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  • Inorganic Chemistry  (757)
  • EARTH RESOURCES AND REMOTE SENSING  (643)
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  • 1980-1984  (2,250)
  • 1925-1929
  • 1980  (2,250)
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  • 1980-1984  (2,250)
  • 1925-1929
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  • 101
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Berichte der deutschen chemischen Gesellschaft 113 (1980), S. 2154-2174 
    ISSN: 0009-2940
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Inorganic Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Description / Table of Contents: Synthesis and Reactions of Compounds of the 5,6-Diazalumibullvalene SeriesThe 9,10-diazasnoutane derivatives 3a und 16 can be rearranged to the 5,6-diazalumibullvalene derivatives 4a and 17 on treatment with acids.  -  The methyl-substituted diazasnoutane 16 is prepared by a new route. This compares favourably with an alternative procedure involving the bromination of methylcyclooctatetraene as a key step.  -  The thermal behaviour of the azo compounds 23 - 26  -  prepared from 4a  -  is investigated.  -  Some azoxy compounds of the 5,6-diazalumibullvalene series have been synthesized. The location of the oxygen atom can not be deduced from NMR spectroscopy and has been established by an X-ray analysis of 37.
    Notes: Die 9,10-Diazasnoutan-Derivate 3a und 16 lassen sich mit Säuren zu den 5,6-Diazalumibullvalen-Derivaten 4a und 17 umlagern.  -  Für die Darstellung des methyl-substituierten Diazasnoutan-Derivats 16 wird ein neuer Weg beschrieben, und es werden dessen Vorteile gegenüber einem alternativen Verfahren, das die Bromierung von Methylcyclooctatetraen beinhaltet, diskutiert.  -  Das thermische Verhalten der aus 4a zugänglichen Azoverbindungen 23 - 26 wird untersucht.  -  Die Position des Sauerstoffs in verschiedenen Azoxyverbindungen mit 5,6-Diazalumibullvalen-Gerüst läßt sich kernresonanzspektroskopisch nicht einwandfrei festlegen und wird über die Röntgenstrukturanalyse von 37 ermittelt.
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  • 102
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Berichte der deutschen chemischen Gesellschaft 113 (1980), S. 2183-2188 
    ISSN: 0009-2940
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Inorganic Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Description / Table of Contents: Synthesis of New Sulfur TriimidesTri-tert-butylsulfur triimide (1b) reacts with isocyanates R—NCO (R = perfluoroalkyl, sulfonyl, pentafluorosulfanyl, FSO2N=C(CF3)-) to give the corresponding di-tert-sulfur triimides (tBuN)2S(NR) (3a-d, 4a, b, 5, 6) in high yields. By the same method the bis(trimethylsilyl) derivative (Me3SiN)2S(N—CF(CF3)2) (7) is prepared.
    Notes: Tri-tert-butylschwefeltriimid (1b) reagiert mit Isocyanaten R—NCO (R = Perfluoralkyl-, Sulfonyl-, Pentafluorsulfanyl-, FSO2N=C(CF3)-) in hohen Ausbeuten zu den entsprechenden Di-tert-butylschwefeltriimiden (tBuN)2S(NR) (3a-d, 4a, b, 5, 6) und tBuNCO. Auf gleichem Wege konnte auch das Bis(trimethylsilyl)-Derivat (Me3SiN)2S(N—CF(CF3)2) (7) dargestellt werden.
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  • 103
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Berichte der deutschen chemischen Gesellschaft 113 (1980), S. 2200-2210 
    ISSN: 0009-2940
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Inorganic Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Description / Table of Contents: Reactivity of Metal-Metal Bonds. Trinuclear Complexes by Cleavage of Fe—Mo and Fe—W BondsIn arsenic-bridged dinuclear organometallic complexes (1) with Fe—Mo and Fe—W bonds only in a few cases the simple nucleophilic cleavage of the metal-metal bonds by organometal dimethylarsenides (2) can be achieved. In addition rearrangement and substitution reactions are observed, and the always resulting trinuclear complexes with and without metal-metal bonds are partly in equilibrium with the starting complexes. In one case rearrangement leads to an ionic compound with a Fe—W bonded cation and the Cp(CO)3Cr anion.
    Notes: Bei arsenverbrückten Organometall-Zweikernkomplexen (1) mit Fe—Mo- und Fe—W-Bindungen läßt sich mit Organometall-dimethylarseniden (2) nur in einigen Fällen die einfache nucleophile Öffnung der Metall-Metall-Bindung erzielen. Dazu werden Umlagerungs- und Substitutionsreaktionen beobachtet, und die in jedem Fall entstehenden Dreikernkomplexe mit und ohne Metall-Metall-Bindung stehen z, T. mit den Ausgangskomplexen im Gleichgewicht. In einem Falle führt Umlagerung zu einer Ionenverbindung mit einem Fe—W-verknüpften Kation und dem Cp(CO)3 Cr-Anion.
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  • 104
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Berichte der deutschen chemischen Gesellschaft 113 (1980), S. 2211-2220 
    ISSN: 0009-2940
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Inorganic Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Description / Table of Contents: Ring Opening Conversions of the Spiro[2.4]hepta-4,6-diene System with Iron CarbonylsOpening of the three-membered ring of spiro[2.4]hepta-4,6-diene (1) by Fe2(CO)9 and CO insertion leads to the bridged η1-acyl-η5-cyclopentadienyl complex 3, which with additional Fe2(CO)9 via the labile intermediate 6 forms the dinuclear methylfulvene complex 4 by decarbonylation, insertion of a Fe(CO)4 unit, and hydrogen migration.
    Notes: Die Umwandlung des Spiro[2.4]hepta-4,6-diens (1) mit Fe2(CO)9 führt unter Öffnung des Dreirings und CO-Einschiebung zum überbrückten η1-Acyl-η5-cyclopentadienyl-Komplex 3, der bei der Einwirkung von weiterem Fe2(CO)9 unter Decarbonylierung, Einschub einer Fe(CO)4 -Einheit und H-Verschiebung über die labile Zwischenstufe 6 zu dem vom Methylfulven abgeleiteten Zweikernkomplex 4 weiterreagiert.
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  • 105
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Berichte der deutschen chemischen Gesellschaft 113 (1980), S. 2025-2027 
    ISSN: 0009-2940
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Inorganic Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Hydrogenation of Eight-Membered Ring Acetylenes with AlcoholsEight-membered ring acetylenes are reduced by ethanol and 2-propanol to the corresponding eight-membered ring olefins. In the case of tert-butyl alcohol no hydrogenation of the triple bond is observed under the conditions used (temperature: 100 °C).
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  • 106
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    Electronic Resource
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Berichte der deutschen chemischen Gesellschaft 113 (1980), S. 2007-2014 
    ISSN: 0009-2940
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Inorganic Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Description / Table of Contents: Strained Cyclic Acetylenes, VIII. Hydrogenation of Angle Strained Seven-Membered Cycloalkynes with AlcoholsThe strained seven-membered cycloalkyne 1a reacts at room temperature with methanol, 2-propanol, and benzyl alcohols, respectively, to give the alkene 2a and the corresponding carbonyl compounds. The H/D-isotope effects were investigated and a mechanism is proposed for this reaction on the basis of the rate law.
    Notes: Das gespannte Siebenring-Acetylen 1a reagiert bei Raumtemperatur mit Methanol, 2-Propanol und Benzylalkoholen; dabei werden das Alken 2a und die den Alkoholen entsprechenden Carbonylverbindungen gebildet. Die H/D-Isotopeneffekte wurden untersucht, und aufgrund des Geschwindigkeitsgesetzes wird ein Mechanismus für diese Reaktion vorgeschlagen.
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  • 107
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Berichte der deutschen chemischen Gesellschaft 113 (1980), S. 2015-2024 
    ISSN: 0009-2940
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Inorganic Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Description / Table of Contents: Vinyl Cations, 32. Solvolysis Reactions of Cyclononynyl- and Cyclooctynyl Derivatives5-Cyclononyn-1-yl 4-nitrobenzoate (11), 4-cyclononyn-1-yl 4-nitrobenzoate (12), and 4-cyclooctyn-1-yl 4-nitrobenzoate (13) were synthesized and their solvolysis reactions in different solvent systems were studied. 11 rearranges on solvolysis in 50% ethanol practically quantitatively by transanular participation of the triple bond via the vinyl cation intermediate 20 to give bicyclo[4.3.0]nonan-2-one (21). On the other hand the 4-nitrobenzoates 12 and 13 solvolyse without transanular reaction, in spite of the spatial nearness between triple bond and functional C-atom. This shows that under the solvolytic conditions the strained bicyclic vinyl cations 29 - 32 were not formed as intermediates.
    Notes: 5-Cyclononin-1-yl-(4-nitrobenzoat) (11), 4-Cyclononin-1-yl-(4-nitrobenzoat) (12) und 4-Cyclooctin-1-yl-(4-nitrobenzoat) (13) wurden synthetisiert und ihre Solvolysereaktionen in verschiedenen Lösungsmitteln untersucht. 11 lagert bei der Solvolyse in 50proz. wäßrigem Ethanol unter transanularer Beteiligung der Dreifachbindung über die Vinyl-Kation-Zwischenstufe 20 praktisch quantitativ in Bicyclo[4.3.0]nonan-2-on (21) um. Dagegen solvolysieren die 4-Nitrobenzoate 12 und 13 trotz räumlicher Nähe von Dreifachbindung und funktionellem C-Atom ohne transanulare Reaktion. Dies deutet darauf hin, daß unter Solvolysebedingungen die gespannten bicyclischen Vinyl-Kationen 29 - 32 nicht als Zwischenstufen gebildet werden.
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  • 108
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    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Berichte der deutschen chemischen Gesellschaft 113 (1980), S. 2028-2030 
    ISSN: 0009-2940
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Inorganic Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Enehydrazines, 28. Preparation and Transformation of two Isomeric PyrazolinesThe formerly prepared pyrazolidines 1a, b are dehydrogenated to the title compounds 2a, b. Compound 2a epimerizes to 2b which eliminates methyl acetate to give the pyrazole 3.
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  • 109
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    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Berichte der deutschen chemischen Gesellschaft 113 (1980), S. 2052-2054 
    ISSN: 0009-2940
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Inorganic Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Synthesis of [3]-PrerotaxanesStarting from the doubly bridged 5-amino-1,3-benzodioxole derivative 1 the [3]-prerotaxanes 4c, 5c, 6c are synthesised as a mixture of isomers in a four step reaction sequence.
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  • 110
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    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Berichte der deutschen chemischen Gesellschaft 113 (1980), S. 2055-2061 
    ISSN: 0009-2940
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Inorganic Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Direct Hydroxymethylation to Branched-chain Sugars by means of a Hydroxymethyl-d1 ReagentBlocked ketoses react with the dianion 2 directly to hydroxymethylation products. Butylation products have been found as by-products. The procedure in which the yields are limited can be used favourably in special cases.
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  • 111
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    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Berichte der deutschen chemischen Gesellschaft 113 (1980) 
    ISSN: 0009-2940
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Inorganic Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
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  • 112
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    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Berichte der deutschen chemischen Gesellschaft 113 (1980), S. 2314-2317 
    ISSN: 0009-2940
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Inorganic Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Preparation of 1,5-Benzothiazepine-2,4(3H,5H)-dionesThe 1,5-benzothiazepine-2,4(3H,5H)-diones 1a - f are obtained from 2-aminothiophenols and S,S′-diphenyl dithiomalonates or malonic acid and dicyclohexylcarbodiimide.
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  • 113
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    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Berichte der deutschen chemischen Gesellschaft 113 (1980), S. 2063-2068 
    ISSN: 0009-2940
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Inorganic Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Description / Table of Contents: Preparation of Sulfur Nitrogen Boron Compounds; Crystal and Molecular Structure of an Eight-membered S—N—B Ring1,1,5,5-Tetramethyl-3,7-diphenyl-1λ6,5λ6,2,4,6,8,3,7-dithiatetrazadiborocin (4), an eight-membered ring, was synthesized by the reaction of dichlorophenylborane (3) with S,S-dimethyl-N,N′-bis(trimethylsilyl)sulfodiimide (2). The reaction of 3 with N,N′-dimethyl-N,N′-bis(trimethylsilyl)sulfamide (5) yields a polymeric compound 6. The molecular structure of 4 was determined from single crystal X-ray data and refined to an unweighted R-value of 0.079. The compound crystallizes in the orthorhombic space group Pbca. The eight-membered ring exhibits significant deviations from planarity.
    Notes: 1,1,5,5-Tetramethyl-3,7-diphenyl-1λ6, 5λ6,2,4,6,8,3,7-dithiatetrazadiborocin (4), ein achtgliedriger Ring, wurde durch Reaktion von Dichlorphenylboran (3) mit S,S-Dimethyl-N,N′-bis(trimethylsilyl)sulfodiimid (2) dargestellt. Die Umsetzung von 3 mit N,N-Dimethyl-N,N′-bis(trimethylsilyl)sulfamid (5) ergibt ein polymeres Produkt 6. Die Struktur von 4 wurde aus Diffraktometer-Einkristalldaten bestimmt und zu einem ungewichteten R-Wert von 0.079 verfeinert. 4 kristallisiert in der orthorhombischen Raumgruppe Pbca. Der Achtring zeigt erhebliche Abweichungen von der Planarität.
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  • 114
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    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Berichte der deutschen chemischen Gesellschaft 113 (1980), S. 2333-2341 
    ISSN: 0009-2940
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Inorganic Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Description / Table of Contents: Oxidation of Diborane(4) Molecules by ChloraminesThe boron-boron bonds in the diborane(4) molecules (Me2N)2B—Clb(NMe2)2 (1), (Me2N)ClB—BCl(NMe2) (5) and Cl2B—BCl2 (8) as in B4Cl4 are cleaved by the chloramines Me2NCl (2), MeNCl2 and EtNCl2 (9). As oxidation products BCl3 or the corresponding aminoborane and diborylamines can be isolated. The interaction of 8 and 2 leads to the formation of Me2NH · BCl3 as additional product. - Elementary chlorine does not only cleave the B—B but also the B—N bond in 1, giving Me2NCl as one of the reaction products. - The properties of the N-ethylbis(dichloroboryl)amine (11) are discussed.
    Notes: Die Bor-Bor-Bindungen in den Diboran(4)-Molekülen (Me2N)2B—B(NMe2)2 (1), (Me2N)ClB—BCl(NMe2) (5) und Cl2B—BCl2 (8) wie auch in B4Cl4 werden durch die Chloramine Me2NCl (2), MeNCl2 und EtNCl2 (9) gespalten. Als Oxidationsprodukte lassen sich BCl3 oder das entsprechende Aminoboran und Diborylamine isolieren. Die Umsetzung von 8 und 2 führt zusätzlich zur Bildung von Me2NH · BCl3. - Elementares Chlor spaltet in 1 nicht nur die B—B-sondern auch die B—N-Bindung; Me2NCl ist eines der Reaktionsprodukte. - Die Eigenschaften des N-Ethylbis(dichlorboryl)amins (11) werden diskutiert.
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  • 115
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    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Berichte der deutschen chemischen Gesellschaft 113 (1980), S. 2342-2347 
    ISSN: 0009-2940
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Inorganic Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Description / Table of Contents: A Novel 1,3,5,7-Tetraaza-2,4,6,8-tetrasilabicyclo[4.2.0]octaneThe reaction of mono- and dilithio-2,2,4,4,6,6-hexamethylcyclotrisilazane (1, 2) with aminofluorosilanes R—SiF2—NR′SiMe3 (R=F, Me; R′=CMe3, SiMe3) leads to LiF elimination and formation of the cyclotrisilazanes 3-5. The cyclodisilazane 6 is obtained by ring contraction in the reaction of compound 5 with butyllithium and F3SiN(CMe3)(SiMe3). The lithium salt of 5 forms the novel title compound 7 by an intramolecular reaction with LiF- elimination, silyl group and methanide ion migration. Another bicyclic compound 8 is obtained in the reaction of 2 with C4H9Li and F2SiMeN(SiMe3)2. The reaction mechanism is discussed.
    Notes: Mono- und dilithiiertes 2,2,4,4,6,6-Hexamethylcyclotrisilazan (1, 2) reagieren mit Aminofluorsilanen des Typs R—SiF2—NR′SiMe3 (R=F, Me; R′=CMe3, SiMe3) unter LiF-Abspaltung zu den Cyclotrisilazanen 3-5.5 reagiert mit Butyllithium und F3SiN(CMe3)(SiMe3) unter Ringkontraktion zum Cyclodisilazan 6. Intramolekular bildet das Lithiumsalz von 5 unter LiF-Abspaltung, Silylgruppen- und Methanid-Ionen-Wanderung die neuartige Titelverbindung 7. Ein weiterer Bicyclus (8) entsteht bei der Umsetzung von 2 mit C4H9Li und Me—SiF2—N(SiMe3)2. Der Bildungsmechanismus wird diskutiert.
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  • 116
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    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Berichte der deutschen chemischen Gesellschaft 113 (1980), S. 2348-2357 
    ISSN: 0009-2940
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Inorganic Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Description / Table of Contents: The 1,2-Azaborolinyl Anion as Complex Ligand-Preparation and Investigation of (η-1,2-Azaborolinyl)iron Complexes1-tert-Butyl-3-methyl-2-phenyl-Δ3-1,2-azaboroline (1) reacts with Fe(CO)5 to form the novel azaborolinyl complex di-μ-carbonyl-bis[(1-tert-butyl-3-methyl-2-phenyl-η-1,2-azaborolinyl)carbonyliron](Fe—Fe) (2), where the azaborolinyl ring serves as 6π-electron donor in a sense of the isoelectronic cyclopentadienyl anion. 2 exists as cis- (2a) and as trans isomer (2b). The Fe—Fe bond can be cleaved oxidatively by iodine forming (ring)Fe(CO)2I (3). Reductive cleavage with potassium leads to [(ring)Fe(CO)2]K which reacts with (CH3)3SiCl to give (ring)Fe(CO)2—Si(CH3)3 (4). The IR, 1H NMR, 11B NMR, and mass spectra of the compounds are discussed. The molecular structures of 2a and 3 have been determined by single-crystal X-ray diffraction methods.
    Notes: 1-tert-Butyl-3-methyl-2-phenyl-Δ3-1,2-azaborolin (1) reagiert mit Fe(CO)5 zu dem neuartigen Azaborolinyl-Komplex Di-μ-carbonyl-bis[(1-tert-butyl-3-methyl-2-phenyl-η-1,2-azaborolinyl)-carbonyleisen](Fe—Fe) (2), in welchem der Azaborolinylring im Sinne des isoelektronischen Cyclopentadienyl-Anions als 6π-Elektronendonator fungiert. 2 existiert in Form des cis- (2a) und trans-Isomeren (2b). Die Fe—Fe-Bindung kann durch Iod oxidativ unter Bildung von (Ring)Fe(CO)2I (3) gespalten werden. Reduktive Spaltung mit Kalium führt zum [(Ring)Fe(CO)2]K, das mit (CH3)3SiCl zu (Ring)Fe(CO)2—Si(CH3)3 (4) reagiert. Die IR-, 1H-NMR-, 11B-NMR- und Massenspektren der Verbindungen werden diskutiert. Die Molekülstrukturen von 2a und 3 wurden mittels Einkristall-Röntgenbeugungsmethoden bestimmt.
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  • 117
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    Berichte der deutschen chemischen Gesellschaft 113 (1980), S. 2358-2371 
    ISSN: 0009-2940
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Inorganic Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Description / Table of Contents: Cyclophanes, XIII. On the Chemical Behaviour of [2.2.2](1,2,4)Cyclophane[2.2.2](1,2,4)Cyclophane (10) has been prepared by several routes from dimethyl [2.2]paracyclophane-4,13-dicarboxylate (5) and subjected to the following reactions: pyrolysis in p-diisopropylbenzene and dimethyl maleate (formation of 13 and 16, respectively), isomerization in the presence of aluminiumtrichloride/hydrogenchloride to the unsymmetrical [2.2.2](1,2,4)(1,2,5)cyclophane (17), bromination to afford 20, catalytic hydrogenation to the di- and monoolefin 22 and 23, respectively, Diels-Alder-addition with N-phenyltriazolindione, tetracyanoethylene, dicyanoacetylene, and maleic anhydride which provides 1:1- (29) and 1:2-adducts (30). The relation between chemical reactivity and degree of bridging in multiply-bridged cyclophanes is discussed.
    Notes: [2.2.2](1,2,4)Cyclophan (10) wird auf mehreren Wegen aus [2.2]Paracyclophan-4,13-dicarbonsäure-dimethylester (5) hergestellt und in folgenden Reaktionen untersucht: Pyrolyse in p-Diisopropylbenzol und Maleinsäure-dimethylester (Bildung von 13 bzw. 16), Isomerisierung in Gegenwart von Aluminiumtrichlorid/Chlorwasserstoff zum unsymmetrischen [2.2.2](1,2,4)(1,2,5)Cyclophan (17), Bromierung zu 20, katalytische Hydrierung zum Di- bzw. Monoolefin 22 und 23, Diels-Alder-Addition mit N-Phenyltriazolindion, Tetracyanethylen, Dicyanacetylen und Maleinsäureanhydrid, wobei 1:1- (29) und 1:2-Addukte (30) isoliert werden. Der Zusammenhang von Überbrückungsgrad und chemischer Reaktivität mehrfach verbrückter Phane wird diskutiert.
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  • 118
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    Berichte der deutschen chemischen Gesellschaft 113 (1980), S. 2383-2397 
    ISSN: 0009-2940
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Inorganic Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Description / Table of Contents: Synthesis of CyclooctenynesThe three isomeric cis-cyclooctenynes 2-4 are prepared. The ring strain is enhanced in comparison to cyclooctyne (1) and increases from 1 to 4. The resulting consequences on life time and reactivity of the compounds are discussed.
    Notes: Die drei strukturisomeren cis-Cyclooctenine 2-4 werden dargestellt. Im Vergleich zu Cyclooctin (1) ist die Ringspannung dieser Systeme erhöht: sie wächst in der Reihenfolge 1, 2, 3, 4. Die sich daraus ergebenden Auswirkungen auf die Lebensdauer und Reaktivität der Verbindungen werden diskutiert.
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  • 119
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    Berichte der deutschen chemischen Gesellschaft 113 (1980), S. 2398-2409 
    ISSN: 0009-2940
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Inorganic Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Description / Table of Contents: Ring Strain of Cycloalkynes and its Spectroscopic ConsequencesThe enthalpies of formation ΔHf and geometrical strain energies Eg. Sp. of cyclooctyne (1) and the three isomeric cyclooctenynes 5-7 are calculated with the MINDO/2-method on the basis of complete geometry optimizations. The frequencies of the C≡C-stretching vibrations (fig. 4) and the 13C-shifts of the acetylenic carbon atoms (fig. 6) obey quantitative correlations, which are very useful for the evaluation of geometrical ring strains.
    Notes: Bildungsenthalpien ΔHf und geometrische Ringspannungen Eg. Sp. für Cyclooctin (1) und die drei isomeren Cyclooctenine 5-7 werden nach der MINDO/2-Methode auf der Basis vollständiger Geometrie-Optimierungen berechnet. Mit den Frequenzen der C≡C-Valenzschwingungen (Abb. 4) und mit den 13C-Verschiebungswerten der acetylenischen Kohlenstoffatome (Abb. 6) ergeben sich quantitative Korrelationen, die zur Abschätzung von geometrischen Ringspannungen von großem Wert sind.
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  • 120
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    Berichte der deutschen chemischen Gesellschaft 113 (1980), S. 2372-2382 
    ISSN: 0009-2940
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Inorganic Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Description / Table of Contents: Reactions of Cyclopropenes, IV. Cyclooligomerisation of 3,3-Dimethylcyclopropene with Palladium(0) CatalystsThe cyclooligomerisation of 3,3-dimethylcyclopropene (1) with phosphane-free palladium(0) catalysts, e.g. bis(1,5-cyclooctadiene)palladium, bis(dibenzylideneacetone)palladium, or a catalyst prepared “in situ” from palladium acetylacetonate and ethoxydiethylaluminium, leads to the trans-tricyclohexane derivative 2 and to three isomeric tetrakishomocyclooctatetraene compounds (4) [4a (anti,syn,anti); 4b (anti,anti,anti); 4c (possibly syn,anti,anti)]. In contrast, a (tri-sec-alkylphosphane)palladium(0) catalyst (Pd/P = 1:1) cyclotrimerises 1 in aromatic hydrocarbons to give the trans-σ-trishomobenzene derivative 3 in over 90% yield. The cyclooligomerisation of 1 using other triorgano-phosphane or -phosphite/palladium(0) catalysts leads to a mixture of products. Besides 2, 3, and 4 a second cyclotrimer of 1 (5) and higher oligomers of 1 are produced. The cyclotrimerisation of 1 to 3 is also influenced by the Pd/phosphane ratio and the solvent used.
    Notes: 3,3-Dimethylcyclopropen (1) wird an phosphan-freien Palladium(0)-Katalysatoren, wie Bis(1,5-cyclooctadien)palladium, Bis(dibenzylidenaceton)palladium oder einem „in situ“ aus Palladiumacetylacetonat und Ethoxydiethylaluminium hergestellten Katalysator, zum trans-Tricyclohexanderivat 2 und zu drei isomeren Tetrakishomocyclooctatetraenen (4) [4a (anti,syn,anti); 4b (anti,anti,anti); 4c (vermutlich syn,anti,anti)] cyclisiert. Dagegen erfolgt an tri-sec-alkylphosphan-modifizierten Palladium(0)-Katalysatoren (Pd/P = 1:1) in aromatischen Kohlenwasserstoffen glatt eine Cyclotrimerisierung von 1 zum trans-σ-Trishomobenzolderivat 3. Andere Triorganylphosphan oder -phosphit/Palladium(0)-Katalysatoren bewirken eine uneinheitlichere Cyclooligomerisierung von 1. Neben 2, 3 und 4 entstehen auch 5 als weiteres Cyclotrimeres von 1 und höhere Oligomere. Auch das Palladium/Phosphan-Verhältnis sowie das Lösungsmittel können die Cyclotrimerisierung von 1 zu 3 beeinflussen.
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  • 121
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    Berichte der deutschen chemischen Gesellschaft 113 (1980), S. 2424-2429 
    ISSN: 0009-2940
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Inorganic Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Description / Table of Contents: The Influence of Substrate Micellisation on the Rate of Solvolysis of 1-Methylheptyl Methanesulfonate in Dioxane-WaterThe solvolysis rate of 1-methylheptyl mesylate in 25% dioxane-75% H2O was conductometrically determined at 35°C for varying substrate concentrations (c0 = 0.002-0.08 mol/l). The rate constant decreased with increasing concentration in a manner typical of substrate micellisation above the cmc. A phase diagram shows that in this range of concentration the system is passing from the one phase into the two phase region. The implications of this observation for the experimental background of the ion-pair SN2-mechanism proposed by Sneen in 1969 are discussed.
    Notes: Die konduktometrisch bei 35°C bestimmte Solvolysekonstante von 1-Methylheptyl-methansulfonat in 25% Dioxan-75% Wasser sinkt mit steigender Substratkonzentration (c0 = 0.002-0.08 mol/l). Ein Phasendiagramm zeigt, daß in diesem Konzentrationsbereich der Übergang vom einphasigen in den zweiphasigen Bereich erfolgt. Die Bedeutung dieser Beobachtung für die experimentellen Grundlagen des von Sneen 1969 vorgeschlagenen Ionenpaar-SN2-Mechanismus wird diskutiert.
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  • 122
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    Berichte der deutschen chemischen Gesellschaft 113 (1980), S. 2410-2423 
    ISSN: 0009-2940
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Inorganic Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Description / Table of Contents: Naturally Occurring Terpene Derivatives, 272. On the Constituents of Zexmenia gnaphaloides and the Synthesis of Valerenane DerivativesThe investigation of a Mexican Zexmenia species afforded in addition to known compounds three new eudesmanolides (9-11) as well as five sesquiterpenes (31b, c, 33, 34a, b), the stereochemistry of which could not be established directly. Therefore the main compound 31c has been synthesized. By intramolecular diene synthesis the preparation of a suitable tetrahydroindane (19) was possible. From this, three of the possible four stereoisomeric aldehydes (23c, 24c, 30c) have been prepared. While one of the obtained aldehydes could be transformed into the compound isolated from the Zexmenia species (31c, obtained as ester 31a), the second one yielded valerenal (25c), one of the constituents of Valeriana officinalis. The thermodynamically most stable isomeric aldehyde 24c surprisingly is formed already under very mild conditions from both other aldehydes 23c and 30c.
    Notes: Die Untersuchung einer mexikanischen Zexmenia-Art ergibt neben bekannten Verbindungen drei neue Eudesmanolide (9-11), sowie fünf Sesquiterpene (31b, c, 33, 34a, b), deren Stereochemie nicht eindeutig geklärt werden konnte. Der Hauptvertreter 31c wurde daher synthetisch dargestellt. Durch intramolekulare Diensynthese gelingt die Darstellung eines geeigneten Tetrahydroindan-Derivates (19). Daraus wurden von vier möglichen stereoisomeren Aldehyden drei dargestellt (23c, 24c, 30c). Während einer der erhaltenen Aldehyde in die aus der Zexmenia-Art isolierten Verbindung 31c (als Ester 31a) übergeführt werden konnte, liefert der zweite Valerenal (25c), einen der Inhaltsstoffe aus Valeriana officinalis. Der thermodynamisch stabilste Aldehyd 24c entsteht überraschenderweise durch Isomerisierung aus beiden anderen Isomeren 23c und 30c bereits unter sehr milden Bedingungen.
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  • 123
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    Berichte der deutschen chemischen Gesellschaft 113 (1980), S. 2430-2433 
    ISSN: 0009-2940
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Inorganic Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Description / Table of Contents: Sulfur-Sulfur Difluoride ImidesHg(NSF2)2 (1) reacts with S2Cl2 to give (SNSF2)2 (4). From OSCl2 or SF5NSCl2 and 1 OSF—NSF2 (6) and F5S—NSF—NSF2 (8) are prepared. The reaction mechanism and spectroscopic data are discussed.
    Notes: Hg(NSF2)2 (1) reagiert mit S2Cl2 zu (SNSF2)2 (4). Aus OSCl2 bzw. SF5NSCl2 und 1 werden OSF—NSF2 (6) bzw. F5S—NSF—NSF2 (8) dargestellt. Über den Mechanismus sowie über spektroskopische Untersuchungen wird berichtet.
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  • 124
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    Berichte der deutschen chemischen Gesellschaft 113 (1980), S. 2434-2440 
    ISSN: 0009-2940
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Inorganic Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Description / Table of Contents: λ6-ThiadiazetidinonesFrom sulfur triimides (tBuN)2S(NRf) (5) and excess RfNCO (2) λ6-thiadiazetidinones 9 are obtained. Reaction mechanisms for the formation of 9 and the properties of this class of compounds are discussed.
    Notes: Aus den Schwefeltriimiden (tBuN)2S(NRf) (5) und überschüssigem RfNCO (2) entstehen die λ6-Thiadiazetidinone 9. Reaktionsmechanismen für die Bildung von 9 werden vorgeschlagen und die Eigenschaften dieser Verbindungsklasse diskutiert.
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  • 125
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    Berichte der deutschen chemischen Gesellschaft 113 (1980), S. 2441-2461 
    ISSN: 0009-2940
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Inorganic Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Description / Table of Contents: Empirische Substituentenparameter für E/Z-GleichgewichtskonstantenEin vorgeschlagener Satz von Substituentenparametern λd erlaubt die Vorhersage der E/Z-Gleichgewichtskonstanten bei Olefinen, Enaminen, Schiffschen Basen, Hydrazonen, Semicarbazonen, Oximen und Nitronen. Der Parametersatz enthält Werte für „nichtbindende“ Elektronenpaare und Nitronsauerstoff sowie für Amino- und Phenylgruppen, die koplanar oder orthogonal zur Doppelbindung gestellt sind. Phenylreste in Ketonanilen bevorzugen die Orthogonalkonformation. Grundsätzliche Beschränkungen des sehr einfachen heuristischen Modells werden besprochen. Es läßt sich anwenden auf den „cis“- und den „ortho“-Effekt, auf Enolate und Schiffsche Basen cyclischer und bicyclischer Ketone.
    Notes: A set of substituent parameters λd is proposed which permits the prediction of E/Z equilibrium constants for olefins, enamines, Schiff bases, hydrazones, semicarbazones, oximes, and nitrones. The set includes values for the „non-bonded“ electron pairs and the nitrone oxygen as well as for amino or phenyl groups coplanar and orthogonal to the double bond. Ketone anils prefer a perpendicular phenyl group. Principal limitations of the very simple heuristic model are discussed. The model is also applied to the „cis“- and „ortho“-effects, enolates, and Schiff bases of cyclic and bicyclic ketones.
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  • 126
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    Berichte der deutschen chemischen Gesellschaft 113 (1980), S. 2490-2498 
    ISSN: 0009-2940
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Inorganic Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Description / Table of Contents: Rearrangement Reactions of 2-Alkyl(Aryl)-3-arylimino-1,2-benzisothiazolines3-Chloro-1,2-benzisothiazolium chlorides 1 react with aromatic amines to give the 2-substituted 3-arylimino-1,2-benzisothiazolines 2 which can rearrange to the isomeric 1,2-benzisothiazolines 3 in an equilibrium reaction. On a formal basis this entails an exchange of positions of the substituents (R1 and R2) on the ring and exo nitrogen atoms. The nature of the substituents R1 and R2 is decisive for the position of equilibrium and the rapidity with which it is reached.
    Notes: 3-Chlor-1,2-benzisothiazolium-chloride 1 reagieren mit aromatischen Aminen zu den 2-substituierten 3-Arylimino-1,2-benzisothiazolinen 2, die sich in einer Gleichgewichtsreaktion in die isomeren 1,2-Benzisothiazoline 3 umlagern können. Dieses ergibt formal einen Platzwechsel der Substituenten (R1 u. R2) am Ring- bzw. exocyclischen Stickstoffatom. Die Lage dieses Gleichgewichtes und die Geschwindigkeit seiner Einstellung hängen entscheidend von der Art der Substituenten R1 und R2 ab.
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    Berichte der deutschen chemischen Gesellschaft 113 (1980), S. 2462-2489 
    ISSN: 0009-2940
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Inorganic Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Description / Table of Contents: Azomethines, 1-Azaallyl Anions, and Metastable Secondary EnaminesE/Z equilibrium constants of the ketone anils 6a-s do not depend significantly on the inductive substituent effect. 1H NMR chemical shifts used for configurational classification are also effective for assignments in comparable, isomerically almost pure azomethines 6aa-pp and may be explained by the anisotropic shift model. The 1-azaallyl anions 7 prepared by deprotonation are characterized by 1H NMR spectroscopy. Kinetic and thermodynamic control of this metallation reaction result in different preferential configurations of such anions, the methanolysis of which yields metastable sec. enamines 8 by regio- and stereospecific N-protonation. It is possible to estimate further substituent parameters λd from E/Z equilibria.
    Notes: Die E/Z-Gleichgewichtskonstanten der Keton-anile 6a-s hängen nicht wesentlich vom induktiven Substituenteneffekt ab. Die für eine Zuordnung geeigneten 1H-NMR-Verschiebungen gelten auch für vergleichbare, meist isomerenfreie Azomethine 6aa-pp und gehorchen dem Anisotropiemodell. Durch Metallierung entstehen die 1-Azaallyl-Anionen 7; diese werden 1H-NMR-spektroskopisch charakterisiert. Kinetische und thermodynamische Reaktionslenkung führen zu unterschiedlichen Vorzugskonfigurationen dieser Anionen; die Methanolyse liefert metastabile sek. Enamine 8 unter regio- und stereospezifischer N-Protonierung. Aus den E/Z-Gleichgewichtslagen lassen sich weitere Substituentenparameter λd abschätzen.
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    Berichte der deutschen chemischen Gesellschaft 113 (1980), S. 2499-2508 
    ISSN: 0009-2940
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Inorganic Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Description / Table of Contents: Imidoylketene Imines, III. Preparation and Conformation of Vinylogous UreasA number of new β-aminocroton- and cinnamamides (3), often with 2-cyano, -keto, or -ester groups, were prepared by addition of the corresponding secondary enamines 1 to isocyanates. In the case of tert-butyl isocyanate the use of zinc chloride was helpful. Some compounds 3 resulted from β-ketocarboxamides 2 and amines. - From the spectra the tautomerism of 2 and the conformations of the compounds 3, which were mostly uniform in solution, were elucidated (type A, B, C).
    Notes: Eine Anzahl neuer β-Aminocrotonsäure- und -zimtsäureamide (3), meist mit 2-Cyan-, -Keto- oder -Estergruppen, wurde durch Addition von entsprechenden sekundären Enaminen 1 und Isocyanaten hergestellt. Im Fall von tert-Butylisocyanat bewährte sich hierbei die Katalyse mit Zinkchlorid. Einige Verbindungen 3 erhielt man aus β-Ketocarbonamiden 2 mit sekundären Aminen. - Die Tautomerie von 2 und die Konformationen der in Lösung meist einheitlichen Verbindungen 3 wurden aus den Spektren abgeleitet (Typen A, B, C).
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    Berichte der deutschen chemischen Gesellschaft 113 (1980), S. 2509-2518 
    ISSN: 0009-2940
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Inorganic Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Description / Table of Contents: Imidoylketene Imines, IV. Preparation by Elimination, Properties and Some ReactionsApplication of different procedures for elimination of water and hydrogen sulfide from 3-aminoacrylamides and -thioamides (3, 1) afforded imidoylketene imines (2), partly with additional ester groups. Some of them were isolated, others proven as instable intermediates. Correlations of the constitution and stability are demonstrated and some addition and cycloaddition reactions are described.
    Notes: Anwendung verschiedener Verfahren zur Eliminierung von Wasser und Schwefelwasserstoff aus 3-Aminoacrylsäure-amiden und -thioamiden (3 bzw. 1) ergab mehrere Imidoylketenimine 2, zum Teil mit zusätzlicher Estergruppe. Einige von ihnen wurden isoliert, andere nur in Lösung intermediär nachgewiesen. Zusammenhänge zwischen Stabilität und Konstitution werden aufgezeigt, einige Additions- und Cycloadditions-Reaktionen beschrieben.
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  • 130
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    Keywords: Chemistry ; Inorganic Chemistry
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    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: The Crystal and Molecular Structure of \documentclass{article}\pagestyle{empty}\begin{document}$ \mathop {\rm P}\limits^ + {\rm CH}_2 {\rm \bar BH}_3 $\end{document}The zwitterionic molecule (CH3)3\documentclass{article}\pagestyle{empty}\begin{document}$ \mathop {\rm P}\limits^ + {\rm CH}_2 {\rm \bar BH}_3 $\end{document} crystallizes orthorhombicly, space group Pna21. While the CH3 groups in (CH3)3PCH2 are bent away from the ylidic function, this strain is relieved in the adduct towards tetrahedral angles. The P—CH2 bond distance is elongated on BH3-addition from a double bond value of 164 to a single bond distance of 175.6 pm.
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    Berichte der deutschen chemischen Gesellschaft 113 (1980), S. 2579-2582 
    ISSN: 0009-2940
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Inorganic Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Enehydrazines, 29. Bromination and Aromatization of 3-(2-Arylidene-1-methylhydrazino)-2-cyclohexen-1-onesThe title compounds 1 and 2 are transformed to the bromo derivatives 3-6 and further to the benzaldehyde (3-hydroxyphenyl)methylhydrazones 7-10. Treatment of the bromide 5 with diluted sodium hydroxide gives the substitution product 15 the constitution of which is secured by means of the model compound 16.
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  • 132
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    Keywords: Chemistry ; Inorganic Chemistry
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    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Description / Table of Contents: „cis-Diaza-bis-σ-homobenzenes“ ([π2s + σ2s + σ2s]-Cycloreversion) -1,4-Dihydro-1,4-diazocines („Aromaticity“)Starting from „cis-benzene triimine“ (3) the N,N′-disubstituted derivatives 8b-f are synthesized in 90-40% yield. Nitrosation to the N-nitroso compounds 10b-f, spectroscopically identified below -30°C, and N2O-elimination lead to the cis-diaza-bis-σ-homobenzenes („cis-benzene diimines“) 11b-f. Their [π2s + σ2s + σ2s]-cycloreversion to the 1,4-disubstituted 1,4-dihydro-1,4-diazocins 14b-e is, depending on the nature of the N-substituent, so fast, that even under the mild reaction conditions (- 30 to - 10°C) only 11b,f and e can be isolated and identified, resp. (11f yields only  -  via 14f?  -  polymers). With Ea = 97 ± 2 kJ · mol-1 (log A = 11.7; ΔH≠ = 92 ± 2kJ · mol-1; ΔS≠ = -31 ± 6 J · K-1 · mol-1) the most stable cis-benzene diimine 11b is clearly more labile than cis-benzene dioxide. From 14d the diazocine dianion 16 is obtainable by conventional means. The 1,4-dihydro-1,4-diazocine parent molecule 5 obtained by protonation of 16 is stable towards acid and base. From this and from systematic 1H- and 13C NMR studies it is concluded, that 5 and its donor-substituted derivatives 14e,g as well as its dianion 16 have a planar structure with strong 10-electron delocalisation („aromatic“ diaza[8]annulenes) whilst the acceptor-substituted derivatives 14b-d prefer the twist-boat-chair conformation and are therefore not diatropic.
    Notes: Ausgehend von „cis-Benzoltriimin“ (3) werden mit 90-40% Ausbeute die N,N′-disubstituierten Derivate 8b-f hergestellt. Nitrosierung zu den unterhalb -30° C 1H-NMR-spektroskopisch identifizierten N-Nitrosoverbindungen 10b-f und N2O-Eliminierung führen zu den cis-Diaza-bis-σ-homobenzolen („cis-Benzoldiiminen“) 11b-f. Deren [π2s + σ2s + σ2s]-Cycloreversion zu den 1,4-disubstituierten 1,4-Dihydro-1,4-diazocinen 14b-e(11f liefert - über 14f? - nur Polymere) ist je nach Art der N-Substitution derart schnell, daß unter den milden Herstellungsbedingungen ( - 30 bis -10°C) nur 11b,f und e isolierbar bzw. identifizierbar sind. Mit Ea = 97 ± 2kJ · mol-1 (log A = 11.7; ΔH≠ = 92 ± 2 kJ · mol-1; ΔS≠ = -31 ± 6J · K-1 · mol-1) ist das stabilste cis-Benzoldiimin 11b deutlich labiler als cis-Benzoldioxid. Aus 14d ist konventionell das 1,4-Diazocin-Dianion 16 erhältlich. Das durch Protonierung von 16 gewonnene 1,4-Dihydro-1,4-diazocin-Grundgerüst 5 ist bei Säure- bzw. Baseeinwirkung stabil. Daraus und aus systematischen 1H- und 13C-NMR-Untersuchungen wird gefolgert, daß es sich bei dem Grundgerüst 5, den donorsubstituierten Derivaten 14e, g und dem Dianion 16 um planare, durch cyclische 10-Elektronendelokalisierung charakterisierte „aromatische“ Diaza[8]annulene handelt, während die akzeptorsubstituierten Derivate 14b-d die mobile Twist-Boot-Sessel-Konformation bevorzugen und nicht diatrop sind.
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    Keywords: Chemistry ; Inorganic Chemistry
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    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Description / Table of Contents: The Behavior of Mono- and Diorganylphosphane Sulfides towards Metal Carbonyl Systems, XXII. Synthesis and Stabilization of the Dimethylarsinous Acid on Transition Metal Ligand SystemsDimethylarsinous acid, stabilized by the complexes LnMX(CO)2 — As(CH3)2OH (3a - c) [X = CLn = η5-C5H5: M = Mo (a), W (b); X = Br, Ln = (CO)2: M = Mn (c)], was isolated for the first time by alkaline hydrolysis of the As — Cl bond in the compounds LnMX(CO)2— As(CH3)2Cl (2a - c) which are obtained by ligand exchange from LnM(CO)3X (1a - c) and As(CH3)2Cl. In comparison with dimethylphosphinous acid the IR and 1H NMR spectra point to a lower acidity of the OH bond.
    Notes: Durch alkalische Hydrolyse der As — Cl-Bindung in den Verbindungen LnMX(CO)2 — As(CH3)2CL (2a-c) [X = Cl, Ln = η5-C5H5: M = Mo (a), W (b); X = Br, Ln = (CO)2: M = Mn (c)], welche man durch Ligandenaustausch aus LnM(CO)3X (1a - c) und As(CH3)2Cl erhält, konnte erstmals die in den Komplexen LnMX(CO)2 — As(CH3)2OH (3a - c) stabilisierte Dimethylarsinige Säure isoliert werden. Die IR- und 1H-NMR-Spektren weisen im Vergleich zur Dimethylphosphinigen Säure auf eine geringere Acidität der OH-Bindung hin.
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    Berichte der deutschen chemischen Gesellschaft 113 (1980), S. 3268-3274 
    ISSN: 0009-2940
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Inorganic Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Description / Table of Contents: Investigations on Steric and Electronic Influences on the Reactivity of Acetyl(diorganyl)-phosphanes and their OxidesThe aliphatic-aromatic and pure aromatic acetyl(diorganyl)phosphanes CH3C(O)PR1R2 (1a - e) [R2 = Ph: R1 = Bzl (a), c-C6H11 (b), t-Bu (c); R1 = R2 = 3-CF3C6H4 (d), Mesityl (e)], of which only 1e is stable towards molecular oxygen, can be obtained from CH3C(O)Cl and (CH3)3SiPR1R2 or HPR1R2 in the presence of NEt3 [eq. (1)]. The corresponding oxides CH3C(O)P(O)R1R2 (2a - e) are formed by reaction of [CH3C(O)]2O with HP(O)R1R2 [eq. (2)] and can be hydrolyzed with stoichiometric amounts of water to give CH3CO2H and HP(O)R1R2 [eq. (3)]. With the last-named oxides however only 2a, b, d react to the stable alcohols CH3C[(O)PR1R2]2OH (3a, b, d). The reactivity of the newly prepared compounds 1a - e, 2a - e and 3a, b, d depends on electronic and steric influences of the organic residues linked to the phosphorus.
    Notes: Die aliphatisch-aromatischen und rein aromatischen Acetyl(diorganyl)phosphane CH3C(O)PR1R2 (1a - e) [R2 = Ph: R1 = Bzl (a), c-C6H11 (b), t-Bu (c); R1 = R2 = 3-CF3C6H4 (d), Mesityl (e)], von denen nur 1e gegenüber molekularem Sauerstoff beständig ist, werden aus CH3C(O)Cl und (CH3)3SiPR1R2 oder HPR1R2 in Gegenwart von NEt3 erhalten [G1. (1)]. Die entsprechenden Oxide CH3C(O)P(O)R1R2(2ax-e) entstehen durch Umsetzung von [CH3C(O)]2O mit HP(O)R1R2 [G1. (2)] und können mit stöchiometrischen Mengen Wasser zu CH3CO2H und HP(O)R1R2 hydrolysiert werden [G1. (3)]. Mit letzteren reagieren jedoch nur 2a, b, d zu den beständigen Alkoholen CH3C[(O)PR1R2]2OH (3a, b, d). Die Reaktivität der neu dargestellten Verbindungen 1a - e, 2a - e und 3a, b, d hängt von elektronischen und sterischen Einflüssen der an den Phosphor gebundenen Organylreste ab.
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  • 135
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    Berichte der deutschen chemischen Gesellschaft 113 (1980), S. 3294-3302 
    ISSN: 0009-2940
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Inorganic Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Description / Table of Contents: Temperature Effects on the Selectivity of σ-RadicalsBent σ-radicals 3a - i, generated from alkylmercuric salts 1 and/or peresters 2, were treated with a BrCCl3/CCl4 competition system at different temperatures. Exner-analysis of these selectivity data (table 1) shows, that radicals of sp2 type 3a - d and bridgehead radicals 3e - i follow different isoselective relationships (figure 1,2). Reversal of the selectivity row occurs at 310 and 210 K, respectively. Above of these isoselective temperatures less shielded radicals are more selective than more shielded radicals because entropy effects overcompensate enthalpy effects (table 2). Comparison with π-radicals 6 shows, that each type of carbon radicals follows an isoselective relationship by its own.
    Notes: Die abgewinkelten σ-Radikale 3a - i, erzeugt aus den Alkylquecksilbersalzen 1 und/oder Perestern 2, wurden im BrCCl3/CCl4-Konkurrenzsystem bei unterschiedlichen Temperaturen umgesetzt. Die Exner-Analyse dieser Selektivitätswerte (s. Tab. 1) zeigt, daß die Radikale vom sp2-Typ 3a - d und die Brückenkopf-Radikale 3e - i unterschiedlichen isoselektiven Beziehungen gehorchen (s. Abb. 1,2). Die Umkehrung der Selektivitätsreihe erfolgt bei 310 bzw. 210 K. Oberhalb dieser isoselektiven Temperaturen sind weniger abgeschirmte Radikale selektiver als sterisch gehindertere Radikale, weil die Entropieeffekte die Enthalpieeffekte überkompensieren (s. Tab. 2). Der Vergleich mit den π-Radikalen 6 zeigt, daß jeder Typ von Kohlenstoff-Radikalen einer eigenen isoselektiven Beziehung gehorcht.
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  • 136
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    Berichte der deutschen chemischen Gesellschaft 113 (1980), S. 3334-3341 
    ISSN: 0009-2940
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Inorganic Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Description / Table of Contents: Reactions of Methylenecyclopropane, IV. Palladium(0)-catalyzed Codimerization of Methylenecyclopropane with AlkenesTriorganylphosphane-modified palladium(0) compounds catalyze the codimerization of methylenecyclopropane (1) with ethylene, norbornene, dicyclopentadiene or norbornadiene to give substituted methylenecyclopentane derivatives 3 - 7. In all of these reactions the three-membered ring of 1 is opened between C2 and C3. 1-Alkenes, alkenes with an internal double bond and unstrained cycloalkenes as well as alkynes and 1,3-butadiene do not react in this manner.
    Notes: Triorganylphosphan-modifizierte Palladium(0)-Verbindungen katalysieren die Codimerisierung von Methylencyclopropan (1) mit Ethylen, Norbornen, Dicyclopentadien oder Norbornadien unter Öffnung des Dreirings zwischen C2 und C3 zu den substituierten Methylencyclopentan-Derivaten 3 - 7. 1-Alkene, wie auch Alkene mit mittelständiger Doppelbindung oder Cycloalkene, die keine gespannte Doppelbindung enthalten, gehen diese Reaktion nicht ein. Ebensowenig erfolgreich waren Versuche einer Codimerisierung von 1 mit Alkinen oder 1,3-Butadien.
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  • 137
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    Keywords: Chemistry ; Inorganic Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Description / Table of Contents: Transition Metal Substituted Phosphanes, Arsanes, and Stibanes, XXIII. Stable Transition Metal Dimethylarsanes Bearing a Tricarbonyl(cyclopentadienyl)chromium, -molybdenum or -tungsten SubstituentBy the interaction of (CH3)2AsCl with [C5H5(CO)3M]Na or C5H5(CO)3M - Si(CH3)3 stable carbonyl(cyclopentadienyl)metal dimethylarsanes of the formula C5H5(CO)3M - As(CH3)2 (M = Cr, Mo, W) (1 - 3) are obtained for the first time. Their thermal treatment in the solid state yields [(CH3)2As]2 and [C5H5(CO)3M]2, in solution with loss of CO the cyclic species [C5H5(CO)2M - As(CH3)2]2 4a (Mo), 4b (W) are formed. Under photolytic conditions in addition to 4a, b the aggregation products trans-C5H5(CO)2[C5H5(CO)3M - As(CH3)2]M - As (CH3)2 (5a, b) and [trans-C5H5(CO)2M - As(CH3)2]x (6a, b) are isolated. Alkyl halides and (CH3)3SiI readily convert 1 - 3 into the cationic complexes [C5H5(CO)3M - As(CH3)2R]X (R = CH3, CH2C(O)C6H5, CH2Si(CH3)3, Si(CH3)3; X = Br, I) (7a - f). With chlorine or bromine the extremely labile dihalogen adducts C5H5(CO)3M - As(CH3)2Hal2 (8a - c) are formed, which rapidly decompose to (CH3)2AsHal and C5H5(CO)3MoHal or C5H5(CO)3WH. HCl, CF3CO2H, (CH3)3SnH, Na/Hg, CH3MgI, and (CH3)3PCH2 cleave the transition metal-arsenic bond under very mild conditions.
    Notes: Durch die Reaktion von (CH3)2AsCl mit [C5H5(CO)3M]Na oder C5H5(CO)3M - Si(CH3)3 werden erstmals stabile Carbonyl(cyclopentadienyl)metall-dimethylarsane der Form C5H5(CO)3M - As(CH3)2 (M = Cr, Mo, W) (1 - 3) erhalten. Ihre thermische Behandlung in Substanz liefert [(CH3)2As]2 und [C5H5(CO)3M]2, in Lösung unter CO-Eliminierung die cyclischen Verbindungen [C5H5(CO)2M - As(CH3)2]2 4a (Mo), 4b (W). Unter photolytischen Bedingungen werden zusätzlich zu 4a, b die Aggregationsprodukte trans-C5H5(CO)2[C5H5(CO)3M - As(CH3)2]M - As(CH3)2 (5a, b) und [trans-C5H5(CO)2M  -  As(CH3)2]x (6a, b) isoliert. Alkylhalogenide und (CH3)3SiI überführen 1 - 3 glatt in die kationischen Komplexe [C5H5(CO)3M - As(CH3)2R]X (R = CH3, CH2C(O)C6H5, CH2Si(CH3)3, Si(CH3)3; X = Br, I) (7a - f). Mit Chlor oder Brom werden die extrem labilen Dihalogenaddukte C5H5(CO)3M - As(CH3)2Hal2 (8a - c) gebildet, die rasch zu (CH3)2AsHal und C5H5(CO)3MoHal bzw. C5H5(CO)3WH zerfallen. HCl, CF3CO2H, (CH3)3SnH, Na/Hg, CH3MgI und (CH3)3PCH2 spalten die Übergangsmetall-Arsenbindung unter sehr milden Bedingungen.
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  • 138
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    Berichte der deutschen chemischen Gesellschaft 113 (1980), S. 3352-3356 
    ISSN: 0009-2940
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Inorganic Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Description / Table of Contents: Preparation and Properties of Diboron HeterocyclesStarting from the bifunctional molecules [(CH3)3Si]2X (X = S, NCH3 or NCH3 — NCH3; 2a - c) and the diboryl compounds Cl2B — CR = CR — BCl2 (R = H 1a and R = CH3 1b) and Cl2B — CH2-CH2 — BCl2, respectively, the ring compounds 3a - c and 4 were prepared. The properties of the five- and six-membered ring systems with 4 π- and 6 π-electrons are compared.
    Notes: Von den bifunktionellen Molekülen [(CH3)3Si]2X (X = S, NCH3 bzw. NCH3 — NCH3; 2a - c) und den Diborylverbindungen Cl2B — CR = CR — BCl2 (R = H 1a und R = CH3 1b) bzw. Cl2B — CH2-CH2 — BCl2 ausgehend wurden die Ringverbindungen 3a - c und 4 hergestellt. Die Eigenschaften der fünf- und sechsgliedrigen Ringe mit 4 π- und 6 π-Elektronen werden verglichen.
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  • 139
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    Berichte der deutschen chemischen Gesellschaft 113 (1980), S. 3342-3351 
    ISSN: 0009-2940
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Inorganic Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Description / Table of Contents: Reactions of Poly(organylthio)butenynes and -butatrienes with Electrophilic ReagentsStarting from the poly(organylthio)substituted butenynes 1 and the butatrienes 2 or 5 the butadiene derivatives 3,4,6,7 and 8 are obtained by addition of halogens, hydrogen halides or 4-chlorophenylsulfenyl chloride. The chlorine addition products 3, not directly available from 2, are prepared by the reactions of 7 with sulfuryl chloride. The tert-butylthio substituted butatriene 2d reacts with iodine, bromine and hydrobromic acid to the thiophene derivatives 10a, b and c, respectively, under elimination of one mole of isobutene. In the analogous reaction of 5 with bromine 11 is formed. The mechanism of this cyclization is discussed.
    Notes: Durch Addition von Halogenen, Halogenwasserstoffsäuren und 4-Chlorphenylsulfenylchlorid an die poly(organylthio)-substituierten Butenine 1 und Butatriene 2 oder 5 sind die Butadienderivate 3,4,6,7 und 8 erhältlich. Die nicht direkt aus 2 zugänglichen Chloradditionsprodukte 3 werden durch Reaktion von 7 mit Sulfurylchlorid hergestellt. Das tert-butylthio-substituierte Butatrien 2d setzt sich mit Iod, Brom und Bromwasserstoffsäure unter Abspaltung von einem mol Isobuten zu den Thiophenderivaten 10a, b bzw. c um. In der analogen Reaktion von 5 mit Brom entsteht 11. Der Mechanismus dieses Ringschlusses wird diskutiert.
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  • 140
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    Berichte der deutschen chemischen Gesellschaft 113 (1980), S. 3366-3368 
    ISSN: 0009-2940
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Inorganic Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Synthesis of μ-(Dihalogenogermylene)-bis(pentacarbonyltungsten) ComplexesThe reaction of [bis(mesitylthio)germylene]pentacarbonyltungsten(0) (1) with boron trichloride and tribromide leads to the μ-(dihalogenogermylene)-bis(pentacarbonyltungsten) complexes 2 and 3. A reaction mechanism is discussed.
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  • 141
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    Description / Table of Contents: Push-Pull Substituted Allenes, IV1). Synthesis and Properties of o-Quinoid Donor/Acceptor Substituted Allenes Crystal- and Molecule Structure of E-2,2,2′,2′-Tetraethoxy-Δ3,3′(2H,2′H)-bi[phenanthro[9,10-b]furan]Reaction of the (2,2-diethoxyvinylidene)triphenylphosphorane (7) with the o-quinones 6 yields the donor/acceptor allene intermediates 9 via the oxaphosphetanes 8. The allenes 9 give the carbenes 10 which then spontaneously dimerize forming the olefins 11. The temperature dependence of the 1H NMR spectra leads to insights into the diastereomerization of the torsionally distorted olefins 11b and the conformational mobility of the E-isomer. Acidic hydrolysis of the Z/E-isomeric orthoesters 11a leads to the monolactone 12 and the bislactone 13. The monomers 9/10 can be trapped by triphenylphosphane affording the orthoester-phosphoranes 14 which under elimination of ether give the phosphoranes 16. The structure of the E-dimer 11 b has been determined from X-ray data.
    Notes: Bei der Umsetzung des (2,2-Diethoxyvinyliden)triphenylphosphorans (7) mit den o-Chinonen 6 entstehen über die Oxaphosphetane 8 intermediär die Donor/Akzeptor-Allene 9. Diese gehen in die Carbene 10 über, die dann spontan zu den Olefinen 11 dimerisieren. Die Temperaturabhängigkeit der 1H-NMR-Spektren liefert Einblick in die Diastereomerisierung der verdrillten Olefine 11b und die konformative Beweglichkeit des E-Isomeren. Die saure Hydrolyse der Z/E-isomeren Orthoester 11a führt über das Monolacton 12 zu dem Bislacton 13. Die Monomeren 9/10 lassen sich mit Triphenylphosphan unter Bildung der Orthoester-phosphorane 14 abfangen, die sich durch Eliminierung von Ether zu den Phosphoranen 16 stabilisieren. Die Struktur des E-Dimeren 11b wurde röntgendiffraktometrisch bestimmt.
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    Berichte der deutschen chemischen Gesellschaft 113 (1980), S. 2976-2993 
    ISSN: 0009-2940
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Inorganic Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Description / Table of Contents: Synthetic Anthracyclinones, XIV. Synthesis of New Derivatives of Daunomycinone and of β-Rhodomycinone2-Methoxydaunomycinone (8) and 3-methoxyisodaunomycinone (9) are obtained by diene reaction of the tricyclic compound 2 with 1,3-dimethoxy-1,3-cyclohexadiene followed by oxidation and retro diene reaction. 4-Demethoxy-2,3-dimethyldaunomycinone (10) is formed by a similar reaction of 2 with 2,3-dimethyl-1,3-butadiene and oxidation. Different side chains can be introduced by reaction of ketol 1 with Grignard reagents such as hexinylmagnesium bromide to give 13 and 14, which can be transformed into the tetracyclic anthracyclinones 19 and 20 or ethylmagnesium bromide to yield 17 and 18. 13-Deoxodaunomycinone (37a) and 13-deoxoisodaunomycinone (38a) are formed by Diels-Alder reaction of 17 with 1-methoxy-1,3-cyclohexadiene, oxidation and retro diene reaction. A hydroxy group at C-10 can be introduced by bromination of the monotrifluoroacetate 37c to yield β-rhodomycinone (42) and 10-epi-β-rhodomycinone (40) (2:1).
    Notes: 2-Methoxydaunomycinon (8) und 3-Methoxydaunomycinon (9) werden durch Dienreaktion der tricyclischen Verbindung 2 mit 1,3-Dimethoxy-1,3-cyclohexadien gefolgt von Oxidation und Retrodienreaktion erhalten. 4-Desmethoxy-2,3-dimethyldaunomycinon (10) wird in einer ähnlichen Reaktion von 2 mit 2,3-Dimethyl-1,3-butadien und Oxidation gebildet. Andere Seitenketten können durch Reaktion des Ketols 1 mit Grignard-Reagentien wie Hexinylmagnesiumbromid zu 13 und 14 - die weiter zu den tetracyclischen Anthracyclinonen 19 und 20 umgeformt werden können - oder mit Ethylmagnesiumbromid zu 17 und 18 eingeführt werden. 13-Desoxoisodaunomycinon (37a) und 13-13 (38a) werden durch Diels-Alder-Reaktion von 17 mit 1-1-1,3-3, Oxidation und Retrodienreaktion gebildet. Eine Hydroxygruppe an C-10 kann über die Bromierung des Monotrifluoracetats 37c eingeführt werden und liefert β-Rhodomycinon (42) und 10-10-β-rhodomycinon (40) (2:1).
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    Berichte der deutschen chemischen Gesellschaft 113 (1980), S. 2959-2975 
    ISSN: 0009-2940
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Inorganic Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Description / Table of Contents: Stereochemistry of Tetraaryl-3, 7-diazabicyclo[3.3.1]nonanes and Tetraaryl-1,3-diazaadamantanesBy means of paraformaldehyde, the 2,4,6,8-tetraaryl-3,7-diazabicyclo[3.3.1]nonanones 7 = 19 of known constitution have been converted to the 1,3-diazaadamantanes 9 = 17 and 10 = 18, respectively, either directly or after previous Wolff-Kishner reduction. The IR and NMR spectra prove the rel-(2S, 4R, 6R, 8S)-configuration of the diazabicyclononanes 19 and 20 and the rel-(4R, 8S, 9R, 10S)-configuration of the corresponding 1,3-diazaadamantanes 17 and 18. These served as models in an 1H NMR spectroscopic investigation of the diazabicyclononanes 19 and 20, which exist in the chair-chair conformation, one chair having a pair of axial the other a pair of equatorial aryl groups. The reaction of the cis-2,6-diphenylpiperidone 6a with [D5]benzaldehyde or 4-4 and the reaction of 6b with benzaldehyde inevitably yielded mixtures of type 19, R4 = Ar4-n1Arn2 (n = 0-4), since in part the aldehydes are incorporated into the piperidones 6. The (equatorial) aryl groups of the piperidones 6 prefer the axial positions in the diazabicyclononanes 19. The diastereoselective formation of the diazabicyclononanes 21 and 22 is compared to that of 8-oxosparteine (27) and traced back to the greater stability of the all-trans-substituted piperidone intermediate trans-28.
    Notes: Die 2,4,6,8-Tetraaryl-3, 7-diazabicyclo[3.3.1]nonanone 7 = 19 bekannter Konstitution wurden unmittelbar oder nach vorhergehender Wolff-Kishner-Reduktion mit Paraformaldehyd in die 1,3-Diazaadamantane 9 = 17 bzw. 10 = 18 übergeführt. IR- und NMR-Spektren beweisen die rel-(2S, 4R, 6R, 8S)-Konfiguration der Diazabicyclononane 19 und 20 und die rel-(4R, 8S, 9R, 10S)-Konfiguration der entsprechenden 1,3-Diazaadamantane 17 und 18. Diese dienten als Modelle bei der 1H-NMR-spektroskopischen Untersuchung der Diazabicyclononane 19 und 20, die danach in der Sessel-Sessel-Konformation mit je einem Paar axialer und äquatorialer Arylreste vorliegen. Die Umsetzung des cis-2,6-Diphenylpiperidons 6 a mit [D5]Benzaldehyd oder 4-Methyl-benzaldehyd bzw. von 6b mit Benzaldehyd lieferte stets Gemische vom Typ 19, R4 = Ar4-n1Arn2 (n = 0-4), da dabei ein Teil der Aldehyde in die Piperidone 6 eingebaut wird. Die (äquatorialen) Arylreste der Piperidone 6 bevorzugen im Diazabicyclononanon 19 die axiale Position. Die diastereoselektive Bildung der Diazabicyclononanone 21 und 22 läßt sich mit der des 8-Oxosparteins (27) vergleichen und auf die größere Stabilität der all-trans-substituierten Piperidon-Zwischenstufe trans-28 zurückführen.
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    Berichte der deutschen chemischen Gesellschaft 113 (1980), S. 3456-3476 
    ISSN: 0009-2940
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Inorganic Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Description / Table of Contents: Thermolabile Hydrocarbons, XIV. Thermal Stability, Strain Enthalpy, and Structure of sym. Hexaalkyl-substituted EthanesActivation parameters were determined for the thermolysis reaction ot thirteen sym. hexaalkyl-substituted ethanes (Cq—Cq-series). From product analyses it was concluded that the central Cq—Cq-bond is cleaved in the rate determining step by homolysis. A reasonable relationship between the free enthalpy of activation ΔG≠ (300°C) of the reactions and steric substituent constants Sf8) was observed. Much better correlations were found between ΔG≠ (300°C) and strain enthalpies HS of the hydrocarbons as obtained from molecular mechanics calculations. From the slope of these correlations it is deduced that 40% residual strain is still present at transition state of these C—C-cleavage reactions. The structural data calculated using Allinger's MM2 force field31) are distinguished by long central Cq—Cq-bonds (up to 164.1 pm), by large angle deformations on α-C-atoms of side chains and by deviations from the ideal torsional angle Θ = 180° along the central bond. The central Cq—Cq bond length increases in a linear manner with increasing strain enthalpy HS.
    Notes: Die Aktivierungsparameter der Thermolyse von dreizehn symmetrisch hexaalkylierten Ethanen (Cq—Cq-Reihe) wurden bestimmt. Durch Produktanalysen wurde belegt, daß im Primärschritt der Thermolysen die zentrale Cq—Cq-Bindung homolytisch gespalten wird. Die freien Aktivierungsenthalpien ΔG≠ (300°C) der Thermolysen korrelieren nur mäßig mit den sterischen Substituentenkonstanten Sf8), aber ausgezeichnet mit den nach der Kraftfeldmethode errechneten Spannungsenthalpien HS. Aus der Steigung dieser Korrelationen folgt, daß im Übergangszustand der Thermolysen jeweils noch 40% der Grundzustandsspannung der Ethane vorhanden ist. Die mit dem Kraftfeld MM231) errechneten Strukturdaten zeichnen sich durch lange Cq—Cq-Bindungen (bis zu 164.1 pm), starke Winkeldeformationen am α-C-Atom von Seitenketten und Abweichungen vom idealen Torsionswinkel Θ = 180° an der zentralen Bindung aus. Die Cq—Cq-Bindungslänge steigt linear mit der Spannungsenthalpie HS an.
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    Berichte der deutschen chemischen Gesellschaft 113 (1980), S. 3511-3516 
    ISSN: 0009-2940
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Inorganic Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Description / Table of Contents: Dichlorotris(dimethylamino)phosphorane as Dehydration Reagent for the Preparation of Activated (-ONp, -OPcp, -ONSu)Esters of N-Protected Multifunctional Amino AcidsDichlorotris(dimethylamino)phosphorane (5) is an excellent reagent for the preparation of the activated esters of N-protected amino acids 7-9. Besides 4-nitrophenyl-, pentachlorophenyl, and N-hydroxysuccinimide esters of various N-protected amino acids, in the presence of HOBt benzyloxycarbonyl-threonine N-hydroxysuccinimide ester was obtained for the first time.
    Notes: Dichlortris(dimethylamino)phosphoran (5) eignet sich hervorragend zur Darstellung der N-geschützten Aminosäureaktivester 7-9. Neben 4-Nitrophenyl-, Pentachlorphenyl- und N-Hydroxysuccinimidestern verschiedener N-geschützter Aminosäuren konnte erstmals unter HOBt-Zusatz der Benzyloxycarbonyl-threonin-N-hydroxysuccinimidester erhalten werden.
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    Berichte der deutschen chemischen Gesellschaft 113 (1980), S. 3488-3496 
    ISSN: 0009-2940
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Inorganic Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Description / Table of Contents: Synthesis of an Isomeric Pentadeoxy Disaccharide of the C—B Type in Anthracycline GlycosidesThe preparation of the α-benzyl glycoside 8 of 4-O-acetyl-2,3,6-trideoxy-L-erythro-hex-2-enopyranose from diacetyl-L-rhamnal (7) is achieved. Following deacetylation and mesylation to 10 by inversion at C-4 the epimeric L-threo glycoside 12 is obtained. By epoxidation a 5:1 mixture of the 2,3-anhydro-L-talo 13 and the -L-gulo derivative 16 is prepared. The boron trifluoride-catalyzed condensation of 13 and 7 leads to the disaccharide 19, and by reaction with lithium iodide the 3-iodo hydrine derivative 20 is obtained exclusively. The final hydrogenation terminates the synthesis of 21 which is isomeric with the pentadeoxy disaccharide of the C—B type in the anthracycline antibiotics dihydrocinerubin A (3) and dihydroaclacinomycin A (4).
    Notes: Aus Diacetyl-L-rhamnal (7) wird das α-Benzylglycosid 8 der 4-O-Acetyl-2,3,6-tridesoxy-L-erythro-hex-2-enopyranose hergestellt. Nach Verseifung und Mesylierung zu 10 erfolgt über eine Inversion an C-4 die Darstellung des epimeren L-threo-Glycosids 12. Dessen Epoxidierung führt zu einem 5:1-Gemisch der 2,3-Anhydro-L-talo- 13 sowie der -L-gulo-Verbindung 16. Die Bortrifluorid-katalysierte Kondensation von 7 mit 13 gibt das Disaccharid 19, bei dessen Reaktion mit Lithiumiodid überraschend nur das 3-Iodhydrin-Derivat 20 anfällt. Die abschließende Hydrierung führt zur Bildung von 21, das mit dem Pentadesoxydisaccharid vom C  -  B-Typ in den Anthracyclin-Antibiotica Dihydrocinerubin A (3) und Dihydroaclacinomycin A (4) isomer ist.
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  • 147
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    Berichte der deutschen chemischen Gesellschaft 113 (1980), S. 3505-3510 
    ISSN: 0009-2940
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Inorganic Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Description / Table of Contents: Preparation of the Oligodeoxy Disaccharides Phenyl 4-O-β-D-Tyvelosyl-α-D-rhamnoside and Methyl 4-O-β-D-Tyvelosyl-α-D-olivoside by Modification of MannobioseModification reactions with mannobiose derivatives lead to the synthesis of certain tri- and tetradeoxy disaccharide units which occur in the metabolism of microorganisms. The reaction of the 6,6′-dideoxy compound 2 with 2-acetoxyisobutyryl bromide yields the 3′-bromide 5, by reduction of which the title compound 10 is obtained. Starting with the 2,6,6′-trideoxy derivative 8 by a corresponding approach the preparation of the bromide 11 is achieved, which is reductively transformed into the tetradeoxy disaccharide 13. The structures of the peracetylated β,1 → 4-linked oligodeoxy disaccharide derivatives are confirmed by NMR spectroscopy.
    Notes: Zur Darstellung bestimmter im Stoffwechsel von Mikroorganismen vorkommender Tri- und Tetradesoxy-disaccharidbausteine werden ausgehend von Mannobiose-Derivaten Modifizierungsreaktionen unternommen. Durch Reaktion der 6,6′-Didesoxyverbindung 2 mit 2-Acetoxyisobuttersäurebromid wird das 3′-Bromid 5 erhalten, dessen Reduktion die Titelverbindung 10 ergibt. Entsprechend kann aus dem 2,6,6′-Tridesoxy-Derivat 8 das Bromid 11 gewonnen und reduktiv zum Tetradesoxydisaccharid 13 umgesetzt werden. Die Strukturaufklärung wird NMR-spektroskopisch mit den Peracetaten der β, 1 → 4-verknüpften Oligodesoxydisaccharide vorgenommen.
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  • 148
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    Berichte der deutschen chemischen Gesellschaft 113 (1980), S. 3550-3556 
    ISSN: 0009-2940
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Inorganic Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Description / Table of Contents: New Helical Hydrocarbons, V. Double Clamped PentaphenylenicenesThe synthesis and properties of the pentaphenylenicenes 3 and 4 clamped singly in the 2,2‴′-and twice in the 2,4‴′ 4,2‴′-positions, are reported. Spectroscopic results lead to the assumption of helically wound hydrocarbon skeletons. In the course of the synthesis of the bis-sulfide 11 a symmetric isomer (11b) apart from a helical one (11a) seems to be formed.
    Notes: Synthese und Eigenschaften der in 2,2‴′-einfach und in 2,4‴′ 4,2‴′-Stellung zweifach verklammerten Pentaphenylenicene 3 und 4 werden beschrieben. Spektroskopische Befunde legen helikale Gerüststrukturen nahe. Bei der Synthese des Bis-sulfids 11 entstehen die helikale (11a) und die isomere symmetrische Molekülform (11b) nebeneinander.
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  • 149
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    Berichte der deutschen chemischen Gesellschaft 113 (1980), S. 3497-3504 
    ISSN: 0009-2940
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Inorganic Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Description / Table of Contents: Preparation of the Terminal Pentadeoxy Disaccharide Unit C—B of Anthracycline AntibioticsDiacetyl-L-rhamnal (1) and 2,3-anhydro-α-D-allopyranoside 2 undergo an acid-catalyzed allylic rearrangement to yield the α,1 → 4-linked disaccharide 3. Opening of the epoxide with lithium iodide results in a 1:4 mixture of 4 with 3-iodo-gluco and 7 with 2-iodo-altro configuration. Their reactions with sodium iodide give the corresponding diiodides 5 and 8, respectively. By hydrogenation of the latter the pentadeoxy disaccharide 6 with C-iso-B structure is obtained. The selective hydrogenation of 7 leads to the 6-bromo-2,6-dideoxy derivative 9 which is transformed into the exocyclic glycal 12 by reaction with silver fluoride. Subsequent hydrogenation allows the synthesis of the terminal C - pentadeoxy disaccharide 13 of various anthracycline antibiotics.
    Notes: Durch sauer-katalysierte Addition des 2,3-Anhydro-α-D-allopyranosids 2 an Diacetyl-L-rhamnal (1) wird unter Allylumlagerung das α,1 → 4-verknüpfte Disaccharid 3 gewonnen. Die Epoxidöffnung mit Lithiumiodid führt zu einem 1:4-Gemisch aus 4 mit 3-iod-gluco- und 7 mit 2-iod-altro-Konfiguration. Bei deren Reaktionen mit Natriumiodid erhält man die entsprechenden Diiodide 5 bzw. 8. Letzteres gibt nach der Hydrierung das Pentadesoxydisaccharid 6 mit C-Iso-B-Struktur. In einer selektiven Hydrierung wird aus 7 das 6-Brom-2,6-didesoxy-Derivat 9 gewonnen, aus dem sich durch Umsetzung mit Silberfluorid das exocyclische Glycal 12 darstellen läßt. Die nachfolgende Hydrierung erlaubt die Synthese des terminalen C - B-Pentadesoxydisaccharids 13 verschiedener Anthracyclin-Antibiotica.
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  • 150
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    Berichte der deutschen chemischen Gesellschaft 113 (1980), S. 3539-3549 
    ISSN: 0009-2940
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Inorganic Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Description / Table of Contents: Organometallic Lewis Bases, XLII. Cleavage of Fe—Co- and Fe—Mn Bonds by Carbonylmetal DimethylarsenidesWith the new carbonylmetal dimethylarsenides of the Mn—As, Re—As, Fe—As, and Co—As type the metal-metal bonds of the arsenic bridged dinuclear complexes FeMn(CO)8(μ-AsMe2) and FeCo(CO)7(μ-AsMe2) could be cleaved. Thus 26 chain-like trinuclear complexes with M—As—M—As—M frameworks were obtained. If these contained As—Mn—P or As—Mn—As units, they occurred with cis and/or trans configuration at manganese. From the Fe—Co compound and (CO)5Mn—AsMe2 in a side reaction the tetranuclear complex (CO)4Fe—AsMe2—Co(CO)3—AsMe2—Mn(CO)4—AsMe2—Mn(CO)5 (13) was formed.
    Notes: Mit den neuen Carbonylmetall-dimethylarseniden vom Mn—As-, Re—As-, Fe—As- und Co—As-Typ ließen sich die Metall-Metall-Bindungen der arsenverbrückten Zweikernkomplexe FeMn(CO)8(μ-AsMe2) und FeCo(CO)7(μ-AsMe2) spalten. Es wurden so 26 kettenförmige Dreikernkomplexe mit M—As—M—As—M-Gerüst gewonnen. Wenn diese As—Mn—P- oder As—Mn—As-Einheiten enthielten, traten sie mit cis- und/oder trans-Konfiguration am Mangan auf. Aus der Fe—Co-Verbindung und (CO)5Mn—AsMe2 entstand in einer Nebenreaktion der Vierkernkomplex (CO)4Fe—AsMe2—Co(CO)3—AsMe2—Mn(CO)47—AsMe2—Mn(CO)5 (13).
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  • 151
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    Berichte der deutschen chemischen Gesellschaft 113 (1980), S. 3517-3538 
    ISSN: 0009-2940
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Inorganic Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Description / Table of Contents: Organometallic Lewis Bases, XLI. New Carbonylmetal Dimethylarsenides: Preparation and Formation of Dinuclear ComplexesThe carbonylmetal dimethylarsenides M—AsMe2 (M = (CO)5Mn 1, (CO)5Re 2, (CO)3NOFe 3, and (CO)4Co 4), which decompose at low temperatures, were prepared from the corresponding carbonyl metalates and Me2AsCl and except for 3 characterized by subsequent reactions. Thermally more stable derivatives thereof in which one or two CO groups are replaced by PR3 ligands could be obtained by using the phosphane-substituted carbonyl metalates or starting from 1-4 by substitution. With the exception of 3 and 4, all these organometallic Lewis bases could be fixed to carbonylmetal fragments. Thus numerous dinuclear complexes of the type M - ;AsMe2—M′ with M′ = Cr(CO)5, W(CO)5, Fe(CO)4, Fe(CO)(NO)2, and Co(CO)2NO, some of which were known, were accessible.
    Notes: Die bei tiefer Temperatur zersetzlichen Carbonylmetall-dimethylarsenide M—AsMe2 (M = (CO)5Mn 1, (CO)5Re 2, (CO)3NOFe 3 und (CO)4Co 4) wurden aus dem betreffenden Carbonyl-metallat und Me2AsCl dargestellt und bis auf 3 durch Folgereaktionen charakterisiert. Thermisch stabilere Derivate davon, in denen eine oder zwei CO-Gruppen durch PR3-Liganden ersetzt sind, ließen sich durch Einsatz der phosphansubstituierten Carbonylmetallate oder ausgehend von 1-4 durch Substitution gewinnen. Mit Ausnahme von 3 und 4 ließen sich alle diese metallorganischen Lewis-Basen an Carbonylmetall-Fragmente fixieren. Dadurch wurden zahlreiche z. T. bekannte Zweikernkomplexe des Typs M—AsMe2—M′ mit M′ = Cr(CO)5, W(CO)5, Fe(CO)4, Fe(CO)(NO)2 und Co(CO)2NO zugänglich.
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  • 152
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    Berichte der deutschen chemischen Gesellschaft 113 (1980), S. 3597-3604 
    ISSN: 0009-2940
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Inorganic Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Description / Table of Contents: Reactions of Complex Ligands, XX. Addition of Aminocarbene Ligands to YnaminesThe reaction of pentacarbonyl[amino(alkyl resp. aryl)carbene] complexes of chromium, molybdenum and tungsten 1-5 as well as the amino(phenyl)carbene complexes of manganese 15 and 16 with dialkylaminopropynes 6 and 7 results in addition of the aminocarbene substituent to the C≡C triple bond to yield the (1-dialkylaminopropylidene)aminocarbene complexes 8-14, 17, and 18.
    Notes: Pentacarbonyl[amino(alkyl bzw. aryl)carben]-Komplexe des Chroms, Molybdäns und Wolframs 1-5 sowie die Amino(phenyl)carben-Komplexe des Mangans 15 und 16 reagieren mit den Dialkylaminopropinen 6 und 7 unter Addition des Aminocarben-Substituenten an die Alkin-Funktion zu den (1-Dialkylaminopropyliden)aminocarben-Komplexen 8-14, 17 und 18.
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  • 153
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    Keywords: Chemistry ; Inorganic Chemistry
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    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Description / Table of Contents: Deamination of N-(6-endo-Methylbicyclo[3.1.0]hex-6-exo-yl)- and N-(6-endo-Methylbicyclo[3.1.0]hex-2-en-6-exo-yl)-N-nitrosourea. Attempted Non-photochemical Generation of trans-Cyclohexene DerivativesDecomposition of the stereochemically fixed diazonium ions 12 in alkaline methanol affords only 3-substituted 2-methylcyclohexenes 32-36. The corresponding unsaturated diazonium ions 18 gave the products 37-39. Reactions that have been found when generating trans-cycloheptene derivatives desaminatively or trans-cyclohexenes photochemically under similar conditions could not be detected for the decomposition of 12, thus making trans-cyclohexene derivatives improbable as intermediates for the formation of 32-36. Mechanistical alternatives are discussed.
    Notes: Der Zerfall der stereochemisch fixierten Diazonium-Ionen 12 in basischem Methanol ergibt nur 3-substituierte 2-Methylcyclohexene 32-36. Aus den entsprechenden ungesättigten Diazonium-Ionen 18 entstehen die Produkte 37-39. Reaktionen, die bei der desaminativen Erzeugung von trans-Cyclohepten-Derivaten oder bei der photochemischen Erzeugung von trans-Cyclohexenen unter gleichen Bedingungen ablaufen, wurden beim Zerfall von 12 nicht beobachtet. Eine Bildung von 32-36 über intermediäre trans-Cyclohexen-Derivate ist darum unwahrscheinlich. Mechanistische Alternativen werden diskutiert.
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  • 154
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    Berichte der deutschen chemischen Gesellschaft 113 (1980), S. 3610-3620 
    ISSN: 0009-2940
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Inorganic Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Description / Table of Contents: Anisotropy Effects of Conjugated Cyclic Systems, IV. 1H NMR Spectra of Mesityl-Substituted 2,6-Dimethylbenzene DerivativesThe effect of very different substituents X on the chemical shift differences Δδ of the o- and p-methyl group 1H NMR signals of 4′-X-substituted 2,2′,4,6,6′-pentamethylbiphenyl derivatives is ±0.045 ppm only. In comparison with X = H (0.47 ppm) electron attracting substituents like X = N2⊕ increase Δδ values up to 0.53, X = CN and NO2 up to 0.52 ppm; electron releasing groups X = OH, NH2 reduce Δδ down to 0.45 and OCH3 to 0.44 ppm. Even in the 2-mesityl-substituted 1,3,5-trimethyltropylium ion (2) Δδ rises only up to 0.54 ppm.
    Notes: Die Differenz der chemischen Verschiebungen Δδ zwischen den 1H-NMR-Signalen der o- und p-Methylgruppen in den Mesitylresten 4′-X-substituierter 2,2′,4,6,6′-Pentamethylbiphenyl-Derivate 1 wird mit ±0.045 ppm relativ wenig durch sehr verschiedene Substituenten verändert. Gegenüber X = H (0.47 ppm) erhöhen stark elektronenziehende Substituenten X = N2⊕ auf 0.53 und X = CN, NO2 auf 0.52; elektronenspendende Gruppen wie X = OH, NH2 verkleinern Δδ auf 0.45 und OCH3 bis 0.44 ppm. Selbst im 2-mesitylsubstituierten 1,3,5-Trimethyltropylium-Ion (2) beträgt Δδ nur 0.54 ppm.
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    Berichte der deutschen chemischen Gesellschaft 113 (1980), S. 3621-3628 
    ISSN: 0009-2940
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Inorganic Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Description / Table of Contents: Hydrogenolysis of Small Cycloalkanes, VII. Selective Hydrogenation of 1,1-Disubstituted Cyclopropane DerivativesOn hydrogenation of 1,1-disubstituted cyclopropane derivatives 1 hydrogenolysis of the C-2—C-3 bond to yield 2 is promoted by electron releasing groups (R = alkyl, CH2OH, OR). On the other hand the presence of electron attracting substituents (R = CO2R, COR, CN) causes opening of the C-1—c-2 bond and formation of products 3. 1,1-Bis(trifluoromethyl)cyclopropane could not be hydrogenated.
    Notes: Bei der Hydrierung 1,1-disubstituierter Cyclopropanderivate 1 bewirken elektronenabgebende Reste (R = Alkyl, CH2OH, OR) die Hydrogenolyse der C-2—C-3-Bindung zu 2, elektronenanziehende Substituenten (R = CO2R, COR, CN) dagegen die Öffnung der C-1—C-2-Bindung unter Bildung der Produkte 3. 1,1-Bis(trifluormethyl)cyclopropan ließ sich nicht hydrieren.
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    Berichte der deutschen chemischen Gesellschaft 113 (1980), S. 3629-3646 
    ISSN: 0009-2940
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Inorganic Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Description / Table of Contents: The He(I) Photoelectron Spectra of Tetracarbonyliron(l0) Complexes with CarbenesThe He(I) photoelectron(PE) spectra of the tetracarbonyl(carbene)iron(0) complexes 1-3 have been recorded. The first six bands were assigned by calculating the different ionic states separately (ΔSCF procedure) or by using the „Transition Operator Model“. It is found that the Koopmans′ defects for the orbitals localized at the iron are larger than for orbitals localized at the ligands.
    Notes: Die He(I)-Photoelektronen(PE)-Spektren der Tetracarbonyl(carben)eisen(0)-Komplexe 1-3 wurden gemessen. Die Zuordnung der ersten sechs Banden basiert auf der Berechnung der verschiedenen Kationenzustände mittels der ΔSCF-Methode und mit Hilfe des „Transition Operator“-Modells. Für die Orbitale, die hauptsächlich am Metall lokalisiert sind, werden größere Koopmans-Defekte gefunden als für die an den Liganden lokalisierten Orbitale.
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    Berichte der deutschen chemischen Gesellschaft 113 (1980), S. 3647-3655 
    ISSN: 0009-2940
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Inorganic Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Description / Table of Contents: The He(I) Photoelectron Spectra of Bis(1,3-diene)monocarbonyliron ComplexesThe He(I) photoelectron (PE) spectra of the bis(1,3-diene)monocarbonyliron complexes 1 to 3 have been recorded. The assignment of the first seven bands is based on INDO calculations using the ΔSCF procedure and the „transition operator“ model. The bonding properties for the ground state of 1 are discussed.
    Notes: Die He(I)-Photoelektronen(PE)-Spektren der Bis(1,3-dien)monocarbonyleisenkomplexe 1 bis 3 wurden gemessen. Die Zuordnung der ersten sieben Banden resultiert aus der Berechnung der verschiedenen Kationenzustände mittels der ΔSCF-Methode und des „Transition Operator„-Modells, basierend auf einem INDO-Verfahren. Die Bindungsverhältnisse im Grundzustand von 1 werden diskutiert.
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    Berichte der deutschen chemischen Gesellschaft 113 (1980), S. 3656-3661 
    ISSN: 0009-2940
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Inorganic Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Condensed Furans, XLVII. Synthesis of 1H-Pyrano[3,4-b]benzofuran-1-one and their DerivativesThe synthesis of 1H-pyrano[3,4-b]benzofuran-1-one derivatives (6-14) and their 2-aza-analogues (15-16) is described.
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  • 159
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    Journal of Morphology 163 (1980), S. 99-133 
    ISSN: 0362-2525
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Study of the visceral anatomy of 41 specimens of amphisbaenians representing 13 genera shows that they share a very distinct structure which differs from that found in either snakes or typical lizards. The left lung is large while the right is rudimentary or absent (unique); the kidneys are freely suspended in the coelom by a mesentery (unique); the spleen is usually embedded in the anterior end of the pancreas (as in snakes); the gall bladder lies in a notch in the liver, and the kidneys lie opposite each other (as in lizards). The distinctness of this pattern supports the recognition of the Amphisbaenia as a separate suborder of the Squamata.
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    Journal of Morphology 163 (1980), S. 175-190 
    ISSN: 0362-2525
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Light and electron microscope studies were made on harvestman oocytes during the course of their origin, differentiation, and vitellogenesis. The germ cells appear to originate from the ovarian epithelium. They subsequently migrate to the outer surface of the epithelium, where they remain attached often by means of stalk cells which suspend them in the hemocoel during oogenesis. The “Balbiani bodies,” “yolk nuclei,” or “nuage” constitute a prominent feature of young, previtellogenic oocytes, and take the form of large, but variable sizes of electron-dense cytoplasmic aggregates with small fibrogranular components. The cytoplasmic aggregates fragment and disperse, and cannot be detected in vitellogenic oocytes. The young oocytes become surrounded by a vitelline envelope that appears to represent a secretory product of the oocyte. The previtellogenic oocytes are impermeable to horseradish peroxidase under both in vivo and in vitro conditions. In addition to mitochondria, dictyosomes, and abundant ribosomes, the ooplasm of the previtellogenic oocyte acquires both vesicular and lamellar forms of the rough-surfaced endoplasmic reticulum. In many areas, a dense homogeneous product appears within the cisternae of the endoplasmic reticulum and represents nascent yolk protein synthesized by the oocyte during early stages of vitellogenesis. Later in vitellogenesis, the oocyte becomes permeable to horseradish peroxidase under both in vivo and in vitro conditions. This change is associated with a massive process of micropinocytosis which is reflected in the presence of large numbers of vesicles of variable form and structure in the cortical ooplasm. Both spherical and tubular vesicles are present, as are coated and uncoated vesicles. Stages in the fusion of the vesicles with each other and with developing yolk platelets are illustrated. In the harvester oocytes, vitellogenesis is a process that involves both autosynthetic and heterosynthetic mechanisms.
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    Journal of Morphology 164 (1980), S. 25-38 
    ISSN: 0362-2525
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: The clitellar epithelium of the freshwater oligochaete, Tubifex hattai, is composed of four types of gland cells (Type I, II, III, and IV), in addition to the cells generally found in the epidermis of this worm. The possible function of these gland cells in cocoon formation was studied with the electron microscope.Type I cells discharge their secretory granules by means of compound exocytosis and provide the materials for the future cocoon membrane. Immediately after completion of the discharge from Type I cells, Type II and III cells simultaneously discharge their secretory granules by means of compound exocytosis. The secretions from Type II cells constitute a colloid in the cocoon lumen and probably cause structural modifications in the future cocoon membrane. The secretory products from Type III cells form the cocoon plug. Although the process of discharge of secretory granules from Type IV cells was not observed, the contribution of these cells to the cocoon formation, producing hoops on the outer surface of the future cocoon membrane and fixing its anterior ends on the clitellum, is inferred from a morphological comparison of the hoop and the structure of the secretory granules.
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    Journal of Morphology 164 (1980), S. 69-81 
    ISSN: 0362-2525
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: The distribution and activity patterns of monoamine oxidase and monoaminergic (formaldehyde-induced) fluorescence in the central nervous system of web-building and hunting spiders have been studied using histochemical methods. Enzyme activity occurred in the neuronal perikarya and in varying intensity in the structures of the neuropile mass, but only when dopamine, adrenaline, and noradrenaline were used as substrates. The optic centres of the spider brain normally exhibited relatively strong enzyme reactions when compared with the staining intensity of the rest of the nervous system.The neuronal cell bodies contained numerous granules of yellow-green fluorescence. Monoaminergic fluorescence of the neuropile was generally a weak green. The optic mases of the hunting spiders, the anterior bridge, several commissures of the ventral cord, and the neural lamellae showed a slightly higher fluorescence intensity and single fluorescing granules.The results obtained indicate the presence of catecholamines in the spider nervous system.
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    Journal of Morphology 164 (1980), S. 107-119 
    ISSN: 0362-2525
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: The tongue of the striped dolphin, Stenella coeruleoalba, shows a V-shaped row of pits on its posterior dorsum. Their development is described on the basis of macroscopic and light microscopic observations on fetal, young, and adult stages. Four to eight pits occur, most often five in the adult. Anlagen of the pits first protrude as round epithelial thickenings which later increase in diameter and become thin. The circular primordia then sink, and grooves oriented both circularly and radially develop in the walls of the shallow pits thus formed. Pits and grooves deepen with development so that older pits become lined with conical projections. As pits grow further, they become elongated anterolaterally, retaining slit-like openings. Each pit in the adult is 2-8 mm long and about 1 mm wide. The pits are not derived from lingual gland ducts but develop independently. Taste buds resembling those of other mammalian tongues can be found in young dolphins but are few in number and limited to the thin epithelium of the pit projections and to that of the side wall of the pits. They first appear in the late prenatal period but degenerate in the adult. A rich nerve supply is observable in the lamina propria below taste buds in the calf. The pits and their projections in the dolphin correspond to the vallate papillae of other mammals, but whether each projection or a whole pit corresponds to a single vallate papilla is undecided.
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  • 164
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    Journal of Morphology 164 (1980), S. 139-159 
    ISSN: 0362-2525
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
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    Notes: Two morphologically distinct structures occur on the surfaces of the oral papillae in several loricariid catfish species; namely, (1) typical vertebrate taste buds composed of receptor and sustentacular cells and (2) brushlike projections, termed epidermal brushes, that represent specialized epidermal cells containing keratin. Both of these structures were studied with the combined use of light microscopy and scanning and transmission electron microscopy. The general body surface, fins, and rostral cutaneous processes of some loricariid catfishes are covered with taste or terminal buds but lack the epidermal brushes. It is suggested that the epidermal brushes found on the oral papillae serve as protective devices for the taste buds and as abrasive surfaces for substrate scraping during feeding. The taste buds on the oral papillae may detect any gustatory stimuli from the resulting substrate disturbance. Comparative studies reveal many differences in the number and spatial arrangement of these two structures on the oral papillae among the several species of the Loricariidae examined. These differences may represent functional adaptations to the various modes of life in the Loricariidae.
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  • 165
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    Journal of Morphology 164 (1980), S. 83-88 
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    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: The Y-organ has been histologically identified in all six larval stages of the crab, Cancer anthonyi. The paired glands are located anterior to the branchial chamber and ventral to the base of the antennules. In the first zoeal stage the gland consists of a cord of 6 to 10 epidermal cells with dark staining nuclei, sparse cytoplasm, and indistinct cell boundaries. As development progresses the glands become more complex through extensive folding and intertwining of the cellular cords. The glands in all larval stages show cyclical activity which corresponds to the molt cycle. Immediately following a molt the gland is dense and compact with little cytoplasm. At approximately day four in the molt cycle, the glands become greatly hyperthropied due to an increase in the number and size of the cytoplasmic vacuoles. These histological changes suggests a cyclical production and presumably the release of some product most likely ecdysone.
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  • 166
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    Journal of Morphology 164 (1980), S. 89-105 
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    Notes: The digestive tract of a harpacticoid copepod, Tigriopus californicus (Baker), was studied by using techniques of light and electron microscopy. Four cell types could be distinguished: type 1, an embryonic cell which will replace cells worn away or lost during secretion; type 2, a cell which synthesizes and secretes proteins and also plays a role in lipid absorption; and types 3 and 4, two cell types which absorb lipids. From the abundance of each cell type, the length of microvilli, the development of basal plasma membrane (PM), and luminal projections, the following conclusions were made. (1) The midgut caecum absorbs digested nutrients. (2) The anterior midgut absorbs nutrients and more importantly functions in merocrine and exocrine secretion. The presence of concretions in cell types 2 and 3 in the anterior midgut suggests that these tissues contribute in excretion, and in water and/or ion regulation. (3) The posterior midgut absorbs nutrients and contributes some holocrine secretion.
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  • 167
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    Journal of Morphology 164 (1980), S. 161-166 
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    Notes: Tactile hairs are present on all three subsegments of the antennal flagellum of the human louse. There is, in addition, a single chemoreceptor (tuft organ) on subsegment 2 and 12 or 13 chemoreceptors (one tuft organ, two pore organs and nine or ten pegs) on subsegment 3. The cuticle surrounding the bases of the pegs at the tip of the antenna is unusual in that parts of it are perforated by many fine pores. This cuticle is underlain by a thin layer of dendrites. This region may also have a chemoreceptor function.
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  • 168
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    Journal of Morphology 164 (1980), S. 121-138 
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    Notes: The heart-body of the marine worm Amphitrite, located within the supraesophageal dorsal vessel, is in the form of a cylinder the thin wall of which is deeply corrugated by luminal projections and folds along its entire length. It is anchored in places to the luminal surface of the dorsal vessel by an extracellular matrix containing collagen fibers. The luminal surfaces of both the heart-body and the dorsal vessel are covered by a basement membrane-like vascular lamina which in turn supports a discontinuous pseudoendothelium of littoral hemocytes.The cells of the heart-body constitute a pseudostratified, high columnar epithelium. They possess extensive rough endoplasmic reticulum (RER), a well developed Golgi zone, ferritin particles and granules, and several types of membrane-bound inclusions. Hemoglobin molecules identical to those in the circulation lie within cytoplasmic, membrane-bound vesicles. Analysis of our electron micrographs suggests the following sequence of hemoglobin production and secretion: Large quantities of a moderately dense flocculent material, probably globin, are synthesized in RER and move to the Golgi zone within partly rough- and partly smooth-surfaced transitional cisternae; small transport vesicles, formed from Golgi cisternae that have fused with transitional cisternae, convey the flocculent material from the convex to the concave face of the Golgi complex; a similar flocculent material and an amorphous, highly dense material are processed in the Golgi complex and are transferred to condensing vacuoles in which clearly identifiable hemoglobin molecules are first observed. Mature secretory vesicles containing only hemoglobin migrate to the cell periphery and discharge their contents by exocytosis. Hemoglobin molecules then cross the vascular lamina to reach the circulation.
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  • 169
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    Journal of Morphology 164 (1980), S. 167-211 
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    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
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    Notes: The dermopteran basicranium combines a primitively constructed and oriented auditory bulla formed by ectotympanic, rostral entotympanic, and tubal cartilage with derived features of the middle ear transformer and internal carotid circulation. Living dermopterans possess a primitive eutherian auditory region that has been structurally modified to perceive a lower frequency sound spectrum than probably was utilized by ancestral Mesozoic therians. Perception of the low to midfrequency range is enhanced in Dermoptera by reducing stiffness in the mechanical transformer while maintaining low mass of the component parts. Stiffness has been reduced by (1) development of an epitympanic sinus about four times the volume of the middle ear cavity proper, (2) detachment of the anterior process of the malleus from the ectotympanic, and (3) by delicate suspension of the ear ossicles within the middle ear.We apply to dermopterans a measure of hearing efficiency derived from recent functional studies of the mammalian middle ear that regards the middle ear mechanism as an impedance matching transformer. Calculation of the impedance transformer ratio for Dermoptera suggests that these mammals are relatively efficient in comparison to other eutherians in their ability to match the impedance of cochlear fluids to that of air at the eardrum. Dermopterans theoretically are capable of using over 90% of incident sound energy striking the eardrum at the resonant or natural frequency. Mechanical impedance of the middle ear transformer exerts a minimal influence on hearing efficiency due to low mass, little stiffness, and little frictional resistance.Analysis of measurements of the middle ear transformer published by Gerald Fleischer and integration of these data with current theory on the peripheral hearing mechanism in mammals allow us to propose a model that describes the structural and functional evolution of the mammalian middle ear transformer. Structural changes appear to be correlated with alteration in function from primitive small mammals with stiff middle ear transformers and high frequency dominated hearing to mammals with a wider range in body size with more mobile middle ear transformers and a greater range of frequency perception, often including improved sensitivity to lower frequencies.Mammals employ different anatomical strategies in attainment of increased hearing efficiency and sensitivity. Efficiency is improved by adjustment of lever and areal ratios of the middle ear transformer to achieve an optimum impedance match of external air and cochlear fluids. Sensitivity over a broad frequency spectrum is attained by minimizing mass, stiffness, and frictional resistance of the transformer. The morphology of the auditory region of both living and fossil mammals seems explicable in terms of selection pressure directed toward these ends.
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  • 170
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    Journal of Morphology 164 (1980), S. 311-311 
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  • 171
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    Notes: Analysis based on telemetered electromyography from the quadriceps femoris of Lemur fulvus, a Malagasy prosimian, during walking, galloping, leaping, and a variety of postural behaviors partially confirms and partially contradicts earlier hypothesized functions of this musculoskeletal complex. As predicted on the basis of morphological criteria (large physiological cross-section and long parallel fibers), the vastus lateralis is of special functional significance in leaping. This relatively large muscle consistently initiates the leap and frequently undergoes a very long period of force enhancement via active stretch. By contrast, the vastus intermedius fails to exhibit increased electrical activity and undergoes little or no active stretch during jumps. The myological details of vastus intermedius (short fibers, no fusion with other components), therefore, cannot be accounted for as adaptations to leaping. Rather, a primary postural role is indicated for the vastus intermedius, because in normal resting postures, with the knee quite flexed, it alone is continuously active. The existence of a fibrocartilaginous superior patella in the tendon of vastus intermedius, however, is most plausibly related to the complex tensile and compressive stresses generated in the tendon during the completely hyperflexed phase of leaping.The phasic patterning of the quadriceps femoris of Lemur fulvus does not point to any special role of the vastus lateralis or vastus intermedius during walking and galloping; it does indicate very different patterns of muscle recruitment in comparison to those in nonprimate mammals and some anthropoid primates. The forward cross walk (diagonal sequence, diagonal couplets) of primates versus the backward cross gait (lateral sequence) of most other mammals probably accounts for some of these differences. Lemur fulvus lacks the degree of elastic storage and release of kinetic energy in the quadriceps femoris that characterizes the gallop of dogs, cats, and Erythrocebus patas.
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  • 172
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    Journal of Morphology 165 (1980), S. 13-29 
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    Notes: The active motility of the cells of the yolk sac of the living Fundulus embryo was studied by time-lapse cinemicrography with phase contrast optics. In the teleost, the yolk sac lies peripheral to the body of the embryo proper and consists of a fluid-filled space bounded above by a superficial epithelium, the enveloping layer (EVL), and below by the yolk syncytial layer (YSL). The cell types treated in the present study are the enveloping layer epithelial cell, the stellate cell which lies in a layer flattened on the inner surface of the EVL, the epithelioid deep cell, the yolk sac amoebocyte, the yolk sac endothelial cell and the yolk sac melanoblast. The most actively motile cells examined in the present study are the yolk sac amebocyte and the melanoblast, which emigrates from the embryo proper at stages 19-21. The amoebocytes are compact rounded cells that move very rapidly by the extension of lamellipods with scalloped margins. The amoebocytes wander over the yolk sac in an apparently undirected fashion and invade the embryo proper when they happen to encounter it, moving between cells of the lateral mesoderm. The melanoblasts migrate by the gradual extension of elongated branching processes. Cells are sometimes monopodial, with movement being parallel to the long axis of the cell. Alternatively, movement may be perpendicular to the predominant long axis, with processes being extended alternatively from opposite ends of the cell obliquely forward, so the path described is a zig-zag to either side of the overall direction of movement. Although the melanoblasts show irregularity in their movement, the predominant direction of initial movement is away from the embryo proper. The major yolk sac blood vessels form in situ by the collective activities of presumptive endothelial cells that enclose volumes of the yolk sac space with sheet-like processes from the cell body and from the extensions that connect cells into networks.
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  • 173
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  • 174
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    Journal of Morphology 165 (1980), S. 117-130 
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    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Morphometric analysis of vertebral structure in caecilians (Amphibia: Gymnophiona) is presented. Ontogenetic variation in Dermophis mexicanus is analyzed through the 100+ vertebrae composing the column. Vertebral structure in adult D. mexicanus is compared with that in Ichthyophis glutinosus and Typhlonectes compressicauda. Centra of the atlas, second, tenth, 20th, and 50th vertebrae grow at allometrically different rates in D. mexicanus, though the 20th and 50th are not significantly different, Growth appears significantly slower in several dimensions of anterior and posterior vertebrae relative to midtrunk vertebrae in all three species. Mensural patterns throughout the entire column are similar in the terrestrial burrowers D. mexicanus and I. glutinosus; patterns in the aquatic T. compressicauda differ substantially from those of the burrowing species and are strongly influenced by allometry. Of the 112 D. mexicanus examined, 13.4% had vertebral anomalies, usually fusions.
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  • 175
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    Journal of Morphology 165 (1980), S. 131-155 
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    Notes: Statoblasts of five higher phylactolaemates were compared morphologically. As a result, they were divided into two groups: Group I comprising Lophopus crystallinus, Lophopodella carteri, and Pectinatella gelatinosa, and Group II comprising Pectinatella magnifica and Cristatella mucedo. These two groups are thought to represent independent evolutionary series. In Group I and in P. magnifica, the statoblasts are curved to varying degrees after the manner of a saddle. When the dorsal and ventral valves are flattened, therefore, the contour is different between the two. In Group I, the outermost layer of a mature statoblast is hard-gelatinous and basophilic; it remains intact after the statoblast is set free. The statoblast does not float until it is dry, and the float is similar in size on both valves. In Group II, a mature statoblast is covered by a softgelatinous basophilic layer, which decays after the statoblast is released. The statoblast floats without drying, and the float is better developed on the dorsal valve than on the ventral. Moreover, in the members of Group II, large yolk granules are first formed, followed by much smaller yolk granules. When their statoblasts are treated with KOH, the shell is separated completely into two valves. These characters are common to many lower phylactolaemates. By contrast, in L. carteri and P. gelatinosa, the yolk granules are uniformly small and the capsule proper resists KOH treatment. On these points, L. crystallinus is somewhat different from these two species, suggesting its primitive nature.
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  • 176
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    Journal of Morphology 166 (1980), S. 203-216 
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    Notes: Teeth of fetuses of a caecilian, Dermophis mexicanus (Amphibia: Gymnophiona), show ontogenetic variation in crown structure from small, multidenticulate, and non-pedicellate to larger, spoon-shaped, pedicellate teeth with a single apical spike. Number of denticles decreases as enamel-secreting cells mature. Numbers of teeth and of tooth rows increase ontogenetically. A fetal vomeropalatine set of teeth is present in D. mexicanus but absent in species previously examined. Teeth transitional to the adult shape and arrangement appear shortly before birth. The transition is correlated with birth, not fetal size. There is relatively little increase in numbers of teeth during the juvenile period. The pattern of development does not fully agree with either morphogenetic field theory or with clone theory, both as defined by Osborn ('78). Sequence of initiation is appropriate to either. Tooth shape changes agree with aspects of clone theory. Multiple rows of fetal teeth and the transition to adult follow field theory. Clone theory holds that patterns of development and shape are self-regulated, field theory that they are controlled extrinsically. I suggest that substances regulating differentiation mediate early development, and hormones later development, including inception of adult teeth, and are comparable to “field substances” influencing primordia that originate according to clone theory. Components of both theories are appropriate to analyzing tooth development phenomena.
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  • 177
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  • 178
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    Journal of Morphology 163 (1980), S. 9-12 
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    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Previously unreported structures found on the head and thorax of several species of microcaddisflies (Trichoptera: Hydroptilidae) are described. Depending on the species, these presumptive pheromone-producing glands are found either (1) on the basal segment of the antenna, (2) on movable and immovable occipital sclerites, (3) as eversible organs from the occipital area of the head, or (4) on structures which are attached near the bases of the front wings.
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  • 179
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    Journal of Morphology 163 (1980), S. 37-44 
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    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
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    Notes: The morphology and organization of chromatophores in the neotropical glass-frog, Centrolenella fleischmanni (family Centrolenidae), were studied with both light and electron microscopes. Four types of pigment cells are described in the dorsal skin. The fine structure of two chromatophores corresponds to the typical amphibian xanthophore and iridophore; one is similar to the unusual melanophore found in phyllomedusine hylids; the fourth cell type is unlike any chromatophore previously described. Pigment granules in the unusual chromatophore are moderately electron-dense and have an irregular shape, suggesting a fluid composition. This pigment appears to be laid down in organelles similar in appearance to pterinosomes. The organization of pigment cells in this species differs from that of other green, leaf-sitting frogs in that there are few discrete groups resembling “dermal chromatophore units.” It is suggested that the unusual new pigment cell contributes significantly to the overall green color of C. fleischmanni.
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  • 180
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    Journal of Morphology 163 (1980) 
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  • 181
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    Journal of Morphology 163 (1980), S. 157-165 
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    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Electron microscopy of the cerebral ganglionic commissure of the leech Macrobdella decora (Say, 1824) revealed numerous neurosecretory axons terminating in the neural lamella of both the inner and outer capsules, and in the neural lamella deep within the neuropile. The proximal protions of the terminals, with an investment of glial tissue, contain either numerous large homogeneously electron dense granules, or numerous large granules of varying electron density. The distal portions, often devoid of glia, display numerous infoldings, omega profiles, and electron dense focal sites, and contain numerous neurosecretory granules, small lucent vesicles, and, occasionally, acanthosomes. Statistical analysis of the size distribution and morphology of the neurosecretory granules showed that in many individual terminals the granules are not significantly different from those seen within four groups of neurosecretory cells found in the cerebral ganglion. These terminals, because of their diffuse nature, probably represent a neurohemal complex of a primitive nature. The term “intralamellar complexes” is proposed to describe the form and location of these neurosecretory terminals.
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  • 182
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  • 183
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    Journal of Morphology 163 (1980), S. 219-230 
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    Notes: Rat submandibular gland was dissociated by enzymatic digestion with collagenase and hyaluronidase, followed by mild mechanical shearing and filtration through a nylon mesh. The dissociated cell populations contained predominantly groups of acinar cells which maintained their acinar arrangement. The morphological and functional viability of the cells was confirmed by electron microscopic examination and a normal secretory response to β-adrenergic or cholinergic stimulation was observed. Both isoproterenol (IPR) and carbachol caused the fusion of secretory granules into large vacuoles which were also continuous with the lumen, and into which the secretory product was released. Secretion was assessed quantitatively from the incorporation of 14C-glucosamine into the acinar cells and its subsequent release into the culture medium as labelled glycoprotein. IPR stimulated secretion to 125% of untreated controls in the concentration range 5 × 10-5 to 5 × 10-7 M, and to 110% of controls at 5 × 10-8 M, after 40 min incubation. Carbachol stimulated secretion to 131% of controls at 5 × 10-5 M and to 115% at 5 × 10-6 M but had no effect at 5 × 10-7 or 5 × 10-8 M. The secretory response was blocked by the respective β-adrenergic and cholinergic antagonists, propranolol and atropine. These findings show that dissociated rat submandibular acinar cells provide a useful in vitro model for the study of mucus synthesis and secretion.
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    Journal of Morphology 163 (1980), S. 27-35 
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    Notes: The presence of scolopophorous organs in aquatic Heteroptera has been reported in a number of species. This study presents a morphological investigation of these sensory structures of Lethocerus (Belostomatidae) as observed with the scanning electron microscope (SEM). Paired mesothoracic and metathoracic organs are present. Externally, each sensory structure consists of a raised sensory membrane. The distal-most portion consists of thickenings of this sensory membrane (sclerite). The receptor neurons of the mesothoracic organ are of two types - one discolopidial sensillum and 12 monoscolopidial sensilla. The former is attached to the internal wall and distal thickening of the sensory membrane, while the latter are dispersed throughout the interior and attached to the internal wall of the sensory membrane. The structure of the organs suggest that an effective stimulus could be a compression of the membrane. A discussion of possible functions (pressure reception and hearing) is included.
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  • 185
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    Notes: Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) of the surface tubercles of a specialized mechanoreceptor found within the head of Elaphe obsoleta lindheimeri indicates that the tubercle consists of a craterlike structure with a peg emerging from its center. After removal of the outer keratinized layers of the epidermis, the SEM discloses a replicate tubercle on the underlying alpha keratin layer. Over 6000 tubercles were found within a single snake. The mechanoreceptors were more densely concentrated on anterior scales, and their number appears to be species specific so that they are more concentrated in snakes with smaller heads than in those with larger ones.
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  • 186
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  • 187
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    Journal of Morphology 164 (1980), S. 265-285 
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    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: The interstitial nematode Theristus caudasaliens n. sp. normally locomotes by hopping on the left side of its tail tip, a mode of locomotion that is unique among nematodes. The animal uses its caudal glands and caudal musculature to perform the hops, attaching itself momentarily between hops with the glands and executing the hops by straightening and curling the posterior part of its body.The caudal gland apparatus can be seen by electron microscopy to consist of five gland cells of two different types. Three of these cells, termed viscid glands, are involved in adhesion of the animal to substrates and produce ovoid granules with a central dense band. The other two cells are characterized by smaller, lessdense granules and presumably function in releasing the animal from substrates. The ducts of both gland types extend to the tail tip where they terminate in a common crescent-shaped space. Their secretions are released to the outside through two pores on the left side of the tail tip. There is no spinneret valve in this nematode. The muscles of the tail and of the mid-body region are developed to the same extent.The caudal gland apparatus can be compared with the duo-gland adhesive organs of other interstitial animals, but its homology with either these organs or the caudal glands of other nematodes is uncertain. Theristus caudasaliens is described as a new species.
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  • 188
    ISSN: 0362-2525
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: The ventral surface of the most proximal tarsomere of each mesothoracic leg of the female black fly, Simulium venustum Say, bears approximately 60 bifurcate sensilla. Externally, a sensillum appears as a hair set into an asymmetric socket and with the distal tip flattened into two flared lobes. A single pore opens into a short groove at the base of the lobes. The hair shaft is divided into two lumina, one of which contains the dendrites. Each sensillum is innervated by four neurons, the dendrites of which extend unbranched to the pore. Sensillum liquor bathes the dendritic tips and extends through the pore into the adjacent groove and across part of the lobes. A sieve-like structure exists in the pore region of many if not all sensilla. At least two sheath cells are associated with each sensillum.It is suggested that, although the bifurcate sensilla have the internal structure associated with known contact chemosensilla, they have secondarily acquired an olfactory function which is facilitated by the flattened lobes which increase the adsorptive surface area.Along each side of the bifurcate sensilla is a row of sturdy spines, each innervated by a neuron with a tubular body, a characteristic of cuticular mechanoreceptors. These spines are likely tactile sensilla.
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  • 189
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    Journal of Morphology 165 (1980), S. 41-54 
    ISSN: 0362-2525
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Histology and cytology of dermal scales of the gymnophionans Ichthyophis kohtaoensis and Hypogeophis rostratus reveal their structure and the nature of their mineralization.Dermal scales are small flat disks set in pockets in the transverse ridges of the skin. Each pocket contains several scales of various sizes. A ring of “hypomineralization” of varying diameter may occur on scales of a particular dermal pocket but bears no relation to the diameter of these scales.Three different layers form the scales and are seen on sections perpendicular to the surface. The cells of the basal layer lie deepest. Each of the two or three more superficial fibrous layers is composed of bundles of fibres that are oriented in parallel. The orientation varies among layers. The striation of the fiber scales has a periodicity comparable to that of the surrounding dermal fibers. Squamulae form a discontinuous layer on the scale surface and are the only mineralized part of the scale. The minerals are deposited both on the collagen fibers passing from the fibrous layers into the squamulae, and in the interfibrillar spaces. Spherical concretions, either isolated or coalescent, reaching up to 1 μm, are found on the surface of the squamulae.The dermal scales of Gymnophiona present some analogies with those of evolved bony fishes. Their characteristics could make them an original model for the study of mineralization.
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  • 190
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    Journal of Morphology 165 (1980), S. 67-83 
    ISSN: 0362-2525
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Using light and electron microscopy, three hemocyte types are described in the hemolymph of the crayfish. The coagulocyte comprises 65% of the total hemocyte number and contains medium-sized cytoplasmic granules, abundant dilated rough endoplasmic reticulum, and a highly developed Golgi complex. It rapidly undergoes cytolysis in vitro and participates in coagulation by releasing the contents of its granules to the hemolymph. The granulocyte comprises 31% of the total hemocyte number and is capable of phagocytosis. It contains large, irregularly shaped cytoplasmic granules, a moderately developed Golgi complex, and moderate amounts of non-dilated rough endoplasmic reticulum. During coagulation in vitro, the cell attaches and spreads onto the substratum; this is followed by a slow intracellular granule breakdown and cytolysis. The amebocyte comprises 4% of the total hemocyte number and it is also capable of phagocytosis. It possesses small cytoplasmic granules, many vacuoles, a moderately developed Golgi complex, and large amounts of smooth endoplasmic reticulum. It is distinguished from the other two cell types by being stable and motile in vitro.
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  • 191
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    Journal of Morphology 165 (1980), S. 85-116 
    ISSN: 0362-2525
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Lateral cortex is the most laterally placed of the four cortical areas in snakes. Earlier studies suggest that it is composed of several subdivisions but provide no information on their organization. This paper first investigates the structure of lateral cortex in boa constrictors (Constrictor constrictor), garter snakes (Thamnophis sirtalis), and banded water snakes (Natrix sipedon) using Nissl and Golgi preparations; and secondly examines the relation of main olfactory bulb projections to the subdivisions of lateral cortex using Fink-Heimer and electron microscopic preparations.Lateral cortex is divided on cytoarchitectonic grounds into two major parts called rostral and caudal lateral cortex. Each part is further divided into dorsal and ventral subdivisions so that lateral cortex has a total of four subdivisions: dorsal rostral lateral cortex (drL), ventral rostral lateral cortex (vrL), dorsal caudal lateral cortex (dcL) and ventral caudal lateral cortex (vcL). Systematic analyses of Golgi preparations indicate that the rostral and caudal parts each contain distinct populations of neurons. Rostral lateral cortex contains bowl cells whose dendrites arborize widely in the outer cortical layer (layer 1). The axons of some bowl cells can be traced medially into dorsal cortex, dorsomedial cortex and medial cortex. Caudal lateral cortex contains pyramidal cells whose somata occur in layers 2 and 3 and whose dendrites extend radially up to the pial surface. In addition, three populations of neurons occur in both rostral and caudal lateral cortex. Stellate cells occur in all three layers and have dendrites which arborize in all directions. Double pyramidal cells occur primarily in layer 2 and have dendrites which form two conical fields whose long axes are oriented radially. Horizontal cells occur in layer 3 and have dendrites oriented concentric with the ependyma. Fink-Heimer preparations of snakes which underwent lesions of the main olfactory bulb show that the primary olfactory projections to cortex are bilateral and restricted precisely to rostral lateral cortex. Electron microscopic degeneration experiments indicate that the olfactory bulb fibers end as terminals which have clear, spherical vesicles and asymmetric active zones. The majority are presynaptic to dendritic spines in outer layer 1.These studies establish that lateral cortex in snakes is heterogeneous and contains two major parts, each containing two subdivisions. The rostral and caudal parts have characteristic neuronal populations. Primary olfactory input is restricted to rostral lateral cortex and seems to terminate heavily on the distal dendrites of bowl cells. Axons of some of these cells leave lateral cortex, so that the rostral lateral cortex forms a direct route by which olfactory information reaches other cortical areas. The functional role of caudal lateral cortex is not clear.
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  • 192
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    Journal of Morphology 165 (1980), S. 157-165 
    ISSN: 0362-2525
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: The caudal neurosecretory system of the molly, Poecilia sphenops (Poeciliidae) was studied by light and electron microscopy. In this species the cell bodies form a focal nuclear group in the caudal spinal cord. The neurosecretory cells are in contact with glial elements, axon terminals, and the lumen of the central canal. The axons of the neurosecretory cells form a definitive tract, which leaves the spinal cord proper to penetrate a well defined neurohemal organ, the urophysis. The urophysis contains an abundance of neurosecretory granules within the neurosecretory axonal processes. This study is the first ultrastructural study of the caudal neurosecretory system in this family of fishes, which has been used as a neuroendocrine model. This species acclimates easily to the laboratory aquarium and may be most suitable for further studies on the effects of changes in external salinity on the caudal neurosecretory system.
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  • 193
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    Journal of Morphology 165 (1980), S. 167-174 
    ISSN: 0362-2525
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: The relationships between dimensions of book lung subunits were measured and analyzed as a function of body size in diverse spiders over a body mass range of 3.4 to 3,190 mg. Book lungs are the characteristic respiratory gas exchange organs in these arachnids. Actual gas exchange occurs across numerous air-filled cuticular plates, which invaginate hemolymph sinuses within the abdomens of these animals. Characteristic linear dimensions of these air-filled compartments reflecting diffusion paths scaled to the 0.2 power of body mass and showed only a fourfold increase over the size range in the sample. This deviation from isometric scaling in the direction obtained and its numerical similarity to scaling of alveolar dimensions to body size in vertebrates was interpreted as an adaptation to reduce diffusion distances between these compartments and vascular fluids. Conversely, lengths and widths of these plates scaled to the one-third power of body mass, isometric scaling, and increased between six-and eightfold over the size range. This result is consistent with the hypothesis that respiratory gas distribution within spider lungs is achieved by convective mixing as has been recently hypothesized.
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  • 194
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    Journal of Morphology 165 (1980), S. 223-223 
    ISSN: 0362-2525
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
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  • 195
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    Journal of Morphology 165 (1980), S. 261-284 
    ISSN: 0362-2525
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: This study carried out on the posterior caeca of Orchestia in intermolt by means of light and electron microscopy shows that the diverticula of the midgut consist of two segments which are different from an anatomical point of view. The distal segment is in close relationship to the dorsal blood vessel, whereas the proximal segment, twice as long as the distal one, only touches the haemocoel. The cells of the distal segment are characterized by a brush border, some apical extrusions, a great number of ribosomes, rough endoplasmic reticulum, often associated with the mitochondria, the matrix of which is clear, high activity of the Golgi complexes, and a great development of extracellular channels. All these features indicate an activity in synthesizing proteins and transport. In the proximal segment, the cells are characterized by a striated border, reduced intercellular space, and especially by a great development of the smooth endoplasmic reticulum sometimes associated with mitochondria having a dense matrix. These diverse features indicate absorption ion and water transport. From an ultrastructural point of view, the posterior caeca of Orchestia cannot be considered homologous to the Malpighian tubules. Whereas during molting the posterior caeca of Orchestia are sites of calcium storage, during intermolt they are probably involved in the processes of water and mineral regulation and excretion.
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  • 196
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    Journal of Morphology 166 (1980), S. 1-25 
    ISSN: 0362-2525
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: The paired spermathecae of Rhodnius are simple tubular out-pocketings of the common oviduct. Each consists of a short muscular proximal duct and the distal glandular region with a blind tapering end. The spermathecal wall has a cuticular intima, slender columnar epithelial cells and ensheathing longitudinal striated muscle, connective tissue, tracheoles, and nerves. Glandular epithelial cells possess an elaborate apical secretion-filled tubular inpocketing with an extensively folded plasma membrane. Laterally, cells interact by desmosomes, septate desmosomes, and extensive interdigitations. The cytoplasm is rich in longitudinally oriented microtubules associating with membrane densities along the invagination, lateral, and basal plasmalemmae. Apical concentration of mitochondria suggests their role in secretion or ion transport. The possible role of the spermathecae in maintaining the stored luminal sperm and its role in transmitting the mating stimulus is considered in light of the epithelial ultrastructure. The ultrastructure of the spermathecae of Rhodnius differs significantly from that of other insects.
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  • 197
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    Journal of Morphology 166 (1980), S. 65-80 
    ISSN: 0362-2525
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Anatomical studies were conducted to characterize the source, type, and distribution of parathyroid gland innervation in European starlings. Denervation experiments demonstrated that the parathyroid glands and adjacent carotid bodies are innervated by nerve fibers originating in the nodose ganglion of the vagus nerve. In the parathyroid parenchyma, these fibers terminate adjacent to chief cells or near vascular smooth muscle. Vagal fibers also form synapses with catecholamine-containing glomus cells of the carotid body. Blood that first perfuses the carotid body subsequently perfuses the parathyroid parenchyma. These observations suggest that vagal innervation may influence parathyroid function in starlings either through direct chief cell innervation or through alteration of vascular perfusion. A neurohemal relationship also may exist between the carotid body and parathyroids.
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  • 198
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    Journal of Morphology 165 (1980), S. 205-222 
    ISSN: 0362-2525
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Voles and lemmings are the most successful group of graminivorous rodents, but the adaptations allowing them to enter this niche are not fully known. Dissections of the masticatory musculature of the 12 genera and subgenera of North American microtines show an increase in the potential anterior vector component and in the potential vertical vector component of these muscles relative to the molar tooth row. The result is a separation of the compressive and propulsive functions of the masticatory muscles during the power stroke of mastication. This has led to the formulation of a propalinal “swing” hypothesis which is supported by vector analyses of the musculature.
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  • 199
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    Journal of Morphology 165 (1980) 
    ISSN: 0362-2525
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
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  • 200
    ISSN: 0362-2525
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: The morphology of the bean-shaped accessory glands (BAGs) of males of Tenebrio molitor is described. All cells in the secretory epithelium are long and narrow (300-400 mμ × 5 mμ). The seven types of secretory cells are distinguished from one another by the morphology of their secretory granules. Granule substructure varies from simple spheres with homogeneous electrondense contents to complex forms with thickened exterior walls or with crystalline and membranous contents. Individual cell types were mapped by staining whole glands with Oil Red O, and the cell distributions were confirmed by wax histology and ultramicroscopy. The secretions of all seven cell types form a secretory plug composed of seven layers. During mating, the secretory plug from each BAG is forced into the ejaculatory duct by contractions of a sheath of circular muscle. The mirror image plugs from symmetrical BAGs fuse and are transformed into the wall of the spermatophore.
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