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  • 1979  (5,957)
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  • 1995-1999
  • 1975-1979  (5,957)
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  • 101
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Berichte der deutschen chemischen Gesellschaft 112 (1979), S. 625-639 
    ISSN: 0009-2940
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Inorganic Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Description / Table of Contents: Nucleoside Transformations, V. Transformation of Guanosine into 2′-Deoxy, 3′-Deoxy-, 2′,3′-Anhydro- and xylo-Guanosine3′-und 2′-deoxyguanosine (12 and 13, respectively) are obtained from guanosine (1) upon reaction with trimethyl orthoacetate, pivaloyl chloride/pyridine, tributyltin hydride and sodium methylate through the intermediates 2, 3a/4a. 2-N,5′-O-Dipivaloyl-2′,3′-anhydroguanosine (14) is formed on treatment of the 3′-iodoguanosine derivative 10 with potassium phthalimide. The 2′.3′-anhydroderivatives 14-16 form N-3 → C-3′-cyclonucleosides in aqueous solution. Stirring of 14 with a boron trifluoride etherate solution yields xylo-guanosine derivative 22.
    Notes: 3′-und 2′-Desoxyguanosin (12 bzw. 13) werden, ausgehend von Guanosin (1), durch Umsetzung mit Orthoessigsäure-trimethylester, Pivaloylchlorid/Pyridin, Tributylzinnhydrid und Natriummethylat über die Zwischenstufen 2, 3a/4a dargestellt. 2-N,5′-O-Dipivaloyl-2′,3′-anhydroguanosin (14) entsteht bei Behandlung des 3′-Iodguanosin-Derivats 10 mit Phthalimidkalium. In wäßriger Lösung zeigen die 2′,3′-Anhydroguanosin-Derivate 14-16 N-3 → C-3′-Cyclonucleosid-Bildung. Das xylo-Guanosin-Derivat 22 entsteht aus 14 beim Rühren mit einer Bortrifluoridetherat-Lösung.
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  • 102
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    Electronic Resource
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Berichte der deutschen chemischen Gesellschaft 112 (1979), S. 689-699 
    ISSN: 0009-2940
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Inorganic Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Description / Table of Contents: The Mechanism of Hydrogenation During Friedel-Crafts Reactions of α,β-Unsaturated Acids with BenzeneThe intermediate in the reaction of 3,3-diphenylpropenoic acid (1) with benzene/AlCl3 is the resonancestabilized carbenium ion 8. It reacts to give a mixture containing the products of hydrogenation 2 and of addition of benzene 3. Several artefacts of the working up (4 - 7) are found.  -  In the reactions of deuterated compounds hydrogen scrambling both in the phenyl groups and  -  to a smaller extent  -  in the α-position occurs.  -  Hydrogen (hydrid ions) derived from benzene, not from the side chain of a second molecule 1, is transferred to the β-position of 1.
    Notes: Die Umsetzung von 3,3-Diphenylpropensäure (1) mit Benzol/A1Cl3 führt über das mesomeriestabilisierte Carbenium-Ion 8 zu einem Substanzgemisch, in dem neben dem Hydrierungs- und dem Benzoladditionsprodukt (2 bzw. 3) Artefakte der Aufarbeitung,(4 - 7) enthalten sind.  -  Bei Einsatz deuterierter Ausgangsverbindungen tritt Äquilibrieren der Aryl- und (in geringem Umfang) der α-ständigen Wasserstoffe ein.  -  Bei der Hydrierung von 1 wird Wasserstoff des Benzols  -  nicht aber Wasserstoff aus der Seitenkette eines zweiten Moleküls 1  -  als Hydrid-Ion in die β-Stellung von 1 eingebaut.
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  • 103
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    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Berichte der deutschen chemischen Gesellschaft 112 (1979), S. 734-742 
    ISSN: 0009-2940
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Inorganic Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Description / Table of Contents: Autoxidation of Cyclic Imines, IIn a noncatalyzed reaction cyclic imines, e. g. 1a-d, bearing one or two α-tert. carbon atoms are oxidized by molecular oxygen. Usually, the products are relatively unstable α-iminohydroperoxides, which are subject to further rearrangement or reduction. These compounds are partially further oxidized. The isolation of the products as well as their structure elucidation by spectroscopic methods are established.
    Notes: Cyclische Imine mit einem oder zwei tert. α-C-Atomen, z.B. 1a-d, werden durch nichtsensibilisierten Sauerstoff oxidiert. Primär entstehen dabei meist instabile α-Iminohydroperoxide, die Folgereaktionen wie Umlagerung und Reduktion eingehen. Diese Verbindungen werden teilweise erneut oxidiert. Die Produkte der Autoxidation werden isoliert und ihre Konstitutionen ermittelt.
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  • 104
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    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Berichte der deutschen chemischen Gesellschaft 112 (1979), S. 776-777 
    ISSN: 0009-2940
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Inorganic Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Mild Esterification of N-protected Amino Acids via Four-Component Condensation (4 CC)We describe the esterification of N-protected amino acid derivatives, e. g. glycine derivatives and Boc-Leu-OH, with methanol or ethanol, respectively, by the action of an enamine and an isocyanide.
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  • 105
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    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Berichte der deutschen chemischen Gesellschaft 112 (1979), S. 773-775 
    ISSN: 0009-2940
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Inorganic Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Dimerization of Diphenyl(trifluoroacetyl)phosphane OxideAt -25°C the phosphane oxide CF3C[(O)P(O)Ph2]2OC(O)CF3 (1) dimerizes to the trifluoroacetate CF3C[(O) PPh2]2OC(O)CF3 (2a), which is sensitive to hydrolysis and, at 40°C is transformed irreversibly into the phosphinate CF3C[(O)PPh2][OP(O)Ph2]C(O)CF3(3a). In contrast to 2a, the thermally more stable homologous octanate C7F15C[(O)PPh2]2OC(O)C7F15 (2b) is obtained from Ph2PCI and C7F15CO2H.
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  • 106
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    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Berichte der deutschen chemischen Gesellschaft 112 (1979) 
    ISSN: 0009-2940
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Inorganic Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
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  • 107
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    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Berichte der deutschen chemischen Gesellschaft 112 (1979), S. XXI 
    ISSN: 0009-2940
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Inorganic Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
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  • 108
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    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Berichte der deutschen chemischen Gesellschaft 112 (1979), S. 781-792 
    ISSN: 0009-2940
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Inorganic Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Description / Table of Contents: Heterocyclic Seven-membered Ring Compounds, XXII. Synthesis and Thermolysis of Substituted 4-Phenyl-l -benzothiepin 1-Oxides4-Phenyl-l-benzothiepin l-oxides 3a and b have been prepared as well via the benzothiepinone 1-oxide 2 as by direct oxidation of the parent 1-benzothiepins 6a and b. The synthesis of 3c and d was only accomplished by the second way. Further oxidation of 3a-d yielded the thermally stable dioxides 4a-d. Thermolysis of 3a-d produced the corresponding naphthalenes 5a-d by elimination of SO. The rates of the reaction 3→5 have been estimated for one temperature each.
    Notes: Die 4-Phenyl-l-benzothiepin-l-oxide 3a und b wurden sowohl über das Benzothiepinon-1-oxid 2 als auch durch direkte Oxidation der entsprechenden 4-Phenyl- 1-benzothiepine 6a und b dargestellt. Die Synthese von 3c und d erfolgte nur auf dem zweiten Weg. Weiteroxidation von 3a-d führte zu den thermisch stabilen Dioxiden 4a-d. Die Thermolyse von 3a-d lieferte unter Abspaltung von SO die entsprechenden Naphthaline 5a-d. Die Geschwindigkeitskonstanten der Reaktion 3→5 wurden für je eine Temperatur bestimmt.
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  • 109
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    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Berichte der deutschen chemischen Gesellschaft 112 (1979), S. 799-806 
    ISSN: 0009-2940
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Inorganic Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Description / Table of Contents: Favoured Formation of an O-Glycoside during Ribosidation of 5-Methyl-2-methylthio-7H-pyrrolo-[2,3-d]pyrimidin-4(3H)-one6-Amino-5-(2,2-diethoxy-l-methylethyl)-2-mercaptopyrimidin-4-ol (3a) has been prepared via condensation of racem. ethyl 2-cyano-4,4-diethoxy-3-methylbutyrate (2) and thiourea. Alkylation of 3 a at 2-SH with dimethyl sulfate is accompanied by ring closure yielding 5-methyl-2-methylthio-7H-pyrrolo[2,3-d]pyrimidin-4(3H)-one (4b). Silylation of 4b followed by reaction with 2,3,5-tri-O-acetyl-1-bromo-D-ribofuranose in the presence of mercury(II) salts (Wittenburg conditions) gives the O-glycoside 6a and not the N-7-glycoside formerly obtained during ribosidation of 2-methylthio-7H-pyrrolo[2,3-b]pyrimidin-4(3H)-one12). Hydrolysis of 6a under mild conditions leads to deacetylation giving 5-methyl-2-methylthio-4-(D-ribofuranosyloxy)-7H-pyrrolo[2,3-d]pyrimidine (6b). The latter compound shows UV spectra similar to 4-methoxy-5-methyl-2-methylthio-7H-pyrrolo[2,3-d]pyrimidine (4c) down to pH 2, but at lower pH values hydrolysis of the glycosidic bond occurs.
    Notes: 6-Amino-5-(2,2-diethoxy-1-methylethyl)-2-mercaptopyrimidin-4-of (3 a) wurde durch Kondensation von racem. 2-Cyan-4,4-diethoxy-3-methylbuttersäure-ethylester (2) und Thioharnstoff gewonnen. Die Alkylierung von 3a mit Dimethylsulfat führt zur Methylierung an 2-SH, wobei gleichzeitig Cyclisierung zu 5-Methyl-2-methylthio-7H-pyrrolo[2,3-d]pyrimidin-4(3H)-on (4b) erfolgt. Verknüpft man silyliertes 4 b mit 2,3,5-Tri-O-acetyl-l-brom-D-ribofuranose in Gegenwart von Quecksilber(II)-Salzen (Wittenburg-Bedingungen), so entsteht das O-Glycosid 6a und nicht wie bei der Reaktion von 2-Methylthio-7H-pyrrolo[2,3-d]pyrimidin-4(3H)-on das N-7-Glycosid12). Durch milde Hydrolyse von 6a erhält man 5-Methyl-2-methylthio-4-(D-ribofuranosyloxy)-7H-pyrrolo[2,3-d]pyrimidin (6b), dessen UV-Spektren bis pH 2 denen von 4-Methoxy-5-methyl-2-methylthio-7H-pyrrolo[2,3-d]pyrimidin (4c) gleichen, im stärker Sauren jedoch Glycosid-Hydrolyse anzeigen.
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  • 110
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    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Berichte der deutschen chemischen Gesellschaft 112 (1979), S. 849-852 
    ISSN: 0009-2940
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Inorganic Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Description / Table of Contents: Total Synthesis of Papaverrubine EThe phthalide isoquinoline alkaloid (-)-bicuculline (la), which has previously been prepared by total synthesis, is transformed into racemic papaverrubine E (±)-(6a), its natural (+)- and its unnatural (-)-enantiomer.
    Notes: Das totalsynthetisch zugängliche Phthalidisochinolinalkaloid (-)-Bicucullin (la) wird in das Racemat des Benzazepinalkaloids Papaverrubin E (±)-(6a) sowie in sein natürliches (+)-bzw. unnatürliches (-)-Enantiomeres übergeführt.
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  • 111
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    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Berichte der deutschen chemischen Gesellschaft 112 (1979), S. 834-843 
    ISSN: 0009-2940
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Inorganic Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Description / Table of Contents: Basic Metals, XI. Cationic (Cyclopentadienyl)rhodium Complexes Containing Rh—H-, Rh—C-, Rh—Ge-, Rh—Sn-, and Rh—Halogen Bonds[C8H12RhCl]2 reacts with excess trimethylphosphane to give [(PMe3)4Rh]Cl (1). A very rapid exchange of the phosphane ligands occurs in solution of 1. The reaction of 1 with T1C5H5 leads to the complex C5H5Rh(PMe3)2 (9), in which the metal atom is a strong Lewis base. 9 reacts very readily with electrophiles Y+ to give the cations [C5H5(PMe3)2RhY]+ which possess stable Rh—H, Rh-alkyl, Rh—acyl, Rh—Ge, Rh—Sn, and Rh—halogen bonds. They were isolated as PF6 salts [Y = H (2), CH3 (3), C2H5 (4), COCH3 (10), COC6H5 (11), COC6H4OMe-(p) (12), GeMe3 (7). SnMe3 (8). Br (15), cl (13), I (14). The cation Me3SiC5H4(PMe3)2RhH ]+ is formed together with [C5H5(PMe3)2RhH]+ in the reaction of 9 with CF3SO3SiMe3, in ether. Reduction with NaH in THF gives Me3SiC5H4Rh(PMe3)2.
    Notes: [C8H12RhCl]2 reagiert mit einem Überschuß von Trimethylphosphan zu [(PMe3)4Rh]Cl (1). In Lösungen von 1 findet ein sehr rascher Austausch der Phosphanliganden statt. Die Reaktion von 1 mit TIC5H5 führt zu dem Komplex C5H5Rh(PMe3)2 (9), der ein stark Lewis-basisches Metallatom besitzt. 9 reagiert mit Elektrophilen Y+ sehr bereitwillig zu den Kationen [C5H5(PMe3)2RhY]+ die stabile Rh—H-, Rh—Alkyl-, Rh—Acyl-, Rh—Ge-, Rh—Sn- und Rh—Halogen-Bindungen besitzen und als PF6-Salze isoliert werden [Y = H (2), CH3 (3), C2H5 (4), COCH3 (10), COC6H5 (11), COC6H4OMe-(p) (12), GeMe3 (7), SnMe3 (8), Br (15), Cl (13). 1(14)]. Bei der Reaktion von 9 mit CF3SO3SiMe3 in Ether entsteht neben [C5H5(PMe3),2RhH] + das Kation [Me3SiC5H4(PMe3)2RhH]+. Die Reduktion mit NaH in Tetrahydrofuran ergibt Me3SiC5H4Rh(PMe3)2.
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  • 112
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    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Berichte der deutschen chemischen Gesellschaft 112 (1979), S. 853-861 
    ISSN: 0009-2940
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Inorganic Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Description / Table of Contents: Photoelectron Spectra and Conformations of Bi- and Tricyclic Hexahydro-1,2,4,5-tetrazinesThe photoelectron spectra of three tricyclic (2-4) and three bicyclic (5-7) hexahydro-1,2,4,5-tetrazines have been interpreted with regard to gas phase conformations. The interactions of the n-orbitals have been studied by MINDO/2 calculations for different conformations of hexahydro-1.2.4,5-tetrazine (1). The observed n-electron ionization potentials permit the identification of tetraequatorial forms of 2-4 and diequatorial-diaxial forms of 5-7 as the dominant conformers. In addition, for 2 and 5 other less stable conformers could be detected.
    Notes: Die Photoelektronenspektren von drei tricyclischen (2-4) und von drei bicyclischen (5-7) Hexahydro-1,2,4,5-tetrazinen wurden hinsichtlich der in der Gasphase vorliegenden Konformeren ausgewertet. Für die infrage kommenden Konformationen wurden zum Studium der Wechselwirkung der n-Orbitale MINDO/2-Rechnungen an der Stammverbindung (1) ausgeführt. Anhand der beobachteten n-Ionisationsbanden lassen sich bei 2-4 tetraäquatoriale und bei 5-7 diäquatorial-diaxiale Formen als stabilste Konformere identifizieren. Bei 2 und 5 wurden daneben weniger stabile Konformere nachgewiesen.
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  • 113
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    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Berichte der deutschen chemischen Gesellschaft 112 (1979), S. 890-898 
    ISSN: 0009-2940
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Inorganic Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Description / Table of Contents: Structure and Internal Flexibility of Sterically Fixed s-cis-ButadienesForce Field Calculations yield a coplanar arrangement of the π systems of the vicinal exo-methylene derivatives 1 and 2 of cyclobutane and cyclopentane and of the corresponding derivatives 4-7 of norbornane, bicyclooctane, bicyclononane and bicyclooctene. The detailed geometry of the cis-butadiene unit is essentially determined by the ring system. For the cyclohexane derivative 3 on the other hand a chair conformation is obtained. 2,5 and 6 are rather flexible molecules for which torsions of the π system up to 20° require energies less than 5 kJ/mol, whereas for the more rigid systems 1, 4 and 7 approximately 10 kJ/mol are necessary for twisting the π system by 10°.
    Notes: Kraftfeldrechnungen ergeben für die vicinalen exo-Methylenderivate 1 und 2 des Cyclobutans und des Cyclopentans sowie für die entsprechenden Derivate 4-7 des Norbornans, Bicyclooctans, Bicyclononans und des Bicyclooctens eine planare Anordnung des π-Systems. Dessen genaue Geometrie im wesentlichen durch das cyclische Gerüst bestimmt wird. Das Cyclohexanderivat 3 dagegen liegt in einer Sesselform vor. Die Moleküle 2, 5 und 6 zeichnen sich durch große Flexibilität aus, Torsionen des π-Systems bis etwa 20° erfordern Energien von weniger als 5 kJ/mol, während für die starreren Systeme 1,4 und 7 bereits bei Verdrillungen um 10° etwa 10 kJ/mol erforderlich sind.
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  • 114
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    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Berichte der deutschen chemischen Gesellschaft 112 (1979), S. 899-907 
    ISSN: 0009-2940
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Inorganic Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Description / Table of Contents: Ligand Structure and Complexation, XLIV. Synthesis and Selectivity of New Four-Armed Noncyclic Neutral LigandsNew, noncyclic neutral ligand systems 4-6 and 8-11 of the tetrapode type 3, equipped with various end groups, were synthesized. The cation selectivity depends on the structure of the end groups. The potentiometrically determined values of the complex stability constants as a rule lie between those of the analogous tripode (2) and dipode ligands (1). Numerous complexes between the four-armed complexing agents and several dipodands (14-16) and alkali and alkaline earth metal salts are reported.
    Notes: Neue nichtcyclische Neutralligandsysteme 4-6 und 8-11 vom Tetrapodentyp 3 mit verschiedenen Endgruppen wurden synthetisiert. Die Kation-Selektivität hängt von der Endgruppenstruktur ab. Die potentiometrisch bestimmten Komplexstabilitätskonstanten liegen i. a. zwischen denjenigen der Tripoden- (2) und Dipoden-Liganden (1). Zahlreiche kristalline Komplexe der vierarmigen Komplexbildner sowie einiger zum Vergleich synthetisierter neuer Dipodanden (14-16) mit Alkali- und Erdalkalimetallsalzen wurden erhalten.
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  • 115
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    Berichte der deutschen chemischen Gesellschaft 112 (1979), S. 936-949 
    ISSN: 0009-2940
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Inorganic Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Description / Table of Contents: N-Silyl and N-Germylpyridinyl Radicals, and Their Stabilization ReactionsPyridines, functionally substituted in 2-, 3-, or 4-position, give N-silylpyridinyls (3, 7, 11, 16, 19, 23) upon reaction with (Me3Si)2Hg, and further on mostly N,ω-bis(silyl) derivatives (5), tetrahydro-4,4′-or -2,2′-bipyridines (9, 17, 20, 21, 24, 25), depending on mesomeric and steric conditions. 2- and 3-acylpyridines yield O-silylated hydropyridoins (27, 30), 2-cyanopyridine forms a persistent pyridinyl (29). N-Germylpyridinyls (32-34) are generated for the first time. With (Me3Ge)2Hg, they are formed, however, only in the case of substituted pyridines of low electron density or strong mesomeric stabilization of the radicals. Several N ω-bis(germyl)-dihydropyridines (36, 37) rearrange, in part even at -30°C, with a surprising N, C-migration of a germyl residue, restoring the aromatic system, giving 35, 39. ESR data are given for most of the generated radicals.
    Notes: In 2-, 3- oder 4-Stellung funktionell substituierte Pyridine geben mit (Me3Si)2Hg N-Silylpyridinyle (3, 7, 11, 16, 19, 23), die je nach Mesomeriestabilisierung und sterischer Hinderung meistens zu N,ω-Bis(silyl)-Derivaten (5) oder zu Tetrahydro-4,4′- bzw. -2,2′-bipyridinen (9, 17, 20, 21, 24, 25) weiterreagieren. 2- und 3-Acylpyridine ergeben O-silylierte Hydropyridoine (27, 30), 2-Cyanpyridin ein kinetisch stabiles Pyridinyl (29). N-Germylpyridinyle (32-34) werden erstmals erhalten. Sie entstehen mit (Me3Ge)2Hg nur im Falle elektronenarmer substituierter Pyridine bzw. starker Mesomeriestabilisierung der Radikale. Bei N,ω-Bis(germyl)dihydropyridinen (36, 37) wurde, z. T. schon bei -30°C, eine überraschende N,C-Wanderung eines Germylrestes unter Rückbildung des aromatischen Systems zu 35, 39 gefunden. Für die meisten der erhaltenen Radikale werden die ESR-Daten angegeben.
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  • 116
    ISSN: 0009-2940
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Inorganic Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Description / Table of Contents: Metabolic Products of Microorganism, 172. Isolation of the Antibiotic semi-Vioxanthin from Penicillium citreo-viride and Synthesis of XanthomegninBesides xanthomegnin (16 b), 3,4-dehydroxanthomegnin (29a), viomellein (23) and vioxanthin (3) from Penicillium citreo-viride under different culture conditions semi-vioxanthin (7) was isolated. Structure 7 has been established by its spectra and the fact that oxidation with Fremy's salt gives 3,4,6,9-tetrahydro-10-hydroxy-7-methoxy-3-methyl-1,6,9-trioxo-1H-naphtho[2,3-c]pyran (9a = semi-xanthomegnin). -9c, prepared by demethylation of 9a, was dimerized by potassium peroxydisulfate/sodium hydroxide and methylated, giving 16b. Synthetic 16b and authentic xanthomegnin were identical, which verifies the structure revised by Höfle and Röser9) and shows, that the dyes of the xanthomegnin series are biogenetically homogenous. - The metabolic products of the strain inhibit the growth of bacteria. 16b and 26 furthermore have an effect against insects.
    Notes: Neben Xanthomegnin (16b), 3,4-Dehydroxanthomegnin (29 a), Viomellein (23) und Vioxanthin (3) wurde aus Penicillium citreo-viride unter veränderten Kulturbedingungen semi-Vioxanthin (7) isoliert. Konstitution 7 folgt aus den Spektren und dem Befund, daß mit Fremy-Salz 3,4,6,9-Tetrahydro-10-hydroxy-7-methoxy-3-methyl-1,6,9-trioxo-1H-naphtho[2.3-c]pyran (9a = semi-Xanthomegnin) entsteht. - Das durch Entmethylierung von 9a zugängliche 9c ließ sich mit Kaliumpersulfat/Natriumhydroxid zu 16a dimerisieren, das zu 16b methyliert wurde. Synthetisches 16b war mit nativem Xanthomegnin identisch, was die von Höfle und Röser9) revidierte Konstitution bestätigt und beweist, daß die Farbstoffe der Xanthomegnin-Reihe biogenetisch einheitlich sind. - Die Stoffwechselprodukte des Stammes hemmen das Wachstum von Bakterien, 16b und 23 wirken ferner gegen Insekten.
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  • 117
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    Berichte der deutschen chemischen Gesellschaft 112 (1979), S. 979-989 
    ISSN: 0009-2940
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Inorganic Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Description / Table of Contents: Microbial Transformations of Steroids XVI. Synthesis of 11β,21-Dihydroxy-6, 16α-dimethyl-1,4,6-pregnatriene-3,20-dione and of its 11-Keto Compound21-Acetoxy-5α,6α-epoxy-3β-hydroxy-6β16α-dimethyl-20-pregnanone (3a), prepared from 3β-hydroxy-6, 16α-dimethyl-5-pregnen-20-one (1) by epoxidation and chemical introduction of the 21-acetoxy group, was oxidized to 6α,21-dihydroxy-6β,16α-dimethyl-4-pregnene-3,20-dione (4) by Flavobacterium dehydrogenans and dehydrated to the 3-keto-4,6-diene 5. The 11β-hydroxy group was introduced by Curvularia lunata to give 6, and the 11α-hydroxy group by Aspergillus ochraceus to yield 8. Both compounds were dehydrogenated with Bacillus lentus to from 7 and 9. The 11α-hydroxy compound 9 was selectively acetylated to 10, which was oxidize to 11. This on saponification yielded 12.
    Notes: 21-Acetoxy-5α,6α-epoxy-3β-hydroxy-6β,16α-dimethyl-20-pregnanon (3a), dargestellt aus 3β-Hydroxy-6, 16α-dimethyl-5-pregnen-20-on (1) durch Epoxidierung und 21-Acetoxylierung, wurde mit Flavobacterium dehydrogenans zu 6α,21-Dihydroxy-6β, 16α, -dimethyl-4-pregnen-3,20-dion (4) oxidiert und zu 21-Hydroxy-6, 16α-dimethyl-4,6-pregnadien-3,20-dion (5) dehydratisiert. Mit Curvularia lunata wurde die 11β-Hydroxygruppe eingeführt zu 6, während Aspergillus ochraceus die entsprechende 11α-Hydroxyverbindung 8 ergab. Beide Verbindungen wurden mit Bacillus lentus zu 7 bzw. 9 dehydriert. Die 11α-Hydroxyverbindung 9 wurde nach selektiver Acetylierung der 21-Hydroxygruppe zu 10 zum 11-Keton 11 oxidiert, dessen Verseifung 12 ergab.
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  • 118
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    Berichte der deutschen chemischen Gesellschaft 112 (1979), S. 1012-1022 
    ISSN: 0009-2940
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Inorganic Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Description / Table of Contents: New Syntheses with diazodiketones, VI. Cyclic S-OxidesThe S-oxides 4 of 3,4-dihydro-1,2,3-oxathiazines and 5 of 1,2-oxazetidines are prepared a) by thermolyzing diazodiketones 1 with N-Sulfinylamines 3; b) by condensing the 2-acylacetamides 6 which are readily accessible from 1, with thionyl chloride in the presence of a basic catalyst. From 6, the aminoacrylamides 7 are obtained. These react with thionyl chloride according to the base employed, to afford either the monocyclic 3,6-dihydro-1,2,6-thiadiazine-S-osides 10 or the 4-amino-quinolines 8, presumably via the intermediacy of an imine 9. - The introduction of the SO group into (hetero)cyclic iminocarboxamides, diamines or aminophenols give rise to the S-oxides 13 of condensed thiadieazines, 15a-c of benzothiadiazole, or 15d of benzoxathiazole, respectively.
    Notes: Die 3,4-Dihydro-1,2,3-oxathiazin- 4 und 1,2-Oxazetidin-S-oxide 5 werden a) durch Thermolyse der Diazodiketone 1 mit N-Sulfinylaminen 3 b) durch basenkatalysierte Kondensation der aus 1 leicht zugänglichen 2-Acylacetamide 6 mit Thionylchlorid hergestellt. Aus 6 weden die Aminoacrylamide 7 erhalten. Diese reagieren mit Thionylchlorid je nach der verwendeten Base entweder zu monocyclischen 3,6-Dihydro-1,2,6-thiadiazin-S-oxiden 10 oder über eine Imidoylketenimin Zwischenstufe 9 zu den 4-Aminochinolinen 8. - Der SO-Einbau mittels Thionylchlorid in (hetero)-cyclische Iminocarboxamide, Diamine und Aminophenole führt zu den S-oxiden 13 kondensierter Thiadiazine, 15a-c des Benzothiadiazols bzw. 15d des Benzoxathiazols.
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  • 119
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    Berichte der deutschen chemischen Gesellschaft 112 (1979), S. 1035-1045 
    ISSN: 0009-2940
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Inorganic Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Description / Table of Contents: Studies on the Modification of Mannobiose and Synthesis of Methyl 4-O-β-D-Rhamnosyl-α-D-OlivosideBy acid-catalyzed reaction of α-mannobiose octaacetate (2) with trichloroethanol or phenol the glycosides 6 or 9a, and with hydrogen bromide/acetic acid the glycosyl bromide 3 are obtained. Koenigs-Knorr reaction of 3 with methanol of benzyl alcohol yields the orthester derivatives 7a or 7b, respectively. Mannobial hexaacetate 8 is obtained from 3 an d transformed into 12a by iodomethoxylation. The selective tosylations of 9b or 12b in the 6- and 6′ -positions yields the ditosylates 10 or 13a, which in turn give the corresponding diiodo compounds 11a or 5a, respectively. By subsequent reduction using nickel chloride/sodium borohydride the syntheses of the glycosides 14 and 17b of 4-O-(β-D-rhamnopyranosyl)-α-D-rhamnopyranose or 4-O-(β-D-rhamnopyranosyl)-α-D-olivopyranose, respectively, are achieved. All new compounds are characterized by peracetates, and their structural assignment is confirmed from their NMR spectra.
    Notes: α-Mannobiose-octaacetat (2) läßt sich sauer katalysiert mit Trichlorethanol oder Phenol zu den Glycosiden 6 bzw. 9a oder mit Bromwasserstoff in Eisessig zum Glycosylbromid 3 umsetzen. Koenigs- Knorr-Reaktion von 3 mit Methanol oder Benzylalkohol ergibt die Orthoester 7a bzw. 7b. Aus 3 wird Mannobial-hexaacetat 8 gewonnen und zu 12a iodmethoxyliert. 9b bzw. 12b lassen sich selektiv in 6- und 6′- Position zu 10 bzw. 13a tosylieren und anschließend in die entsprechenden Iodide 11a bzw. 15a überführen. Deren Reduktion mit Nickelchlorid/Natriumboranat in Ethanol erlaubt die Darstellung der Glycoside 14 and 17b von 4-O-(β-D- Rhamnopyranosyl)-α-D-rhamno-pyranose bzw. 4-O-0(β-D-Rhamnopysanosyl)-α-D-olivopyranose. Alle Syntheseprodukte werden durch Peracetate charakterisiert und strukturell an Hand der NMR-Spektren zugeordnet.
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  • 120
    ISSN: 0009-2940
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Inorganic Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Description / Table of Contents: Synthesis, Structure Elucidation, and Conformational Studies of 1→4-Linked Disaccharide Glycosides of the 2,3-Anhydro-4-O-(hex-2-enopyranosyl)-α-D-allopyranoside TypeTriacetyl-D-glucal (1) or tetraacetyl-2-hydroxy-D-glucal (6) and 2,3-anhydro-α-D-allopyranosides 2 or 7, respectively, undergo smooth acid-catalyzed allylic rearrangement reactions to yield the crystalline α-linked disaccharide derivatives 4, 5, and 9 with hex-2-enopyranosyl structure in the non-reducing rings in good yields. By hydrogenation of 4 and 5, 8 is obtained, in which the α-linkage can be demonstrated. X-ray analysis confirms the interglycoside α-linkage in the considerably stretched disaccharide derivative 5. Both the saccharide ring adopt SO5 sofa conformations, in which only C-5 and C-5′ ae observed significantly below the plane of the remaining ring atoms. The NMR data of 5 and 9 suggest also SO5 sofa conformation in solution. On the contrary the β-isomer 10 adopts 5SO sofa conformation which is consistent with the allylic effect.
    Notes: Durch sauer katalysierte Addition der 2,3-Anhydro-α-D-allopyranoside 2 bzw. 7 an Triacetyl-D-glucal (1) bzw. Tetraacetyl-2-hydroxy-D-glucal (6) lassen sich unter Allylumlagerung die α1→4-verknüpften Disaccharide 4, 5 und 9 mit Hex-2-enopyranosyl-Struktur im nicht-reduzierenden Saccharidring milde und in guten Ausbeuten kristallin gewinnen. Durch Hydrierung von 4 und 5 wird 8 erhalten, bei dem die interglycosidische α-Verknüpfung nachgewiesen wird. Die Röntgenstrukturanalyse von 5 bestätigt die α-Verknüpfung in dem erheblich gestreckten Disaccharidderivat. Beide Saccharidringe weisen eine SO5-Sofakonformation auf, bei der nur die Atome C-5 und C-5′ wesentlich aus der Ebene der übrigen Ringatome nach unten herausstehen. Konformationsbetrachtungen legen auch in Lösung für 5 und 9 das Vorliegen einer SO5-Sofakonformation nahe. Das interglycosidische β-Isomere 10 weist dagegen eine 5SO-Sofakonformation auf, was auf den Allyleffekt zurückgeführt werden kann.
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    Berichte der deutschen chemischen Gesellschaft 112 (1979), S. 1046-1056 
    ISSN: 0009-2940
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Inorganic Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Description / Table of Contents: Studies on the Modification of Laminaribiose and Synthesis of Methyl 3-O-β-D-Quinovosyl-α-D-olivosideLaminaribiose (2) and the peracetates 3a and b are obtained by acetolysis of laminaran or pachyman, respectively. Via formation of the bromide 5, the β-methyl (6) and β-benzyl glycosides (7a and b) as well as the glycals 9a and b are obtained in crystalline form. Iodoalkoxylations with benzyl alcohol yield the epimeric benzyl glycosides 10a and b, whereas with methanol 11a is obtained exclusively. 11b is transformed into the dibenzylidene compounds 12a-c. the reaction of which with N-bromosuccinimide leads to the formation of the 2,6,6′- trihalo derivatives 13a and b. By subsequent reduction the title compound 14b is obtained and characterized as its peracetate.
    Notes: Ausgehend von Laminaribiose (2) und ihren Peracetaten 3a und b, die durch Acetolyse von Laminaran bzw. Pachyman zugänglich sind, lassen sich über das Bromid 5 die β-Methyl- (6) und β-Benzylglycoside (7a und b) sowie die Glycale 9a und b kristallin gewinnen. Iodalkoxylierung mit Benzylalkohol gibt die epimeren Benzylglycoside 10a und b, während mit Methanol einheitlich 11a isoliert wird. Aus 11b werden die Dibenzylidenverbindungen 12a-c dargestellt, deren Öffnung mit N-Bromsuccinimid zu den 2,6,6′-Trihalogenderivaten 13a und b führt. Durch Reduktion wird daraus die Titelverbindung 14b gewonnen und als Peracetat charakterisiert.
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  • 122
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    Berichte der deutschen chemischen Gesellschaft 112 (1979), S. 1057-1063 
    ISSN: 0009-2940
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Inorganic Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Description / Table of Contents: Tertiary Phosphane/Hexachloroethane as Condensing Agent in Peptide SynthesisThe action of tertiary phosphane/hexachloroethane on N-protected amino acids and amino acid esters is found applicable for peptide synthesis. No difficulties are found when the side chains of serine, threonine, tyrosine, asparagine and glutamine are present. By addition of 1-hydroxybenzotriazole racemisation is prohibited as indicated by the test of Anderson.
    Notes: Mit dem Dehydratisierungsreagenz tertiäres Phosphan/Hexachlorethan lassen sich N-geschützte Aminosäuren und Aminosäureester in hohen Ausbeuten zu Peptiden kondensieren. Funktionelle Gruppen in den Seitenketten von Serin, Threonin, Tyrosin, Asparagin und Glutamin werden nicht angegriffen Unter Zusatz von 1-Hydroxybenzotriazol verläuft der Anderson-Test racemisierungsfrei.
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  • 123
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    Berichte der deutschen chemischen Gesellschaft 112 (1979), S. 1110-1125 
    ISSN: 0009-2940
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Inorganic Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Description / Table of Contents: Syntheses of Aromatic Erythrina Alkaloids, XXIII. 1,7-Cyclo-cis-erythrinanesThe 1,7-cyclo-cis-erythrinane derivative 17 is formed by heating the bromo compound 13 with potassium hydroxide in diethylene glycol to 180°C. Hydrolysis of 17 yields the ketone 18 which, by reactions of the carbonyl group, is transformed into the cyclic compounds 19 - 21 and 27 - 33. The cyclopropane ring is easily cleaved by reduction to give the unsaturated lactam 10 or the saturated lactam 1. The 1,7-cyclo-cis-erythrinane structures 37 and 38 can be synthesized by way of the cyclic olefin 35.
    Notes: Durch Erhitzen der Bromverbindung 13 mit Kaliumhydroxid in Diethylenglycol auf 180°C entsteht das 1,7-Cyclo-cis-erythrinan-Derivat 17. Nach Hydrolyse zum Keton 18 erhält man durch Umwandlung der Ketogruppe die Cycloverbindungen 19 - 21 und 27 - 33. Reduzierende Bedingungen spalten den Cyclopropanring sehr leicht auf unter Bildung des Olefinlactams 10 oder des gesättigten Lactams 1. Über das Cycloolefin 35 gelingt die Darstellung von 37 und der zugehörigen Base 38 mit dem Grundgerüst der 1,7-Cyclo-cis-erythrinane.
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  • 124
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    Keywords: Chemistry ; Inorganic Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Description / Table of Contents: Syntheses of Aromatic Erythrina Alkaloids, XXIV. On the Products of Bromination of 15,16-Dimethoxy-cis-erythrinane-2,8-dioneBromination of 1 as well as hydrolysis of 5 (with inversion at C-l) yields the bromoketolactam 2. This can be converted back to 5, again with inversion. On reduction of 2 with sodium tetrahydridoborate, the bromohydrines 11-13 and the epoxide 17 are obtained. The epimeric bromoketolactam 6 cannot be isolated, but is an intermediate in the formation of 12 and 13. 2 reacts with potassium hydroxide in methanol or ethylene glycol to give the hydroxyacetals 18 and 19, respectively. From 1 the dibromoketones 24 and 25 were prepared which exhibit unusual spectral properties.
    Notes: Das Bromketolactam 2 wird aus 1 durch Bromierung oder aus 5 durch Hydrolyse unter Umkehrung der Konfiguration an C-l erhalten. Auch die entgegengesetzte Reaktion von 2 nach 5 verläuft unter Umkehr. Mit Natriumboranat liefert 2 die Bromhydrine 11, 12, 13 und das Epoxid 17. Bei der Bildung von 12 und 13 ist wieder das selbst nicht faßbare epimere Bromketolactam 6 Zwischenprodukt. Die Umsetzung von 2 mit Kaliumhydroxid in Methanol oder Ethylenglycol führt zu den Hydroxyacetalen 18 oder 19. Die aus 1 dargestellten Dibromketone 24 und 25 haben auffallende spektroskopische Eigenschaften.
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  • 125
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    Berichte der deutschen chemischen Gesellschaft 112 (1979), S. 1140-1146 
    ISSN: 0009-2940
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Inorganic Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Description / Table of Contents: Methylsulfurpentafluoride and Some of its DerivativesMethylsulfurpentafluoride (5) was systematically synthesized, starting with SF5Cl and ketene. It is stable at room temperature against HF elimination. The reaction of SF5Cl and diketene gives compounds of the type SF5—CH2—X, but the title compound is not produced in this way.
    Notes: Methylschwefelpentafluorid (5) wurde systematisch synthetisiert, ausgehend von SF5Cl und Keten. Es ist bei Raumtemperatur stabil gegen HF-Eliminierung. Die Reaktion von SF5Cl und Diketen führt zu einer Vielzahl anderer Verbindungen des Typs SF5—CH2—X, in einfacher Weise jedoch nicht zur Titelverbindung.
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  • 126
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    Berichte der deutschen chemischen Gesellschaft 112 (1979), S. 3273-3281 
    ISSN: 0009-2940
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Inorganic Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Description / Table of Contents: Syntheses of Biologically Important Carbohydrates, 20. N-Acetyl-1,4-di-O-acetyl-β-DL-vancosamineClaisen rearrangement of 1-methyl-2-butenyl vinyl ether (3) yields trans-3-methyl-4-hexenal (4), the ethylene acetal 5 of which is aminated with selenium and chloramine T forming a mixture of the 3-methyl-3-tosylamino- (6) and 3-methyl-6-tosylamino derivatives 7. After detosylation of 6 and N-acetylation trans-3-acetylamino-3-methyl-4-hexenal ethylene acetal (9) is cis-hydroxylated to give 10/11. Cleavage of the protecting group at C-1 and peracetylation gives n-acetyl-1,4-di-O-acetyl-β-DL -vancosamine (13). The constitution of 13 is proved by mass spectrometry and the lyxo-configuration is assigned with high probability on the basis of 1 H NMR investigation *).
    Notes: Die Claisen-Umlagerung von (1-methyl-2-butenyl)-vinyl-ether (3)liefert trans-3-Methyl-4-hexenal(4), dessen Ethylenacetal 5 mit Selen und Chloramin-T zu den 3-Methyl-3-tosylamino-(6) und 3-Methl-6-tosylamino-Derivaten 7 aminiert wird. Nach Detosylierung von 6 und N-Acetylierung wird trans-3-Acetylamino-3-methyl-4-hexenal-ethylenacetal (9) zu 10/11 cis-hydroxyliert. Abspaltung der Schutzgruppe an C-1 und Peracetylierung liefert n-Acetyl-1,4-di-O-acetyl-β-DL-vancosamin (13), dessen Konstitution durch MS bewiesen und dessen lyxo-Konfiguration durch 1 H-NMR-Untersuchungen weitgehend gesichert wird *).
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    Berichte der deutschen chemischen Gesellschaft 112 (1979), S. 3311-3317 
    ISSN: 0009-2940
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Inorganic Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Description / Table of Contents: Monomeric Bis[dialkylphosphonium bis(methylide)] Complexes of Nickel, Palladium, and PlatinumThe reaction of bis(trimethylphosphane) complexes of NiCl2 and PdCl2 with the bulky ylide CH3[(CH3)3C]2P = CH2 in a molar ratio 1:4 leads to transylidation and formation of corresponding phosphonium salt and the new ylide chelates [(CH3)3C]2P(CH2)2M(CH2)2P[(CH3)3]2; M = Ni (1); M = Pd (2). In similar experiments with PtCl2, only the salt-like half-complex [(CH3)3C]2P(CH2)2Pt[P(CH3)3]2+Cl¯ (3) is obtained. However, the reaction of the lithiated ylide with (l,5-cyclooctadiene)PtCl2 yields the missing Pt analogue of the above type (4). Contrary to the results with Pd11, Ni11 reacts with 1 -methyl- l-methylene-λ.5-phospholane and -phosphorinane to give monomeric bis-chelates of the formula CH2]nP(CH2):Ni(CH2)2:P[CH2]n; n = 4 (5): n = 5 (6). The monomeric Structure was confirmed by 1H, 13C, 31P NMR, and mass spectra, and attributed to steric effects in the case of the tert-butyl compounds. The opening of the CPC chelate angle induced by the strained ring system of the cyclic ylides appears to favour pseudo-allyl type interactions with the nickel centre.
    Notes: Die Bis(trimethylphosphan)-Komplexe von NiCl2 und PdCl2 reagieren mit dem sterisch anspruchsvollen Ylid CH3[(CH3)3C]2P≡CH2 im Molverhältnis 1:4 unter Umylidierung zum zugehörigen Phosphoniumsalz und den neuen Ylid-Chelaten [(CH3)3C]2P(CH2)2M(CH2) P[2CH3)3 M] ≡Ni (1), M = Pd (2). Mit PtCl2 entsteht dagegen bei deràrtigen Ansätzen nur der salzartige Halbkomplex [(CH3)3C]2P(CH2)2Pt[P(CH3)3]2-;Cl+ (3). Die Reaktion des lithiierten Ylids mit (l,5-Cyclooctadien)PtCI2 liefert dagegen das fehlende Pt-Analoge des obigen Typs (4). - lm Gegensatz zu den Verhältnissen bei Pd11 ergibt NiII auch mit l-Methyl-l-methylen-λ5-phospholan und -phosphorinan monomere Doppelchelate der Formel [CH2]nP(CH2)2Ni(CH2)2P[CH2]n: n = 4(5), n = 5 (6). Die Monomerstruktur wurde durch 1H. 13C, 31P-NMR- und Massenspektren gesichert und bei den tert-Butyl-Verbindungen durch sterische Effekte gedeutet. Bei den cyclischen Yliden begünstigt die starke Winkelöffnung der Chelateinheit eine Pseudo-Allylwechselwirkung mit dem Nickelzentralatom.
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    Berichte der deutschen chemischen Gesellschaft 112 (1979), S. 3390-3412 
    ISSN: 0009-2940
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Inorganic Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Description / Table of Contents: Reactivity of Metal-Metal Bonds. Repeated Formation and Cleavage of a Fe - Co Bond by Elimination and AdditionIn arsenic-bridged dinuclear metal carbonyl complexes the sequence of formation and cleavage of the metal-metal bond by elimination of CO and addition of a phosphine ligand is repeatable. Starting from (CO)4Fe -AsMe2 - Co(CO)4 it can be performed four times in a row. The ligand which in each case is introduced at the cobalt atom can be transferred to the iron atom by isomerisation in complexes with and without metal-metal bonds. With Pme3 and P(OMe)3 as phosphines and up to the introduction of three ligands thus 44 different complexes are possible of which 35 were isolated (scheme 1). By side reactions or for the purpose of comparisons further complexes with chain-like arrangements of metal and P or As atoms were obtained. When four ligands are introduced the elimination/addition scheme reaches a natural limit since then phosphine elimination is preferred to CO elimination. The described sequences can be understood as basic patterns of catalytic activity by opening of metal-metal bonds.
    Notes: In arsenverbrückten Metallcarbonyl-Zweikernkomplexen ist die Sequenz von Bildung und Lösung der Metall-Metall-Bindung durch Eliminierung von CO und Addition eines Phosphanliganden wiederholbar. Ausgehend von (CO)4Fe-AsMe2-Co(CO)4 läßt sie sich viermal hintereinander durchführen. Der jeweils am Cobaltatom eingeführte Ligand kann in Komplexen mit und ohne Metall-Metall-Bindung durch Isomerisierung auch auf das Eisenatom übertragen werden. Mit PME3 und P(OMe)3 als Phosphanen sind so bis zur Einführung von drei Liganden 44 verschiedene Komplexe denkbar, von denen 35 isoliert wurden (Schema 1). Durch Nebenreaktionen bzw. zu Vergleichszwecken wurden weitere Komplexe mit kettenförmiger Anordnung von Metall- und P- bzw. As-Atomen erhalten. Nach der Einführung von vier Liganden findet das Eliminierungs/ Additions-Schema eine natürliche Grenze, da dann Phosphan-Eliminierung gegenüber der CO-Eliminierung bevorzugt wird. Die beschriebenen Sequenzen lassen sich als Grundmuster katalytischer Aktivität durch Öffnung von Metall-Metall-Bindungen verstehen.
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    Berichte der deutschen chemischen Gesellschaft 112 (1979), S. 3413-3423 
    ISSN: 0009-2940
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Inorganic Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Description / Table of Contents: Synthesis and Properties of Carbamoyliron Complexes;. Crystal Structure of Nickelbis[tetracarbonyi-μ-(dimethylcarbamoyl-O)-iron](2M-Fe)The carbamoyl complex 1 can be transaminated with piperidine and pyrrolidine to give 2 and 3. 1-3 react with anhydrous nickel bromide to yield the nickelbis[tetracarbonyl-μ-(carbamoyl-O)-iron] (2 Ni-Fe) complexes 4-6, which are studied by spectroscopic methods. The X-ray analysis proves a linear iron nickel iron spine in 4. The crystals are triclinic, space group PT, with one molecule in the unit cell.
    Notes: Der Carbamoylkomplex 1 läßt sich mit Pyrrolidin und Piperidin zu 2 und 3 umaminieren. 1-3 reagieren mit wasserfreiem Nickelbromid zu den Nickelbis[tetracarbonyl-μ-(carbamoyl-0)-eisen](2N - Fei)-Komplexen 4-6, die spektroskopisch untersucht werden. Die Röntgenstrukturanalyse von 4 beweist das Vorliegen einer linearen Eisen-Nickel-Eisen-Anordnung. Die Kristalle sind triklin, Raumgruppe PT, mit einem Molekül in der Elementarzelle.
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    Berichte der deutschen chemischen Gesellschaft 112 (1979), S. 3520-3522 
    ISSN: 0009-2940
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Inorganic Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: The Mechanism of the Reaction of 2-Bromo-N,N-dimethyl-2,2-diphenylacetamide and Sodium Methoxide in 2,2-Dimethoxypropane. A Method for Establishing the Radical-Anion Radical Chain MechanismThermolysis of N,N-dimethyl-2,2-diphenyl-2-(phenylazo)acetamide (1, X = C6H5N≡N-) in the presence of sodium methoxide in 2,2-dimethoxypropane furnishes N,N-dimethyl-2,2-diphenylacetamide (1, X = H), the dimeric product 3, and 2-hydroxymethyl-2,2-diphenylacetamide (1, X = -CH2OH). An analysis of this result leads to the conclusion that the title reaction, which yields compounds 1 (X = H) and 3, is a radical-anion radical chain process.
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    Berichte der deutschen chemischen Gesellschaft 112 (1979), S. 3552-3558 
    ISSN: 0009-2940
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Inorganic Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Description / Table of Contents: Organo Tin Compounds of 1,2-DiethynylbenzeneThe preparation and the properties of the compounds o-C6H4(C≡C — SnR3)2 (R equals; CH3, C6H5),[o-C6H4(C ≡ C)2SnR2]2 (R = CH3, C6H5, 1-Naphthyl; R2 = Pentamethylene), [o-C6H4(C≡C)2)3-(SnC6H5)2]n (n = 2, 8, 〉8) and [(o-C6H4(C≡C)2)2Sn]n (n = 12-15,〉15) are described. The structures of these compounds are supported by their spectra.
    Notes: Darstellung und Eigenschaften der Verbindungen o-C6H4(C≡C — SnR3)2 (R = CH3 C6H5), [o-C6H4(C≡C)2SnR,sb2]2 (R = CH3, C6H5, 1-Naphthyl; R2 = Pentamethylen), [(o-C6H4(C≡C)2)3-(SnC6H5)2]n (n = 2, 8, 〉8) und [(o-C6H4(C≡C)2)2Sn]n (n = 12-15, 〉15) werden beschrieben. Die Konstitutionen der Verbindungen werden spektroskopisch gestützt.
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    Berichte der deutschen chemischen Gesellschaft 112 (1979), S. 3577-3588 
    ISSN: 0009-2940
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Inorganic Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Description / Table of Contents: The Chemistry of Cycl[4.3.2]azines1)6-tert-Butyl-4H-3a-aza-4-azulenone (3c) and the cycl[4.3.2]azine derivatives 1d and e are synthesized. Attempts to eliminate the ester groups of 1d and e by thermolysis failed. Using Fe2(CO)9, 1d and e are transformed into the complexes 9a and b. The thermolysis of 9b yields the anhydride 10. 5-Azacycl[4.3.2]azine-4-carbonic esters 11 are obtained of two independent routes. 12 is prepared from 11 and Fe2(CO)9 -From the NMR spectra it is concluded that a paratropic effect exists of the cycl[4.3.2]azine π-system of about 4-5 ppm being largest in the 7-membered ring. The shifts of all protons are affected by the nitrogen atom in perimeter-position 5 of 11, the maximum effect being observed again in the 7-membered ring.
    Notes: 6-tert-Butyl-4H-3a-aza-4-azulenon (3c) und die Cycl[4.3.2]azin-Derivate 1d und e werden dargestellt. Versuche zur thermolytischen Entfernung der tert-Butoxycarbonylgruppen aus 1d und e scheiterten. Mit Fe2(CO)9 konnten aus 1d e die Tricarbonyleisen-Komplexe 9a und b erhalten werden. Die Thermolyse von 9b führte zum Anhydrid 10. 5-Azacycl[4.3.2]azin-4-carbonsäureester 11 werden auf zwei Wegen dargestellt. Aus 11b wurde der Tricarbonyleisen-Komplex 12 erhalten.  - Die1H-NMR-Spektren weisen auf eine durch das Cycl[4.3.2]azin-π-System verursachte Paratropie von etwa 4-5 ppm, welche im Siebenring am größten ist. Der Einfluß des perimeterständigen Stickstoffatoms auf die chemischen Verschiebungen von 11 erstreckt sich über das gesamte Ringsystem und ist ebenfalls im Siebenring am stärksten ausgeprägt.
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    Berichte der deutschen chemischen Gesellschaft 112 (1979), S. 3623-3636 
    ISSN: 0009-2940
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Inorganic Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Description / Table of Contents: Polar Cycloadditions of Electron-rich Multiple Bond Systems to 1,3,4-Oxadiazolium Salts: Synthesis of 3aH-1,3,4 Oxadiazolol 3,2-α quinolinesThe 1,3,4-Oxadiazolium-salts 6c,g,h,i,j react withN,N-Diethyl-1-propin-1-amin(7) in a [4⊕ + 2]-Cycloaddition to afford the 3aH[1,3,4]Oxadiazolo[3,2-a]quinolines 8 c,g,h,i,j.. A [2⊕ + 2] cycloaddition of diethyl acetylenedicarboxylate with 8i yields the tetracycle 9. Alkaline hydrolysis of 8 leads to the quinolone 10. A [3⊕ + 2]-cycloaddition cycloreversion is observed with 6e, I and 18 yielding (→ 12, 15, 20 + 21) respectively. Ketene diethyl acetal (22) reacts with 6k in the same manner (→ 23)
    Notes: Die 1,3,4-Oxadiazolium-Salze 6c,g,h,i,j reagieren mitN,N-Diethyl-1-amin(7) in einer [4⊕ + 2]-Cycloaddition zu den 3aH[1,3,4]Oxadiazolo[3,2-a]chinolinen 8. Eine [2⊕ + 2] Cycloaddition von Acetlylendicarbonsäure-diethylester an 8i führt zum Tetracyclus 9. Die alkalische Hydrolyse von 8 ergibt die Chinolone 10. Eine [3⊕ + 2]-Cycloaddition-Cycloaddition-Cycloreversion wird bei 6e, I und 18 beobachtet (→ 12, 15, 20 + 21). Auch Keten-diethylacetal (22) reagiert mit 6k in dieser Weise (→ 23).
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  • 134
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    Berichte der deutschen chemischen Gesellschaft 112 (1979), S. 3691-3702 
    ISSN: 0009-2940
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Inorganic Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Description / Table of Contents: Alicyclic Compounds, II. Preparation and Photelectron Spectra of the Cyclopropanation Products of 3, 4-Dimethylene-1-cyclobuteneCyclopropanation of 3, 4-Dimethylene-1-cyclobutene (1) with diazomethane/cuprous chloride in pentane provides the novel spiro compounds 6-methylenespiro[2.3]hex-4-ene (2) and dispiro[cyclopropane-1, 2′-bicyclo[2.1.0]pentane-3′, 1″-cyclopropane] 94) as well as the already known dispiro[2.0.2.2]oct-7-ene (3). The photoelectron spectra of these hydrocarbons have been analyzed.
    Notes: Die Cyclopropanierung von 3,4-Dimethylen-1-cyclobuten (1) mit Diazomethan/Kupfer (I) chlorid in Pentan liefert die neuen Spiroverbindungen 6-Methylenspiro [2.3]hex-4-en (2) und Dispiro[cyclopropan-1,2′-bicyclo[2.1.0]pentan-3′,1″-cyclopropan] (4) sowie das bekannte Dispiro [2.0.2.2]oct-7-en (3). Die Photoelektronenspektren dieser Kohlenwasserstoffe werden diskutiert.
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    Berichte der deutschen chemischen Gesellschaft 112 (1979), S. 3728-3736 
    ISSN: 0009-2940
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Inorganic Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Description / Table of Contents: Photolysis of Cycloalkeno-1,2,3-thiadiazolesPhotolysis of the title compounds leads to several types of heterocycles: 1,4-dithiins 5, 1,3-dithioles 9, thiophenes 11, and 1,2,4,5-tetrathianes 12. The yields of the reaction routes 1 - VI depend on the ring size of the cycloalkeno-l,2,3-thiadiazoles (table 1).
    Notes: Bei der Photolyse der Titelverbindungen 1a-d werden Heterocyclen der Typen 1,4-Dithiin 5, 1,3-Dithiol 9, Thiophen 11 und 1,2,4,5-Tetrathian 12 isoliert. Die Ausbeute auf den Reaktionswegen I-VI in Abhängigkeit von der Cycloalkeno-l,2,3-thiadiazol-Ringgröße ist von Interesse (Tab. 1).
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  • 136
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    Keywords: Chemistry ; Inorganic Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Description / Table of Contents: NMR Spectroscopic Studies on Kinetics and Thermodynamics of Reversible Dissoziation Reactions VII. Direct Observation of Ionisation and Ion Recombination of Trityl Chloride in SO2The equilibriaWere analyzed in SO2 by 1H NMR spectroscopy at variable temperature in the partially deuterated compound. The ionisation of trityl chloride into the ion pair was kinetically studied by total line shape analysis of the 1H NMR spectra of the deuterated and the nondeuterated compound. The origin of the relatively high barrier (ΔG1≢ ≈ 42 kJ/mol, ΔS1≢ ≈ -90 J/grad mol) is discussed.
    Notes: Die GleichgewichteIn SO2 wurden in der partiell deuterierten Verbindung durch NMR-Spektroskopie bei variabler Temperatur analysiert. Die Ionisierung des Tritylchlorids in das Ionenpaar wurde durch Linienformanalyse der 1H-NMR-Spektren der deuterierten und nichtdeuterierten Verbindung kinetisch untersucht. Die Ursache der relativ hohen Barrieren (ΔG1≢ = 42 kJ/mol, ΔS1≢ = 25 kJ/mol, ΔS1≢ = - 90 J/grad · mol) wird diskutiert.
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    Berichte der deutschen chemischen Gesellschaft 112 (1979), S. 3748-3752 
    ISSN: 0009-2940
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Inorganic Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Discussion of the UV Spectra of 3-keto-Δ4,8(14)-steroids as an Example of a “Through Space” Conjugation
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    Berichte der deutschen chemischen Gesellschaft 112 (1979), S. 3753-3758 
    ISSN: 0009-2940
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Inorganic Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Description / Table of Contents: Thermolysis of 2-Diazo-1,3-diketones in the Presence of DiazoalkanesDiazodiketones 1 react with diazoalkanes 3 under the conditions of the Wolff rearrangement via the hypothetical diazonium betaines 4 predominantly by 1,4-cyclization to afford the 3-furanones 11 and enol derivatives 12. Competitively, depending on stabilizing substituents, 1,2-cyclization to the cyclopropanone 6 or the acryl ester 9 as well as cyclization without loss of the diazoalkane nitrogen to the pyrazoles 7, 10 may occur. In the case of electron donating aroylarylketenes the 1,3,4-oxadiazolines 8 are obtained. For the latter reaction, an intermediate azo-zwitterion 5 is assumed.
    Notes: Diazodiketone 1 reagieren mit Diazoalkanen 3 unter den Bedingungen der Wolff-Umlagerung über die hypothetischen Diazoniumbetaine 4 in der Regel durch 1,4-Cyclisierung. wobei 3-Furanone 11 und die Enolderivate 12gebildet werden. Mit dieser Reaktion konkurrieren in Abhängigkeit von stabilisierenden Substituenten: die 1,2-Cyclisierung zum Cyclopropanon 6 bzw. dem Acrylester 9; unter Beibehaltung des Diazoalkan-Stickstoffs Cyclisierung zu den Pyrazolen 7, 10; bei Verwendung elektronenreicher Aroylarylketene schließlich Bildung der 1,3,4-Oxadiazoline 8: Für diesen Reaktionsverlauf wird ein intermediäres Azo-Zwitterion 5 angenommen.
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    Berichte der deutschen chemischen Gesellschaft 112 (1979), S. 883-889 
    ISSN: 0009-2940
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Inorganic Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Description / Table of Contents: Significance of Diene-1,4-Distance on the Reactivity in Diels-Alder ReactionsThe reactivity of cyclopentadiene and di-exo-methylene compounds in Diels-Alder reactions is investigated using the frontier molecular orbital method. It is shown that besides the HOMO-LUMO energy difference the diene 1,4-distance plays an important part for the rate of reaction. The shorter this distance is the higher becomes the reactivity. Experimentally this is shown by the rates of reaction of tetracyanoethylene and maleic anhydride with cyclopentadiene and di-exo-methylene compounds 2-6. The 1,4-distance of the latter is known from force field calculations. 1,4-Distance and log k2 exhibit a linear relationship which is supported by theoretical considerations.
    Notes: Die Reaktivität von Cyclopentadien und cis-fixierten Di-exo-methylenverbindungen in Diels-Alder-Reaktionen wird im Rahmen des Grenzorbitalmodells untersucht. Es wird gezeigt, daß neben der Energiedifferenz der dominanten Grenzorbitalwechselwirkung auch der Dien-1,4-Abstand eine wichtige Funktion besitzt. Je kürzer dieser ist, umso reaktiver ist das Dien. Dies zeigt die Kinetik der Umsetzung von Tetracyanethylen und Maleinsäureanhydrid mit Cyclopentadien und den Di-exo-methylenverbindungen 2-6, deren 1,4-Abstand auf Grund von Kraftfeldrechnungen bekannt ist. Zwischen 1,4-Abstand des Diens und log k2 der Cycloaddition besteht ein linearer Zusammenhang, der sich theoretisch begründen läßt.
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    Berichte der deutschen chemischen Gesellschaft 112 (1979), S. 950-956 
    ISSN: 0009-2940
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Inorganic Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Description / Table of Contents: The Mechanism of the Photolytic Reaction of Pyridine with Bis(trimethylsilyl)mercury, a Contribution to the Photochemistry with Metal AlkylsThe photolytic generation of N-(trimethylsilyl)pyridinyls 2 or. resp., their 4,4′-dimers from pyridine or its alkyl derivatives and bis(trimethylsilyl)mercury (1) involves surprisingly no free silyl radicals, but passes a long-lived, photoexcited, polar state 1a of the molecule 1. The latter is described more closely. It is complexed stepwise by two molecules of pyridine, and only in the last step free radicals are formed. The possibly more general importance of these findings for photolytic reactions with metal alkyls is pointed out.
    Notes: Die photolytische Bildung von W-(Trimethylsilyl)pyridinylen 2 bzw. ihren 4.4′-Dimeren. aus Pyridin bzw. seinen Alkylverbindungen und Bis(trimethylsilyl)quecksilber (1) verläuft überraschenderweise nicht über freie Silyl-Radikale, sondern über einen längerlebigen, photoangeregten, polaren Zustand la des Moleküls 1, über den nähere Aussagen gemacht werden. Er wird schrittweise durch zwei Moleküle Pyridin komplexiert, worauf erst im letzten Schritt freie Radikale entstehen. Auf die mögliche Bedeutung der Befunde für andere photolytische Reaktionen mit Metallalkylen wird hingewiesen.
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    Berichte der deutschen chemischen Gesellschaft 112 (1979), S. 908-935 
    ISSN: 0009-2940
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Inorganic Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Description / Table of Contents: Cyclopropyl Neighbouring Group Influence on the Bridgehead Reactivity of Compounds with a Bicyclo[2.2.2]octane SkeletonUpon photochlorination with tert-butyl hypochlorite the cyclopropane anellated bicyclo[2.2.2]-octane hydrocarbons 10a and 2a-6a give the bridgehead chlorids 10b and 2b-6b in increasing relative yields. In addition, a more efficient directed synthesis for 2b has been developed. The solvolysis reactions of 2b-6b lead to unrearranged bridgehead derivatives exclusively, the substantially increasing rates in the series 2b-6b indicating, that a cyclopropyl group can stabilize a neighbouring carbenium ion center substantially, even if the system does not possess the best bisected conformation. It is only with a perpendicular arrangement of the axis of the carbenium ion p-orbital and the Walsh orbital at the neighbouring cyclopropyl carbon atom as in 10b that the cyclopropyl group exhibits a destabilizing effect exclusively. Analysis of the kinetic parameters leads to the result, that the skeletons of the intermediate carbenium ions from 2b, 5b and 6b are twisted with respect to those of the starting materials, because this apparently enables the intermediates to gain additional stabilization. However, for 3b and 4b the twisting in the ground and the transition state has to be equally small. For 2b and 5b-6b the twist angle decreases with an increasing number of anellated cyclopropane rings. The same conclusions have been drawn from the interpretation of the 13C-chemical shifts of the free bridgehead carbenium ions 2f and 4f-6f, which have been generated by the reaction of the corresponding chlorides with antimony pentafluoride in sulfuryl chloride fluoride.
    Notes: Bei der Photochlorierung mit tert-Butylhypochlorit entstehen aus den cyclopropan-anellierten Bicyclo[2.2.2]octan-Kohlenwasserstoffen 10a und 2a-6a mit ansteigenden Relativanteilen die Brückenkopfchloride 10b und 2b-6b. Die Solvolysereaktionen von 2b-6b führen ausschließlich zu nichtumgelagerten Brückenkopfderivaten; die in dieser Reihe erheblich ansteigenden Geschwindigkeiten - relativ zum 1-Bicyclo[2.2.2]octylchlorid um bis zu 2.8·108. beweisen, daß eine Cyclopropylgruppe auch bei einer von der optimalen bisektierten Anordnung abweichenden Konformation ein benachbartes Carbeniumionzentrum beträchtlich stabilisiert. Nur bei senkrechter Anordnung der Achsen des Carbeniumion-p-Orbitals und des Walsh-Orbitals am benachbarten Dreiring-C-Atom wie in 10b wirkt die Cyclopropylgruppe ausschließlich destabilisierend. Die Auswertung der kinetischen Parameter ergibt, daß die Gerüste der intermediären Carbeniumionen aus 2b, 5b und 6b im Vergleich zu denjenigen der Ausgangsverbindungen stärker verdrillt sind, weil dies offenbar eine zusätzliche Stabilisierung der Zwischenstufen ermöglicht. Bei 3b und 4b dagegen muß die Verdrillung von Ausgangs- und Übergangszustand gleich gering sein; bei 2b, 5b und 6b wird sie mit zunehmender Zahl anellierter Cyclopropanringe geringer. Zu den gleichen Schlußfolgerungen führt die Interpretation der 13C-chemischen Verschiebungen der freien Brückenkopf-Carbeniumionen 2f und 4f-6f, die aus den entsprechenden Chloriden mit Antimonpentafluorid in Sulfurylchloridfluorid erzeugt wurden.
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    Berichte der deutschen chemischen Gesellschaft 112 (1979), S. 990-999 
    ISSN: 0009-2940
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Inorganic Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Description / Table of Contents: Polycarbonyls, XXIV. Mixed „Oxothioxocarbons“ from Amides and Thioamides of Squaric AcidHydrolysis or sulfhydrolysis of 1,2-or 1,3-Squaric acid diamides or their mono- or dithioderivatives yields sulfur analogues of squaric acid dianion, examples of mixed „oxothioxocarbons“ (5-8). Reaction with electrophiles and nucleophiles as well as spectroscopic data are reported.
    Notes: Durch Hydrolyse bzw. Sulfhydrolyse von 1,2- oder 1,3-Quadratsäurediamiden bzw. ihrer Mono- oder Dithioderivate entstehen Schwefelanaloga des Quadratsäure-Dianions, Vertreter der gemischten „Oxothioxokohlenstoffe“ (5-8). Es werden Reaktionen mit Elektrophilen und Nucleophilen beschrieben und spektroskopische Daten mitgeteilt.
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    Berichte der deutschen chemischen Gesellschaft 112 (1979), S. 1000-1011 
    ISSN: 0009-2940
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Inorganic Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Description / Table of Contents: Cycloaddition Reactions of Heterocumulenes, XVII. On the Mechanism of the [2+2]-Cycloaddition of Thioketenes with AzomethinesThe thioketene 1 reacts with the azomethines 2a-f to give the β- thiolactames 3a-f, the structures of which were proven by methylation and oxidation leading to 7 and 8/9c Attempts to trap the potential intermediate of the cycloaddition 11 were unsuccessful. Kinetic experiments demonstrate low solvent and substituent effects on the cycloaddition rate. Starting form 1-deuterated and 1-undeuterated 2b a secondary kinetic isotope effect was measured. These results as well as the formation of the sterically disfavoured cycloadduct 3A indicate that in the rate-determining step of the cycloaddition not the „classical“ dipole 11 is formed, but with orbital symmetry -control the dipolar species 14.
    Notes: Das Thioketen 1 reagiert mit den Azomethinen 2a - zu den β-Thiolactamen 3a-f, deren Struktur durch Methylierung zu 7 und Oxidation zu 8/9c belegt wurde. Versuche, die potentielle Zwischenstufe der Cycloaddition 11 abzufangen, verliefen negativ. Nach kinetischen Untersuchungen sind Lösungsmittel-und Substituenteneinflüsse auf die Cycloadditionsgeschwindigkeit gering. Ausgehend von 1-deuteriertem und 1-undeuteriertem 2b wurde ein sekundärer Isotopeneffekt gemessen. Diese Ergebnisse wie auch die Bildung des sterisch ungünstigen Cycloaddukts 3A sprechen dafür, daß im geschwindigkeitsbestimmenden Schritt der Cycloaddition kein „klassischer“ Dipol 11 entsteht, sondern unter Orbitalsymmetrie-Kontrolle die dipolare Species 14.
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    Berichte der deutschen chemischen Gesellschaft 112 (1979), S. 1769-1778 
    ISSN: 0009-2940
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Inorganic Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Description / Table of Contents: Thiirenes as Intermediates in the Thermolysis of 1,2,3-ThiadiazolesThermolysis of the isomeric thiadiazoles 1a or 1b in moist 2,2′-oxydiethanol (3) yields the ketone 6, the thiophene 7, the alkyne 8, and the disulfide 11, the structure of which was determined by an X-ray analysis. In the presence of diphenylacetylene (15) 1a and 1b react to give the thiophenes 16a and 16b in the same ratio. This implies that the primary products of thermolysis, the 1,3-diradicals 13, can be trapped by alkynes. The formation of identical thiophenes from isomeric thiadiazoles 1 can be understood in terms of an equilibrium between the primary fragments 13 via the thiirene 14. Similarly, the ketone 6 seems not to result from 8 but from 14.
    Notes: Bei der Thermolyse der stellungsisomeren Thiadiazole 1a oder 1b in feuchtem 2,2′-Oxydiethanol (3) entstehen das Keton 6, das Thiophen 7, das Alkin 8 und das durch eine Röntgenstrukturanalyse eindeutig aufgeklärte dimere Disulfid 11. In Gegenwart von Diphenylacetylen (15) bilden sich aus 1a und 1b die Thiophene 16a und 16b im selben Verhältnis. Die bei der Thermolyse zunächst entstehenden 1,3-Diradikale 13 können demnach durch Alkine abgefangen werden. Die Bildung identischer Thiophene aus isomeren Thiadiazolen 1 läß sich durch ein Gleichgewicht der Primärfragmente 13 verstehen, das sich über das Thiiren 14 einstellt. Auch das Keton 6 scheint nicht aus 8, sondern aus 14 zu entstehen.
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    Berichte der deutschen chemischen Gesellschaft 112 (1979), S. 1785-1790 
    ISSN: 0009-2940
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Inorganic Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Description / Table of Contents: New Helical Hydrocarbons, III. PentaphenylenicenesSynthesis and properties of o,p-bridged quinquephenyl compounds 5, 6 are reported. The 1H NMR highfield shift of H1 and the temperature independence of some absorptions are interpreted in terms of a more fixed helical arrangement of the o,p-compared with the m,m-bridged compound 4. p-Phenylene rotation as well as plus-minus interconversion are not observed.
    Notes: Synthese und Eigenschaften der endständig in o,p-Stellung verbrückten Quinquephenyl-Verbindungen 5, 6 werden beschrieben. Die 1H-NMR-Hochfeldverschiebungen von H1 und die Temperaturunabhängigkeit einzelner Absorptionen weisen darauf hin, daß die o,p-Verbrückung zu deutlich stärker fixierten Helices führt als die m,m-Klammer in 4. Eine p-Phenylenrotation wird ebensowenig wie eine Plus-Minus-Umwandlung beobachtet.
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    Berichte der deutschen chemischen Gesellschaft 112 (1979), S. 1791-1807 
    ISSN: 0009-2940
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Inorganic Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Description / Table of Contents: Pyrans, 78. Reactions of 3-Formylchromones with DiphenylketeneThe reaction of 3-formylchromones 3a und b with diphenylketene (1) leads to 3-(diphenylvinyl)-chromones 2a and b as well as to the diphenyl-tetrahydropyrano[4,3-b]benzopyrandiones 4a and b. Treatment with base converts 4 into 2. With nucleophilic reagents 2 and 4 give rise to diphenylvinyl-substituted ketones (9), enamines (11), pyrazoles(10), pyrimidines (12), and 1,5-benzodiazepines (13) as well as to chromanonyl-diphenyl-acetic acid dervatives (16 and 18), benzopyrano[3,2-c]pyridines (21), to benzopyrano[4,3-c]pyrazole and -isoxazole derivatives (22).
    Notes: Die 3-Formylchromone 3a und b reagieren mit Diphenylketen (1) zu den 3-(Diphenylvinyl)- chromonen 2a und b sowie den Diphenyltetrahydropyrano[4,3-b]benzopyrandionen 4a und b. 4 läßt sich mit Basen in 2 überführen. Mit nucleophilen Reagenzien setzen sich 2 und 4 zu diphenylvinyl-substituirten Ketonen (9), Enaminen (11), Pyrazolen (10), Pyrimidinen (12) und 1,5-Benzodiazepinen (13) um sowie zu Chromanonyl-diphenyl-essigsäure-Derivaten (16 und 18), Benzopyrano[3,2-c]pyridinen (21), zu Benzopyrano[4,3-c]pyrazol- und -isoxazol-Derivaten (22).
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  • 147
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    Berichte der deutschen chemischen Gesellschaft 112 (1979), S. 1873-1878 
    ISSN: 0009-2940
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Inorganic Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Description / Table of Contents: Cycloadditions of Cyanothioformamides with 1,3-DipolesThe disubstituted cyanothioformamides 1 add to diazo compounds presumably forming the thiadiazoles 2 which decompose to give the thiiranes 3. These may be desulfurized to the ethylenes 5.1b reacts with diphenylnitrilimine to form the thiadiazoline 6. Nitrile oxides and 1 afford the oxathiazoles 7. The monosubstituted cyanothiaoformamides 8. likewise yield the oxathiazoles 9. which decompose to aryl isothiocyanates and the cyanoformamides 10. The reaction of 1 with phenylazide at 100°C produces the cyanoformamidines 14. probably via the unstable thiatriazolines 11 or 12 and the thiaziridines 13.
    Notes: Die disubstituierten Cyanthioformamide 1 addieren sich an Diazoverbindungen, vermutlich unter Bildung der Thiadiazole 2, die weiter zu den Thiiranen 3 zerfallen. Diese können zu den Ethylenen 5 entschwefelt werden. Mit Diphylnitrilimin bildet 1b das Thiadiazolin 6. Nitriloxide liefern mit 1 die Oxathiazole 7. In gleicher Weise ergeben die monosubstituierten Cyanthioformamide 8 die Oxathiazole 9, die weiter in Arylisothiocyanate und die Cyanformamide 10 zerfallen. Die Reaktion von 1 mit Phenylazid bei 100°C liefert, offenbar über die instabilen Thiatriazoline 11 oder 12 und die Thiaziridine 13, die Cyanformamidine 14.
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  • 148
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    Berichte der deutschen chemischen Gesellschaft 112 (1979), S. 1889-1901 
    ISSN: 0009-2940
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Inorganic Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Description / Table of Contents: Reactions with Indole Derivatives, XXXVIII. Cyclopropane Reactions in the Indole SeriesThe acid-catalyzed and the nucleophilic ring-opening of the cyclopropanelactams 1 and 2 studied and their stereospecifity is reported. The ketolactams 22 and 23 obtained via this route represent important intermediates.
    Notes: Die protonenkatalysierte und die nucleophile Ringöffnung der Cyclopropanlactame 1 und 2 werden studiert und die Stereospezifität beschrieben. Die auf diese Weise erhaltenen Ketolactame 22 und 23 sind wichtige Zwischenprodukte.
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  • 149
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    Keywords: Chemistry ; Inorganic Chemistry
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    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Description / Table of Contents: Reactions with Indole Derivatives, XXXVII. Stereoselective Synthesis of Polycyclic Cyclopropane Derivatives in the Indoloquinolizine SeriesThe high yield stereoselective synthesis of the pentacyclic cyclopropanelactam 8 is reported.
    Notes: Es wird über eine in guten Ausbeuten verlaufende stereoselektive Synthese des pentacyclischen Cyclopropanlactams 8 berichtet.
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  • 150
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    Berichte der deutschen chemischen Gesellschaft 112 (1979), S. 1913-1915 
    ISSN: 0009-2940
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Inorganic Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Reactions with Indole Derivatives, XL. Simple Access to YohimbenoneThe enolether 1, obtained by Birch reduction, easily and in high yield gives rise to yohimbenone (6) via hydrolysis followed by formaldehyde cyclization.
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  • 151
    ISSN: 0009-2940
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Inorganic Chemistry
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    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Description / Table of Contents: Novel μ-Hydroxo-Transition Metal Complexes, II. Preparation of Polynuclear Complexes of Chromium(III) Containing Tridentate Amine Ligands. The Structure of the μ-[cis-Dihydroxo(O,O′)-hydroxo(l,4,7-triazacyclononane)chromium(III)]-di-μ-hydroxo-bis[(1,4,7-triaacyziononane)chromium(III)] CationThe attempted preparation of dinuclear complexes of chromium(III) containing three μ-hydroxo bridges by a condensation reaction of triaquaaminechromium(III) complexes [amine = 1,1,1-tris(aminomethyl)ethane (l) or l,4,7-triazacyclononane (2)] in acidic media yields only di-μ-hydroxo-bis[aquaaminechromium(III)] complexes (3, 4). More drastic reaction conditions afford a trinuclear complex 7 containing four μ-hydroxo bridges and a terminal OH-ligand which is linked to one μ-hydroxo bridge via a very short hydrogen bond contributing substantially to the stability of this cation. A single-crystal X-ray analysis of [Cr3([9]aneN3)3(OH)5]I5 · 5H2O (8) exhibits two different pairs of μ-hydroxo bridges with bond angles of 98 and 126°, respectively. The synthesis of a dinuclear, triply hydroxobridged chromium(III) complex has not been successful.
    Notes: Versuche, zweikernige Komplexe des Chroms(III) mit drei μ-Hydroxobrücken durch Kondensation von Triaquaaminchrom(III)-Komplexen [Amin = 1,1,1-Tris(aminomethyl)ethan (1) Oder 1,4,7-Triazacyclononan (2)] in saurem Medium darzustellen, führen nur zu Di-μ-hydroxo-bis-[aquaaminchrom(III)]-Komplexen (3, 4). Drastischere Reaktionsbedingungen führen zur Bildung eines dreikernigen Komplexes 7 mit vier μ-Hydroxobrücken und einer terminalen OH-Gruppe, die  -  gebunden über eine starke H-Brückenbindung zu einer μ-Hydroxobrücke  -  wesentlich zur Stabilität dieses Kations beiträgt. Eine Röntgenstrukturanalyse von [Cr3([9]anN3)3(OH)5]I5. 5 H2O (8) zeigt die Existenz zweier unterschiedlicher Paare von μ-Hydroxobrücken in dem dreikernigen Kation mit -Bindungswinkeln von 98 bzw. 126°. Die Synthese eines zweikernigen Tri-μ-hydroxo-Komplexes des Chroms(III) gelang nicht.
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  • 152
    ISSN: 0009-286X
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
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    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
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  • 153
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    Chemie Ingenieur Technik - CIT 51 (1979), S. 1184-1190 
    ISSN: 0009-286X
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
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  • 154
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    Chemie Ingenieur Technik - CIT 51 (1979), S. 1213-1215 
    ISSN: 0009-286X
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
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    Chemie Ingenieur Technik - CIT 51 (1979), S. 1241-1241 
    ISSN: 0009-286X
    Keywords: Ultrafiltration ; konzentrationsabhängige Stoffwerte ; makromolekulare Stoffe ; Konzentrationspolarisation ; Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
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  • 156
    ISSN: 0009-286X
    Keywords: Adsorption ; Mehrkomponentengleichgewicht ; Phasengleichgewicht ; Langmuir-Gleichung ; Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
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  • 157
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    Chemie Ingenieur Technik - CIT 51 (1979), S. 1255-1255 
    ISSN: 0009-286X
    Keywords: Tropfenabsceidung ; Lamellenabsceider ; Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
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  • 158
    ISSN: 0009-286X
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
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    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
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  • 159
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    Die Makromolekulare Chemie 2 (1979), S. 87-97 
    ISSN: 0025-116X
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Physics
    Notes: New synthetic techniques are now available for the preparation of “model” polymer networks of known and carefully controlled molecular structure. The preparation of such networks and their utilization in elucidating molecular aspects of rubberlike elasticity are illustrated using highly elastomeric, unfilled networks of polydimethylsiloxane. In one such preparative technique, hydroxyl-terminated chains are end-linked using either a tetrafunctional or trifunctional silicate, in either the undiluted state or in solution. Because of the selectivity and completeness of the reaction, the molecular weight and molecular weight distribution of the network chains are to good approximation those of the chains prior to their end-linking into the network structure. The experimentally determined stress-strain isotherms and degrees of equilibrium swelling of the resulting networks are then used to evaluate the molecular theories of rubberlike elasticity, particularly with regard to the dependence of the elastic modulus and ultimate properties on the degree of cross linking and the cross-link functionality. Another preparative technique employs random and block copolymers containing reactive vinyl groups in known amount and known distribution along the chains. Selectively cross-linking through these sites then yields model networks ranging from random to highly non-random in chain length distribution. These networks are particularly useful for characterizing the effects of very short chains on the average degree of cross-linking or average network chain length as obtained from stress-strain and swelling equilibrium measurements.
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  • 160
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    Die Makromolekulare Chemie 2 (1979), S. 169-188 
    ISSN: 0025-116X
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Physics
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  • 161
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    Die Makromolekulare Chemie 2 (1979), S. 215-231 
    ISSN: 0025-116X
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
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    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Physics
    Notes: Some examples of interaction between various soluble and crosslinked synthetic polymers and physiological environment and its constituents are exemplified and discussed. Our view is confronted with several typical published data and is also illustrated by few original results.
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  • 162
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    Die Makromolekulare Chemie 3 (1979), S. 17-39 
    ISSN: 0025-116X
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Physics
    Notes: Advances in the major areas of the cationic ring-opening polymerizations are discussed. In the first part synthesis of new polymers is reviewed; this includes mainly novel block and graft copolymers based on the di- and multicationically ended living polyacetals and polyethers (polyTHF).Recent data on thermodynamics of nonideal systems, giving dependence of [M]e on [M]o, are summarized with special emphasize of the differences between monomers due to variation of their nucleophilicities.Discussion of kinetics and mechanisms of polymerization of cyclic acetals and ethers is focused on the macroring formation and reactivities of active centers.The reactivity of covalent and various ionic growing species are compared in the polymerization of cyclic ethers (THF and oxepane) and oxazolines. Reasons for much lower reactivity of covalent than ionic species and reasons for similar reactivities of macroion-pairs and macroions are presented.It is shown, that the kinetically controlled proportions of macrorings in the polymerization of these and other heterocyclic monomers depend on the structure of the end-groups, formed upon initiation. Initiation with acids, giving H-X∼ (where X=heteroatom) end-groups, leads to the kinetically enhanced proportion of macrorings. This is particularly important for the low degrees of polymerization.
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  • 163
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    Die Makromolekulare Chemie 3 (1979), S. 107-127 
    ISSN: 0025-116X
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Physics
    Notes: The immobilization of various enzymes, mainly of hydrolases, by carriers with e.g. maleimide, benzoquinone, N-substituted sulfamic acid, and diazonium groups will be described. As basic polymer mainly poly(vinyl alcohol) was used which was derivatized. The immobilization of enzymes was performed also with synthetic wood pulp. The influence of unfolding of the enzyme chains during the immobilization reaction on the characteristics of the immobilization products as well as the influence of the spacer length on the immobilization was investigated. An example of a soluble immobilized trypsin product is given. Some aspects of the characterization of immobilized enzymes will be discussed. Also some examples of whole cell immobilization as well as of application of immobilized enzymes and immobilized whole cells will be described.
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  • 164
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    Die Makromolekulare Chemie 3 (1979), S. 157-176 
    ISSN: 0025-116X
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Physics
    Notes: The monomer-monomer interaction plays important roles in many cases of alternating copolymerizations. This article describes first a review of alternating copolymerizations in terms of the varieties of the types of reactions, the types of monomers, and the combinations of monomers. The reactions of alternating copolymerizations are classified into the following five types; (i) free radical alternating copolymerization involving polar vinyl monomers (Type-1), (ii) free radical alternating copolymerization between olefins and acrylic monomers with the assistance of Lewis acids (Type-2), (iii) alternating copolymerization of olefins and diolefins with Ziegler-Natta catalysts (Type-3), (iv) ring-opening copolymerization of heterocyclic monomers (Type-4), and (v) spontaneous alternating copolymerization via zwitterion intermediates (Type-5). The monomers which have been involved in alternating copolymerizations are polar vinyl compounds, mono-olefins, diolefins, heterocyclic compounds, SO2, CO2 and isocyanates. Then, the general patterns of the mechanisms of sequence control were described, and the detailed mechanisms were discussed in the copolymerizations of Types-1, -2 and -5 in which the monomer-monomer interaction has been reported to be responsible for the initiation and the sequence regulation.
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  • 165
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    Die Makromolekulare Chemie 3 (1979), S. 195-196 
    ISSN: 0025-116X
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Physics
    Notes: Many properties of semi dilute and concentrated polymer solutions can be understood simply in terms of certain scaling laws (1). In the first part of this talk, we present scaling results for various problems connected with colloid science. (1) Near a solid wall (or an interface) when the chains are not adsorbed at the interface, a polymer solution is expected to show a depletion layer of sizeable thickness near the wall (2). (2) The existence of these layers may induce an attraction between colloïdal grains suspended in the solution. This attraction can lead to flocculation when the grain radius b is larger than the correlation length ζ(c) of the solution; in the opposite limit (b 〈 ζ) the attraction is weak (3). (3) We discuss the entropy of polymer chains confined in very narrow tubes of diameter D. For a single chain in a good solvent this problem has been understood sometime ago (4), but for chains in a melt the situation is surprisingly different (5). (4) Freely suspended liquid films occurring for instance in foams should be often stabilised by the addition of long polymer chains (always assuming no adsorption on the limiting surfaces) : the chains lose entropy by confinement, and the result is a stabilisation free energy (per cm2 of film) varying like the inverse film thickness (6).In the second part of the talk, we discuss some aspects of the motions and flows of entangled systems. (1) The cooperative diffusion of the polymer through the solvent (or vice versa) does not involve disentanglements and is amenable to simple scaling laws (7) which have to some extent be confirmed by photon beat experiments (8). It must be emphasized, however, that these laws are valid asymptotically for long chains, in very good solvents, and in a semi dilute regime where the chains do overlap, but where the concentration is still low enough, so that the friction processes are still dominated by the solvent viscosity (as opposed to monomer-monomer friction) : these limitations have not always been appreciated in the literature. (2) The simplest experiment displaying entanglements is based on viscometric flows at low shear rates. However, it has been recently realised that in many practical cases the standard boundary conditions - of zero slip at the walls - do not apply to these flows (9); when the wall is reasonably flat, and does not build strong links with the polymer, the friction forces involved in a finite slip are much weaker than the viscous stresses inside the polymer solution. This must, for instance, lead to strong deviations from the Poiseuille law in a capillary, whenever the tube diameter D is smaller than a characteristic length (of order 0.5 mm in typical cases). (3) A different approach is based on the studies of individual diffusion D* of a labeled chain, for which the reptation model (10) predicts a dependence of the form D* ∼ M-2 on molecular weight. Various systems have been used to measure D* (11) : here the emphasis will be on recent data using the stimulated Rayleigh effect (12) which is particularly well suited for slow diffusion.
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    Die Makromolekulare Chemie 3 (1979), S. 247-275 
    ISSN: 0025-116X
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Physics
    Notes: The dynamics of polymer melts is well reflected in the complex shear compliance J*(ω,T,M) measured in wide ranges of frequency and temperature and for various molecular weights. In the frame of the meander model all typical features of J*(ω,T,M) are quantitatively described: (1) JeNo is due to intra-meander shear, and decreases by incorporating pairs of chain ends within the superstructure folds, i.e. with decreasing M. (2) This shear motion is guaranteed by a certain amount of edge-dislocations (with Burgers vector b equal to the chain distance d- for some polymers equal to d/2). The glass relaxation and its activation diagram are understood by asking for the probability for just this amount of dislocation segments to be present. The dielectric relaxation strengths and those of the thermal properties support the chosen segment lengths. (3) The step height to the steady state compliance, Jeo - JeNo (proportional to JeNo above MC, but strongly dependent on M-distribution), is due to inter-meaner shear (formation of shear bands). (4) These bands relax by disentanglement via chain reptation across half the length of a molecule within the flow relaxation time τF. (5) The Viscosity follows from η = τF/Δeo, and is proportional to M3.3 above and M1.3 below Mc. (6) The critical molecular weight Mc is predicated by the model in fair agreement with experimental data.(7) Neglecting flow, the stress-strain curves of uncrosslinked high molecular weight polymer metals can be derived by taking into account intra-and inter-meander shear deformation.
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    Die Makromolekulare Chemie 3 (1979), S. 348-358 
    ISSN: 0025-116X
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Physics
    Notes: Experimental results are presented to show that suitable free radical sources, in combination with aryldiazonium, diaryliodonium, and triarylsulphonium salts, may be used to promote cationic polymerisation of alkyl vinyl ethers and cyclic ethers and cyclic ethers such as tetrahydrofuran. Mechanistic features vary between the different classes as monomer but a general feature is a free radically initiated chain reaction leading to formation of initiating or propagating cationic centres. The process is especially weil suited to use of photochemically active free radical sources and, for polymerisation of tetrahydrofuran, it is shown that at least thirty propagating cations are produced for each photon of light absorbed byu the free radical initiator β,β-dimethoxy-β-phenylacetophenone. Product studies confirm that the initiating free radicals undergo electron transfer oxidation.
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  • 168
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    Notes: The formation of a charge-transfer complex between 1-vinylindole (1a) and maleic anhydride (MA) was detected by 1H NMR analysis, and the corresponding Keq was measured (Keq=0,251 mol in CDCl3 at 25°C). It could be shown that this complex can be involved both in the initiation and propagation steps of the 1a-MA copolymerization by carrying out spontaneous copolymerization experiments and studying the influence of the feed composition on the conversion and [η] of the copolymer. The structure of the 1a-MA copolymer, investigated by 13C NMR spectroscopy, was found to be complicated due to the formation of indoline rings along the chains by an attack of the propagating MA radical at position 2 in the indole ring. As a consequence an excess of MA, with respect to a 1:1 mole ratio of monomer feed, was usually found in the copolymer. The mechanism of the cyclization reaction was clarified by copolymerizing MA with 2-methyl-1-vinylindole (1b), 3-methyl-1-vinylindole (1c), or 2,3-dimethyl-1-vinylindole (1d). An alternating copolymer with MA (mole ratio 1:1 of monomeric units), without irregularities, was obtained only by employing 1d as a comonomer.
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  • 169
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    Die Makromolekulare Chemie 2 (1979), S. 35-49 
    ISSN: 0025-116X
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Physics
    Notes: Theoretical treatments of network formation and the applicability of the tree-like models to the calculation of structural parameters in the post-gel state and to more complex systems of practical importance are discussed. The unseparability of structural interpretation of network properties from network formation is stressed.
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    Die Makromolekulare Chemie 2 (1979), S. 81-86 
    ISSN: 0025-116X
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Physics
    Notes: The characteristic fetures of isobaric volume and enthalpy recovery of glasses are briefly recalled and analysed in terms of a multiparameter model involving a distribution of retardation times, τi. The latter are assumed to depend both on temperature and on the instantaneous state (structure) of the glass, whereas the shape of the retardation spectrum is invariant and merely shifts, as τi, along the logarithmic time scale. Qualitative comparison of the theoretical predictions with various types of experiment reveals an excellent agreement. Some effects of structural recovery on the mechanical, or electrical properties of polymer glasses are also recalled and discussed in terms of the theoretical model The text which follows is merely an extended abstract of the work published elsewhere (see Refs 5 & 10)..
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    Die Makromolekulare Chemie 2 (1979), S. 155-167 
    ISSN: 0025-116X
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Physics
    Notes: Recent advances and status of x-ray structure analysis of crystalline polymers are described using examples of α-modification of poly(ethylene oxybenzoate), poly(ethylene oxide), isotactic poly(methyl methacrylate), and cellulose I. Next the relationship between crystal structures and crystallite moduli (one- and three-dimensional) is discussed. Finally vibrational free energies of two crystal modifications of polyethylene are derived and discussed.
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    Die Makromolekulare Chemie 2 (1979), S. 189-206 
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    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
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    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Physics
    Notes: The author's Generalized Theory of Fracture Mechanics has been applied to several quite different polymeric materials which have in common a non-linear and inelastic deformation behaviour. Thus the normal Linear Elastic Fracture Mechanics cannot be applied. When applied to experimental data the theory provides a unique characterisation of fracture resistance and also sheds light on the molecular or microscopic fracture mechanisms of the material concerned.
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    Die Makromolekulare Chemie 3 (1979), S. 1-16 
    ISSN: 0025-116X
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Physics
    Notes: While many well defined sequential copolymers have been synthesized by anionic and some by coordination polymerization techniques, cationic methods have not been exploited in this regard. This lecture focuses on “macromolecular engineering” by cationic techniques and summarizes the many recently developed and largely unpublished methods by which a great variety of sequential copolymers and modified polymers can readily be prepared. A new scheme for macromolecular engineering by carbocationic mechanism is proposed. Controlled initiation as a means of introducing head-groups into polymers or of graft-copolymer syntheses is described. Control of chain transfer to monomer became possible by the use of bifunctional initiator-chain transfer agents (inifers) or by proton sponges. The synthesis of telechelic α,ω-dichlorides, and -diolefins is outlined. α,ω-(Di-tert-chloro) polyisobutylene, a new symmetrical telechelic prepolymer has been used to prepare poly(α-methylstyrene-isobutylene-α-methylstyrene) thermoplastic elastomeric triblocks. Consequences of controlled termination are illustrated by the synthesis of diblock copolymers. Finally, by a combination of mechanistic elements, a system for macromolecular engineering by cationic techniques is outlined.
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  • 174
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    Die Makromolekulare Chemie 3 (1979), S. 69-83 
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    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Physics
    Notes: Stereospecific polymerizations of racemic mixtures of chiral cyclic monomers have been shown to be stereoselective with non chiral initiators and stereoelective with some chiral initiators.The bulkiness of the ring substituents influences the interaction of monomer with initiator and this leads to various kinetic schemes for stereoelective reactions, that may give efficient kinetic resolution of the monomer. In some cases a very strong effect of optical purity of monomer is observed in non racemic systems.Monomers having two chiral groups in the ring may be polymerized by an asymmetric polymer synthesis, giving optically active polymers starting from meso compounds.An analysis of several stereoelective processes leads to the conclusion that the monomer enantiomers play a major part in determining the chirality of the active centres.
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  • 175
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    Die Makromolekulare Chemie 3 (1979), S. 129-156 
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    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Physics
    Notes: In comparison to the number of publications on composition and structure of copolymers, there are only a few publications on the kinetics of radical copolymerizations. The equation by Melville and Walling is a first attempt to describe the kinetics. It was derived using the assumption that termination is chemically controlled. Since the 1960s it has been realized that in the case of radical polymerization reactions the chain termination is controlled by diffusion. Based on this knowledge Atherton and North developed a rate equation from which a termination constant can be ascertained from each monomer mixture composition. Russo and Munari continued North's works. They showed that the copolymerization rate can be adequately described if one assumes that the last two monomer units in the chain radical determine its segment flexibility. Apart from the constants known from the corresponding homopolymerizations the equation of Russo and Munari contains two other parameters, which are linearly connected. This equation was used in a discussion on copolymerization reactions in a homogeneous continuously stirred tank reactor (HCSTR). In this context the attainment of the steady state after disturbing input and output of the reactor was investigated.
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  • 176
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    Die Makromolekulare Chemie 3 (1979), S. 233-245 
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    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Physics
    Notes: The behaviour of polymers during stress relaxation at constant deformation is discussed. Special interest is devoted to the kinetics of the relaxation process and its physical interpretation. The various theories used in this field are compared, this comparison including in the first hand the theory of relaxation-time spectra and stress-aided thermal activation. Some discrepancies associated with these theories are pointed out, for instance the particular way in which the activation volume depends on the effective stress. Cooperatives effects are considered as a possible explanation of experimentally observed facts, especially with regard to the similarities in the stress relaxational behaviour of polymers and other solids, as for instance metals.The concept of effective stress incorporating the internal stress level is shown to be of primary importance in this context.
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  • 177
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    Die Makromolekulare Chemie 3 (1979), S. 215-232 
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    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Physics
    Notes: The presence of the crystals in the semicrystalline polymer reduces the mass fraction, determines the space distribution and modifies the transport properties of the amorphous component which is responsible for practically all the sorption, diffusion, and permeability. The conventional determination of the diffusion coefficient from the sorption or diffusion transient is strongly affected by the geometry of the sample. The spin echo method of the nuclear magnetic resonance in a pulsed magnetic field gradient measures the diffusion directly and hence reflects the anisotropy of the orientation of the amorphous component without any distortion by the shape of the sample. The anisotropy of a single amorphous layer of a thickness of less than 10 nm, however, cannot be detected by this method which measures the molecule displacement over about 300 nm.A very rough estimate of the transport properties of the volume element can be based on the fractional free volume of the polymer. This is particularly helpful in the description of the effects in elastically and plastically deformed material. The elastic tensional strain increases while the plastic strain as a rule decreases the free volume. In the latter case the amorphous component, at least at room temperature, permanently deviates from the thermodynamic equilibrium. A substantial part of this deviation can be removed by annealing. If the annealing of the fibrous material is performed with fixed ends which prevents shrinking the sample upon standing at room temperature tends to return, at least partially, to the transport properties before annealing.The sorption is proportional to the mass fraction of the amorphous component, the permeability to the square of it. The diffusion reflects the anisotropy of the morphology and of its influence on the transport properties of the amorphous component. In the fiber structure the amorphous layers parallel and perpendicular to the fiber axis differ substantially.In spite of the close connection between the morphology and the transport properties one must not forget that this connection is one-sided. A model of the structure with the proper transport parameters of the amorphous component has to yield the observed sorption and diffusion data. But these data are not sufficient for constructing unambiguously the structural model.
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  • 178
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    Die Makromolekulare Chemie 2 (1979), S. 27-34 
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    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Physics
    Notes: Highlights of recent research on the degradation and stabilization of polyolefins and poly(vinyl chloride) are outlined. The major defects in the molecular structure of poly(vinyl Chloride) are described and some controversial aspects of polyolefien photochemistry are discussed.
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  • 179
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    Die Makromolekulare Chemie 2 (1979), S. 73-80 
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    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
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    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Physics
    Notes: Applications of both polarized and depolarized dynamic light scattering to the study of polymers are described. Polarized light scattering is used to study translational diffusion, diffusion virial coefficients, rotational motion of long rod-shaped polymers, long-wavelength intramolecular motions, dynamics of pseudogels and gels and density fluctuations in bulk polymers. Depolarized scattering is used to study rotational diffusion of rigid macromolecules, local and long-wavelength intramolecular motions, dynamics in semi-dilute solutions, rotational motions of small molecules in glassy polymers and optical anisotrophy fluctuations of bulk polymers.
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  • 180
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    Die Makromolekulare Chemie 2 (1979), S. 99-142 
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    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
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    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Physics
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  • 181
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    Die Makromolekulare Chemie 2 (1979), S. 143-154 
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    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Physics
    Notes: The statistical thermodynamics of the melt and the crystal are discussed by a unified approach which distinguishes between the two phases only in terms of a structure function minimizing the configurational free energy. The ensuing equations of state at atmospheric and elevated pressures are compared with typical experimental data for polymer and oligomer melts, and crystalline as well as semicrystalline systems, with satisfactory results. As to the glassy state, expansivity data clearly reflect nmot only the glass transition, but also sub-glass relaxation processes. In the spirit of the preceding discussion of the equilibrium melt, quasi-thermodynamic conditions are considered. Here the non-equilibrium character is reflected in the dependence of the extensive thermodynamic functions on thermal history in addition to the ambient variables of state. This state is discussed in terms of modifications of the liquid state model.
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  • 182
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    Die Makromolekulare Chemie 2 (1979), S. 207-214 
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    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Physics
    Notes: Some of the principles and advantages of affinity and polymeric drugs are demonstrated by the coupling by various methods of the anti-cancer drug daunomycin to antibodies against cancer cells and to dextran. In all the cases studied the conjugated drugs retain a significant amount of the original drug activity, and were less toxic. At higher concentrations the conjugated drug was more potent due to the lower toxicity. The mechanism of the action of the polymeric drugs are not yet known. We assume that they work through a slow release of the low molecular weight drug.
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  • 183
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    Die Makromolekulare Chemie 3 (1979), S. 41-68 
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    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Physics
    Notes: This paper deals with general and also specific aspects of matrix polyreactions on macromolecular templates, namely, mutual assistance of active centres of propagating chains and template units in elementry steps of propagatior. Such assistance has been found in polymerization of 4-vinylpyridine on polyacids and propargyl compounds on poly-4-vinylpyridine. These examples have shown that these kinds of assistance are the crucial points in kinetic template effects.
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  • 184
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    Die Makromolekulare Chemie 3 (1979), S. 85-106 
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    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Physics
    Notes: Different modes of interaction between the realm of photochemistry and photophysics and the domain of polymer chemistry are discussed. A distinction between photoinitiation and photopolymerization is drawn on the basis of the role of the excited state either in the chain starting or chain-growing process. Attention is drawn to specific properties or problems in the photochemistry and photophysics of macromolecules. The influence of neighbouring groups, high local concentrations etc. are discussed in relation to polymer transformation and excimer formation.
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  • 185
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    Die Makromolekulare Chemie 3 (1979), S. 177-193 
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    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Physics
    Notes: A survey is given on the actual knowledge about kinetics and mechanism of the synthesis of aromatic polyamides by dispersion polycondensation. Chemical activation of the reactants and swelling phenomena play an important role in this fast proceeding process. Molecular weight distribution of reaction products deviates from the most probable distribution.
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  • 186
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    Die Makromolekulare Chemie 3 (1979), S. 197-214 
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    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
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    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Physics
    Notes: In recent years thermodynamic equilibrium properties of amorphous polymer blends have been the subject of increasing interest. Experimental techniques, known in the study of polymer solutions, have been applied to blends and have been modified to deal with highly viscous systems. Determination of critical points, spinodal and cloud-point curves are now well possible by means of a low-speed centrifuge, pulse induced critical scattering and the centrifugal homogenizer.The classic Flory-Huggins model cannot describe the experimental results. Improvements can be made by the introduction of the contact surface areas of the segments, and by correcting the combinatorial entropy of mixing for orientational effects related to chain flexibility. Two-peaked spinodals may furthermore be described with a model accounting for three concentration ranges in the blend, the two dilute solutions of one polymer in the other and an intermediate range of uniform segment density. As a third possibility the introduction of holes in the lattice (simple lattice gas) can also lead to qualitatively correct descriptions, even in those cases where the phase diagram is still more complex (system poly(styrene-co-acrylonitrile)/polymethylmethacrylate) and shows three miscibility gaps.Strictly-binary polymer mixtures with a bimodal cloud-point curve should show two stable critical points. The fact that we did not find more than one may be attributed to polydispersity which easily shifts one of the critical points into the experimentally inaccessible meta-stable region.
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  • 187
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    Die Makromolekulare Chemie 3 (1979), S. 277-318 
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    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Physics
    Notes: Crystallization seggregation of chain ends and chains is always observed in oligomer multi-component systems. The driving forces of these processes can be classified by use of the thermodynamics of eutectoid systems. If folded-chain crystallization does not appear, a defined relationship between the chain length-and the crystal thickness distributions is predicted with its typical influence on the melting transition.With local equilibrium there is the opportunity for a quantitative description of the melting transition of eutectoid copolymers of ethylene by means of the same thermodynamics as used for the oligormers in spite of the existing crystal newtork. There is only need of taking into consideration a varied solubility in the microphases. Swelling phenomena are treated quantitatively on the same lines, thus, yielding the same relationship between the length distribution of the crystallizable sequences and the crystal thickness distribution as in the pure copolymeres.The melting transition is shown to depend on the swelling deformation in the non-crystallized regions which gives direct evidence for the existence of the molecular crystal network. Hence, local crystallization seggregation of non-crystallizable units is found to be in principles present in all the systems involved, thus, indicating its general importance.
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  • 188
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    Die Makromolekulare Chemie 3 (1979), S. 319-326 
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    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
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    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Physics
    Notes: 1Capabilities and limitations of methods for the determination of unperturbed macro - conformations in Θ - solutions as well as in metls and glasses are discussed, especially concerning the consequences for the micro-conformations. Quasi - isoenergetic polymer chains are concluded from thermolastic measurements on a configurätional copolymer.2Temperature dependent NMR- chemical shift measurements - beside those of coupling constants - are proposed for an independent determination of the micro - conformation on at a segemental level. Their populations are calculable from slow as well as from fast exchange spectra. Macro- dimensions as well as their temperature dependence as the consequence of the micro - conformations.3The dynamics of macromolecular chains - especially the anisotropy of motion - are discussed from NMR data.4The mechanism of stereospecific polymerizations as a consequence of conformational arrangements is discussed from NMR measurements.5Approaches to interpret thermal and mechanical data from configuration and conformation are reported.A short survey of the IUPAC lecture is presented, since detailed interpretation of the scientific work discussed either is given in the literature or will be published in the near future.
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  • 189
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    Notes: The polymerization of 1-(1-cyclopentenyl)vinyl acetate (1) and (3-methyl-1,3-butadien-2-yl) acetate (7) under radical conditions, leading to 1,4-polymers, and the copolymerization with vinyl monomers were studied. The reactivity ratios are compared with those previously described for some acetoxydienes. Polyketones and copolyketones were obtained by alkaline hydrolysis of the polymers of 1 and 7 and copolymers of 1 and 7 with styrene.
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  • 190
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    Notes: 1,4-Bis(2-diethylaminoethyl)benzene (4), synthesized from 1,4-divinylbenzene (1) and diethylamine (2) with lithium diethylamide as catalyst, was successively quaternized with 1,4-dibromobutane (5) to prepare a cationic polyelectrolyte 6 of the ionene type. Apparent molecular weights of the ionene samples were estimated by the sedimentation equilibrium method, and the result is discussed in connection with the true molecular weight. The rate constants for quaternization of first and second nitrogen atom of 4 (k1 and k2) were determined by the use of 13C NMR. It was found that the ratio of the rate constants, (k2/(k1/2)), markedly decreased in the 4/5 system, though it remained unity in the 4 ethyl bromide system.
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  • 191
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    Die Makromolekulare Chemie 180 (1979), S. 89-95 
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    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
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    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Physics
    Notes: The activated anionic polymerization of 2-pyrrolidone in the initial stage was studied at 30-70°C in the range of 1-60 min. Potassium tert-butoxide and N-benzoyl-2-pyrrolidone were used as initiator and activator, respectively. It can be seen from the polymerization process that side reactions occur parallel to the fast propagation reaction.
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  • 192
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    Die Makromolekulare Chemie 180 (1979), S. 97-102 
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    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
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    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Physics
    Notes: The polymerization of styrene initiated by titanium(III) chloride/alkyl halide redox systems was studied. Among the alkyl halides examined, the highest rate of polymerization was found in the system titanium(III) chloride/carbon tetrachloride. The polymerization rate can be described by the equation Rp=k·[Ti(III)]0,5·[CCl4]0,5·[St]1,0. The polymerization proceeded via a radical mechanism. The overall activation energy was estimated as 57,3 kJ/mol. It was found that titanium(III) chloride/chloroacetic acid systems, too, could initiate the polymerization of styrene.
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  • 193
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    Die Makromolekulare Chemie 180 (1979), S. 103-115 
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    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
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    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Physics
    Notes: N-vinylation of pyrazolecarboxylates and 1,2,3-triazolecarboxylates with vinyl acetate leads to the formation of the N-vinylpyrazoles and N-vinyl-1,2,3-triazoles. The structures are determined by mass and NMR spectra. The syntheses of crosslinked poly[1-(3,4-dicarboxypyrazol-1-yl)ethylene] (12) and poly[1-(4,5-dicarboxy-1,2,3-triazol-2-yl)ethylene] (13) are described. The swelling behaviour, the time dependence of the uptake of Cu2+-ions and the pH-dependence of the uptake of Cu2+-, Zn2+-, and Mg2+-ions of these resins were investigated.
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  • 194
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    Die Makromolekulare Chemie 180 (1979), S. 131-146 
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    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
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    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Physics
    Notes: Optically active poly(tert-butyloxirane)s of various molecular weights were prepared by polymerization of R(-)-tert-butyloxirane with different initiators or by stereoelective polymerization of the racemic monomer. Using identical conditions of polymerization (initiator, temperature etc.) it was found that the pure enantiomer polymerizes much faster than the racemic monomer. The chiroptical properties of the obtained polymers showed similarities in behaviour with those of a synthetized linear model molecule representative for a monomeric unit of the polymer. The enhanced optical activities of low molecular weight polymers were correlated with the presence of chelated hydroxylic end-groups.
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  • 195
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    Notes: In contrast to 13C NMR spectra, 15N NMR spectra allow one to characterize the sequence of copolypeptides built up by glycyl and β-alanyl residues, because the shifts of the Gly-Gly, β-Ala-Gly, Gly-β-Ala, and β-Ala-β-Ala bonds differ from each other by several p.p.m. Hence, the copolymerization of glycine-NCA and β-Alanine-NCA can be investigated by quantitative evaluation of the 15N NMR spectra obtained from the resulting copolymers. The copolymerization of these two amino acid NCAs initiated by primary amines leads to random sequences; the copolymerization is azeotropic in nature, and both copolymerization reactivity ratio parameters are near 1. If aprotic bases like pyridine and triethylamine are used as catalysts, the rate of incorporation of glycine is higher than that of β-alanine and the copolymers possess a block structure.
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  • 196
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    Die Makromolekulare Chemie 180 (1979), S. 117-130 
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    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Physics
    Notes: The polymerization of hexamethylcyclotrisiloxane (D3) was studied in methylene chloride solution in the presence of trifluoromethanesulfonic acid as catalyst. The reaction occurs mostly by addition of monomer to the ends of growing molecular chains. However, an important role is played by cleavage of a siloxane bond in the monomer by acid or water as well as by reverse processes of silanol and/or +ylester end group condensation to siloxane linkages. The latter account for the formation of large amounts of cyclic products and for the coupling of linear chain fragments. They are also responsible for the regeneration of the catalyst leading to establishment of stationary concentrations of reactive species in the polymerization system.The involvement of the above mentioned processes of condensation and siloxane bond cleavage contributes to a dramatic change in kinetics of the polymerization with introduction of water into the reaction system. In particular, the polymerization when carried out without water addition shows three interconnected features: 1 Strong acceleration of the rate with addition of small amounts of water to the system. 2 An apparent negative value of the activation energy. 3 Increase of the rate with decreasing initial concentration of the monomer. Above a certain level of water content the polymerization rate is only slightly dependent on the concentration of water. The energy of activation is 50 kJ/mol and the reaction is of 1st order in monomer, internally as well as externally.
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  • 197
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    Die Makromolekulare Chemie 180 (1979), S. 161-174 
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    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Physics
    Notes: The sequence polypeptides (Ala*-Ala-Gly)n, (Ala-Gly*-Gly)n, (Leu-Gly-Gly)n, (Val-Gly-Gly)n, and (Pro-Gly-Gly)n were synthesized by known methods, and their natural abundance 15N NMR spectra were measured in trifluoroacetic acid. These spectra were compared with those of other previously described sequence polypeptides and with the corresponding homopolypeptides. The spectra of all sequence polypeptides exhibit neighboring residue effects, so that glycine nitrogen atoms acylated by other χ-(or ω-)amino acids have chemical shifts different from that of the Gly-Gly bond. These neighboring residue effects cannot be summarized or explained by simple rules; however, they are useful for the characterization of copolypeptides. Such an application was tested in the case of four sequence polypeptides consisting of isomeric sequences of identical monomeric units. All isomeric sequences can be distinguished from each other, and the observed shift effects could be related to the neighboring residue effects of other copolypeptides.
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  • 198
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    Die Makromolekulare Chemie 180 (1979), S. 175-180 
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    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Physics
    Notes: The molecular weight dependence of the magnetic circular dichroism (MCD) for polystyrenes (PS) has been studied in various solvents by using the normalized dipole-strength D*. The normalized MCD intensity B* is not so much affected by the molecular weight as the normalized dipole strength D+. The ratio of the Faraday parameter to the dipole strength, B*/D*, decreases as the molecular weight increases to 4,0.103 and is constant above it. The increase of the normalized D* with the increase of molecular weight is interpreted in terms of the closer approach of chromophores. These results indicate that MCD for polystyrenes is influenced by the interaction of chromophores in a polymer chain: the decrease of B*/D* comes from the increase of the interaction of chromophores. This tendency is enhanced by solvent effects on MCD.
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    Die Makromolekulare Chemie 180 (1979), S. 181-187 
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    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
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    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Physics
    Notes: The anionic block copolymerisation of isoprene and 2-vinylpyridine (2VP) followed by a coordination with iron (III) chloride, leads to thermoreversibly crosslinked copolymers. These copolymers are character+ed by a low polydispersity (M̄w/M̄w≈1,1) between the coordination nodules of poly(2-vinylpyridine). The study of the swelling ratio at the equilibrium in benzene shows that such a polymeric network does not reach the equilibrium state expected from the thermodynamic analysis of the system. The presence of 2VP in the copolymer induces a screening effect which prevents the solvent diffusion through the polyisoprene network.
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    Die Makromolekulare Chemie 180 (1979), S. 189-200 
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    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Physics
    Notes: We tried to evaluate the reason for the very low polymerizability of methyl derivatives of 2-pyrrolidone in the presence of anionic polymerization catalysts. The polymerizability estimated from the influence of the methylated group on the reactivity of the lactam ring (steric, inductive, and thermodynamic factors) does not agree with the experimental results of homopolymerization and copolymerization of 2-pyrrolidone. The substitutional effects on the propagation process were analyzed and an explanation which is based on the slow-down of the molecular growth and the crystallization of the reaction mixture is proposed. Thus, in copolymerizations with a small percentage of substituted lactams, the propagation is very slow with regard to the crystallization, which would allow a quick encagement of the active site by hydrogen bonds, and lead to the spontaneous blocking of polymerization. If this percentage increases, the crystallization cannot take place, and this would, as a consequence. favor all the secondary reactions leading to the formation of bicyclic dimer and oligomers.A “chain multiplication” reaction was found in some cases.
    Additional Material: 5 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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