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  • Drosophila  (24)
  • Spektralphotometrie  (24)
  • Springer  (48)
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  • 1981  (48)
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  • 2015-2019
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  • 1980-1984  (48)
  • 1970-1974
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  • 1
    Electronic Resource
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    Springer
    Development genes and evolution 190 (1981), S. 118-122 
    ISSN: 1432-041X
    Keywords: Drosophila ; Aggregation ; Lectins ; Cell surface ; Embryo-derived cell line
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Summary In this paper we describe the aggregation of cells from embryo-derived cell lines ofDrosophila, measured by examining the ability of single cells to adhere to one another when suspended in culture medium and swirled on a rotary shaker. Using this method we demonstrated the presence of receptors for Concanavalin A, soybean agglutinin, and possibly wheat germ agglutinin on the surface of Schneider's line-2 cells. Our work provides basic descriptive and background information for further studies onDrosophila cells, including those isolated from imaginal discs.
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  • 2
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    Development genes and evolution 190 (1981), S. 297-300 
    ISSN: 1432-041X
    Keywords: Myosins ; Drosophila ; muscle
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Summary Electrophoresis of myosin extracts from larvae and adult tissues ofDrosophila melanogaster under non-dissociating conditions indicate that two of the bands seen are myosins. They stain for Ca2+ ATPase activity and when cut and re-run under dissociating conditions are found to contain a myosin heavy chain that co-migrates with rabbit skeletal muscle myosin heavy chain. One of the forms of myosin seen is found primarily in extracts from the leg. The other is common to the adult fibrillar flight muscles and the larval body wall muscles. The electrophoretic evidence for two myosin types is strengthened by the histochemical demonstration of two myofibrillar ATPases on the basis of their lability to acid or alkali preincubation. The myofibrillar ATPase in the leg and the Tergal Depressor of the Trochanter (TDT) are shown to be relatively acid labile and alkali stable. The larval body wall muscles and the adult fibrillar flight muscles have an ATPase which is acid stable and alkali labile. This distribution of the two myofibrillar ATPase coincides with that predicted by electrophoresis of extracts from whole tissue and also locates the two myosins to specific muscle types.
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  • 3
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    Development genes and evolution 190 (1981), S. 185-190 
    ISSN: 1432-041X
    Keywords: Wound healing ; Regeneration ; Imaginal discs ; Drosophila
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Summary When complementary fragments of an imaginal disc ofDrosophila are cultured for several days prior to metamorphosis, usually one fragment will regenerate while the other will duplicate. It has been proposed that wound healing plays an important part in disc regulation (French et al. 1976; Reinhardt et al. 1977) by initiating cell proliferation and determining the mode of regulation. We tried to delay the wound healing process by leaving a region of dead cells between the wound edges. In “06” fragments (Bryant 1975a) wound healing has occurred after 1–2 days of culture and the regeneration of missing structures after 2–4 days of culture. We observed that leaving a region of dead cells between the wound edges delays both wound healing and the regeneration of missing structures by 2 days. When disc fragments are cultured in female abdomens and then exposed to3H-thymidine to label replicating cells, then the label is found to be localised around the wound. We observed that delaying wound healing does not delay this localisation of labelled nuclei indicating that wound healing may not be required to initiate DNA replication.
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  • 4
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    Development genes and evolution 190 (1981), S. 156-160 
    ISSN: 1432-041X
    Keywords: Drosophila ; Imaginal discs ; Transdetermination ; Homeosis
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Summary The transdetermination capacities of leg discs ofDrosophila melanogaster were examined by mechanically disrupting and kneading whole discs from late third instar larvae and by culturing the resulting tissue mass for 10–14 days in adult female abdomens where the cells continued to divide. The grown implants were then dissected from the abdomens and injected into third instar larvae to undergo metamorphosis. After this treatment, prothoracic leg discs ofDrosophila melanogaster transdetermined with a high frequency (59% of all implants) to wing. Mesothoracic leg discs also transdetermined to wing, but at a very low frequency (4%). Metathoracic leg discs exhibited the same low frequency of transdetermination (4%), but in this case the direction of transdetermination was to haltere (Table 1,D. melanogaster). Very similar results were obtained with leg discs ofDrosophila nigromelanica (Table 1,D. nigromelanica), showing that the peculiar behavior of the three leg discs is not unique forDrosophila melanogaster. The homeotic mutation Polycomb (Pc 3) which partially transforms meso- and metathoracic legs into prothoracic legs did not significantly increase the frequencies of transdetermination in these leg dises and had clearly no effect on the direction of transdetermination (Table 1).
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  • 5
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    Development genes and evolution 190 (1981), S. 11-21 
    ISSN: 1432-041X
    Keywords: Drosophila ; Imaginal discs ; Ecdysteroid ; Lethal mutant ; Morphogenesis
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Summary Imaginal disc development in the non-pupariating lethall(1)npr-1, a mutant that maps to an ecdysone early puff site, is studied in situ, in vitro and in transplanted discs. Disc development is slightly abnormal from the middle of the third instar with severe abnormalities appearing after the rise in 20-hydroxyecdysone that triggers metamorphosis. The mutant discs only partly evaginate and do not undergo any of the detailed morphological changes characteristic of metamorphosis. Treatment of the mutant dises in vitro with colcemid and trypsin facilitates evagination but the appendages remain morphologically abnormal. A number of differentiative processes occur in mutant discs in situ and in discs transplanted into wild type hosts in spite of the absence of normal morphogenesis. Implications of the observations for normal disc development are discussed. Possible modes of action of thel(1)npr-1 gene are also discussed in light of the observation that the mutant gene maps to a locus which is thought to have a regulatory function in development.
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  • 6
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    Development genes and evolution 190 (1981), S. 132-138 
    ISSN: 1432-041X
    Keywords: Maternal effect mutant ; Homeotic-mutants ; Pattern formation ; Drosophila
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Summary The temperature sensitive mutationfs(l)h is characterized at the restrictive temperature of 29°C by both a maternal effect responsible for the early embryonic lethality and pupal zygotic lethality. The two phenotypes are inseparable and map at a short deletion in the X chromosome (7Dl, 7D5-6). At semipermissive temperatures, hemizygous mutant females produce adults with morphological defects, such as organ deficiencies and homeotic transformations of haltere to wing and third leg to second leg. These defects depend on the maternal genotype and are governed by an early temperature sensitive period, which covers the end of oogenesis and the first hours of embryogenesis. Furthermore, this maternal effect mutation interacts with some dominant mutations of the bithorax system. These properties suggest thatfs(l)h is somehow involved in segmental determination.
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  • 7
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    Development genes and evolution 190 (1981), S. 1-10 
    ISSN: 1432-041X
    Keywords: Drosophila ; Grandchildless ; Pole cells ; ts-mutant ; Cytoplasmic determinant
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Summary Two temperature-sensitive sex-linkedgrandchildless (gs)-like mutations (gs(1)N26 andgs(1)N441) were induced by ethylmethane sulphonate inDrosophila melanogaster. They complemented each other and mapped at two different loci (1−33.8±0.7 forgs(1)N26 and 1−39.6±1.7 forgs(1)N441), which were not identical to those of any of thegs-like mutants reported in earlier work. Homozygous females of the newly isolated mutants produced eggs that were unable to form pole cells and developed into agametic adults. Competence of the embryos to form pole cells was not restored by wild-type sperm in either mutant; that is, the sterility caused by these mutations is controlled by a maternal effect. Fecundity and fertility ofgs(1)N26 females were low, and their male offspring showed a higher mortality than that of female offspring, causing an abnormal sex ratio. The frequency of agametic progeny was 93.1% and 55.8%, when the female parents were reared at 25° C and 18° C, respectively. In eggs produced by thegs(1)N26 females reared at 25° C, the migration of nuclei to the posterior pole was abnormal, and almost no pole cell formation occurred in these egg. Furthermore, half of these eggs failed to cellularize at the posterior pole. When the females were reared at 18° C, almost all of the eggs underwent complete blastoderm formation, and in half of these blastoderm embryos normal pole cells were formed. In the other mutant,gs(1)N441, the fecundity and fertility of the females were normal. The agametic frequency in the progeny was 70.8% and 18.6% when the female parents were reared at 25° C and 18° C, respectively. In the eggs laid by females reared either at 25° C or at 18° C, the migration of nuclei to the periphery and cellularization proceeded normally; nevertheless, in the majority of the embryos no pole cell formation occured at the stage when nuclei penetrated into the periplasm. When the females were reared at 18° C, some of the embryos from these females formed some round blastoderm cells with cytologically recognizable polar granules and nuclear bodies, which are attributes of pole cells. The temperature sensitive period ofgs(1)N441 was estimated to extend from stage 9 to 13 of King's stages of oogenesis.
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  • 8
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    Development genes and evolution 190 (1981), S. 308-312 
    ISSN: 1432-041X
    Keywords: Drosophila ; ts-Suppressor mutant ; Glue proteins ; Intermolt puffs ; Electrophoresis
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Summary The l(1)su(f)ts67g mutation has been shown to suppress the developmentally regulated expression of glue protein genes at 30°C. Transferring mutant larvae to the restrictive temperature before the end of the second larval instar results in the absence or extreme reduction of glue protein synthesis while general protein synthesis is unaffected. At the same time, the three glue protein correlated chromosomal regions 3C, 25B, and 68C continue to show prominent puffs. The results suggest that the mutation may be affecting the processing or translatability of specific mRNAs rather than the translational machinery itself.
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  • 9
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    Development genes and evolution 190 (1981), S. 301-303 
    ISSN: 1432-041X
    Keywords: Drosophila ; Geographic strains ; Chorion genes ; Electrophoretic variants
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Summary Further IF screening ofDrosophila melanogaster geographic strains has revealed a variant of the s19 major chorion protein. Developmental analysis of F1 hybrids indicates that the source of the variation is found in the structural gene for this protein. The linkage group of the variant gene was determined to be the third, and the gene was localized by several methods of recombination analysis. The s19 gene was found to be tightly linked to thesepia locus, as had been previously found for the s18 gene (Yannoni and Petri 1980). Lack of recombination between the s19 and s18 genes in double heterozygotes suggested that these two genes are within 0.3 map units of each other. Although more precise localization of the s19 gene failed, the s18 gene could be more specifically located to the right ofsepia, betweensepia andhairy. Contrary to our prediction (ibid.), the s19 and s18 genes have been found to be tightly linked in spite of the fact that they display somewhat different developmental stage specificity.
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  • 10
    ISSN: 1432-041X
    Keywords: Drosophila ; Homoeotic mutants ; Ventral cord
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Summary We describe a set of cells in the central nervous system of theDrosophila embryo which are restricted to the thoracic ganglia in the wildtype. Taking these cells as indication of thoracic identity, we find that the ventral cord of embryos homozygous mutant for different bithorax functions and for Polycomb undergoes homoeotic transformations equivalent to those observed in the larval cuticle.
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  • 11
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    Biochemical genetics 19 (1981), S. 567-583 
    ISSN: 1573-4927
    Keywords: aldehyde oxidase ; Drosophila ; evolution ; gene regulation ; isozymes
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Abstract At least four enzymes contribute to histochemically, electrophoretically, or spectrophotometrically detectable aldehyde oxidase (AO) activity in Drosophila melanogaster. The one we designate AO-1 contributes the majority of activity measured in extracts of whole flies. Pyridoxal oxidase (PO) is also a broad range AO. It is prominent only in midgut and Malpighian tubules, where it apparently accounts for a substantial fraction of total AO activity. The tissue distributions of these enzymes are clearly disparate despite close linkage of their structural loci and parallel dependence on the mal, lxd, and cin loci. A similarly related enzyme, xanthine dehydrogenase (XDH), is detected as an AO only in electrophoretic gels. A fourth broad range AO, not dependent on mal, lxd, and cin, is confined to the ejaculatory bulb. A similar array of AO isozymes is present in phylogenetically distant Drosophila species.
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  • 12
    ISSN: 1573-4927
    Keywords: dipeptidases ; variation ; allozymes ; Drosophila
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Abstract Genetic variation at three dipeptidase loci (Dip-A, Dip-B, and Dip-C) in Drosophila simulans was analyzed by starch gel electrophoresis. Dip-A was found to be polymorphic in four populations, while Dip-B and Dip-C were found to be polymorphic in one. The numbers of different alleles found at each respective locus were: Dip-A, two; Dip-B, two; and Dip-C, three. Dip-A was genetically mapped at 57.9 on the second chromosome, and Dip-B and Dip-C at 80.9 and 87.9 on the third chromosome, respectively. Neither Dip-B nor Dip-C has been mapped in D. melanogaster because both loci are apparently monomorphic. Their map positions in D. simulans with respect to flanking markers whose homologous genes have been cytogenetically localized in D. melanogaster suggested that they might be mapped cytogenetically by using available deficiencies in D. melanogaster. Accordingly, by the construction of interspecific hybrids which carried deficiencies of melanogaster and an allele of simulans with a mobility different from that of the fixed melanogaster allele, Dip-B and Dip-C were localized between 87F12-14 and 88C1-3 and between 87B5-6 and 87B8-10, respectively, in the salivary gland chromosomes of D. melanogaster. The similarity between these two species is discussed on the basis of these findings.
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  • 13
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    Biochemical genetics 19 (1981), S. 115-127 
    ISSN: 1573-4927
    Keywords: Drosophila ; dihydroorotate dehydrogenase ; pyrimidine biosynthesis
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Abstract A locus is described that controls levels of mitochondrial dihydroorotate dehydrogenase (EC 1.3.3.1) in Drosophila melanogaster. The effects of alleles of the locus, Dhod, are manifest in preparations from whole organisms as well as in partially purified mitochondrial preparations; however, other mitochondrial functions do not appear to be appreciably affected by Dhod genotypes. The locus maps near p in the proximal portion of the right arm of chromosome 3. Flies trisomic for a chromosome segment including that region display elevated enzyme levels, implying that an enzyme structural gene is in that vicinity. Furthermore, Dhod alleles are semidominant in heterozygotes, suggesting that the dosage-sensitive element detected in the trisomics is actually the Dhod locus. These findings are discussed relative to the role of dihydroorotate dehydrogenase in the de novo pyrimidine biosynthetic pathway and relative to other pathway mutants that have been described in Drosophila.
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  • 14
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    Biochemical genetics 19 (1981), S. 311-320 
    ISSN: 1573-4927
    Keywords: Drosophila ; thermal stability of enzyme ; α-glycerophosphate dehydrogenase
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Abstract Thermal stability of α-glycerophosphate dehydrogenase-1 (α-Gpdh-1) in nine Drosophila species was studied at pH's ranging from 6.4 to 8.5. This was done by measuring the changes in the activity of enzymes during the heat denaturation process. In addition to temperature, the rate of denaturation is highly dependent on the pH of the incubation buffer. The results of this study show that the thermal stability of enzyme molecules is different in different species. This holds true also in the species in which the enzymes have been found to be identical by other means. The differences between species of the Drosophila virilis group are discussed.
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  • 15
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    Biochemical genetics 19 (1981), S. 321-331 
    ISSN: 1573-4927
    Keywords: Drosophila ; embryonic cells ; actin
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Abstract In a permanent cell line derived from Drosophila embryos, cytoplasmic actin is produced as an unstable precursor, which is subsequently converted to a stable form. This conversion results in a reduction in isoelectric point, with no apparent change in molecular weight. The conversion involves an enzymatic acetylation, and results in an insensitivity to aminopeptidase digestion, suggesting N-terminal blockage. Both the acetylated and unacetylated actins can participate in the assembly of F-actin, but with different efficiencies.
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  • 16
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    Biochemical genetics 19 (1981), S. 411-419 
    ISSN: 1573-4927
    Keywords: half life ; Drosophila ; alcohol dehydrogenase ; enzyme stability
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Abstract A rapid and accurate method of measuring the relative in vivo stability of Drosophila alcohol dehydrogenase is presented. The potential of this technique for examining posttranslational control of in vivo enzyme concentrations is discussed.
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  • 17
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    Biochemical genetics 19 (1981), S. 421-430 
    ISSN: 1573-4927
    Keywords: Drosophila ; alcohol dehydrogenase ; adaptation
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Abstract The effects of environmental 2-propanol on the in vivo properties of Drosophila alcohol dehydrogenase (E.C. 1.1.1.1.) are presented. Exposed flies were found to exhibit a significant decrease in ADH specific activity with a concomitant increase in the enzyme's relative in vivo stability and concentration. The possible adaptive significance of the observed responses is discussed.
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  • 18
    ISSN: 1573-4927
    Keywords: Drosophila ; amylase ; gene regulation ; trans effect
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Abstract Purified amylases from high- and low-activity variants of Drosophila melanogaster showed identical specific activities. Immunoelectrophoresis of crude larval homogenates showed severalfold differences between strains in the amounts of cross-reacting material. Control of amylase activity is “trans”-acting in heterozygotes between high- and low-activity variants. These results suggest the existence of polymorphic regulatory genes affecting the production levels of amylase protein in D. melanogaster.
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  • 19
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    Biochemical genetics 19 (1981), S. 947-954 
    ISSN: 1573-4927
    Keywords: alcohol dehydrogenase ; Drosophila ; cryptic variants
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Abstract Thirty-five cryptic variant lines were used to examine the mechanisms involved in genetic modulation of alcohol metabolism in Drosophila. Late third-instar larval, preemergence pupal, and adult stages cultured at 18 and 28 C were examined. Spectrophotometric analyses for native alcohol dehydrogenase (ADH) activity and residual ADH activity after treatment with guanidine hydrochloride and heat were performed. Differential response of cryptic variants to treatment with the denaturants during development suggested that this variation may have an adaptive significance.
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  • 20
    ISSN: 1573-4927
    Keywords: Drosophila ; molybdoenzymes ; sulfite oxidase ; tungstate feeding
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Abstract Sulfite oxidase (sulfite: ferricytochrome c oxidoreductase; EC 1.8.2.1) has been detected in Drosophila melanogaster and some of its properties have been studied. In most respects this enzyme resembles the mammalian sulfite oxidases except for its molecular weight (148,000), which is somewhat higher than that of rat sulfite oxidase (116,000). Cytochrome c, potassium-ferricyanide, and oxygen can serve as electron acceptors in the oxidation of sulfite by the enzyme. Although definite evidence can be obtained only through the analysis of the pure enzyme, experiments involving tungstate feeding suggest that Drosophila sulfite oxidase is most probably a molybdoenzyme. Extracts of mal flies show normal levels of sulfite oxidase, whereas lxd flies have only 5–10% of the activity of wild type, and in cin flies the enzyme is apparently absent. While it is possible that the lxd and cin mutations are at some level responsible for the defective synthesis of a molybdenum-containing cofactor (supposed to be present in most molybdoenzymes), the evidence accumulated so far by several authors and the results of the present investigation argue against the involvement of a Mo cofactor in the multiple enzyme deficiencies observed in mal flies.
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  • 21
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    Behavior genetics 11 (1981), S. 557-563 
    ISSN: 1573-3297
    Keywords: Drosophila ; photobehavior ; pupation site selection ; sibling species
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Psychology
    Notes: Abstract Drosophila melanogaster prefers to pupate in the dark, while its sibling species,D. simulans, prefers the light when the species are tested in isolation and when cultured and tested together. Reciprocal interspecific hybridizations were carried out and the F 1 individuals were tested. Progeny from the cross ofD. melanogaster females withD. simulans males chose pupations sites exactly intermediate between those of the two parental species, while the reciprocal-cross offspring preferred light pupation sites. The pupation site preferences (PSPs) of the hybrids are compatible with a sex-linked locus or loci influencing light-dependent PSP in this pair of species. Examination of light preferences of larvae prior to the late third instar demonstrates that these preference are highly specific, being restricted to the time just before pupation. During the first two larval instarsD. melanogaster is quite photopositive whileD. simulans is comparatively photoneutral. These differences in light-dependent behavior could aid in reducing competition between the two species.
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  • 22
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    Theoretical and applied genetics 59 (1981), S. 23-24 
    ISSN: 1432-2242
    Keywords: Genetic sexing ; Alcohol dehydrogenase ; Drosophila
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Summary By incorporating ethanol (4% v/v) into the larval rearing medium of a specially constructed Drosophila melanogaster strain it was possible to produce only male adults; the female larvae died. In this strain, the male determining chromosome was linked with a positive Alcohol dehydrogenase (ADH) allele by a translocation. The females were homozygous for the null allele and hence sensitive to ethanol. This genetic sexing method is discussed in relation to its use in the genetic control of insects.
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  • 23
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    Behavior genetics 11 (1981), S. 127-133 
    ISSN: 1573-3297
    Keywords: sexual isolation ; Drosophila ; isofemale strains ; isolation index ; mating propensity
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Psychology
    Notes: Abstract Eight isofemale strains of the cosmopolitan speciesDrosophila immigrans derived from a single location in Melbourne, Australia, were crossed in all combinations to test for sexual isolation. Statistically significant sexual isolation occurred in 12 of 28 crosses, with one strain showing significant isolation from the other seven. There were significantly unequal male mating propensities (relative rates of mating) in 7 of the 28 crosses.
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  • 24
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    Cell & tissue research 220 (1981), S. 251-262 
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Meiosis ; Spermiogenesis ; Organ culture ; Drosophila
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary In vitro spermatogenesis of isolated single spermatocyte cysts of Drosophila hydei was studied by microscopic observations and time-lapse cinematography. Cysts of spermatocytes isolated during diplotene develop as far as the coiling stage of spermatid differentiation. The existence of an interphase between meiosis I and meiosis II is, for the first time, documented. Meiosis, Nebenkern formation, and elongation of spermatids occur just as in D. melanogaster; however, an individualization cone, as described for D. melanogaster, can not be detected.
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  • 25
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    Fresenius' Zeitschrift für analytische Chemie 305 (1981), S. 413-414 
    ISSN: 1618-2650
    Keywords: Best. von Nitroparaffinen, prim. ; Spektralphotometrie ; Überf. in Hydroxamsäuren, Vanadium
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
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  • 26
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    Fresenius' Zeitschrift für analytische Chemie 306 (1981), S. 125-128 
    ISSN: 1618-2650
    Keywords: Best. von Antimon mit Triphenyltetrazoliumchlorid ; Spektralphotometrie ; Extraktion
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Description / Table of Contents: Summary The optimum conditions for the antimony(V) extraction in strong hydrochloride acid medium as a ternary ion-associated complex with triphenyltetrazolium chloride have been investigated. The extraction constant has been determined with dichlorethene and chloroform (1∶1) (K ex =3.06×104). A working procedure for the determination of antimony has been developed. Interferences are only caused by iron(III), gold(III), thallium(III) and gallium. The application of the method is demonstrated by the analysis of metallic lead, which has also been carried out with two other methods (AAS and spectrophotometry with crystal violet). The new method is superior in reliability and accuracy. The relative standard deviation of the mean is ± 7.4%.
    Notes: Zusammenfassung Die optimalen Bedingungen für die Extraktion von Antimon aus stark salzsaurer Lösung als Ionenanlagerungskomplex mit Triphenyltetrazoliumchlorid wurden bestimmt. Die Extraktionskonstante bei Extraktion mit einer Dichlorethan-Chloroform-Mischung (1∶1) beträgt (K ex =3,06·104). Für die Antimonbestimmung wurde eine entsprechende Methode ausgearbeitet. Nur Fe(II), Au(III), Tl(III) und Ga(III) stören. Die Anwendung der Methode wurde an Hand der Analyse von metallischem Blei demonstriert, die zusätzlich auch nach zwei anderen Methoden (AAS und Spektralphotometrie mit Kristallviolett) durchgeführt wurde. Die neue Methode ist in bezug auf Zuverlässigkeit und Genauigkeit überlegen. Die relative Standardabweichung des Mittelwertes beträgt ± 7,4%.
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  • 27
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    Fresenius' Zeitschrift für analytische Chemie 306 (1981), S. 129-135 
    ISSN: 1618-2650
    Keywords: Best. von Kobalt in Cyanocobalamin, Wasser ; Spektralphotometrie ; 5-Brom-PADAP
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Description / Table of Contents: Zusammenfassung Eine empfindliche und selektive spektralphotometrische Kobaltbestimmung (〈0,9 μg ml−1) ist mit 2-(5-Brom-2-pyridylazo)-5-diethylaminophenol (5-Brom-PADAP) auf Grund des kinetisch stabilen Co(III)L 2 − -Chelates möglich, das nach seiner Bildung bei pH 7 (Ammoniumacetat) in Gegenwart von 0,1% Triton X-100, 5,10−3 M Ammoniumperoxodisulfat und 10% (v/v) Dimethylformamid (auch nach Zugabe von 1,25 M H2SO4, 1,80 M HNO3 oder auch 0,1–0,01 M EDTA) stabil ist. Eine Reihe von 5-Brom-PADAP-Chelaten störender Ionen werden dabei zersetzt. V(V), Hg2+, Ni2+, Cu2+, Pd2+ können stören. Die Kobaltbestimmung in Cyanocobalamin und auch Trinkwasser ist auf diesem Wege möglich. Die Fehler lagen im Bereich von — 3 bis — 7 % (1,8–9 μg Co/l).
    Notes: Summary A sensitive and selective determination of cobalt (〈0.9 μg ml−1) with 2-(5-bromo-2-pyridylazo)-5-diethylaminophenol (5-Bromo-PADAP) is carried out at pH7 in the presence of ammonium acetate buffer, 5×10−3M ammonium peroxodisulphate, 0.1% Triton X-100 and 10% (v/v) dimethylformamide. The kinetically inert Co(III)L 2 − chelate, if once formed at pH 7 is stable over a broad pH interval for a certain period (in 1.25 M H2SO4, 1.80 M HNO3 or 0.1–0.01 M EDTA, where many other 5-Bromo-PADAP chelates are destroyed). V(V), Hg2+, Ni2+, Cu2+ and Pd2+ can interfere. Determination of cobalt in cyanocobalamine and potable waters is possible in this way. Errors are between — 3 and — 7% (1.8–9 μg Co/l).
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  • 28
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    Fresenius' Zeitschrift für analytische Chemie 306 (1981), S. 401-401 
    ISSN: 1618-2650
    Keywords: Best. von Niob in Stahl ; Spektralphotometrie ; Sulfobenzolazodihydroxypyridin
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
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  • 29
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    Fresenius' Zeitschrift für analytische Chemie 308 (1981), S. 431-433 
    ISSN: 1618-2650
    Keywords: Best. von Proteinen ; Spektralphotometrie ; Gegenwart von Dodecylsulfat und Mercaptoethanol, modif. Biuretmethode
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Description / Table of Contents: Summary The biuret method was modified to tolerate the presence of 100 mg of SDS and 21 mg of ME in a sample volume of 500 μl. The modification concerns in particular the concentrations of copper sulphate and sodium citrate, an addition of propanol-2 for preventing precipitation of SDS and use of H2O2 for oxidizing ME. The determination of SDS-soluble proteins in starch-containing solutions is discussed.
    Notes: Zusammenfassung Eine Weiterentwicklung der „SDS-Biuretmethode“ [15] wird beschrieben. Die Modifikation betrifft hauptsächlich die Konzentrationen von Kupfersulfat und Natriumcitrat, einen Zusatz von Propanol-2 zur Verhinderung einer Fällung von SDS sowie die Verwendung von H2O2 zur Oxidation von ME. Die Methode toleriert bis zu 100 mg SDS und 21 mg ME im eingesetzten Probenvolumen (500 μl). Eine Möglichkeit zur Durchführung der Bestimmung in Gegenwart von Stärke wird beschrieben und diskutiert.
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  • 30
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    Fresenius' Zeitschrift für analytische Chemie 309 (1981), S. 400-400 
    ISSN: 1618-2650
    Keywords: Best. von Trichlorfluormethan in Luft ; Spektralphotometrie ; Pyridin
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  • 31
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    Fresenius' Zeitschrift für analytische Chemie 309 (1981), S. 373-376 
    ISSN: 1618-2650
    Keywords: Best. von Nickel ; Spektralphotometrie ; Verbesserung der Nachweisgrenze, Chromatographie
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Description / Table of Contents: Zusammenfassung Als Nachweisgrenze für das extraktiv-photometrische Bestimmungsverfahren von Nickel mit Pyridin-2-aldehyd-2-chinolylhydrazon (PAC) wurden als Absolutmenge 195 ng Ni ermittelt. Nach der dünnschicht-chromatographischen Abtrennung des PAC-Überschusses an Kieselgel mit Aceton kann die Nachweisgrenze auf 34 ng Ni verringert werden. Die Messungen erfolgen in Mikroküvetten in Benzol bei 515 nm; der Zeitbedarf für eine Bestimmung beträgt etwa 1 h. Die Techniken der Säulen- und Dünnschicht-Chromatographie (DC) werden miteinander verglichen; mit der DC ist der Zeitaufwand geringer. Es wird über die Analysenergebnisse in synthetischen Lösungen berichtet; eine Anwendung des Verfahrens z.B. für Nickel-Spurenanalysen in Lebensmitteln ist möglich, da das störende Eisen ebenfalls abgetrennt wird.
    Notes: Summary The determination limit in extractive spectrophotometric analysis of nickel with pyridine-2-aldehyde-2-quinolylhydrazone (PAC) was found to be 195 ng Ni (absolute amount of Ni). After separation of excess PAC by thin-layer chromatography on silicagel with acetone the determination limit can be lowered down to 34 ng. The measurements are carried out in microcuvettes in benzene at 515 nm, the time for one analyses being about 1 h. Column and thin-layer chromatographic techniques are compared; using TLC the necessary time is shorter. Results of analyses in synthetic solutions are discussed; an application of the procedure e.g. in Ni trace analysis in foodstuffs is possible, for interfering iron can be separated by TLC too.
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  • 32
    ISSN: 1618-2650
    Keywords: Best. von Rhenium ; Spektralphotometrie ; Thiocyanat u. Imipramin
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  • 33
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    Fresenius' Zeitschrift für analytische Chemie 309 (1981), S. 386-390 
    ISSN: 1618-2650
    Keywords: Best. von Formaldehyd ; Spektralphotometrie ; automatisiert
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Description / Table of Contents: Zusammenfassung Die photometrische Bestimmung von Formaldehydmit der Acetylaceton-Methodewurde automatisiert. Dazu wurden Bausteine der Flüssigkeits-Chromatographie verwendet. Der Zeitbedarf je Bestimmung beträgt 1–2 min, der Variationskoeffizient beträgt 0,1–0,2%. Je nach Ausführungsform können 0,1–200 mg/l Formaldehyd bestimmt werden.
    Notes: Summary The photometric determination of formaldehyde by means of the acetylacetone method is automated. For this purpose component parts of liquid chromatography are used. The time demand for one determination is 1–2 min, the variation coefficient is 0.1–0.2%. With two variations of the device concentrations from 0.1–200 mg/l formaldehyde can be determined.
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  • 34
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    Fresenius' Zeitschrift für analytische Chemie 309 (1981), S. 401-402 
    ISSN: 1618-2650
    Keywords: Best. von α-Ketoglutarsäure ; Spektralphotometrie ; Diaz. Aminobenzoesäure
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  • 35
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    Fresenius' Zeitschrift für analytische Chemie 305 (1981), S. 26-28 
    ISSN: 1618-2650
    Keywords: Best. von Wasser in organ. Lösungsmitteln ; Spektralphotometrie ; Pyridiniumphenolbetain, 2-Parameter-Gleichung
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Description / Table of Contents: Zusammenfassung Ein neues Verfahren zur Bestimmung von Wasser in organischen Lösungsmitteln (auch in Spuren) wird beschrieben. Die Solvatochromie des Pyridiniumphenolbetains E T30, die über eine einfach auszuführende UV-Absorptionsmessung bestimmt wird, ermöglicht zusammen mit einer zwei-Parameter-Gleichung eine exakte Wasserbestimmung in organischen Lösungsmitteln als Schnelltest und stellt damit eine Alternative zur Karl-Fischer-Titration dar.
    Notes: Summary A new procedure for the determination of water (even in trace amounts) in organic solvents is described. The solvatochromism of the pyridiniumphenol betaine, E T30, determined by a simple UV-absorption measurement, together with a two-parameter equation, permits an exact determination. The procedure is rapid and is, therefore, an alternative to the Karl-Fischer titration.
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  • 36
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    Fresenius' Zeitschrift für analytische Chemie 305 (1981), S. 287-288 
    ISSN: 1618-2650
    Keywords: Best. von Phosphorsäurephenylesterdiamid in Düngemitteln ; Spektralphotometrie ; neben Zusatzstoffen
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
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  • 37
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    Fresenius' Zeitschrift für analytische Chemie 305 (1981), S. 374-378 
    ISSN: 1618-2650
    Keywords: Best. von Thorium in Gesteinen, Zement, Wasser ; Spektralphotometrie ; Spuren, Extraktion mit Triphenylarsinoxid in Chloroform
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Description / Table of Contents: Zusammenfassung Thorium wird durch Extraktion mit Triphenylarsinoxid in CHCl3 und Rückextraktion mit 4 M HCl auf ein kleines Volumen konzentriert. Die Endbestimmung erfolgt spektralphotometrisch als Arsenazo-III-Komplex bei 660 nm in Mikroküvetten. Auf diese Weise konnte vor allem die Bestimmung von Spurenmengen Th wesentlich verbessert werden. 7 ng Th sind in bis zu 200 ml Ausgangslösung noch bestimmbar. Untersuchungen mit über 60 Kationen und etwa 20 Anionen zeigten, daß diese in weiten Grenzen nicht stören. U6+ wird zwar auch mitextrahiert, gibt aber in der salzsauren Rückextraktionslösung mit Arsenazo III einen etwa 15mal weniger lichtabsorbierenden Farbkomplex. Da aber Uran von den getesteten Kationen trotzdem am meisten stört und in Analysenproben das Th oft begleitet, werden weitere einfache Maßnahmen gezeigt, die einen bis zu ∼5000fachen Überschuß an Uran erlauben. Es wurde gefunden, daß auch die Seltenen Erden nicht stören und die zum Test verwendeten Seltenen Erd-Chemikalien Th enthalten. Bestimmungen in Standardgesteinen und Zementproben bestätigen die Anwendbarkeit der Methode.
    Notes: Summary Thorium is concentrated to a small volume by extraction with triphenylarsine oxide in chloroform and back extraction with 4M HCl. The spectrophotometric determination is then carried out in a micro cuvette using the absorption of the arsenazo III complex at 660 nm. By this procedure a sensitivity of 7 ng of Th in 200 ml solution can be achieved. About 60 cations and 20 anions were found not to cause interferences in a wide concentration range. The most disturbing element is U6+ which is coextracted, but leads to an arsenazo complex, which absorbs light at 660 nm about 15 times less than the Th complex. By simple measures, up to 5000 times higher U contents, as to Th, can be tolerated. Also the rare earths do not disturb the Th determination and it was found, that most rare earths chemicals, which were used for the tests, contained Th. The reliability of the method was confirmed by the analysis of standard rocks and by comparing the Th analyses of concrete samples with those obtained by neutron activation analysis.
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  • 38
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    Fresenius' Zeitschrift für analytische Chemie 306 (1981), S. 400-400 
    ISSN: 1618-2650
    Keywords: Best. von Kupfer(II) ; Spektralphotometrie ; Citrat, EDTA
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  • 39
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    Fresenius' Zeitschrift für analytische Chemie 307 (1981), S. 128-128 
    ISSN: 1618-2650
    Keywords: Best. von Molybdän(V) ; Spektralphotometrie ; Extraktion ; Thiocyanat ; Amidin
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  • 40
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    Fresenius' Zeitschrift für analytische Chemie 305 (1981), S. 410-410 
    ISSN: 1618-2650
    Keywords: Best. von Uran(VI) ; Spektralphotometrie ; Salicylaldimin-antipyrin
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  • 41
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    Fresenius' Zeitschrift für analytische Chemie 305 (1981), S. 415-416 
    ISSN: 1618-2650
    Keywords: Best. von Metol ; Spektralphotometrie ; Phenol, Sauerstoff
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  • 42
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    Fresenius' Zeitschrift für analytische Chemie 306 (1981), S. 32-32 
    ISSN: 1618-2650
    Keywords: Best. von Titan(IV) mit Lobelin ; Spektralphotometrie ; Thiocyanatkomplex
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  • 43
    ISSN: 1618-2650
    Keywords: Best. von Uran in Referenzmaterialien ; Spektralphotometrie ; Ionenaustausch
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Description / Table of Contents: Summary A method is described for the highly accurate determination of trace amounts of uranium in standard reference materials. The uranium is separated from the bulk elements by anion-exchange chromatography, eluting most elements with 6 M hydrochloric acid and iron(III) with 0.5 M hydrochloric acid in 90% acetone. After elution of uranium with 0.1 M hydrochloric acid, residual traces of other elements are separated by a very selective cation-exchange procedure using a 3 g resin column. Finally the uranium is determined in the hexavalent state by spectrophotometry at 672 nm of its complex with chlorophosphonazo III at pH 1.1±0.2 in the presence of DTPA. Results are very accurate and precise even on a semi-routine basis. Relevant elution curves and results are presented for recovery tests and for the analysis of the 10 South African UREM standard materials.
    Notes: Zusammenfassung Das Uran wird von den Hauptelementen durch Anionenaustausch abgetrennt, wobei die meisten Elemente mit GM HCl und Eisen(III) mit 0,5 M HCl in 90 %igem Aceton eluiert werden. Nach der Elution von Uran mit 0,1 M HCl werden die restlichen Spuren anderer Elemente durch ein selektives Kationenaustauschverfahren (3 g Harz) abgetrennt. Das Uran wird schließlich in der sechswertigen Form als Chlorphosphonazo-III-Komplex in Gegenwart von DTPA bei 672 nm (pH 1,1±0,2) spektralphotometrisch bestimmt. Selbst bei halbroutinemäßiger Ausführung werden sehr genaue Resultate erhalten (Wiederfindung 99,7–100%). Analysenergebnisse für 10 Südafrikanische Standardmaterialien werden angegeben.
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    Fresenius' Zeitschrift für analytische Chemie 307 (1981), S. 194-196 
    ISSN: 1618-2650
    Keywords: Best. von Uran(VI) in Extrakten ; Spektralphotometrie ; PAN
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Description / Table of Contents: Summary The Spectrophotometric method for the determination of uranium(VI) in trialkylamine extracts using 1-(2-pyridylazo)-2-naphthol (PAN) as a colorimetric reagent has been examined. The Job and Mole Ratio methods suggest that the coloured product is a 1∶1 complex of uranium and PAN. The method can be applied to cover the concentration range 0 to 5 g uranium per litre of extract. Sulphate interference is eliminated in the method by removal with calcium ions before colour development. Interferences from other ions likely to be present in the aqueous liquor appear to arise largely from inhibition of the uranium partition into the amine phase.
    Notes: Zusammenfassung Das Verfahren, bei dem ein Uran-PAN-Komplex der Zusammensetzung 1∶1 gebildet wird, kann für einen Konzentrationsbereich von 0 bis 5 g U pro l Extrakt eingesetzt werden. Eine Störung durch Sulfat wird durch dessen Entfernung mit Calciumionen vor der Farbentwicklung verhindert. Störungen durch andere Ionen werden hauptsächlich durch Beeinflussung der Uranextraktion hervorgerufen.
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    Fresenius' Zeitschrift für analytische Chemie 308 (1981), S. 32-32 
    ISSN: 1618-2650
    Keywords: Best. von EDTA in Harn ; Spektralphotometrie ; 4-Aminoantipyrin
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  • 46
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    Fresenius' Zeitschrift für analytische Chemie 307 (1981), S. 373-377 
    ISSN: 1618-2650
    Keywords: Best. von Phosphor in Phosphormineralien ; Spektralphotometrie ; Flow-injection
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Description / Table of Contents: Summary Based on the flow injection principle and by using small sample volumes and splitting of the colorimeter output, a good reliable and reproducible method for the determination of P2O5 in phosphate rock covering the range of 0–40% on a routine basis was achieved. The system described is suitable for the routine analysis of P2O5 in the prepared phosphate rock samples at a rate of approximately 90 samples per hour with a coefficient of variation of better than 1%.
    Notes: Zusammenfassung Ein zuverlässiges und gut reproduzierbares Verfahren wurde ausgearbeitet, das routinemäßig für den Bereich von 0–40% geeignet ist und auf dem Flow-injection-Prinzip bei kleinen Probevolumina und Splitting des Colorimeter-Output beruht. Etwa 90 Proben können pro Stunde analysiert werden (Variationskoeffizient besser als 1%).
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  • 47
    ISSN: 1618-2650
    Keywords: Best. von Nifuroxim und Furazolidon nebeneinander ; Spektralphotometrie ; Orthogonal-funktionen
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Description / Table of Contents: Summary The orthogonal function method has been applied to the simultaneous determination of nifuroxime and furazolidone in admixture without the need of preliminary separation. Two procedures are proposed. The first one involves measurement of a suitable solution of the mixture in the range from 309 nm to 359 nm with 10 nm intervals to determine nifuroxime, and in the range from 345 nm to 395 nm with 10 nm intervals to determine furazolidone. The second procedure involves determination of either components through measurement at the previously mentioned wavelength range while the absorbance of the partner component is measured at its λmax; correction of interference is carried out using an calculated absorbance ratio. Both methods were successfully applied to the analysis of market preparations and further application for routine analysis is recommended. Recoveries were in general between 97% and 102%.
    Notes: Zusammenfassung Durch Anwendung von Orthogonalfunktionen können Nifuroxim und Furazolidon in einem Gemisch nebeneinander ohne vorausgehende Trennung bestimmt werden. Zwei verschiedene Verfahren werden vorgeschlagen. Bei dem einen erfolgen die Messungen für Nifuroxim im Bereich von 309 bis 359 nm in Intervallen von 10 nm und für Furazolidon von 345 bis 395 ebenfalls im 10 nm-Abstand. Beim zweiten Verfahren wird einer der Bestandteile bei den genannten Wellenlängen gemessen, während die Extinktion des anderen Bestandteils beim Absorptions-maximum gemessen wird. Die Korrektur für die Störung erfolgt über das berechnete Extinktionsverhältnis. Beide Verfahren wurden erfolgreich bei Handelsprodukten angewendet und werden für Routinebestimmungen empfohlen. Wiederfindungsraten lagen im allgemeinen zwischen 97 und 102%.
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    Fresenius' Zeitschrift für analytische Chemie 308 (1981), S. 441-444 
    ISSN: 1618-2650
    Keywords: Analyse von binären Flüssigkeitsgemischen, Best. von Wasser in Organ. Lösungsmitteln ; Spektralphotometrie ; solvatochrome Farbstoffe
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Description / Table of Contents: Zusammenfassung Ein neues Verfahren zur Bestimmung der Zusammensetzung binärer Flüssigkeitsgemische mit Hilfe solvatochromer Farbstoffe wird beschrieben. Die Analyse erfolgt durch einfache UV/VIS-Absorptionsmessung und ist unter Verwendung einer Zwei-Parameter-Gleichung ein exakter Schnelltest.
    Notes: Summary A new procedure for the determination of the composition of binary liquid mixtures by the use of solvatochromic dyes is described. The analysis, which consists of a simple UV/VIS absorption measurement in combination with a two parameter equation, provides an exact and rapid test.
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