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  • Articles  (46)
  • Drosophila  (46)
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  • Articles  (46)
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  • 1
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Adaptation ofDrosophila enzymes to temperature. III. Evolutionary conservatism in mitochondrial enzymes (1980)
    Springer
    Journal of molecular evolution 16 (1980), S. 37-46 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-1432
    Keywords: Evolution ; Drosophila ; Temperature ; Mitochondrial enzymes ; Kinetic properties
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Summary The evolutionary behavior of two mitochondrial enzymes (L-glycerol 3-phosphate:cytochrome c oxidoreductase E.C.1.1.1.95,αGPO, and L-malate: NAD+ oxidoreductase, E.C.1.1.1.37, m-MDH) obtained from several temperate and tropicalDrosophila species was examined by comparing their catalytic properties, which related to temperature (Km-Ea-Q10-Thermostability). MitochondrialαGPO or m-MDH obtained either from temperate or from tropical species was found to exhibit similar catalytic properties while for both cytosolic enzymes, theαGPDH and s-MDH, Km patterns were similar among species from the same thermal habitat and different between thermal habitats. In combination with other observations reported in the literature these facts support the view that the function, and probably the structure, of mitochondrial enzymes are better conserved in evolution than those of the corresponding enzymes found in the cytosol. It is proposed that the relative invariance of the mitochondrial enzymes structure is probably linked to a necessary relative invariance of molecular interactions inside the mitochondrion.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01732068
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  • 2
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Adjacent chromosomal regions can evolve at very different rates: Evolution of theDrosophila 68C glue gene cluster (1984)
    Springer
    Journal of molecular evolution 20 (1984), S. 251-264 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-1432
    Keywords: Drosophila ; Genome evolution ; 68C Glue gene cluster ; Drosophila melanogaster species subgroup
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Summary The 68C puff is a highly transcribed region of theDrosophila melanogaster salivary gland polytene chromosomes. Three different classes of messenger RNA originate in a 5000-bp region in the puff; each class is translated to one of the salivary gland glue proteins sgs-3, sgs-7, or sgs-8. These messenger RNA classes are coordinately controlled, with each RNA appearing in the third larval instar and disappearing at the time of puparium formation. Their disappearance is initiated by the action of the steroid hormone ecdysterone. In the work reported here, we studied evolution of this hormone-regulated gene cluster in themelanogaster species subgroup ofDrosophila. Genome blot hybridization experiments showed that five other species of this subgroup have DNA sequences that hybridize toD. melanogaster 68C sequences, and that these sequences are divided into a highly conserved region, which does not contain the glue genes, and an extraordinarily diverged region, which does. Molecular cloning of this DNA fromD. simulans, D. erecta, D. yakuba, andD. teissieri confirmed the division of the region into a slowly and a rapidly evolving protion, and also showed that the rapidly evolving region of each species codes for third instar larval salivary gland RNAs homologous to theD. melanogaster glue mRNAs. The highly conserved region is at least 13,000 bp long, and is not known to code for any RNAs.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02104731
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  • 3
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    The effect of temperature onshibire ts cell clones in the compound eye ofDrosophila melanogaster (1980)
    Springer
    Development genes and evolution 188 (1980), S. 55-63 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-041X
    Keywords: Drosophila ; Compound eye ; shibire ts ; Development
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Summary We have analysed the effect of temperature on both developing and adult eye cell clones homozygous forshi ST139, a temperature-sensitive mutant ofDrosophila melanogaster. The mutant gene, autonomous in its cellular expression, causes structural modifications of ommatidial cells when adult clones of cells are exposed to the restrictive temperature (29°C) for several days. However, the mutant phenotype reverses to normal within 4 days at the permissive temperature (20°C). The results of pulse, shift-up and shift-down experiments show that the temperaturesensitive period for developing compound eye cells is from the late second instar up to the early pupa. Cytodifferentiation of compound eye cells is blocked by restrictive temperature treatment during this period, whereas cell proliferation does not seem to be directly affected. These results are discussed with regard to the other known aspects of the phenotype observed in mutant individuals.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00848610
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  • 4
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Mutations affecting the pattern of the larval cuticle inDrosophila melanogaster (1984)
    Springer
    Development genes and evolution 193 (1984), S. 267-282 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-041X
    Keywords: Drosophila ; Larval cuticle ; Pattern formation ; Embryonic lethal mutations
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Summary In a search for embryonic lethal mutants on the second chromosome ofDrosophila melanogaster, 5764 balanced lines isogenic for an ethyl methane sulfonate (EMS)-treatedcn bw sp chromosome were established. Of these lines, 4217 carried one or more newly induced lethal mutations corresponding to a total of 7600 lethal hits. Eggs were collected from lethal-bearing lines and unhatched embryos from the lines in which 25% or more of the embryos did not hatch (2843 lines) were dechorionated, fixed, cleared and scored under the compound microscope for abnormalities of the larval cuticle. A total of 272 mutants were isolated with phenotypes unequivocally distinguishable from wild-type embryos on the basis of the cuticular pattern. In complementation tests performed between mutants with similar phenotype, 48 loci were identified by more than one allele, the average being 5.4 alleles per locus. Complementation of all other mutants was shown by 13 mutants. Members of the complementation groups were mapped by recombination analysis. No clustering of loci with similar phenotypes was apparent. From the distribution of the allele frequencies and the rate of discovery of new loci, it was estimated that the 61 loci represent the majority of embryonic lethal loci on the second chromosome yielding phenotypes recognizable in the larval cuticle.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00848156
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  • 5
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Isolation and characterization of temperature-sensitivelethal (2) giant larva alleles (1984)
    Springer
    Development genes and evolution 193 (1984), S. 90-97 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-041X
    Keywords: Drosophila ; Temperature-sensitive ; Neoplasms ; Differentiation ; Imaginal discs
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Summary EMS induced temperature-sensitivelethal (2) giant larva, 1(2)gl, alleles were isolated by screening against a knownl(2)gl allele. Analysis of the lethal phase of thel(2)gl ts-deficiency heterozygotes demonstrated: (1) the majority of thel(2)gl tslarvae survive to late third instar, (2) at 29°C the majority of thel(2)gl tslarvae failed to pupate and only rarely did they differentiate adult cuticular structures, (3) at 15°C the majority of the larvae pupated and frequently differentiated adult cuticular structures. Examination of the imaginal discs ofl(2)gl tslarvae reared at 29°C revealed the presence of morphologically abnormal wing, haltere and leg imaginal discs. No morphologically abnormal discs were found in thel(2)gl tslarvae reared at 15°C. Studies on both the histology and the developmental capacity of the morphologically normal and abnormall(2)gl tsdiscs were performed. The morphologically normal discs are histologically normal and produce a full complement of adult cuticular structures. However, the morphologically abnormal discs contained both regions that maintained the normal monolayer epithelium and regions that had lost the normal tissue architecture. The implants obtained when the morphologically abnormal discs are injected into metamorphosing larvae contained only a limited number of the normal complement of adult structures and usually only structures found in the ventral wing hinge region were recovered. In addition, the “metamorphosed” morphologically abnormal discs contained undifferentiated tissue that gave rise to transplantable neoplasms when cultured in adults. The results of the studies on the pathology of thel(2)gl tslarvae are discussed with respect to the role of thel(2)gl tsfunction during normal development, the autonomy of the neoplastic development of thel(2)gl tstissues, and similarities between neoplastic development inDrosophila and mammals.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00848636
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  • 6
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Heterospecific combinations of germ cells and gonadal soma betweenDrosophila melanogaster, D. mauritiana andD. ananassae (1984)
    Springer
    Development genes and evolution 194 (1984), S. 99-106 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-041X
    Keywords: Drosophila ; Pole cell transplantation ; Heterospecific combinations ; Gametogenesis ; Chorion morphology
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Summary We transplanted pole cells betweenDrosophila melanogaster, D. mauritiana andD. ananassae to investigate the ability of germ cells to develop in the gonad of a heterospecific host, and to study the interaction between somatic follicle cells and the cells of the germ line in producing the species-specific chorion. FemaleD. mauritiana germ cells in aD. melanogaster ovary produced functional eggs with normal development potential. The same is true for the reciprocal combination. FemaleD. ananassae pole cells in aD. melanogaster host only developed to a very early stage and degenerated afterwards. None of the interspecific combinations of male pole cells led to functional sperm. We could not determine at what stage the transplanted male pole cells were arrested. The cooperation of follicle cells and the oocyte-nurse cell complex in producing the chorion was studied using the germ-line-dependent mutationfs(1) K10 ofD. melanogaster, which causes fused respiratory appendages and an abnormal chorion morphology. Wild-type femaleD. mauritiana germ cells in a mutantfs(1) K10 D. melanogaster ovary led to the production of wild-type eggs withD. melanogaster-specific, short respiratory appendages. On the other hand,D. melanogaster fs(1) K10 germ cells in aD. mauritiana ovary induced the formation of eggs with mutant fused appendages which were, however, typicallyD. mauritiana in length. When.D. mauritiana pole cells developed in aD. melanogaster ovary, the chorion exhibited a new imprint pattern that differs from both species-specific patterns.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00848349
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  • 7
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Isolation and characterization of temperature-sensitivelethal(2)giant larva alleles (1984)
    Springer
    Development genes and evolution 193 (1984), S. 98-107 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-041X
    Keywords: Drosophila ; Neoplasms ; Promotion ; Regeneration ; Temperature-sensitive ; Imaginal discs
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Summary In this paper we present an analysis of the behavior ofl(2)gl tsimaginal wing discs during culture in adult hosts. Thel(2)gl tslarvae reared at 29° C contain two types of wing discs, those that are morphologically normal and those that are abnormal. When discs of both types are cultured in adult hosts at 29° C, the restrictive temperature, they give rise to transplantable neoplastic tissue. However, when the 29° C reared discs are cultured at 15° C, the permissive temperature, the morphologically normal discs maintain their morphology, but the morphologically abnormal discs give rise to neoplasms. Thel(2)gl tslarvae reared at 15° C contain only morphologically normal discs. When these discs are cultured in adult hosts at 29° C they give rise to neoplasms, however if the discs are cultured at 15° C they maintain their normal morphology. These results demonstrate: (1) that all wing imaginal discs obtained from 29° C rearedl(2)gl tslarvae are competent to undergo neoplastic development, (2) the morphologically abnormal discs obtained from the 29° C rearedl(2)gl tslarvae are committed to neoplastic development, (3) the neoplastic development of the morphologically normal discs is temperature dependent, (4) once the neoplastic development of thel(2)gl tsdiscs has been initiated the process is not readily reversible. In addition, the ability ofl(2)gl tswing discs to perform epimorphic regulation was tested by amputating morphologically normal permissively rearedl(2)gl tswing discs and culturing both fragiments at the permissive temperature. Fragments of control wild-type discs maintained their morphology during culture at the permissive temperature. However, both fragments of txel(2)gl tsdiscs became neoplastic. This result is discussed with respect to a possible role for thel(2)gl +function in epimorphic regulation and with respect to the phenomena of tumor promotion in vertebrates.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00848637
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  • 8
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Morphogenesis in the embryo ofDrosophila melanogaster — Germ band extension (1980)
    Springer
    Development genes and evolution 188 (1980), S. 163-177 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-041X
    Keywords: Yolk sac ; Ultrastructure ; Embryogenesis ; Drosophila
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Summary Changes at the ultrastructural level during germ band extension in the embryo ofDrosophila melanogaster are described. Cytoplasmic connections between cells and the yolk sac are present during initial cellular movements. At this time, a continuous system of microfilaments is present adjacent to the membranes in the connections and at the periphery of the yolk sac. As germ band extension progresses, this system becomes discontinuous, and microfilaments are apparent only in the immediate vicinity of the connections. Cytoplasmic connections are disassembled at approximately the midpoint of extension; at the same time, extensive membrane associations develop between germ band cells and between these cells and adjacent yolk sac membranes. Positioning and orientation of cytoplasmic connections suggest that the yolk sac, via these connections, is actively involved in the cellular movements of early germ band extension.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00849045
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  • 9
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Developmental studies on two ecdysone deficient mutants ofDrosophila melanogaster (1980)
    Springer
    Development genes and evolution 189 (1980), S. 57-67 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-041X
    Keywords: Drosophila ; Ecdysone deficient mutants ; Ecdysteroid titer ; Ring gland ; Fine structure
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Summary This paper describes two ecdysone-deficient, recessive-lethal mutants,lethal(1)giant ring gland (grg) andlethal(1)suppressor of forked mad-ts (mad-ts: Jürgens and Gateff 1979) and compares their ecdysteroid titers with that of the wild-type. Mutant larvae show a much reduced ecdysteroid content, amounting to 1/10 to 1/30 of the wild-type values, but never a true titer peak. They fail to pupate and die after 1–3 weeks. Ecdysteroid feeding elicits different responses in the larvae of the two mutants.mad-ts larvae pupate within 24 h, thus showing that their low ecdysteroid titer is directly connected to their inability to pupate.mad-ts resembles the mutantlethal (3)ecdysone-1 ts (Garen et al. 1977). Thegrg mutant larvae, on the other hand, fail to pupate after 20-hydroxyecdysone feeding as well as injection. The primary defect of thegrg mutant is not entirely clear. Thegrg larval salivary gland cells appear to possess normal ecdysteroid receptors. Furthermore, the low ecdysteroid titer ingrg is not the result of an increased ecdysteroid catabolism. The primary defect in the mutant may lie in the malfunctioning neurosecretory cells which do not show neurosecretion in histological preparations. Further support for this notion comes from electronmicrographs of the enlargedgrg ring glands which, in contrast to the wild-type, do not possess nerve endings. In the wild-type three ecdysteroid peaks were found: one shortly before puparium formation, the second at approximately 12 h and the third at about 30 h after pupation. The ecdysteroid titer peak in late third instar, wild-type larvae is mainly due to the presence of 20-dydroxyecdysone as shown by radioimmunoassays after thin layer chromatography and derivatization followed by gas liquid chromatography and mass spectroscopy. In addition, a number of unidentified polar and apolar metabolites were also present.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00848567
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  • 10
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Compartments and distal outgrowth in theDrosophila imaginal wing disc (1980)
    Springer
    Development genes and evolution 188 (1980), S. 157-161 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-041X
    Keywords: Drosophila ; Imaginal discs ; Compartments ; Distal outgrowth
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Summary Peripheral tissue of the imaginal wing disc gives rise to the proximal mesothoracic structures of the adult. Pieces of peripheral tissue, which have no regenerative capacity when cultured as intact fragments, are capable of distal outgrowth (regeneration) after dissociation and reaggregation. This ability depends on the region of the disc periphery from which the fragment is taken. Extensive distal outgrowth occurs in reaggreages of a fragment containing equal proportions of tissue from anterior and posterior developmental compartments. The extent of outgrowth decreases as the proportion of posterior tissue is reduced, so that a fragment containing only anterior tissue shows no regeneration after dissociation. Limited distal outgrowth occurs in reaggregates of a wholly posterior fragment, but the regenerative capacity is increased greatly when a small amount of anterior tissue is included. It is concluded that distal outgrowth in the wing disc requires an interaction between cells of the anterior and posterior compartments.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00848808
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  • 11
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Is regeneration inDrosophila the result of epimorphic regulation? (1980)
    Springer
    Development genes and evolution 189 (1980), S. 91-96 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-041X
    Keywords: Epimorphic regulation ; Drosophila ; Imaginal discs
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Summary It has been known for many years that when a wing disc ofDrosophila is bisected, and the fragments cultured in adult females, regulation occurs and either a complete disc is regenerated or the fragment is duplicated. We have investigated how this regeneration process occurs. To establish which cells contribute to the regenerate, and thus determine if regeneration is the result of epimorphic regulation, fragments of discs, after culture in an adult for one to five days, were exposed to3H-thymidine to label replicating cells. Imaginal discs, both whole and as regenerating fragments, undergo some DNA replication which is distributed throughout the disc, but cut discs frequently show clusters of labelled cells around the wound, indicating that regeneration is probably epimorphic.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00848497
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  • 12
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Changes in the distribution of gap junctions inDrosophila melanogaster wing discs during the third larval and early pupal stages of development (1984)
    Springer
    Development genes and evolution 193 (1984), S. 187-196 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-041X
    Keywords: Drosophila ; Gap junction ; Imaginal disc ; Pattern formation ; EM Stereology
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Summary Developmental changes in the distribution of gap junctions in early, mid and late third larval stage wing discs and in pupariation+6 h and pupariation+24 h stage wing discs fromDrosophila melanogaster were analyzed by quantitative electron microscopy. Gap junctions occur in all 12 intradisc regions examined in each of the five developmental stages. Their distribution is non-random and changes during development which suggests that they are developmentally regulated. The gap junctions are not static structures, rather they grow and regress during development. The changes tend to be gradual ones without sudden increases or decreases. Gap junctions continuously form and grow in size throughout the third larval stage and during the first 6 h following pupariation. Their surface density, number, percent of the lateral plasma membrane area, and absolute area as well as the lateral plasma membrane surface density all increase during this time. Between pupariation+ 6 h and pupariation+24 h all but one of these parameters decrease indicative of gap junctional breakdown. Gap junctions are most numerous and change least during development in the apical cell regions where intercellular contacts are close and stable. They change most in the basal cell regions where intercellular contacts tend to be looser and change during development. The most dramatic change is in the absolute area which increases by a factor of 23 between the early third larval stage and pupariation+24 h. At pupariation the rate of gap junction growth undergoes a transient increase before the phase of disassembly begins. Developmental changes in gap junction surface density are closely coupled with changes in the lateral plasma membrane surface density which suggests that these may be coregulated. Evidence from mutants suggests that when the number and density of gap junctions fail to increase in proportion to lateral plasma membrane growth, wing disc development will be abnormal. Our results support the idea that some minimum gap junction density is required for normal development and that this must increase as development proceeds. The results are consistent with the notion that gap junctions are involved in pattern formation and growth control and are discussed with respect to the acquisition of competence for metamorphosis, disc growth, disc morphogenesis and changes in the hormonal environment.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01260338
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  • 13
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Embryogenesis inDrosophila: Can a single mechanism explain the developmental segregation of germ-line and somatic cells and their subsequent determination? (1980)
    Springer
    Development genes and evolution 188 (1980), S. 179-185 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-041X
    Keywords: Determination ; Germ-line ; Somatic cells ; Inhibitor gradient hypothesis ; Drosophila
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Summary A hypothesis is presented which explains the segregation of germ cells from somatic cells, and the subsequent determination of both cell types with a single mechanism. This hypothesis is in part based on that of Meinhardt (1977) and can be summarized as follows: In the newly fertilized egg, the action of a sink in the pole plasm leads to the formation of an anterior-posterior gradient of an inhibitor. The concentration of this inhibitor in the posterior 20% of the egg is below that needed to repress synthesis of an activator. When, during the nuclear division stage, nuclei enter this posterior region, synthesis of the activator begins. As the activator is autocatalytic, this leads to the formation of a peak of activator in this region; and since the activator also catalyses the synthesis of the inhibitor, a peak of inhibitor is formed in the same place. The inhibitor then diffuses anteriorly through the periplasm, forming a posterior-anterior gradient. The presence of this inhibitor in the periplasm causes the nuclei that enter the periplasm to form blastoderm cells and to take up particular segmental states appropriate to their position, while those that remain in the yolk-containing plasm develop into vitellophages. The action of the sink in the pole plasm is postulated to result in the formation of the pole cells, and subsequently to direct some of these into forming cells of the germ-line.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00849046
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  • 14
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    Electronic Resource
    The morphological response of Kc-H cells to ecdysteroids: Hormonal specificity (1980)
    Springer
    Development genes and evolution 189 (1980), S. 1-15 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-041X
    Keywords: Cell line ; Drosophila ; Ecdysone ; Ecdysterone ; Hormones
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Summary Cells of the line Kc, derived fromDrosophila melanogaster embryos, extend long processes when exposed to ecdysteroid hormones. We have devised a quantitative assay for this morphological response, using the subline Kc-H. The assay was used to characterize the conditions required for the response. A halfmaximal response is elicited by approximately 10−8M 20-hydroxyecdysone; the response is saturated by 10−7M 20-hydroxyecdysone, which causes detectable elongation within a few hours, and a maximal response after 2–3 days. The response occurs substantially normally in the absence of serum, during growth in suspension, and in over-crowded cultures. It is not elicited by cyclic nucleotides, vertebrate growth factors, or a variety of other non-ecdysteroid reagents. Of 60 ecdysteroid compounds tested, only those which were active in other insect test systems elicited the response, and the concentrations required were approximately proportional to the concentrations active in other in vitro systems. We conclude that the response of Kc cells to 20-hydroxyecdysone retains basic features of the ecdysteroid response of intact tissues and therefore that Kc cells are a useful model system for studying ecdysteroid action.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00848562
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  • 15
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Crosslinking of theDrosophila chorion involves a peroxidase (1980)
    Springer
    Development genes and evolution 189 (1980), S. 187-196 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-041X
    Keywords: Eggshell ; Chorion ; Peroxidase ; Crosslinking ; Drosophila
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Summary TheDrosophila chorion contains an endogenous peroxidase activity which remains inactive until late stage 14 when it catalyzes the crosslinking of the chorionic proteins. Using explanted follicles developing in vitro, premature, but otherwise normal crosslinking can be induced with hydrogen peroxide and normal crosslinking can be prevented with peroxidase inhibitors. Inhibition or premature activation of the shell peroxidase allows characterization of chorionic filament specific proteins and establishes new criteria for the identification of eggshell components.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00868677
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  • 16
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Mutations affecting the pattern of the larval cuticle inDrosophila melanogaster (1984)
    Springer
    Development genes and evolution 193 (1984), S. 296-307 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-041X
    Keywords: Drosophila ; Larval cuticle ; Pattern formation ; Embryonic lethal mutations
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Summary In order to identify X-chromosomal genes required inDrosophila for early patterning and morphogenesis, we examined embryos hemizygous for EMS-induced lethal mutations to determine which of those mutations cause gross morphological defects. Embryos from 2711 lethal lines, corresponding to 3255 lethal point mutations were studied. Only 21% caused death during embryogenesis and of these, only one-sixth, or 3% of the total lethals, were associated with defects visible in the final cuticle pattern. Of the 114 point mutants causing visible cuticle defects, 76 could be assigned to 14 complementation groups. An additional 25 mutations mapping to regions of the X-chromosome not covered by male fertile duplications were assigned to six complementation groups based on similarities of map position and phenotype. Thirteen mutations could not be assigned to complementation groups. All mutations allowed normal development through the cellular blastoderm stage, the first defects associated with the earliest acting loci being observed shortly after the onset of gastrulation. The phenotypes of the various loci range from alterations in segment pattern or early morphogenetic movements to defects in final pigmentation and denticle morphology. Cuticle preparations were also examined for 63 deletions spanning in total 74% of the X-chromosome, as well as for 8 deletions and point mutations derived in saturation mutagenesis screens of the fourth chromosome (Hochman 1976). With the exception of defects in head morphology and defects in cuticle differentiation, none of the hemizygous deletions showed phenotypes other than those predicted by point mutations known to lie in those regions. No deletion caused new or unknown alterations in gastrulation, segmentation or cuticle pattern.These results suggest that the number of genes required zygotically for normal embryonic patterning is small and that most, if not all such loci, are represented by point mutations in our collection.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00848158
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  • 17
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    The role of the peripodial membrane of leg and wing imaginal discs ofDrosophila melanogaster during evagination and differentiation in vitro (1984)
    Springer
    Development genes and evolution 193 (1984), S. 180-186 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-041X
    Keywords: Drosophila ; Imaginal disc ; Morphogenesis ; Tissue culture
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Summary The thin region of the peripodial membrane is confined to the area overlying the distal anlagen in thoracic discs. During the early stages of evagination the peripodial membrane is greatly stretched, but does not rupture. The appendage then evaginates through the stalk, probably by means of a contraction of the peripodial membrane. The cells of the peripodial membrane of leg and wing discs persist and differentiate sheets of trichomes characteristic of the ventral and lateral thorax. This is discussed in relation to imaginal disc fate maps.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00848893
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  • 18
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    TheUbx syndrome ofDrosophila: the prothoracic transformation (ppx) is independent ofbx, bxd andpbx (1984)
    Springer
    Development genes and evolution 193 (1984), S. 263-265 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-041X
    Keywords: Drosophila ; Biothorax complex ; Prothoracic transformation
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Summary If, early in development, theUbx + gene is removed by mitotic recombination from cells of the meso-and metathoracic leg primordia, theseUbx − cells develop as in the posterior prothoracic leg. We show that this transformation, termedpostprothorax, is a discrete genetic function that is independent of other homeotic transformations such asbx, pbx orbxd, which also result from the inactivation of theUbx gene.
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    Mutations affecting the pattern of the larval cuticle inDrosophila melanogaster (1984)
    Springer
    Development genes and evolution 193 (1984), S. 283-295 
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    ISSN: 1432-041X
    Keywords: Drosophila ; Larval cuticle ; Pattern formation ; Embryonic lethal mutations
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Summary The present report describes the recovery and genetic characterization of mutant alleles at zygotic loci on the third chromosome ofDrosophila melanogaster which alter the morphology of the larval cuticle. We derived 12600 single lines from ethyl methane sulfonate (EMS)-treatedst e orrucuca chromosomes and assayed them for embryonic lethal mutations by estimating hatch rates of egg collections. About 7100 of these lines yielded at least a quarter of unhatched eggs and were then scored for embryonic phenotypes. Through microscopic examination of unhatched eggs 1772 lines corresponding to 24% of all lethal hits were classified as embryonic lethal. In 198 lines (2.7% of all lethal hits), mutant embryos showed distinct abnormalities of the larval cuticle. These embryonic visible mutants define 45 loci by complementation analysis. For 32 loci, more than one mutant allele was recovered, with an average of 5.8 alleles per locus. Complementation of all other mutants was shown by 13 mutants. The genes were localized on the genetic map by recombination analysis, as well as cytologically by complementation analysis with deficiencies. They appear to be randomly distributed along the chromosome. Allele frequencies and comparisons with deficiency phenotypes indicate that the 45 loci represent most, if not all, zygotic loci on the third chromosome, where lack of function recognizably affects the morphology of the larval cuticle.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00848157
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    Early neurogenesis in wild-typeDrosophila melanogaster (1984)
    Springer
    Development genes and evolution 193 (1984), S. 308-325 
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    ISSN: 1432-041X
    Keywords: Neurogenesis ; Pattern of neuroblasts ; Drosophila
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Summary This paper deals with morphological aspects of early neurogenesis inDrosophila, in particular with the segregation of neuroblasts from the neurogenic region of the ectoderm and the pattern formed by those wells within both the germ band and the procephalic lobe. The neurogenic ectoderm was found to contain neural precursors intermingled with epidermal precursors, extending from the midline up to the primordia of the tracheal tree along the germ band and laterodorsally in the procephalic lobe. Germ band neuroblasts segregate from the neurogenic ectoderm during a period of several hours according to characteristic spatial and temporal patterns. During the first half of the segregation process the pattern of germ band neuroblasts was found to be the same in different animals in both spatial arrangement and number of cells; this permitted the identification of individual neuroblasts from different embryos. Later in development several difficulties were encountered which precluded an exact description of the neuroblast pattern. The constitution of the neurogenic region is discussed in relation to the phenotype of mutants affecting neurogenesis.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00848159
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    The spatial arrangement of germ line cells in ovarian follicles of the mutantdicephalic inDrosophila melanogaster (1984)
    Springer
    Development genes and evolution 193 (1984), S. 388-393 
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    ISSN: 1432-041X
    Keywords: Drosophila ; Oogenesis ; Ring canals ; Oocyte determination ; Polarity
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Summary The pattern of intercellular connections between germ line cells has been studied in follicles of the mutantdicephalic (dic), which possess nurse cell clusters at both poles. Staining of follicles with a fluorescent rhodamine conjugate of phalloidin reveals ring canals and cell membranes and thus allows us to reconstruct the spatial organization of the follicle. Each germ line cell can be identified by the pattern of cell-cell connections which reflect the mitotic history of individual cells in the 16-cell cluster. The results indicate that in both wild-type anddicephalic cystocyte clusters one of the two cells with four ring canals normally becomes the pro-oocyte. However, in some follicles (dicephalic and wild-type) oocytes were found with fewer or more than four ring canals. Indic follicles, one or several nurse cells may become disconnected from the other cells during oocyte growth at stage 9–10. Such disconnected cells cannot later on empty their cytoplasm into the oocyte. This, in turn, might be of consequence for the determination of axial polarity of the embryo.
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    Cell interactions during the fusionin vitro ofDrosophila eye-antennal imaginal discs (1984)
    Springer
    Development genes and evolution 193 (1984), S. 406-413 
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    ISSN: 1432-041X
    Keywords: Drosophila ; Imaginal disc ; Morphogenesis ; Tissue culture
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Summary The fusion of the eye-antennal discs during culturein vitro has been investigated, and the complex morphogenetic movements which occur during the formation of the head capsule of the insect are described. The initial contact between the eye anlagen is by means of cell processes spanning the gap between the two discs. Subsequently the two epithelia become firmly apposed, and then the integrity of the epithelium in the region of fusion breaks down, cells appearing to move to new positions in order to form an epithelium which unites the two discs. The epithelium eventually secretes a pattern of cuticular structures which is continuous between the derivatives of the two discs. Bristles on either side of the line of fusion are perfectly aligned, and structures such as the median ocellus, which are formed jointly by the cells of the two discs, differentiate normally. This is also found when left and right eye-antennal discs of different genotypes are placed side-by-side, indicating that processes of pattern regulation can occur in culture.
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    Expression of the zygotic genome in blastoderm stage embryos ofDrosophila: Analysis of a specific protein (1980)
    Springer
    Development genes and evolution 188 (1980), S. 153-156 
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    ISSN: 1432-041X
    Keywords: Drosophila ; Embryogenesis ; mat (3) 1 mutation ; Two-dimensional gels
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Summary The synthesis of a protein which has been detected in blastoderm cells but not in pole cells (Gutzeit and Gehring 1979) has been studied further by means of two-dimensional gel electrophoresis. This protein could not be detected at the nuclear multiplication stage. The protein is translated from mRNA which is transcribed at the blastoderm stage since it is not synthesized in detectable amounts when embryos are injected with α-amanitin prior to the blastoderm stage. Also the protein could not be detected when RNA from freshly laid eggs was translated in vitro. Embryos from females which are homozygous for the mutationmat (3) 1 form pole cells but no blastoderm cells (Rice and Garen 1975). Thesemat (3) 1 embryos, as we will call them in this report, express the protein if aged for a period of time sufficient for completion of blastoderm cell formation in control wild-type embryos.mat (3) 1 embryos and embryos injected with α-amanitin show the same syndrome of visible developmental anomalies; however, the studied protein could only be detected inmat (3) 1 embryos but not in α-amanitin injected embryos.
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    Characterization by isoelectric focusing of chorion protein variants inDrosophila melanogaster and their use in developmental and linkage analysis (1980)
    Springer
    Development genes and evolution 189 (1980), S. 17-24 
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    ISSN: 1432-041X
    Keywords: Drosophila ; Geographic strains ; Chorion proteins ; Electrophoretic variants ; Chorion gene linkage
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Summary Drosophila melanogaster chorion proteins are characterized on one-dimensional isoelectric focusing (IF) gels. The six major chorion components previously identified on SDS gels are shown to resolve into at least 11 components in our IF system. IF screening of 102 geographic strains ofDrosophila melanogaster revealed seven cases of variation in major chorion components. Two strains, Crimea and Falsterbo, which were monomorphic for a variant B1 protein and two strains, Skafto and Lausanne, which were monomorphic for a variant C1 protein, were chosen for further study. After IF developmental analysis of F1 hybrids had indicated that the sources of the variation resided in the structural genes for these proteins, each variant was crossed to a multiply marked and inverted strain (BLT) to determine the linkage group of the variant gene. To localize genes to more specific sites multiply marked 3rd (SKERO) or X-chromosomal (CB1) (X-PLE) mapping strains were used. In both Crimea and Falsterbo the gene for the B1 protein is located near map location 26 on the 3rd chromosome. In both Lausanne and Skafto the C1 gene is located on the X chromosome. Hence, for the first time, we have demonstrated genetically the non-linkage of two chorion genes, B1 and C1.
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    Timing and heritability of theNasobemia transformation inDrosophila (1980)
    Springer
    Development genes and evolution 189 (1980), S. 147-153 
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    ISSN: 1432-041X
    Keywords: Homeotic mutant ; Drosophila ; Clonal analysis ; Timing of gene action ; Determination
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Summary Nasobemia (Ns) is a dominant homeotic mutant ofDrosophila melanogaster which converts parts or all of the antenna to mesothoracic leg.Ns has a temperature sensitive period between 48 and 60 h. The hypothesis thatNs acts during this period and is not required thereafter to maintain the homeotic transformation to leg was tested by removingNs fromNs/+ cells at different stages of development through X-ray induced somatic recombination. The expression of theNs homeotic transformation in recombinant wild type (+/+) cells increased sharply between 48 and 65 h. In clones induced after 65 h the expression of the leg transformation was equal in large and small +/+ clones. We interpret these results as supporting the hypothesis that transient action ofNs between 48 and 65 h switches antennal cells to a clonally stable leg determined state whose maintenance does not require futherNs action.
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    Variation in the biochemical properties of the Drosophila alcohol dehydrogenase allozymes (1984)
    Springer
    Biochemical genetics 22 (1984), S. 153-168 
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    ISSN: 1573-4927
    Keywords: alcohol dehydrogenase ; Drosophila ; activity ratio ; specific activity
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Abstract Thirteen Drosophila Adh variants have been characterized with respect to gene expression, substrate preference, thermostability, and specific activity. The results suggest that the variants may be grouped into two biochemical classes, typified by the properties of the two most common enzyme forms, ADH-F and ADH-S. Membership of these classes cannot be predicted from electrophoretic mobility, nor is any simple classification possible with regard to the characteristics of level of gene expression (in terms of ADH activity or ADH protein) or thermostability of the gene product.
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    Functional significance of amylase polymorphism in Drosophila melanogaster. III. Ontogeny of amylase and some α-glucosidases (1980)
    Springer
    Biochemical genetics 18 (1980), S. 51-63 
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    ISSN: 1573-4927
    Keywords: Drosophila ; ontogeny ; amylase ; α-glucosidases ; functional significance
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Abstract Changes in amylase (E.C. 3.2.1.1), maltase (E.C. 3.2.1.20), sucrase, and PNPGase activities in relation to changes in wet weight and protein content were studied during the development of larvae and adult flies from two strains of Drosophila melanogaster, homozygous for different amylase alleles. All α-glucosidase activities increase exponentially during a large part of larval development, parallel to the increase in weight, and drop at the end of the third instar. Amylase activity of the Amy 1 strain follows the same pattern. In contrast, amylase activity of the Amy 4,6 strain continues its exponential increase longer. In the third larval instar amylase activity in the Amy 4,6 strain becomes much higher than in the Amy 1 strain. During the first hours of adult life amylase activity of the two strains does not differ. Then Amy 4,6 activity starts to rise and becomes much higher (4–5 times) than Amy 1 amylase activity, which remains approximately constant. All adult enzyme activities are much higher than in larvae. Comparison of enzyme activity of amylase and α-glucosidases in larvae and adults confirms that differences in amylase activities can become important only when starch is a limiting factor in the food.
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    Variation in Drosophila acetylcholinesterase (1980)
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    Biochemical genetics 18 (1980), S. 439-454 
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    ISSN: 1573-4927
    Keywords: Drosophila ; acetylcholinesterase ; insecticide resistance ; electrophoretic variation
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Abstract We examined the Canton-S strain of Drosophila melanogaster for electrophoretic variation of the enzyme acetylcholinesterase. The pattern of bands obtained (stained with acetylthiocholine) depended on age, sex, and tissue (i.e., head vs. body part and hemolymph). However, through mixing experiments, it was concluded that most of these apparent differences were due to modification of the enzyme by unknown substances located in the fly's body. The electrophoretic pattern of head acetylcholinesterase was altered so that it became characteristic of the body which was present during extraction. For example, when heads of D. melanogaster were homogenized in an extract from D. lebanonensis bodies, the characteristic AChse bands of melanogaster were absent and instead the bands of lebanonensis were found. it was found that extraction of adult heads in 0.1 M potassium phosphate buffer alone or with a 2-min exposure to 1 mg/ml trypsin at 20 C gave the most reproducible results, independent of age and sex. Using these conditions, 25 strains of D. melanogaster and 30 strains of D. pseudoobscura were examined without finding any reproducible electrophoretic variant of acetylcholinesterase. In addition, 53 strains from 39 other Drosophila species produced a total of only six electrophoretic forms of the head enzyme. Additional electromorphs were found when whole flies were used, but these were not studied in detail because of the possibility that they could be due to postextraction modification.
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    Biochemical and genetic basis of the response to 5-fluorouracil in Drosophila melanogaster (1980)
    Springer
    Biochemical genetics 18 (1980), S. 717-726 
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    ISSN: 1573-4927
    Keywords: Drosophila ; 5-fluorouracil ; drug response ; thymidylate synthetase
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Abstract Mutant strains sensitive and resistant to the drug 5-fluorouracil (FU) have been isolated from the wild-type Pac strain of Drosophila melanogaster. The resistant strain, termed flur, is resistant to at least 0.0035%FU (2.7 × 10−4 m) in the food media and exhibits cross-resistance to 5-fluorodeoxyuridine (FUdR) but not to 5-fluorouridine (FUR). The sensitive strain termed flu S , exhibits over 90% mortality on 0.0008% FU (6 × 10−5 m). Genetic analysis indicates that the flu gene is located on the third chromosome, which agrees with results of previous workers. An analysis of the enzyme thymidylate synthetase from the selected sensitive and resistant strains indicates that the resistant strain enzyme possesses an elevated specific activity. Levels 4 times that of the sensitive strain were observed when the enzymes were assayed at 20 C. This increase is apparently not due to induction by FU in the food media. It is suggested that the enzyme thymidylate synthetase may be involved in the resistance process.
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    Developmental regulation of phenylalanine hydroxylase activity in Drosophila melanogaster (1980)
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    Biochemical genetics 18 (1980), S. 781-791 
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    ISSN: 1573-4927
    Keywords: Drosophila ; phenylalanine hydroxylase ; developmental regulation
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Abstract Herein we demonstrate that Drosophila larvae possess a synthetic activity capable of converting phenylalanine to tyrosine. This system is readily extractable and displays many characteristics of phenylalanine hydroxylase systems described in other organisms, the most notable being that a tetrahydropteridine is required for full expression of activity. The level of phenylalanine hydroxylase activity present in the organism varies with the stage of development: from an undetected level of activity at the first larval instar, there is a rapid increase in phenylalanine hydroxylase activity which reaches a peak at the time of puparium formation, after which there is a rapid decrease again to an undetected level.
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    Genetics of male-specific glucose oxidase and the identification of other unusual hexose enzymes in Drosophila melanogaster (1980)
    Springer
    Biochemical genetics 18 (1980), S. 929-937 
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    ISSN: 1573-4927
    Keywords: glucose oxidase ; glucose metabolism ; Drosophila ; sex specific
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Abstract A glucose oxidase (GO) has been identified in the ejaculatory duct of male Drosophila melanogaster. Evidence is given that this enzyme was previously misidentified as HEX-1. Genetic analysis indicates that the Go structural gene is located on the third chromosome at 48 ± 0.5 cm. Go is polymorphic in males in populations of D. melanogaster and D. simulans located in Athens, Georgia. Two other hexose enzymes have also been tentatively identified for the first time in Drosophila. These are NAD(P)-glucose dehydrogenase (GODH) and NAD-gluconate dehydrogenase (GNDH). GODH and GNDH are found in both males and females and may circumvent the initial steps in the pentose shunt.
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    Acetaldehyde utilization and toxicity in Drosophila adults lacking alcohol dehydrogenase or aldehyde oxidase (1984)
    Springer
    Biochemical genetics 22 (1984), S. 1015-1029 
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    ISSN: 1573-4927
    Keywords: acetaldehyde ; alcohol dehydrogenase ; aldehyde oxidase ; Drosophila
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Abstract Metabolic utilization and toxicity of acetaldehyde were studied in flies lacking alcohol dehydrogenase (ADH), aldehyde oxidase (AO), or both functions. Prior to the experiments, mutant alleles Adh n4 and mal were transferred to the same genetic background by 10 successive backcrosses. By comparison with wild-type flies, various deleterious, pleiotropic effects could be attributed to the mal allele but not to Adh n4 . Of the four genotypes studied (mal, Adh n4 , mal Adh n4 , and wild), all were able to use acetaldehyde as a resource in a similar way. In spite of its high toxicity, acetaldehyde appeared a better resource than ethanol. Flies treated with intermediate acetaldehyde concentrations (around 0.5%) exhibited a very high interindividual heterogeneity which could reflect a physiological adaptation occurring as a consequence of the aldehyde treatment. Toxicity tests showed that ADH-negative flies were more sensitive to acetaldehyde than wild type, but this is most likely explained by the transformation of the aldehyde into alcohol. Our results show that the aldehyde metabolizing enzyme (AME) system in Drosophila is neither ADH nor AO. The existence of an aldehyde dehydrogenase is plausible.
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    Sexual isolation among widely distributed populations ofDrosophila immigrans (1980)
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    Behavior genetics 10 (1980), S. 401-407 
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    ISSN: 1573-3297
    Keywords: sexual isolation ; Drosophila ; geographic distance ; isolation index ; resource utilization
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Psychology
    Notes: Abstract Six strains of the cosmopolitan speciesD. immigrans from the Australian life zone plus one from the USA, show weak sexual isolation and more rarely sexual selection. Levels of sexual isolation cannot be related to geographic distances. Assortative mating may have evolved as a byproduct of ecological divergence.
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    Correlated response to phototactic selection (1984)
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    Behavior genetics 14 (1984), S. 279-293 
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    ISSN: 1573-3297
    Keywords: phototaxis ; Drosophila ; correlated response ; selection ; sepia
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Psychology
    Notes: Abstract Artificial selection for positive and negative phototaxis was conducted in populations ofDrosophila melanogaster that were polymorphic at thesepia locus. Photoselection response was accompanied by a correlated response in the frequency of thesepia allele. Changes insepia frequency were shown to be significantly different from those predicted by several neutral models. Implications of this correlated response are briefly discussed in terms of the neurogenetic basis of phototaxis.
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    A note on barometric pressure and behavior inDrosophila pseudoobscura (1984)
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    Behavior genetics 14 (1984), S. 315-317 
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    ISSN: 1573-3297
    Keywords: Drosophila ; mating and barometric pressure
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Psychology
    Notes: Abstract During a study ofDrosophila mating behavior we observed unexpected changes in performance under ostensibly identical experimental conditions. We related the behavior during the 17 days of the experiment to changes in ambient humidity and barometric pressure. Humidity had no significant effect, but reduced barometric pressure was found to be associated with reduced mating activity (R 2=0.29,P〈0.025), accounting for close to 30% of the variation in total number of matings.
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    Genetic elements of courtship inDrosophila: Mosaics and learning mutants (1984)
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    Behavior genetics 14 (1984), S. 383-410 
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    ISSN: 1573-3297
    Keywords: Drosophila ; courtship ; learning ; circadian
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Psychology
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    Genetic analysis of sex appeal inDrosophila (1984)
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    Behavior genetics 14 (1984), S. 411-440 
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    ISSN: 1573-3297
    Keywords: Drosophila ; courtship ; pheromones
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Psychology
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    Drosophila Learning: Behavior and biochemistry (1984)
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    Behavior genetics 14 (1984), S. 527-557 
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    ISSN: 1573-3297
    Keywords: Drosophila ; learning ; classical conditioning mutants ; cAMP
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Psychology
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    A few chemical words exchanged byDrosophila during courtship and mating (1984)
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    Behavior genetics 14 (1984), S. 441-478 
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    ISSN: 1573-3297
    Keywords: Drosophila ; courtship ; pheromones
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Psychology
    Notes: Summary Experimental evidence and speculation relative to chemical messages exchanged byDrosophila during courtship and mating are reviewed. Only the speciesD. melanogaster andD. simulans are considered in detail. Emphasis is put on female aphrodisiacs, as they clearly participate in sex and species recognition. All the aphrodisiac molecules described are unsaturated long-chain hydrocarbons, and position 7 for a double bond seems important in both species. InD. melanogaster, only females are able to make 7,11-dienes, compounds which stimulate males of this species to court. InD. simulans, 7-tricosene plays a similar role but is produced by both sexes as well as maleD. melanogaster. In both species, polymorphism is shown for these molecules. Their biosynthesis is also considered and both preliminary biochemical and genetic data are introduced. Male-specific compounds which regulate male and female behaviors are also reviewed. For example,cis-vaccenyl acetate inhibits male courtship; one or two peptides control the female's receptivity and egg laying. Such compounds are transferred from males to females together with sperm.
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    A reexamination of the negative assortative mating phenomenon and its underlying mechanism inDrosophila melanogaster (1984)
    Springer
    Behavior genetics 14 (1984), S. 45-61 
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    ISSN: 1573-3297
    Keywords: assortative mating ; polymorphism ; partner selection ; pheromone ; behavior ; Drosophila
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Psychology
    Notes: Abstract Averhoff and Richardson [(1974)Behav. Genet. 4:207–225] reported a trend toward negative assortative mating inDrosophila melanogaster during the course of inbreeding. These authors proposed that the underlying mechanism was based on pheromone polymorphism and male selection. Mass mating experiments were carried out to verify their hypothesis, detailed behavior observations were made to identify the underlying mechanism, and sex pheromone composition and variation were examined by using gas chromatography-mass spectrometry analysis. The results showed that negative assortative mating is not a general phenomenon. Although male pheromones are probably polymorphic, female pheromones are not. We found no evidence for male selection as predicted by Averhoff and Richardson. It is argued that the most parsimonious mechanism underlying negative assortative mating is similar to one proposed by Bryant [(1979)Behav. Genet. 9:249–256], which was based on interstrain differences in female reluctancy and male vigor.
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    The analysis of mating behavior data (1984)
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    Behavior genetics 14 (1984), S. 153-156 
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    ISSN: 1573-3297
    Keywords: mating behavior ; statistical analysis ; Drosophila
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Psychology
    Notes: Abstract Quite different sets of data are shown to generate identical output ratios so that analyses of mating behavior data based on the use of input and output ratios may obscure significant aspects of the mating behavior.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01076411
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  • 42
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    Learning in three species of diptera: The blow flyPhormia regina, the fruit flyDrosophila melanogaster, and the house flyMusca domestica (1984)
    Springer
    Behavior genetics 14 (1984), S. 479-526 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-3297
    Keywords: Drosophila ; learning ; conditioning
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Psychology
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01065445
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  • 43
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    Electronic Resource
    Adaptive strategies in natural populations of Drosophila (1980)
    Springer
    Theoretical and applied genetics 57 (1980), S. 257-266 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-2242
    Keywords: Drosophila ; Ethanol ; Climatic races ; Desiccation ; Development times
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Summary Adult tolerance of ethanol vapour in a closed system containing 12% ethanol in solution, decreases in a cline from southern to northern Australia. However a Darwin population is more tolerant than predicted from its latitude. Ethanol tolerance races in Australia have almost certainly evolved within the last 100–150 years, because of resource unavailability prior to that time. Within populations, variation among isofemale strains is lowest in the climatically extreme southern Melbourne (37°S) and northern Darwin and Melville I. (11–12°S) populations. This suggests low resource diversity within extreme populations compared with the climatically less extreme Brisbane (28°S) and especially Townsville (19°S) populations. For desiccation resistance, the population rankings are: Darwin Melbourne 〉 Townsville 〉 Brisbane Melville I. and for development time, rankings are similar: Darwin Melbourne 〈 Townsville 〈 Brisbane Melville I. Therefore resource utilization heterogeneity is greatest in populations not greatly stressed by desiccation and where development times are extended. In total therefore, the utilization of a diversity of resources is a feature of populations tending somewhat towards a K-strategy; this is emphasized by the relative heterogeneity among isofemale strains of these populations for desiccation resistance and to a lesser extent development times. The D. melanogaster gene pool can be viewed as made up of climate-associated races. Since the ethanol tolerances of adjacent (and climatically similar) Darwin and Melville I. are very different, resource utilization races may occur within climatic races. Such a mosaic of resource utilization races are more likely in climatically extreme than in optimal habitats.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00264952
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  • 44
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    Mutant fs(1) 1163 of Drosophila melanogaster alters yolk protein secretion from the fat body (1980)
    Springer
    Molecular genetics and genomics 180 (1980), S. 411-418 
    Details
    ISSN: 1617-4623
    Keywords: Drosophila ; Vitellogenin ; Female-sterile mutant ; Protein processing
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Summary The mutant fs(1) 1163 of Drosophila melanogaster, which was isolated by Gans et al. (1975) is a recessive homozygous female sterile at 18°C and a dominant female — sterile at 29°C. We reported previously that there are reduced quantities of the largest of the three yolk polypeptides in Drosophila melanogaster in the haemolymph and eggs of this mutant at 29°C (Bownes and Hames 1978 a). In this paper we show that the yolk protein defect maps within approximately 2.5 recombination units of the female sterility at 21±2.5 map units on the X-chromosome. The temperature-sensitive period of the yolk protein defect is after emergence. In vitro labelling of fs(1) 1163 ovaries and fat bodies showed that they were able to synthesise yolk polypeptide 1. Interestingly, studies on the proteins present in the various tissues indicate that the fat body tends to accumulate all three yolk polypeptides in the mutant. This phenotype is partially co-dominant in that an effect is seen in heterozygotes as well as homozygotes and is enhanced by increased temperature. This mutant could therefore have a defect (a) in the structural gene for yolk polypeptide 1, (b) in the processing and secretion enzyme systems; (c) in the fat body or all tissues leading to altered secretion properties. Mutants like fs(1) 1163 which alter specific steps in vitellogenesis should be of value for analysing the genetic and biochemical control of the synthesis, transport and sequestering of the yolk polypeptides during oogenesis.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00425856
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    Electronic Resource
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    Relationship between ADH activity and behavioral response to environmental alcohol inDrosophila (1980)
    Springer
    Behavior genetics 10 (1980), S. 237-249 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-3297
    Keywords: Drosophila ; behavior ; ADH activity ; adaptation ; evolution ; alcohol avoidance ; Adh genotypes
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Psychology
    Notes: Abstract Three alcohol dehydrogenase genotypes, homozygous for either the electrophoretically fast, slow, or null allele at theAdh locus inD. melanogaster, were tested for relative larval alcohol preference behavior (APB) over a range of ethanol concentrations. Differences in behavior between genotypes were not significant at concentrations below 10%. At concentrations greater than 10%, avoidance behavior was negatively correlated with the relative ADH activity levels of the genotypes tested. A model based on the differential buildup of toxic acetaldehyde is proposed to explain the avoidance response.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01067770
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  • 46
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Mapping stimulus-induced nervous activity in small brains by [3H]2-deoxy-D-glucose (1980)
    Springer
    Cell & tissue research 211 (1980), S. 51-64 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Cerebral glucose utilization ; Deoxyglucose method ; Dry autoradiography ; Insect brain ; Drosophila
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary Nervous activity may be localized in anatomical sections of brain tissue by the autoradiographic deoxyglucose technique. The method provides sufficient structural preservation and spatial resolution for detailed functional investigation of complex but small-sized nervous systems when the original technique is modified as follows: (i) use of 3H instead of 14C as radioactive label, (ii) application of labeled deoxyglucose in concentrations close to physiological glucose levels rather than in trace amounts, (iii) stimulation for 4–9 h after deoxyglucose application instead of 20–45 min, (iv) subsequent preparation avoiding aqueous phases at all stages from fixation to autoradiography, and (v) plastic embedding of the tissue such that serial semithin sections of good structural preservation may be routinely cut. Brief aqueous fixation and dehydration at room temperature as has been described for vertebrates apparently cannot preserve stimulus-induced distribution of radioactive label in the brain of the fly Drosophila melanogaster. Aspects of the results that illustrate the potential and some limitations of the present technique are discussed.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00233722
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