description: Rat C6 glioma cells express insulin-like growth factor I (IGF-I) and form rapidly growing tumors in syngeneic animals. When transfected with an episome-based vector encoding antisense IGF-I complementary DNA, these cells lost tumorigenicity. Subcutaneous injection of IGF-I antisense-transfected C6 cells into rats prevented formation of both subcutaneous tumors and brain tumors induced by nontransfected C6 cells. The antisense-transfected cells also caused regression of established brain glioblastomas when injected at a point distal to the tumor. These antitumor effects result from a glioma-specific immune response involving CD8+ lymphocytes. Antisense blocking of IGF-I expression may reverse a phenotype that allows C6 glioma cells to evade the immune system.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Trojan, J -- Johnson, T R -- Rudin, S D -- Ilan, J -- Tykocinski, M L -- CA-43703/CA/NCI NIH HHS/ -- HD-18271/HD/NICHD NIH HHS/ -- HD-25004/HD/NICHD NIH HHS/ -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 1993 Jan 1;259(5091):94-7.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉INSERM, Paris.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/8418502" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Animals ; Antigens, CD8/*immunology ; Brain Neoplasms/immunology/pathology/*prevention & control/*therapy ; Cytotoxicity, Immunologic ; DNA, Recombinant ; Glioma/immunology/pathology/*prevention & control/*therapy ; Immunohistochemistry ; Insulin-Like Growth Factor I/*genetics ; RNA, Antisense/pharmacology/*therapeutic use ; Rats ; T-Lymphocyte Subsets/*immunology ; *Transfection ; Tumor Cells, Cultured
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  • 48
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    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Publication Date: 1993-10-15
    Description: Glutamate receptors mediate excitatory neurotransmission in the brain and are important in the formation of memory and in some neurodegenerative disorders. A complementary DNA clone that encoded a 33-kilodalton protein (GR33) was obtained by screening a library with an antibody generated against glutamate binding proteins. The sequence of GR33 is identical to that of the recently reported presynaptic protein syntaxin. When GR33 was expressed in Xenopus oocytes, it formed glutamate-activated ion channels that are pharmacologically similar to those of N-methyl-D-aspartate receptors but with different electrophysiological properties. Mutation of the leucine 278 residue in the single putative transmembrane segment of GR33 affects the properties of the channel. Thus, in vivo GR33 may be a presynaptic glutamate receptor.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Smirnova, T -- Stinnakre, J -- Mallet, J -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 1993 Oct 15;262(5132):430-3.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Laboratoire de genetique moleculaire de la neurotransmission et des processus neurodegeneratifs, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Gif sur Yvette, France.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/8105537" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Animals ; Antigens, Surface/chemistry ; Brain/embryology ; Brain Chemistry ; Calcium/metabolism ; Cells, Cultured ; Cloning, Molecular ; Glutamates/pharmacology ; Glutamic Acid ; Humans ; Membrane Potentials ; Mutagenesis, Site-Directed ; N-Methylaspartate/pharmacology ; Nerve Tissue Proteins/chemistry ; Neurons/chemistry ; Oocytes ; Rats ; Rats, Wistar ; Receptors, Glutamate/chemistry/genetics/*metabolism ; Receptors, N-Methyl-D-Aspartate/metabolism ; Receptors, Presynaptic/chemistry/genetics/*metabolism ; Syntaxin 1 ; Xenopus
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  • 49
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    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Publication Date: 1993-01-15
    Description: Carbon monoxide, an activator of guanylyl cyclase, is formed by the action of the enzyme heme oxygenase. By in situ hybridization in brain slices, discrete neuronal localization of messenger RNA for the constitutive form of heme oxygenase throughout the brain has been demonstrated. This localization is essentially the same as that for soluble guanylyl cyclase messenger RNA. In primary cultures of olfactory neurons, zinc protoporphyrin-9, a potent selective inhibitor of heme oxygenase, depletes endogenous guanosine 3',5'-monophosphate (cGMP). Thus, carbon monoxide, like nitric oxide, may be a physiologic regulator of cGMP. These findings, together with the neuronal localizations of heme oxygenase, suggest that carbon monoxide may function as a neurotransmitter.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Verma, A -- Hirsch, D J -- Glatt, C E -- Ronnett, G V -- Snyder, S H -- DA00266/DA/NIDA NIH HHS/ -- MH18501/MH/NIMH NIH HHS/ -- NS02131/NS/NINDS NIH HHS/ -- etc. -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 1993 Jan 15;259(5093):381-4.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Department of Neurology, Walter Reed Army Medical Center, Washington, DC 20307.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/7678352" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: 5-Aminolevulinate Synthetase/analysis/genetics ; Amino Acid Oxidoreductases/analysis/genetics ; Animals ; Animals, Newborn ; Base Sequence ; Brain/*enzymology ; Carbon Monoxide/*metabolism ; Cells, Cultured ; Cyclic GMP/*metabolism ; Guanylate Cyclase/analysis/genetics ; Heme Oxygenase (Decyclizing)/*analysis/genetics ; In Situ Hybridization ; Molecular Sequence Data ; NADPH-Ferrihemoprotein Reductase/analysis/genetics ; Neurons/*enzymology ; Neurotransmitter Agents/*metabolism ; Nitric Oxide Synthase ; Oligodeoxyribonucleotides/chemistry ; RNA, Messenger/analysis ; Rats
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  • 50
    Publication Date: 1993-06-11
    Description: A nonpeptidyl secretagogue for growth hormone of the structure 3-amino-3-methyl-N-(2,3,4,5-tetrahydro-2-oxo-1-([2'-(1H-tetrazol-5 -yl) (1,1'-biphenyl)-4-yl]methyl)-1H-1-benzazepin-3(R)-yl)-butanamid e (L-692,429) has been identified. L-692,429 synergizes with the natural growth hormone secretagogue growth hormone-releasing hormone and acts through an alternative signal transduction pathway. The mechanism of action of L-692,429 and studies with peptidyl and nonpeptidyl antagonists suggest that this molecule is a mimic of the growth hormone-releasing hexapeptide His-D-Trp-Ala-Trp-D-Phe-Lys-NH2 (GHRP-6). L-692,429 is an example of a nonpeptidyl specific secretagogue for growth hormone.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Smith, R G -- Cheng, K -- Schoen, W R -- Pong, S S -- Hickey, G -- Jacks, T -- Butler, B -- Chan, W W -- Chaung, L Y -- Judith, F -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 1993 Jun 11;260(5114):1640-3.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Department of Basic Animal Science Research, Merck Research Laboratories, Rahway, NJ 07065.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/8503009" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Amino Acid Sequence ; Animals ; Benzazepines/*pharmacology ; Cells, Cultured ; Dogs ; Growth Hormone/*drug effects/secretion ; Male ; Membrane Potentials/drug effects ; Molecular Sequence Data ; Oligopeptides/chemistry/pharmacology ; Pituitary Gland, Anterior/drug effects/secretion ; Rats ; Second Messenger Systems/drug effects ; Stereoisomerism ; Structure-Activity Relationship ; Tetrazoles/*pharmacology
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  • 51
    Publication Date: 1993-12-03
    Description: Cell adhesion has an essential role in regulating proliferation during the G1 phase of the cell cycle, and loss of this adhesion requirement is a classic feature of oncogenic transformation. The appearance of cyclin A messenger RNA and protein in late G1 was dependent on cell adhesion in both NRK and NIH 3T3 fibroblasts. In contrast, the expression of Cdc2, Cdk2, cyclin D1, and cyclin E was independent of adhesion in both cell lines. Transfection of NRK cells with a cyclin A complementary DNA resulted in adhesion-independent accumulation of cyclin A protein and cyclin A-associated kinase activity. These transfected cells also entered S phase and complete multiple rounds of cell division in the absence of cell adhesion. Thus, cyclin A is a target of the adhesion-dependent signals that control cell proliferation.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Guadagno, T M -- Ohtsubo, M -- Roberts, J M -- Assoian, R K -- GM48224/GM/NIGMS NIH HHS/ -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 1993 Dec 3;262(5139):1572-5.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biophysics, Columbia University, New York, NY 10032.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/8248807" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: 3T3 Cells ; Animals ; CDC2 Protein Kinase/biosynthesis ; *CDC2-CDC28 Kinases ; Cell Adhesion/*physiology ; Cell Cycle/*physiology ; Cell Line ; Cyclin-Dependent Kinase 2 ; *Cyclin-Dependent Kinases ; Cyclins/*biosynthesis ; Fibroblasts/cytology/metabolism ; Gene Expression Regulation ; Humans ; Mice ; Protein Kinases/biosynthesis ; *Protein-Serine-Threonine Kinases ; Rats ; Transfection
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  • 52
    Publication Date: 1993-05-21
    Description: Oscillatory firing patterns are an intrinsic property of some neurons and have an important function in information processing. In some cells, low voltage-activated calcium channels have been proposed to underlie a depolarizing potential that regulates bursting. The sequence of a rat brain calcium channel alpha 1 subunit (rbE-II) was deduced. Although it is structurally related to high voltage-activated calcium channels, the rbE-II channel transiently activated at negative membrane potentials, required a strong hyperpolarization to deinactivate, and was highly sensitive to block by nickel. In situ hybridization showed that rbE-II messenger RNA is expressed in regions throughout the central nervous system. The electrophysiological properties of the rbE-II current are consistent with a type of low voltage-activated calcium channel that requires membrane hyperpolarization for maximal activity, which suggests that rbE-II may be involved in the modulation of firing patterns.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Soong, T W -- Stea, A -- Hodson, C D -- Dubel, S J -- Vincent, S R -- Snutch, T P -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 1993 May 21;260(5111):1133-6.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Biotechnology Laboratory, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, Canada.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/8388125" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Amino Acid Sequence ; Animals ; *Brain Chemistry ; Calcium Channels/*chemistry/genetics/physiology ; Calcium Channels, R-Type ; Cation Transport Proteins ; Cloning, Molecular ; Electric Conductivity ; Hippocampus/chemistry ; In Situ Hybridization ; Membrane Potentials ; Membrane Proteins/*chemistry/genetics/physiology ; Molecular Sequence Data ; Nerve Tissue Proteins/*chemistry/genetics/physiology ; RNA, Messenger/analysis/genetics ; Rats ; Sequence Alignment
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  • 53
    Publication Date: 1993-06-04
    Description: Activity-dependent synaptic plasticity in the superficial layers of juvenile cat and adult rat visual neocortex was compared with that in adult rat hippocampal field CA1. Stimulation of neocortical layer IV reliably induced synaptic long-term potentiation (LTP) and long-term depression (LTD) in layer III with precisely the same types of stimulation protocols that were effective in CA1. Neocortical LTP and LTD were specific to the conditioned pathway and, as in the hippocampus, were dependent on activation of N-methyl-D-aspartate receptors. These results provide strong support for the view that common principles may govern experience-dependent synaptic plasticity in CA1 and throughout the superficial layers of the mammalian neocortex.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Kirkwood, A -- Dudek, S M -- Gold, J T -- Aizenman, C D -- Bear, M F -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 1993 Jun 4;260(5113):1518-21.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Department of Neuroscience, Brown University, Providence, RI 02912.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/8502997" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Action Potentials ; Aging/physiology ; Animals ; Cats ; Cerebral Cortex/*physiology ; Electric Stimulation ; Hippocampus/*physiology ; In Vitro Techniques ; Neural Pathways/physiology ; Neuronal Plasticity/*physiology ; Rats ; Receptors, N-Methyl-D-Aspartate/physiology ; Synapses/*physiology
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  • 54
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    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Publication Date: 1993-03-12
    Description: A mouse phosphotyrosine phosphatase containing two Src homology 2 (SH2) domains, Syp, was identified. Syp bound to autophosphorylated epidermal growth factor (EGF) and platelet-derived growth factor (PDGF) receptors through its SH2 domains and was rapidly phosphorylated on tyrosine in PDGF- and EGF-stimulated cells. Furthermore, Syp was constitutively phosphorylated on tyrosine in cells transformed by v-src. This mammalian phosphatase is most closely related, especially in its SH2 domains, to the corkscrew (csw) gene product of Drosophila, which is required for signal transduction downstream of the Torso receptor tyrosine kinase. The Syp gene is widely expressed throughout embryonic mouse development and in adult tissues. Thus, Syp may function in mammalian embryonic development and as a common target of both receptor and nonreceptor tyrosine kinases.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Feng, G S -- Hui, C C -- Pawson, T -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 1993 Mar 12;259(5101):1607-11.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Division of Molecular and Developmental Biology, Samuel Lunenfeld Research Institute, Mount Sinai Hospital, Toronto, Ontario, Canada.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/8096088" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Amino Acid Sequence ; Animals ; Base Sequence ; Cell Line, Transformed ; Cell Transformation, Neoplastic ; Embryo, Mammalian ; Embryonic and Fetal Development ; Epidermal Growth Factor/pharmacology ; *Genes, src ; Humans ; Intracellular Signaling Peptides and Proteins ; Kinetics ; Mice ; Molecular Sequence Data ; Oligodeoxyribonucleotides ; Phosphorylation ; Platelet-Derived Growth Factor/pharmacology ; Poly A/isolation & purification/metabolism ; Polymerase Chain Reaction ; Protein Tyrosine Phosphatase, Non-Receptor Type 11 ; Protein Tyrosine Phosphatase, Non-Receptor Type 6 ; Protein Tyrosine Phosphatases/genetics/*metabolism ; Protein-Tyrosine Kinases/*metabolism ; RNA, Messenger/isolation & purification/metabolism ; Rats ; Receptor, Epidermal Growth Factor/metabolism ; Receptors, Platelet-Derived Growth Factor/genetics/metabolism ; Sequence Homology, Amino Acid ; Transfection
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  • 55
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    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Publication Date: 1993-03-12
    Description: 〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Stone, R -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 1993 Mar 12;259(5101):1541.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/8456282" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Animals ; Astrocytes/drug effects/pathology ; Biological Assay ; Biomarkers ; Brain/drug effects/*pathology ; Glial Fibrillary Acidic Protein/*analysis ; Neurons/drug effects/*pathology ; Neurotoxins/*toxicity ; Nitriles/toxicity ; Rats ; United States ; United States Environmental Protection Agency
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  • 56
    Publication Date: 1993-10-29
    Description: Spontaneous local increases in the concentration of intracellular calcium, called "calcium sparks," were detected in quiescent rat heart cells with a laser scanning confocal microscope and the fluorescent calcium indicator fluo-3. Estimates of calcium flux associated with the sparks suggest that calcium sparks result from spontaneous openings of single sarcoplasmic reticulum (SR) calcium-release channels, a finding supported by ryanodine-dependent changes of spark kinetics. At resting intracellular calcium concentrations, these SR calcium-release channels had a low rate of opening (approximately 0.0001 per second). An increase in the calcium content of the SR, however, was associated with a fourfold increase in opening rate and resulted in some sparks triggering propagating waves of increased intracellular calcium concentration. The calcium spark is the consequence of elementary events underlying excitation-contraction coupling and provides an explanation for both spontaneous and triggered changes in the intracellular calcium concentration in the mammalian heart.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Cheng, H -- Lederer, W J -- Cannell, M B -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 1993 Oct 29;262(5134):740-4.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Department of Physiology, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore 21201.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/8235594" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Aniline Compounds ; Animals ; Calcium/metabolism/*physiology ; Calcium Channels/drug effects/physiology ; Fluorescent Dyes ; In Vitro Techniques ; Ion Channel Gating/physiology ; Microscopy, Fluorescence/methods ; Models, Biological ; Muscle Proteins/drug effects/physiology ; Myocardial Contraction/*physiology ; Myocardium/metabolism ; Rats ; Ryanodine/pharmacology ; Ryanodine Receptor Calcium Release Channel ; Sarcoplasmic Reticulum/metabolism ; Xanthenes
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  • 57
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    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Publication Date: 1993-06-04
    Description: Homologous recombination was used to introduce a nominally transforming mutation into an endogenous H-ras1 gene in Rat1 fibroblasts. Although both the mutant and the remaining normal allele were expressed equally, the heterozygous cells were not neoplastically transformed. Instead, spontaneously transformed cells arose from the heterozygotes at a low frequency, and the majority of these cells had amplified the mutant allele. Thus, the activated H-ras1 allele was not by itself dominant over the normal allele but predisposed cells to transformation by independent events, such as amplification of the mutant allele.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Finney, R E -- Bishop, J M -- CA 44338/CA/NCI NIH HHS/ -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 1993 Jun 4;260(5113):1524-7.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉George Williams Hooper Foundation, University of California, San Francisco 94143.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/8502998" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Alleles ; Animals ; Base Sequence ; Cell Division/genetics ; Cell Line ; Cell Line, Transformed ; Cell Transformation, Neoplastic/*genetics ; Genes, ras/*genetics ; Mice ; Mice, Nude ; Molecular Sequence Data ; Neoplasm Transplantation ; Point Mutation ; Rats ; Recombination, Genetic
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  • 58
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    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Publication Date: 1993-05-21
    Description: 〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Weiss, R -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 1993 May 21;260(5111):1072-3.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/8493547" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Animals ; Blood-Brain Barrier ; Cell Line ; Cell Survival/drug effects ; Dopamine/*biosynthesis ; Humans ; Nerve Growth Factors ; Nerve Tissue Proteins/genetics/isolation & purification/*pharmacology ; Neuroglia/*metabolism ; Neurons/cytology/*drug effects/metabolism ; Parkinson Disease/*drug therapy ; Rats
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  • 59
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    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Publication Date: 1993-11-19
    Description: 〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Fischman, J -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 1993 Nov 19;262(5137):1211.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/8235649" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Animals ; Brain/*metabolism ; Gene Expression ; Nerve Growth Factors/*genetics ; Nerve Tissue Proteins/*genetics ; Neurons/metabolism ; Neurotrophin 3 ; Rats ; Stress, Physiological/*metabolism
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  • 60
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    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Publication Date: 1993-02-26
    Description: 〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Hoffman, M -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 1993 Feb 26;259(5099):1257-9.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/8446894" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Animals ; Biological Transport ; Cell Nucleus/*ultrastructure ; Gene Expression Regulation ; In Vitro Techniques ; Nuclear Matrix/*ultrastructure ; *RNA Processing, Post-Transcriptional ; RNA Splicing ; RNA, Messenger/genetics/metabolism ; Rats ; Spliceosomes/metabolism/ultrastructure
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  • 61
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    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Publication Date: 1993-02-19
    Description: The Src homology 3 (SH3) region is a small protein domain present in a very large group of proteins, including cytoskeletal elements and signaling proteins. It is believed that SH3 domains serve as modules that mediate protein-protein associations and, along with Src homology 2 (SH2) domains, regulate cytoplasmic signaling. The SH3 binding sites of two SH3 binding proteins were localized to a nine- or ten-amino acid stretch very rich in proline residues. Similar SH3 binding motifs exist in the formins, proteins that function in pattern formation in embryonic limbs of the mouse, and one subtype of the muscarinic acetylcholine receptor. Identification of the SH3 binding site provides a basis for understanding the interaction between the SH3 domains and their targets.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Ren, R -- Mayer, B J -- Cicchetti, P -- Baltimore, D -- CA 08875/CA/NCI NIH HHS/ -- CA 09673/CA/NCI NIH HHS/ -- CA 51462/CA/NCI NIH HHS/ -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 1993 Feb 19;259(5098):1157-61.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Rockefeller University, New York, NY 10021.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/8438166" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Amino Acid Sequence ; Animals ; Binding Sites ; Cytoskeletal Proteins/genetics/*metabolism ; DNA/genetics/metabolism ; Genes, abl ; Glutathione Transferase/genetics/metabolism ; Kinetics ; Mice ; Molecular Sequence Data ; *Proline ; Proto-Oncogene Proteins c-abl/genetics/*metabolism ; Rats ; Receptors, Muscarinic/metabolism ; Recombinant Fusion Proteins/metabolism ; Sequence Homology, Amino Acid ; Signal Transduction
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  • 62
    Publication Date: 1993-12-03
    Description: Secretagogues of rat peritoneal mast cells, such as mastoparan and compound 48/80, induce mast cell exocytosis by activating directly the guanosine triphosphate-binding proteins that are required for exocytosis. The introduction of a synthetic peptide that corresponds to the carboxyl-terminal end sequence of G alpha i3 into the cells specifically blocked this secretion. Similar results were obtained when antibodies to this peptide were introduced. The G alpha i3 was located in both the Golgi and the plasma membrane, but only the latter source of G alpha i3 appeared to be essential for secretion. These results indicate that G alpha i3 functions to control regulated exocytosis in mast cells.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Aridor, M -- Rajmilevich, G -- Beaven, M A -- Sagi-Eisenberg, R -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 1993 Dec 3;262(5139):1569-72.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Weizmann Institute of Science, Department of Chemical Immunology, Rehovot, Israel.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/7504324" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Amino Acid Sequence ; Animals ; Exocytosis/drug effects/*physiology ; GTP-Binding Proteins/analysis/drug effects/*physiology ; Histamine Release/drug effects ; In Vitro Techniques ; Mast Cells/chemistry/drug effects/secretion ; Molecular Sequence Data ; Peptide Fragments/pharmacology ; Rats ; Subcellular Fractions/chemistry ; Virulence Factors, Bordetella/pharmacology
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  • 63
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    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Publication Date: 1993-08-20
    Description: Ensemble recordings of 73 to 148 rat hippocampal neurons were used to predict accurately the animals' movement through their environment, which confirms that the hippocampus transmits an ensemble code for location. In a novel space, the ensemble code was initially less robust but improved rapidly with exploration. During this period, the activity of many inhibitory cells was suppressed, which suggests that new spatial information creates conditions in the hippocampal circuitry that are conducive to the synaptic modification presumed to be involved in learning. Development of a new population code for a novel environment did not substantially alter the code for a familiar one, which suggests that the interference between the two spatial representations was very small. The parallel recording methods outlined here make possible the study of the dynamics of neuronal interactions during unique behavioral events.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Wilson, M A -- McNaughton, B L -- MH46823/MH/NIMH NIH HHS/ -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 1993 Aug 20;261(5124):1055-8.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Department of Psychology, University of Arizona, Tucson 85724.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/8351520" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Animals ; Behavior, Animal ; Exploratory Behavior ; Hippocampus/*physiology ; Interneurons/physiology ; Male ; *Memory ; Neurons/*physiology ; Rats ; Rats, Inbred F344 ; *Space Perception
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  • 64
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    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Publication Date: 1993-01-29
    Description: Neural crest cell interactions with extracellular matrix molecules were analyzed with the use of antisense oligonucleotides to block synthesis of integrin subunits. When added to the culture medium of quail neural crest cells, selected antisense phosphorothiol oligonucleotides reduced the amounts of cell surface alpha 1 or beta 1 integrin subunits by up to 95 percent and inhibited neural crest cell attachment to laminin or fibronectin substrata. Differential effects on specific alpha integrins were noted after treatment with alpha-specific oligonucleotides. Cells recovered the ability to bind to substrata 8 to 16 hours after treatment with inhibitory oligonucleotides. The operation of at least three distinct alpha integrin subunits is indicated by substratum-selective inhibition of cell attachment.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Lallier, T -- Bronner-Fraser, M -- 15527/PHS HHS/ -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 1993 Jan 29;259(5095):692-5.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Developmental Biology Center, University of California, Irvine 92717.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/8430321" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Animals ; Base Sequence ; Cell Adhesion/*drug effects ; Chickens ; Dose-Response Relationship, Drug ; Humans ; Integrins/biosynthesis/*genetics/isolation & purification ; Kinetics ; Macromolecular Substances ; Molecular Sequence Data ; Neural Crest/cytology/drug effects/*physiology ; Oligonucleotides, Antisense/*pharmacology ; Rats ; Structure-Activity Relationship
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  • 65
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    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Publication Date: 1993-01-15
    Description: Inositol 1,4,5-trisphosphate (IP3) is thought to be a second messenger for intracellular calcium mobilization. However, in a cell-free system of islet microsomes, cyclic adenosine diphosphate-ribose (cADP-ribose), a nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NAD+) metabolite, but not IP3, induced calcium release. In digitonin-permeabilized islets, cADP-ribose and calcium, but not IP3, induced insulin secretion. Islet microsomes released calcium when combined with the extract from intact islets that had been incubated with high concentrations of glucose. Sequential additions of cADP-ribose inhibited the calcium release response to extracts from islets treated with high concentrations of glucose. Conversely, repeated additions of the islet extract inhibited the calcium release response to a subsequent addition of cADP-ribose. These results suggest that cADP-ribose is a mediator of calcium release from islet microsomes and may be generated in islets by glucose stimulation, serving as a second messenger for calcium mobilization in the endoplasmic reticulum.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Takasawa, S -- Nata, K -- Yonekura, H -- Okamoto, H -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 1993 Jan 15;259(5093):370-3.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Department of Biochemistry, Tohoku University School of Medicine, Miyagi, Japan.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/8420005" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Adenosine Diphosphate Ribose/*analogs & derivatives/physiology ; Animals ; Benzamides/pharmacology ; Calcium/*metabolism ; Cerebellum/metabolism ; Cyclic ADP-Ribose ; Dose-Response Relationship, Drug ; Glucose/metabolism ; Heparin/pharmacology ; Inositol 1,4,5-Trisphosphate/physiology ; Insulin/*secretion ; Islets of Langerhans/*secretion ; Male ; Microsomes/metabolism ; Niacinamide/pharmacology ; Poly(ADP-ribose) Polymerase Inhibitors ; Rats ; Rats, Wistar ; *Second Messenger Systems ; Streptozocin/pharmacology
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  • 66
    Publication Date: 1993-04-09
    Description: Calcium ions (Ca2+) act as an intracellular second messenger and can enter neurons through various ion channels. Influx of Ca2+ through distinct types of Ca2+ channels may differentially activate biochemical processes. N-Methyl-D-aspartate (NMDA) receptors and L-type Ca2+ channels, two major sites of Ca2+ entry into hippocampal neurons, were found to transmit signals to the nucleus and regulated gene transcription through two distinct Ca2+ signaling pathways. Activation of the multifunctional Ca(2+)-calmodulin-dependent protein kinase (CaM kinase) was evoked by stimulation of either NMDA receptors or L-type Ca2+ channels; however, activation of CaM kinase appeared to be critical only for propagating the L-type Ca2+ channel signal to the nucleus. Also, the NMDA receptor and L-type Ca2+ channel pathways activated transcription by means of different cis-acting regulatory elements in the c-fos promoter. These results indicate that Ca2+, depending on its mode of entry into neurons, can activate two distinct signaling pathways. Differential signal processing may provide a mechanism by which Ca2+ controls diverse cellular functions.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Bading, H -- Ginty, D D -- Greenberg, M E -- 2F32 NS 08764/NS/NINDS NIH HHS/ -- NS28829/NS/NINDS NIH HHS/ -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 1993 Apr 9;260(5105):181-6.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Department of Microbiology and Molecular Genetics, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/8097060" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Animals ; Calcium/*metabolism ; Calcium Channels/metabolism ; Calcium-Calmodulin-Dependent Protein Kinases ; Cells, Cultured ; DNA-Binding Proteins/genetics ; *Gene Expression Regulation ; Genes, fos ; Glutamates/pharmacology ; Glutamic Acid ; Hippocampus/*metabolism ; Neurons/*metabolism ; Nuclear Proteins/genetics ; Protein Kinases/metabolism ; Rats ; Receptors, N-Methyl-D-Aspartate/metabolism ; Regulatory Sequences, Nucleic Acid ; Second Messenger Systems ; Serum Response Factor ; *Signal Transduction ; Transcription Factors/genetics ; Transfection
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  • 67
    Publication Date: 1993-01-01
    Description: Tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-alpha) has been shown to have certain catabolic effects on fat cells and whole animals. An induction of TNF-alpha messenger RNA expression was observed in adipose tissue from four different rodent models of obesity and diabetes. TNF-alpha protein was also elevated locally and systemically. Neutralization of TNF-alpha in obese fa/fa rats caused a significant increase in the peripheral uptake of glucose in response to insulin. These results indicate a role for TNF-alpha in obesity and particularly in the insulin resistance and diabetes that often accompany obesity.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Hotamisligil, G S -- Shargill, N S -- Spiegelman, B M -- DK 42539/DK/NIDDK NIH HHS/ -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 1993 Jan 1;259(5091):87-91.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, MA.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/7678183" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: 3T3 Cells ; Adipose Tissue/physiology/*physiopathology ; Animals ; Blood Glucose/metabolism ; Blotting, Northern ; Diabetes Mellitus, Experimental/physiopathology ; Glucose Clamp Technique ; Homeostasis ; Immunoglobulin G/genetics/pharmacology ; Insulin/pharmacology ; Insulin Infusion Systems ; Insulin Resistance/*genetics ; Male ; Mice ; Mice, Obese ; Obesity/chemically induced/*genetics/*physiopathology ; RNA/genetics/isolation & purification ; RNA, Messenger/*biosynthesis/isolation & purification ; Rats ; Rats, Zucker ; Receptors, Cell Surface/genetics/physiology ; Receptors, Tumor Necrosis Factor ; Recombinant Fusion Proteins/pharmacology ; Reference Values ; Sodium Glutamate ; Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha/biosynthesis/*genetics
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  • 68
    Publication Date: 1993-11-12
    Description: Mitogen-activated protein (MAP) kinases p42mapk and p44mapk are activated in cells stimulated with epidermal growth factor (EGF) and other agents. A principal pathway for MAP kinase (MAPK) activation by EGF consists of sequential activations of the guanine nucleotide exchange factor Sos, the guanosine triphosphate binding protein Ras, and the protein kinases Raf-1, MAPK kinase (MKK), and MAPK. Because adenosine 3',5'-monophosphate (cAMP) does not activate MAPK and has some opposing physiologic effects, the effect of increasing intracellular concentrations of cAMP with forskolin and 3-isobutyl-1-methylxanthine on the EGF-stimulated MAPK pathway was studied. Increased concentrations of cAMP blocked activation of Raf-1, MKK, and MAPK in Rat1hER fibroblasts, accompanied by a threefold increase in Raf-1 phosphorylation on serine 43 in the regulatory domain. Phosphorylation of Raf-1 in vitro and in vivo reduces the apparent affinity with which it binds to Ras and may contribute to the blockade by cAMP.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Wu, J -- Dent, P -- Jelinek, T -- Wolfman, A -- Weber, M J -- Sturgill, T W -- CA39076/CA/NCI NIH HHS/ -- DK41077/DK/NIDDK NIH HHS/ -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 1993 Nov 12;262(5136):1065-9.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Department of Internal Medicine, University of Virginia, Health Sciences Center, Charlottesville 22908.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/7694366" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: 1-Methyl-3-isobutylxanthine/pharmacology ; 3T3 Cells ; Amino Acid Sequence ; Animals ; Cell Line ; Colforsin/pharmacology ; Cyclic AMP/*metabolism ; Cyclic AMP-Dependent Protein Kinases/metabolism ; Enzyme Activation/drug effects ; Epidermal Growth Factor/*pharmacology ; Mice ; Mitogen-Activated Protein Kinase 1 ; Mitogen-Activated Protein Kinase Kinases ; Molecular Sequence Data ; Phosphorylation ; Protein Kinases/metabolism ; Protein-Serine-Threonine Kinases/*metabolism ; Protein-Tyrosine Kinases/*metabolism ; Proto-Oncogene Proteins/metabolism ; Proto-Oncogene Proteins c-raf ; Proto-Oncogene Proteins p21(ras)/*metabolism ; Rats ; *Signal Transduction
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  • 69
    Publication Date: 1993-08-20
    Description: Immunoglobulin E (IgE) mediates many allergic responses. CD23 is a 45-kilodalton type II transmembrane glycoprotein expressed in many cell types. It is a low-affinity IgE receptor and interacts specifically with CD21, thereby modulating IgE production by B lymphocytes in vitro. In an in vivo model of an allergen-specific IgE response, administration of a rabbit polyclonal antibody to recombinant human truncated CD23 resulted in up to 90 percent inhibition of ovalbumin-specific IgE synthesis. Both Fabs and intact IgG inhibited IgE production in vitro and in vivo. Thus, CD23 participates in the regulation of IgE synthesis in vivo and so could be important in allergic disease.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Flores-Romo, L -- Shields, J -- Humbert, Y -- Graber, P -- Aubry, J P -- Gauchat, J F -- Ayala, G -- Allet, B -- Chavez, M -- Bazin, H -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 1993 Aug 20;261(5124):1038-41.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Glaxo Institute for Molecular Biology, Geneva, Switzerland.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/8351517" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Amino Acid Sequence ; Animals ; Antibodies/*immunology ; B-Lymphocytes/immunology ; Cloning, Molecular ; Humans ; Immunization ; Immunoglobulin E/*biosynthesis ; Molecular Sequence Data ; Ovalbumin/immunology ; Rabbits ; Rats ; Receptors, Complement 3d/immunology ; Receptors, IgE/analysis/*immunology ; Recombinant Proteins/immunology ; Virulence Factors, Bordetella/immunology
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  • 70
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    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Publication Date: 1993-10-29
    Description: A change in the probability of neurotransmitter release (Pr) is an important mechanism underlying synaptic plasticity. Although Pr is often assumed to be the same for all terminals at a single synapse, this assumption is difficult to reconcile with the nonuniform size and structure of synaptic terminals in the central nervous system. Release probability was measured at excitatory synapses on cultured hippocampal neurons by analysis of the progressive block of N-methyl-D-aspartate receptor-mediated synaptic currents by the irreversible open channel blocker MK-801. Release probability was nonuniform (range of 0.09 to 0.54) for terminals arising from a single axon, the majority of which had a low Pr. However, terminals with high Pr are more likely to be affected by the activity-dependent modulation that occurs in long-term potentiation.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Rosenmund, C -- Clements, J D -- Westbrook, G L -- MH46613/MH/NIMH NIH HHS/ -- NS26494/NS/NINDS NIH HHS/ -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 1993 Oct 29;262(5134):754-7.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Vollum Institute, Oregon Health Sciences University, Portland 97201.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/7901909" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Animals ; Baclofen/pharmacology ; Cells, Cultured ; Dizocilpine Maleate/pharmacology ; Glutamates/*metabolism ; Glutamic Acid ; Hippocampus/metabolism/*physiology ; Neuronal Plasticity/physiology ; Neurotransmitter Agents/*metabolism ; Rats ; Receptors, N-Methyl-D-Aspartate/drug effects/physiology ; Synapses/metabolism ; Synaptic Transmission/drug effects/*physiology
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  • 71
    ISSN: 1436-6215
    Keywords: Rats ; hepatocytes ; phosphoinositide cascade ; zinc ; metallothionein ; alkaline phosphatase ; Ratten ; Hepatocyten ; Phosphoinositol-Effektorsystem ; Zink ; Metallothionein ; alkalische Phosphatase
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition , Medicine
    Description / Table of Contents: Zusammenfassung Am Modell primärer Rattenhepatocytenkulturen wurde die Beteiligung von Agonisten des Phosphoinositol-Effektorsystems am Metabolismus von Metallothionein (MT) und alkalischer Phosphatase (ALP) untersucht. Alle Experimente wurden in DMEM/F12 (Ham)-Medium sowohl nach 24stündiger Vorinkubation mit foetalem Kälberserum (FCS) als auch nach Vorinkubation mit Rinderserumalbumin (BSA) durchgeführt. Die Versuche an den Hepatocytenkulturen wurden mit Dexamethason (DEX), Zink (Zn) und den Agonisten des Phosphoinositol-Effektorsystems, der Calciumionophore A 23187, 1,2-Dioctanoyl-sn-glycerol (DiC8), 12-O-Tetradecanoylphorbol-13-acetat (TPA), Angiotensin II (AT), Platelet Activating Factor (PAF) und Arg8-Vasopressin (VP), durchgeführt. Als Parameter wurden die Konzentrationen an MT und die Aktivität der ALP im Zellmaterial bestimmt. Die Vitalität der Kulturen wurde über die Freisetzung der Aktivität der Laktatdehydrogenase (LDH) ins Kulturmedium, der Induzierbarkeit der Tyrosinaminotransferase (TAT) durch DEX und der Anfärbbarkeit der Zellen mit Trypanblau nachgewiesen. Die Zellvitalität wurde durch die FCS-Vorinkubation und DEX-Supplementierung insgesamt verbessert. Unabhängig davon, ob die Zellen mit FCS oder BSA vorinkubiert wurden, stieg der MT-Gehalt der Zellen durch Zn und DEX, als aus der Literatur bekannte direkte Induktoren von MT, um ein Mehrfaches an. Nach FCS-Vorbehandlung war ein moderater Anstieg der ALP-Aktivität nachzuweisen, der jedoch als Vitalitätseffekt interpretiert werden kann. DEX und Zn führten zu keinen Veränderungen der ALP-Aktivität. Alle getesteten Agonisten des Phosphoinositol-Effektorsystems konnten weder MT noch ALP induzieren. Lediglich A 23187 führte zu einer signifikanten konzentrationsabhängigen Reduktion der beiden Parameter. Diese Beobachtung wurde, durch den Anstieg der LDH-Aktivität im Medium und der Zunahme mit Trypanblau anfärbbaren Zellen, auf einen cytotoxischen Effekt von A 23187 zurückgeführt. Die vorliegende Untersuchung zeigt, daß Agonisten des Phosphoinositol-Effektorsystems nicht in der Lage sind, den Metabolismus von MT und ALP primärer Rattenhepatocyten zu verändern. Die Ergebnisse früherer in vivo Experimente, in denen Agonisten des Phosphoinositol-Effektorsystems den Zn-Stoffwechsel der Leber modulierten, können somit als indirekter systemischer Effekt gedeutet werden.
    Notes: Summary Adult rat primary hepatocytes maintained in DMEM/F12 (Ham) media were used as a model system for studying the role of fetal calf serum (FCS) and agonists of the phosphoinositide cascade in the metabolism of metallothionein (MT) and alkaline phosphatase (ALP). Experiments were performed both after a 24 h preincubation with FCS and with bovine serum albumin (BSA). Hepatocytes were treated with dexamethasone (DEX), zinc (Zn) and with the agonists of the phosphoinositide cascade A 23187, 1,2-dioctanoyl-sn-glycerol (DiC8), 12-O-tetradecanoylphorbol-13-acetate (TPA), angiotensin II (AT), platelet activating factor (PAF), Arg8-vasopressin (VP) and were analyzed for MT and ALP activity in cell homogenates. Cell viability was evaluated by lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) liberation into culture medium, induction of tyrosine aminotransferase (TAT) through DEX and by trypan blue exclusion. Overall, cell viability was improved by the FCS pretreatment and by DEX. Exposure of hepatocytes to the established direct inducers Zn and DEX of MT resulted in a manifold increase in MT, independent of whether the cultures were FCS pretreated or not. The FCS preincubation produced a moderate elevation of ALP activity by stimulating cell viability. However, ALP was unaltered in response to Zn and DEX. None of the experiments conducted with agonists of the phosphoinositide cascade led to an elevation of MT and ALP. Only the incubation of hepatocytes with A 23187 resulted in a concentration dependent significant decrease of MT and ALP. This observation was due to a cytotoxic effect of A 23187, displayed by LDH leakage and an increase in the number of cells stained with trypan blue. In conclusion, in primary hepatocyte cultures agonists of the phosphoinositide did not have an effect on the metabolism of MT and ALP. Previous in vivo results indicating alterations of Zn metabolism in liver, therefore seem to be caused by indirect systemic responses.
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  • 72
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    Springer
    Mycopathologia 121 (1993), S. 65-75 
    ISSN: 1573-0832
    Keywords: Bones ; Candida albicans ; Experimental arthritis ; Radiography ; Rats
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Abstract Sprague-Dawley rats were inoculated intravenously (i.v.) withCandida albicans, and limb joints showing signs ofCandida-induced arthritis were subjected to radiographic and histologic examination. New bone formation and bone resorption were morbidly enhanced in bones sampled from the arthritic joints. Sparsely distributed needle-shaped calcified deposits began to be formed on bony surfaces in parallel with the onset of joint swelling. The calcified deposits gradually became denser and then covered the bony surfaces almost entirely, giving rise to an exostosis-like profile. In addition to the new bone formation, bone resorption was also observed in regions adjacent to the sites of new bone formation, and punched-out bone lesions were produced. Eventually, severe deformation of joint bones due to new bone formation and bone resorption was evident. Reflecting these unusual radiographic changes, abundant osteoblasts and osteoclasts were demonstrated histologically in the bones. On the basis of these results, possible mechanisms for the induction of arthritis byCandida infection are discussed.
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  • 73
    ISSN: 1432-0827
    Keywords: Insulinlike growth factor I ; Interleukin 1 ; Oophorectomy ; Estrogen ; Rats
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine , Physics
    Notes: Summary Oophorectomy (OOX) has been known to increase bone turnover, but its precise mechanism is not fully understood. In order to further investigate the mechanism, we determined insulinlike growth factor I (IGF-I) concentrations in serum and bone tissue and interleukin 1 (IL-1) release from spleen macrophages in oophorectomized rats because it has been demonstrated that IGF-I stimulates bone formation and IL-1 stimulates bone resorption. Female 8-week-old Wistar rats were divided into four groups: (1) control, (2) OOX, (3) OOX given estradiol, and (4) control given estradiol. Ten μg/kg of 17β-estradiol was given daily by subcutaneous injection. After 5 weeks of treatment, IGF-I concentrations in the extract from right femur and in serum were determined by specific radioimmunoassay. IL-1 activity released from lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-stimulated spleen macrophages was determined by bioassay. IGF-I contents in the femur and IGF-I concentrations in serum in oophorectomized rats were significantly higher than those in control rats. Treatment by estradiol inhibited the increase in IGF-I concentrations both in femur and in serum. IL-1 release from LPS-stimulated spleen macrophages in oophorectomized rats was increased, and treatment by estradiol also inhibited the stimulated IL-1 release. The ash weights and the calcium contents of left femur in oophorectomized rats were lower than those in control rats. These results suggest that both IGF-I and IL-1 may be involved in the mechanism of the regulation of bone turnover in oophorectomized rats.
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  • 74
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    Berichte der deutschen chemischen Gesellschaft 126 (1993), S. 2255-2257 
    ISSN: 0009-2940
    Keywords: Gallane, chlorobis(supermesityl) ; Rearrangement ; Chemistry ; Inorganic Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Synthesis, Structure, and Rearrangement of Chlorobis(2,4,6-tri-tert-butylphenyl)gallaneThe title compound 1 is easily obtained from GaCl3 and 2 equvialents of supermesityllithium. According to an X-ray structure analysis one of the supermesityl rings shows a large deviation from planarity. Heating of 1 in vacuo gives mainly two products: an isomer of 1 in which one of the supermesityl groups is bound to Ga by one of its tert-butyl groups (2) and a benzo[b]gallolane (3) formed by elimination of HCl, X-ray structure analyses and full NMR (1H, 13C) data are provided for 1 and 2, MS and characteristic NMR (1H, 13C) data for 3.
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    Berichte der deutschen chemischen Gesellschaft 126 (1993) 
    ISSN: 0009-2940
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Inorganic Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
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  • 76
    ISSN: 0009-2940
    Keywords: Diphosphamanganacyclopropanes ; Alkyne insertion ; Alkyne addition ; Chemistry ; Inorganic Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Metal-;Containing Heterocycles: Preparation, Properties, Reactions, LXXX.  -  Insertion and Addition Reactions on Diphosphamanganacyclopropanes with Activated AlkynesThe thermally and kinetically stable diphosphamanganabicyclooctadienones 3a  -  e [R2 = tBu: R1 = iPr (a), nPr (b), Ph (c); R2 = Cy: R1 = nPr (d), Ph (e)] are obtained by the reaction of the alkyne (CCO2Me)2 with the diphosphamanganacyclopropanes (OC)4Mn-PR12=PR2 (2a  -  e). Depending on steric factors the formation of 3a  -  e occurs in two different ways. In a first step the alkyne is inserted into the P  -  P bond of 2a  -  e to give the kinetically labile five-membered rings 1a  -  e. Subsequently another alkyne is added to the PR2 and a CO group of 1a  -  e to give 3a  -  e. In an alternative way the alkyne is added first to the PR2 and a CO group of 2a with formation of the diphosphamanganabicyclohexenone 4a. Insertion of a second alkyne into the P  -  P bond of 4a affords the bicyclooctadienone 3a. Compound 2a, 3c, and 4a have been characterized by X-ray structural analyses.
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  • 77
    ISSN: 0009-2940
    Keywords: Rhenium compounds ; Chemistry ; Inorganic Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Multiple Bonds between Main Group Elements and Transition Metals, CXIV.  -  Organorhenium(VII) OxidesAlkylrhenium(VII) oxides of formulae RReO3 and RReO3 · L (L = quinuclidine) result from dirhenium heptaoxide and dialkylzinc compounds at low temperatures in THF solution. Unbranched, noncyclic organorhenium oxides prove to be less thermolabile than branched-chain derivatives, with the thermal stability decreasing with increasing chain length. Complexes with branched carbon chains normally can be isolated as 1:1 adducts of a nitrogen base, e.g. quinuclidine. A first chiral alkylmetal oxide and base-stabilized cyclopropyltrioxorhenium(VII) are also described.
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    Berichte der deutschen chemischen Gesellschaft 126 (1993), S. 57-61 
    ISSN: 0009-2940
    Keywords: Lithium compounds ; Enediamide structure ; 1,4-Diaza-1,3-diene, protonated ; Hydrogen bond ; Chemistry ; Inorganic Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: [Li2(THF)4DAD] and [DAD  -  H][ZrCl5(THF)]: New Types of Phenyl-;Substituted 1,4-Diaza-1,3-diene LigandsTwo extreme situations in 1,4-diaza-1,3-diene (DAD) chemistry are described. Reaction of phenyl-substituted DAD 1a  -  c with lithium in the molecular ratio of 1:2 affords in high yield the extremely air-sensitive complexes [Li2(THF)4DAD] (2a  -  c). The structure of 2b has been determined by X-ray diffraction. Each of the Li+ ions is coordinated by the two terminal N atoms of the s-cis-configurated DAD dianion and by two molecules of THF. Protonation of ZrCl4 · DAD (3a) by HCl in THF gives the ionic complex [ZrCl5(THF)][DAD  -  H] (4), which contains a protonated [DAD  -  H]+ cation. The structure of the sterically crowded N = C  -  C = N skeleton of the [DAD  -  H]+ cation is not influenced by the positive charge and adopts the unusual Z-gauche-Z conformation.
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  • 79
    ISSN: 0009-2940
    Keywords: Phosphaalkyne, amino- ; Nickel carbonyl phosphane complex ; π Coordination ; Chemistry ; Inorganic Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Reactive E = C(p-p)π Systems, XXXIII.  -  Side-on Coordination of the Phosphaalkyne P ≡ C  -  N(iPr)2 in the 16e Nickel(0) Complex Ni(CO)PCy3[PCN(iPr)2]The reaction of (diisopropylamino)phosphaethyne P ≡ C  -  N(iPr)2 with the nickel complex [Ni(CO)3PCy3] - in contrast to the analogous reactions with Ni(CO)4 or Ni(CO)3PR3 (R = Me, Ph) - leads to the novel 16e nickel(0) system [Ni{η2-P ≡ C  -  N(iPr2)}(CO)PCy3] with a planar geometry of all skeleton atoms besides the methyl and cyclohexyl groups. Side-on coordination of the P ≡ C triple bond results in an increase of the PC distance to 1.665 Ȧ typical for phosphaalkenes.
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  • 80
    ISSN: 0009-2940
    Keywords: 1,2,3-Triazol-4-ones, 3,5-dihydro-4H- ; 1,2,3-Triazoles, 5-amino-4H- ; Tautomerism ; 15N-NMR Spectroscopy ; Chemistry ; Inorganic Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Tautomerism of 5,5-Diphenyldihydro-4H-1,2,3-triazol-4-one and 5-Amino-4,4-diphenyl-4H-1,2,3-triazolesMethylation of the 5-amino-4H-1,2,3-triazole 5 affords the N-methyl- (12) and the N,N-dimethylaminotriazole 13. X-ray diffraction analyses show that the tautomer 5b exists in the crystal and that 5b and 13 possess similar structures and atomic distances. Both compounds exhibit restricted rotation of the amino groups in solution. The comparison of UV, carbon-13 and nitrogen-15 spectra of the tautomeric triazoles 2 and 5 with those of the N-methyl compounds 3 and 13 demonstrates that the tautomers 2a and 5b are strongly favoured also in solution.
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    Berichte der deutschen chemischen Gesellschaft 126 (1993), S. 129-132 
    ISSN: 0009-2940
    Keywords: 3H-Imidazo[1,2-d]tetrazoles, 3a,6-dihydro- ; Tetrazolium salts, 1,5-dialkyl(aryl)-4-phenacyl- ; reaction with ammonia ; Chemistry ; Inorganic Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: 3a,6-Dihydro-3H-imidazo[1,2-d]tetrazoles from 1- and 4-Phenacyl-1H-tetrazolium Salts and AmmoniaTreatment of the tetrazolium salts 1 with aqueous ammonia affords the novel ring system 2 (in certain cases along with the ylides 3). The structure of 2 has been confirmed by an X-ray analysis of 2a.
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    Berichte der deutschen chemischen Gesellschaft 126 (1993), S. 243-249 
    ISSN: 0009-2940
    Keywords: Benzyne precursor ; Neighboring group interactions ; Incipient nucleophilic attack ; 2-Diazoniobenzenecarboxylate ; Calculations, ab initio, MO ; Chemistry ; Inorganic Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: The structure of the highly unstable benzyne precursor 2-diazoniobenzenecarboxylate (3) has been determined by single-crystal X-ray diffraction. The structure is discussed in comparison to ab initio results for several conformers of 3, related aromatic diazonium ions, and phenyl cation and also to crystal structures of simple diazonium ion salts and of benzoates. Structural features and characteristic distortions are related to the electron density distributions and to intra- and intermolecular interactions between the neighboring functional groups.
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    Berichte der deutschen chemischen Gesellschaft 126 (1993), S. 225-237 
    ISSN: 0009-2940
    Keywords: Anthracene derivatives ; Magnesium anthracene inner complexes ; 13C CP/MAS NMR spectra ; Chemistry ; Inorganic Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Preparation and Characterization of Inner Complexes of AnthrylenemagnesiumAnthracene derivatives containing ether or amino groups in 9- or 9,10-position (1 - 10) react with magnesium to form new magnesium anthracene inner complexes (11 - 20). These complexes as well as their organic starting materials have been extensively characterized by spectroscopy and chemical means. It was found that solvent ligands which are present in all magnesium anthracene complexes known to date can be partially or totally replaced by inner complexation. For some of the new magnesium anthracene inner complexes the complex formation rates have been determined.
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    Berichte der deutschen chemischen Gesellschaft 126 (1993), S. 265-267 
    ISSN: 0009-2940
    Keywords: [2 + 2] Cycloaddition, reversible ; Glycals ; Isocyanates ; Chemistry ; Inorganic Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: [2 + 2] Cycloadducts obtained by the addition of tosyl isocyanate to glycals (10 - 13) undergo retro-addition upon heating or even at room temperature. The rate of retro-addition increases with rising temperature and polarity of the solvent.
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  • 85
    ISSN: 0009-2940
    Keywords: Phthalocyanine, soluble ; Cation-induced phthalocyanine aggregates ; Chemistry ; Inorganic Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: The synthesis of the octasubstituted phthalocyanine 1, highly soluble in organic solvents, is described. Its aggregation properties in different solvents and in the presence of alkaline, alkaline earth, and ammonium salts are studied.
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  • 86
    ISSN: 0009-2940
    Keywords: Oxo complexes, organometallic ; Borato, hydrotris(3,5-dimethyl-1-pyrazolyl)1-, complexes ; Molybdenum complexes ; Tungsten complexes ; Chemistry ; Inorganic Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Organometallic Oxo Complexes  -  Highervalent Derivatives of the d-Metal Acids, 6.  -  Hydrotris(3,5-dimethyl-1-pyrazolyl)borato-Substituted Alkyl(dioxo)1-, Methylenephosphoranyl(dioxo)1-, and s̰1-Allyl(dioxo) Complexes of Molybdenum and TungstenTp*MoO2Cl (1) and Tp*WO2Cl (2) [Tp* = κ31-HB(3,5-Me2pz)3] react with trimethyl aluminium to form the corresponding dioxo(methyl) complexes Tp*MO2(CH3), M=Mo (3), W (4). An X-ray crystal structure analysis of 3 is performed. The less oxidizing tungsten complex 2 is alkylated by Grignard reagents to yield alkyl complexes of the type Tp*WO2R 5-7 [R=CH2SiMe3, CH2tBu and CH2C(Me)Ph2] and the s̰1-2-methallyl complex Tp*WO2(CH2CMe=CH2) 8. Reactions of 2 with methylenephorphoranes R3P=CH2 (R=iPr, Ph) give transylidation products Tp*WO2(CHPiPr3) (9) and Tp*WO2(CH-PPh3) (10). Hydrolysis of 10 leads to a trioxotungstate [Tp*WO3]- (11), stabilized by a hydroxyphosphonium cation.
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  • 87
    ISSN: 0009-2940
    Keywords: Carbocycles ; Homocalixarenes ; Calixarenes, Homo- ; Large rings ; Macrocycles ; [2n]Metacyclophanes ; Chemistry ; Inorganic Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: all-Homocalixarenes: Carbocyclic Host Compounds with Intra- and Extraannular Ligand ArmsMethoxy-substituted [2n]metacyclophanes 1-10, obtained by Müller-Röscheisen cyclization, are converted into all-homocalixarenes 11-20 with free phenolic hydroxy functions. The well-soluble cyclic pentamer 11 and octamer 14 with endo-acidic host properties are investigated with regard to guest binding. They exhibit selectivity towards alkaline earth metal ions (Ba2+) in liquid/liquid extraction studies. Some of the macrocyclic oligophenols are transformed into homocalixarenes 21-25 with intra- or extraannular oxapropionate groups. The diester 22 and the tetraester 23 are converted into carbocycles 26 and 27 with two and four free oxapropionic acid groups. Complexation properties of the oligoesters in extraction studies and log K values in water are reported. X-ray structural analyses were performed of the [6]-, [8]- and [4]- homocalixarenes 9 and 21, 14 and 23; the inclusion of solvent molecules is proven.
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    Berichte der deutschen chemischen Gesellschaft 126 (1993), S. 2501-2504 
    ISSN: 0009-2940
    Keywords: [(2.1)n]Metacyclophanes, hydroxy- ; Calixarenes ; Trans-tert-butylation ; Conformation ; Hydrogen bonding, intramolecular ; Chemistry ; Inorganic Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: The novel macrocyclic compounds hexahydroxy[2.1.2.1.2.1]- (7b) and octahydroxy[2.1.2.1.2.1.2.1]metacyclophane (7c) have been prepared from anisole in six steps by using the tert-butyl function as a positional protective group on the aromatic ring. Base-catalyzed condensation of 1,2-bis(5-tert-butyl-2-hydroxy-phenyl)ethane (5) with formaldehyde in refluxing xylene does not afford the dimeric product, tetrahydroxy[2.1.2.1]metacyclophane 6a, but furnishes the larger macrocycles 6b and 6c in 70-90% yield. AlCl3/MeNO2-catalyzed trans-tert-butylation of 6b and 6c in toluene gives the desired metacyclophanes 7b and 7c in 60 and 80% yields, respectively, along with tert-butyltoluene 8b. The conformations of the systems such as trimer 6b and tetramers 6c, 7c have been evaluated from their dynamic 1H-NMR spectra. The tetramer 6c is fixed to form a “pleated-loop” conformation like the calix[8]arenes due to the much more stronger intramolecular hydrogen bonding among the hydroxyl groups than in the trimer 6b.
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    Berichte der deutschen chemischen Gesellschaft 126 (1993), S. 2493-2499 
    ISSN: 0009-2940
    Keywords: Radicals ; Addition ; Stereoselectivity ; Alkynes ; Chemistry ; Inorganic Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Alkanes can be added to alkynes in a thermally initiated free-radical chain reaction (“ane reaction”). The addition of cyclohexane to 1-alkynes 1a-1 yields a mixture of (Z)- and (E)-2-cyclohexyl-1-alkenes 3a-1. An essential step in this reaction is the addition of cyclohexyl radicals to the alkynes to give 2-cyclohexyl-1-alkenyl radicals 2a-1 which abstract hydrogen from cyclohexane to yield the products 3a-1. The stereoselectivity of the addition has been measured in the temperature range of 160-260°C. It strongly depends on the substituent X of the radical center and varies over a range of almost four orders of magnitude from [(Z)-3a]:[(E)-3a] = 33 (X = OMe) at 160°C to [(Z)-31]:[(E)-31] = 0.012 (X = tBu) at 260°C. The stereoselectivity is further influenced by the temperature and in most cases by the concentration of the hydrogen donor cyclohexane. The reaction is discussed in terms of the stereoselectivity of the addition of cyclohexyl radicals to the alkyne, of the structure of the 1-alkenyl radical (σ and π radical, respectively), the rate of inversion in the case of σ alkenyl radicals, and the relative rates of syn and anti hydrogen transfer.
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    Berichte der deutschen chemischen Gesellschaft 126 (1993), S. 2505-2511 
    ISSN: 0009-2940
    Keywords: Cyclophanes ; Benzenopyrenophane, 4,9-bridged ; Sulfones, pyrolysis of ; Photodesulfurization ; [2]Naphthaleno[2]paracyclophane, 1,5-bridged ; Chemistry ; Inorganic Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: 2,11-Dithia[3]metacyclo- (14b) and 2,11-dithia[3]paracyclo[3]-(4,9)pyrenophane (14c) were obtained by the coupling reactions of 4,9-bis(chloromethyl)pyrene (12) with the corresponding bis(mercaptomethyl)benzenes (13b, c). Attempted pyrolysis of the disulfones 18b, 18c to afford [2]metacyclo- (19b) and [2]paracyclo[2](4,9)pyrenophane (19c) failed. Only the ring cleavage products 16 and 20 were obtained. The sulfur dioxide extrusion by vapor-phase pyrolysis of the corresponding disulfone 18 to the highly strained 19 clearly demonstrates the limits of these preparative ring contraction method. The photolytic desulfurization of 14c afforded the [2](1,5)naphthal-eno[2]paracyclophane analogue 21 instead of [2]paracyclo[1]-(4,9)pyrenophane 21′. The mechanism of the pyrolysis and photolysis reactions is discussed.
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    Berichte der deutschen chemischen Gesellschaft 126 (1993), S. 2513-2517 
    ISSN: 0009-2940
    Keywords: Dibenzo [CH]8 hydrocarbons ; Flow-vacuum pyrolysis ; Chemistry ; Inorganic Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: The flow-vacuum pyrolysis of dibenzo [CH]8 hydrocarbons 2,3,4, and 5 are studied at 1 Torr and in the temperature range between 400 and 650°C. The following new transformations have been observed: 2⇆4, 2→5, 3→5, 3⇆4, 3→2, 5→11, the last three presenting analogies in the [CH]8 and/or benzo [CH]8 series. A reaction mechanism is suggested.
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  • 92
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    Berichte der deutschen chemischen Gesellschaft 126 (1993), S. 2519-2524 
    ISSN: 0009-2940
    Keywords: 1-Aza-2-azoniaallene cations ; Carbodiimides ; 1H-1,2,4-Triazolium salts ; Chemistry ; Inorganic Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: 1-Aza-2-azoniaallene cations 3, prepared in situ from geminal (chloroalkyl)azo compounds 2, react with carbodiimides 4 to give 4,5-dihydro-5-imino-1H-1,2,4-triazolium salts 7. An X-ray structural analysis was carried out for 71. According to AM1 calculations the cycloaddition of carbodiimides to 1-aza-2-azoniaallene cations occurs in a nonconcerted manner via cyanamidium cations 5 as intermediates. Hetero-Wagner-Meerwein rearrangements of the primary cycloadducts 6 provide the final products 7.
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  • 93
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    Berichte der deutschen chemischen Gesellschaft 126 (1993), S. 2525-2530 
    ISSN: 0009-2940
    Keywords: Phosphanes, cyclopropenyl- ; Phosphaalkenes, cyclopropenyl ; Shifts, [1,3]-silyl and [1,3]-H ; 1-Aza-3-phosphaallenes ; Cyclopropenyl substituents ; Chemistry ; Inorganic Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Organophosphorus Compounds, 73[1]. - The Tri-tert-butyl-2-cyclopropen-1-yl Substituent as Kinetically Stabilizing Group for 1-Aza-3-phosphaallenes[2]The cyclopropenylphosphane 5 reacts with the isocyanates 6a-g to form the phosphaalkenes 7a-g. An analogous transformation occurs with the same phosphane and the bifunctional isocyanates 8a, b (→ 9a, b). In contrast, the reaction 5 + 6h ends at the stage of the tautomers 11h ⇆ 12h. Methanolysis of 7b and of 11h ⇆ 12h leads to the carbamoyl-cyclopropenylphosphanes 14a and b, respectively. Sodium hydroxide-catalyzed elimination of hexamethyldisiloxane from 7b, g and the tautomer mixture 11h ⇆ 12h yields the target 1-aza-3-phosphaallenes 16a-c.
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  • 94
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    Berichte der deutschen chemischen Gesellschaft 126 (1993), S. 2531-2534 
    ISSN: 0009-2940
    Keywords: [2.2]Paracyclophanes ; 1,2-Dibromoarenes ; anti-[2.2]Paracyclophanes ; Aryne generation ; Diels-Alder reactions ; Chemistry ; Inorganic Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: The reaction of 2 with nBuLi at -78°C generates aryne intermediates within the aromatic rings of [2.2]paracyclophane which are trapped in Diels-Alder reactions with dienes like furan, 1,9-diphenylisobenzofuran, or cyclopentadiene. Reductive deoxygenation with low-valent titanium reagents or TMSI converts the adducts of furan and isobenzofuran into anti-[2.2]paracyclophanes 4 and 5, respectively. The reaction of two aryne intermediates with [2.2](2,5)furanophane (7) yields 8 with three [2.2]paracyclophane units arranged in a stair-like fashion; yet, in this compound the highly shielded oxygen atoms cannot be removed anymore by reduction.
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  • 95
    ISSN: 0009-2940
    Keywords: Chromium, (β-aminoethenyl)carbene complexes ; 1-Aza-1,3-butadienes, coordinated ; Pyridines, cycloaddition with alkynes ; Chelated chromium complexes ; Chemistry ; Inorganic Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: [(β-Aminoethenyl)carbene]chromium complexes 3a-c rearrange to coordinated 1-aza-1,3-butadienes 6a-c, which undergo cycloadditions with alkynes 7a, c to pyridines 9a, 10a-c.
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  • 96
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    Berichte der deutschen chemischen Gesellschaft 126 (1993), S. 2543-2546 
    ISSN: 0009-2940
    Keywords: Multicyclic aromatic hydrocarbons, dehydration to ; Multicyclic aromatic hydrocarbons, solubility of ; Benzodifluoranthene derivative ; Chemistry ; Inorganic Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Synthesis and characterization of the alkyl chain-substituted benzodifluoranthene 6 are described. The final synthetic step involves an acid-promoted dehydration whose conversion is determined to be quantitative. The solubilities of compounds 4e, 5, and 6 are qualitatively correlated with structural features. The molecular structure of 6 in the crystal is elucidated by an X-ray structure analysis.
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  • 97
    ISSN: 0009-2940
    Keywords: Furanosides, methyl ; Photochemistry ; Stereoselective reactions ; Chemistry ; Inorganic Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Syntheses of Medium and Large Rings, XXXIV[1,2]. - Stereoselective Synthesis of Bridged and Branched Methyl Deoxyfuranosides from Dimethyl 3,6-Hexanooxepine-4,5-dicarboxylateThe stereoselective synthesis of the bridged methyl furanosides 4-8 with four, five, and six stereogenic centers is described. The reaction sequence starts with the addition of methanol to the oxepine 1. The photochemical electrocyclic ring closure of 2 gives the cyclobutene 3. Ruthenium tetraoxide oxidation of 3 leads to the title compound 4 that is further converted to 5-8 by stereoselective reductions.
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  • 98
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    Berichte der deutschen chemischen Gesellschaft 126 (1993), S. 645-648 
    ISSN: 0009-2940
    Keywords: Diphosphiranes, molecular structure of ; 1,2-Diphospha-2-propene ; Chemistry ; Inorganic Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Synthesis, Structure, and Reactivity of DiphosphiranesThe 1,1-diamino-1,2-diphospha-2-propen (2,6-Me2C5H8N)2P - P=C(SiMe3)2 (3) is obtained by treatment of bis(2,6-dimethyl-piperidino)(trimethylsilyl)phosphane (1) with [bis(trimethylsilyl)methylene]chlorophosphane (2). Compound 3 readily undergoes thermally isomerization to the diphosphirane 2,6- Nucleophilic substitution of the P1-chloro function of 1-chloro-2-(diisopropylamino)1-3,3-bis(trimethylsilyl)diphosphirane (6) leads to alkyl, amino, phosphanyl, and arsanyl derivatives 7a - d. The corresponding hydrogen derivative 7e is formed by reduction of 6 with tri-n1-butylstannane. The molecular structure of 7c as well as the NMR data of the diphosphiranes are discussed.
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  • 99
    ISSN: 0009-2940
    Keywords: Carbene complexes ; Stannyl complexes ; Chromium complexes ; Anionic complexes ; Chemistry ; Inorganic Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Transition Metal Stannyl Complexes, 7[1]. - Preparation of Carbene Complexes (π1-Arene)(CO)2CrCR2 by the Reaction of the Anionic Stannyl Complexes [(π1-Arene)(CO)2CrSnPh3]- with R2CX2 or [R2CX]YCarbene complexes (π1-arene)(CO)2Cr=CR2 are formed in substitution/elimination reactions from the anionic stannyl complexes K[(π1-arene)(CO)2CrSnPh3] [π1-arene=C6H6 (1a), 1,3,5-Me3C6H3 (1b), 1,2,4,5-Me4C6H2 (1c)] C6Me6 (1d) and organic dihalides R2CX2 containing activated C - X bonds or ionic halides [R2CX]Y. Bis(stannyl) complexes (π1-arene)(CO)2Cr(SnPh3)2 (3) and hydrido(stannyl)complexes (π1-arene)(CO)2Cr(H)SnPh3 are formed as byproducts due to the reaction of the eliminated Ph3SnCl with the anionic starting complexes or electron transfer reactions, respectively. The portion and ratio of the byproducts is largely influenced by the steric properties of both the (π1-arene)(CO)2Cr fragment and the organic halide. Pyridinylidene complexes 2) are only obtained from 2-chloro-N1-methylpyridinium tetrafluoroborat with 1a - c, but not with 1d. With the sterically less demanding halides [R2N=C(H)Cl]Cl [NR2=NMe2, (n=3, 4)] or 3,3-dichloro-1,2-diphenylcyclopropene the carbene complexes (π1-arene)(CO)2Cr=C(H)NR2 or are obtained with all employed π1-arene ligands.
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  • 100
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    Berichte der deutschen chemischen Gesellschaft 126 (1993), S. 669-678 
    ISSN: 0009-2940
    Keywords: Vinylidenerhodium complexes, γ1-functionalized, generation from alkynols and their derivatives ; (Vinylvinylidene)1- and allenylidenerhodium complexes, formation by HX elimination ; Alkynyl(hydrido)1- rhodium(III) complexes, preparation from alkyne or vinylidene precursors ; Rhodium complexes, cyclopentadienyl, with vinylvinylidene ligands ; Chemistry ; Inorganic Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Description / Table of Contents: Vinylidene Transition Metal Complexes, XXII[1]. - Alkyne, Alkynyl(hydrido)1-, Vinylidene-, and Vinylvinylidene Complexes of Rhodium from OH-, NH2-, and Cl-Functionalized Alkynes
    Notes: The reaction of [RhCl(PiPr3)2]n with γ1-functionalized 1-alkynes HC≡C-CRR′X (X=OH, OMe, Cl, NH2) at room temperature leads to the formation of either alkyne-, alkynyl(hydrido)1-, or vinylidenerhodium complexes. The alkyne and alkynyl-(hydrido) derivatives rearrange thermally or in the presence of deactivated Al2O3 to the isomeric vinylidenerhodium compounds in almost quantitative yield. On treatment of the γ1-functionalized vinylidenerhodium complexes trans-[RhCl(=C=CH-CRR′X)(PiPr3)2] with Al2O3 or traces of acids, elimination of HX occurs and (for R=H, CH3; R′=CH3; X=OH, Cl, NH2) the (vinylvinylidene)rhodium compounds trans-[RhCl(=C=CH-CR=CH2)(PiPr3)2] are formed. In contrast, the reaction of trans-[RhCl(=C=CHCPh2OH)(PiPr3)2] with either Al2O3 or acid gives the allenylidene complex trans-[RhCl(=C=C=CPh2)(PiPr3)2]. The 1-hexyne derivatives HC≡C[CH2]3CH2X (X=OH, Cl) react with [RhCl(PiPr3)2]n to give alkyne-, alkynyl(hydrido)1-, and vinylidenerhodium compounds; attempts to form the cyclic vinylidene complex trans- by HX elimination from trans-[RhCl(=C=C=CH[CH2]3CH2X)(PiPr3)2] (X=OH, Cl) failed. The half-sandwich-type (vinylvinylidene)rhodium compounds [C5H5Rh(=C=CH-CR=CH2)(PiPr3)] (R=H, Me) are obtained from [RhH(C≡C-CR=CH2)Cl(py)(PiPr3)2] and NaC5H5.
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