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  • 1
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Identification and field optimisation of the female sex pheromone of the rice leaffolder,Cnaphalocrocis medinalis in India (1995)
    Springer
    Entomologia experimentalis et applicata 74 (1995), S. 195-200 
    Details
    ISSN: 1570-7458
    Schlagwort(e): rice leaffolder ; Cnaphalocrocis medinalis ; Lepidoptera ; Pyralidae ; (Z)-11-hexadecenyl acetate ; (Z)-13-octadecenyl acetate ; (Z)-13-octadecen-1-ol ; octadecyl acetate ; sex pheromone ; attractant
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Biologie
    Notizen: Abstract Analysis of ovipositor washings from virgin femaleCnaphalocrocis medinalis Guenée (Lepidoptera: Pyralidae) of Indian origin by linked gas chromatography and electroantennography indicated the presence of three electrophysiologically-active compounds. These were identified on the basis of their gas chromatographic retention times and mass spectra as (Z)-11-hexadecenyl acetate, (Z)-13-octadecenyl acetate and (Z)-13-octadecen-1-ol with (Z)-13-octadecenyl acetate present in amounts of between 0.25 and 1.5 ng per ovipositor and the other two components at less than 10% of this. Trace quantities of octadecyl acetate were identified by mass spectrometry but no electroantennographic responses were observed to this compound. Field trials conducted with a range of blends of the three electrophysiologically-active compounds showed that blends containing between 5% and 30% (Z)-11-hexadecenyl acetate in (Z)-13-octadecenyl acetate dispensed from either white rubber septa or polythene vials were more attractive to male moths than a virgin female moth. Addition of (Z)-13-octadecen-1-ol reduced attractiveness to male moths in the blends and concentrations tested.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02381782
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  • 2
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Non-freeze survival of spruce budworm larvae,Choristoneura fumiferana, at sub-zero temperatures during diapause (1995)
    Springer
    Entomologia experimentalis et applicata 75 (1995), S. 67-74 
    Details
    ISSN: 1570-7458
    Schlagwort(e): cold-hardness ; cold injury ; glycerol ; acclimatization ; dipause ; spruce budworm ; Lepidoptera ; Tortricidae
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Biologie
    Beschreibung / Inhaltsverzeichnis: Résumé Des larves de tordeuse des bourgeons de l’épinette,Choristoneura fumiferana (Clem.), en début, milieu et fin de diapause (maintenue à 2°C) furent soumises à divers régimes de températures supérieures au point de congélation cellulaire, de façon à déterminer la capacité de l’insecte à survivre à ces températures. Les larves en milieu de diapause furent celles ayant le mieux survécu (proportion des larves émergeant de leur hibernacula après la diapause). Elles furent suivies respectivement par celles en fin et en début de diapause. La suivie larvaire, suite à une exposition à −23°C, fut plus élevée dans le cas des larves préalablement acclimatées aux températures de terrain que dans le cas des larves maintenues à 2°C. Comparativement aux larves non acclimatées sur le terrain, le point de congélation cellulaire des larves acclimatées était inférieur et leur contenu en glycérol était dix fois plus élevé. Cette étude a aussi montré que la mortalité des larves maintenues durant une longue période à −23°C ne fut pas causée par un phénomène de congélation cellulaire mais plutôt par d’autres effets létaux du froid. Les résultats de cette étude sont en accord avec l’hypothèse selon laquelle le glycérol jouerait, en tant que cryoprotectant, un rôle autre que celui d’abaisser les points de congélation cellulaire des insectes du type intolérant au gel. De plus, ces résultats montrent l’importance d’étudier la mortalité induite par les températures situées au-dessus du point de congélation cellulaire durant la diapause de l’insecte.
    Notizen: Abstract Spruce budworm larvae,Choristoneura fumiferana (Clem.) (Lepidoptera: Tortricidae), in early-, mid- and latediapause (maintained at 2°C), were exposed to various sub-zero temperatures, above the supercooling point, for different periods to determine the insect’s cold-hardiness in terms of non-freeze survival. Larvae which were in the middle of diapause showed the highest survival (percentage of larvae emerging from hibernacula after diapause), followed by larvae in late- and early-diapause respectively. When exposed to −23°C, larvae which were acclimatized to outside air temperatures had a much higher survival than the larvae maintained at 2°C. This survival was correlated with a glycerol content that was ten times higher and a depressed supercooling point in acclimatized larvae compared to lab-maintained larve. Experiments also demonstrated that mortality of the larvae maintained in an extended supercooled state at −23°C was due to cold injury rather than freezing. The present study supports the hypothesis that glycerol may have a cryoprotective role other than depressing the supercooling point in freeze-intolerant insects and highlights the importance of investigating non-freeze mortality during insect diapause.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02382781
    Standort Signatur Erwartet Verfügbarkeit
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  • 3
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Communication disruption of maleAgrotis segetum moths with one or several sex pheromone components (1995)
    Springer
    Entomologia experimentalis et applicata 75 (1995), S. 257-264 
    Details
    ISSN: 1570-7458
    Schlagwort(e): Agrotis segetum ; Lepidoptera ; mating disruption ; Z5-10:OAc ; Z7-12:OAc ; Z9-14:OAc ; sex pheromone ; pheromone communication
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Biologie
    Notizen: Abstract Attraction of maleAgrotis segetum Dennis & Schiffermüller (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae) to sex pheromone traps in fields, which were treated with one or three pheromone components was investigated. Small plots of 1/4ha size were treated with synthetic pheromone, released by 25 evenly dispersed latex rubber tube dispensers. The dispensers were loaded with either 500 μg Z5-10:OAc (50 mg/ha), or 1000 μg Z7-12:OAc (100 mg/ha), or a 3-component mixture consisting of 500 μg Z5-10:OAc+1000 μg Z7-12:OAc+1000 μg Z9-14:OAc. Pheromone traps were placed both within and outside of the treated area in a cross design, with an intertrap spacing of 15 m. Release rates from disruption dispensers were measured in the laboratory after being exposed in the field. The release rates of the components were estimated to be 0.44, 0.11, and 0.06 μg/h/dispenser for Z5-10:OAc, Z7-12:OAc and Z9-14:OAc, respectively. The highest effect of disruption was achieved by the three-component blend, resulting in a significant suppression of trap catches extending 5 m outside of the treated area. The Z5-10:OAc treatment resulted in reduced trap catches inside the treated area, but the effect did not extend outside. Z7-12:OAc alone did not result in any significant reduction in trap catch. The results indicate that different mechanisms may explain the disruptive effect of the treatments and that the single pheromone components are not as effective as the three-component blend.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02382261
    Standort Signatur Erwartet Verfügbarkeit
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  • 4
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Host-age discrimination during host location byCotesia glomerata, a larval parasitoid ofPieris brassicae (1995)
    Springer
    Entomologia experimentalis et applicata 76 (1995), S. 37-48 
    Details
    ISSN: 1570-7458
    Schlagwort(e): Pieris brassicae ; Lepidoptera ; Pieridae ; Cotesia glomerata ; Hymenoptera ; Braconidae ; behaviour ; parasitoid ; tritrophic interactions ; kairomone ; synomones ; host instar selection
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Biologie
    Notizen: Abstract Some parasitoids are restricted with respect to the host stage that they attack and even to a certain age within a stage. In this paper we investigate whether the parasitoidCotesia glomerata can discriminate between old and young caterpillar instars of its host,Pieris brassicae, before contacting these hosts, since contacts with older instars are very risky with a chance of being killed, due to the aggressive defensive behaviour of the caterpillars. Flight chamber dual choice tests showed that volatile chemicals emitted by Brussels sprouts plants (Brassica oleracea var. gemmifera) after feeding damage by 1st and 5th larval instars are equally attractive to the wasps. Simulated herbivore damage by 2nd and 5th larval instars, obtained by treating mechanically damaged leaves with carterpillar regurgitant, was also equally attractive, even when the wasps were exposed to repeated experience on different larval instars to increase their discriminatory ability. In contrast, single choice contact bioassays showed that the time spent searching on a leaf with feeding damage of 1st instar larvae was significantly longer than the time spent on 5th instar feeding damage or on mechanically damaged leaves. Both flight and contact bioassays did not show any effect of egg-related infochemicals. The results demonstrate thatC. glomerata can discriminate between young and old larval instars ofP. brassicae, without contacting the caterpillars. This is not done through volatile herbivore-induced synomones but through cues that are contacted after arrival at a caterpillar-infested leaf.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02382309
    Standort Signatur Erwartet Verfügbarkeit
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  • 5
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Larval diet influence on oviposition behaviour inSpodoptera littoralis (1995)
    Springer
    Entomologia experimentalis et applicata 74 (1995), S. 71-82 
    Details
    ISSN: 1570-7458
    Schlagwort(e): Lepidoptera ; Spodoptera littoralis ; oviposition ; deterrents ; feeding ; larval experience ; induction ; selection
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Biologie
    Notizen: Abstract Females ofSpodoptera littoralis Boisd. (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae) with different feeding experiences during their larval development were tested for their ovipositional response to methanol extracts of larval frass and semisynthetic diets. The effect of the following frass, diet and diet component extracts was tested: (a) frass fromS. littoralis orAgrotis segetum larvae fed on a potato-based diet; (b) frass fromS. littoralis larvae fed on a wheat germ-based diet; (c) potato and wheat germ-based diets; and (d) potatoes and wheat germ. Ovipositing females without prior experience of the potato diet were deterred by extracts of: (1) larval frass from either species fed on potato diet; (2) the potato-based diet; (3) potato. Also females with experience of the potato diet during only a part of their larval development were deterred from oviposition by frass of larvae reared on the potato diet and by the diet itself. However, for females reared on the potato diet for their entire larval development, oviposition was no longer deterred by either of the three extracts listed above. Extracts of: (1) frass from larvae of either species reared on wheat germ diet: (2) the wheat germ diet; or (3) wheat germ did not significantly affect oviposition. Females with ablated antennae were still deterred by frass extracts from larvae fed on potato diet, when they had been reared on the wheat germ diet. In feeding experiments, larvae of larval stage one and of larval stage three-four reared on either of the two diets preferred to feed on the wheat germ diet. However, the preference was significantly stronger for larvae with no prior contact with the potato diet. The effect of larval experience on the loss of oviposition-deterring activity by extracts of larval frass, diets and diet components is discussed in view of induction and selection.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02383169
    Standort Signatur Erwartet Verfügbarkeit
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  • 6
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Trapping and sex pheromone-mediated flight and landing behaviour of maleCtenopseustis obliquana (1995)
    Springer
    Entomologia experimentalis et applicata 74 (1995), S. 125-135 
    Details
    ISSN: 1570-7458
    Schlagwort(e): Lepidoptera ; Tortricidae ; brownheaded leafroller ; pheromone ; orientation ; Epiphyas postvittana
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Biologie
    Notizen: Abstract A sex pheromone-baited delta trap was found to be inefficient at eliciting landing and entering of the trap by maleCtenopseustis obliquana. The inefficiency of the delta trap related to turbulence altering the pheromone plume and the concomitant effect on the flight manoeuvres of male moths. In the wind tunnel, high proportions of males flew upwind and landed on the sides, outside, of the trap, but only a relatively small proportion of these males entered the trap and contacted the sticky surface. When males approached the delta trap, they tended to fly in wide zigzags (i.e., large inter-track reversal distances) and at an altitude near the top of the trap, where the trap was relatively narrow in width (compared to the bottom). Thus, these flight manoeuvres largely precluded males from entering the trap. Greater numbers of male moths entered the trap when: (i) the front barriers of the delta trap were removed, (ii) pheromone dosage was increased to 300 μg, and (iii) the trap design was changed to a rectangular one. The first two changes appeared to influence the flight manoeuvres of males (who appeared to fly with narrower inter-track reversal distances), while the third change apparently did not affect the glight manoeuvres of males, but rather allowed more males to enter the trap because of the greater area of the entrance. The low trap catches of maleC. obliquana in the field are also a consequence of the glue which is currently used. After contact with this glue most males are able to escape, flying off the sticky surface and losing contact with the pheromone. A field trial found that delta traps with another glue caught more than three times the number of males of the related tortricid moth,Epiphyas postvittana, than delta traps with the currently used glue.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02383004
    Standort Signatur Erwartet Verfügbarkeit
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  • 7
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Small plot mating disruption trials for tufted apple bud moth,Platynota idaeusalis, in Pennsylvania apple orchards (1995)
    Springer
    Entomologia experimentalis et applicata 74 (1995), S. 105-114 
    Details
    ISSN: 1570-7458
    Schlagwort(e): Lepidoptera ; Tortricidae ; Platynota idaeusalis ; mating disruption ; leafroller ; apple
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Biologie
    Notizen: Abstract Mating disruption treatments for the tufted apple bud moth (TABM),Platynota idaeusalis (Walker), were tested in small plot trials in apple orchards in Pennsylvania. Treatments were evaluated by fruit injury and by capture of male TABM in traps baited with synthetic pheromone sources or virgin females. The TABM pheromone is a two component isomeric blend ofE-11-tetradecen-1-ol (E11-14:OH) andE-11-tetradecenyl acetate (E11-14:Ac). A 50∶50 ratio of these two components was used in standard monitoring septa and in mating disruption treatments released from either hollow fibers (‘fiber’) or PVC tubes (‘PVC’). Other pheromone blends tested included a 90∶10 ratio of E11-14: Ac and E11-14:OH (‘EAc’) and its reverse (‘EOH’), mixture ‘EAc’ with 30% of the Z-isomers (‘low AEc’), and a blend similar to the preceding with 2% Z9-12:Ac (‘generic’). These other blends were released from multi tube tape (‘tape’) or Shin-Etsu type rope (‘rope’) dispensers. Seasonal dispenser release rate in mg ha−1 h−1 was ca. 30 for the ‘rope’ dispensers, 14 for ‘PVC’ and 6 for ‘fiber’. ‘EAc-tape’ and ‘EOH-tape’ were equally effective in reducing catches of males in traps baited with synthetic lures and in traps baited with virgin females. Both treatments also reduced fruit injury. ‘EAc-rope’, ‘fiber’ and ‘PVC’ also were generally effective; whereas, the ‘low EAc’ and ‘generic’ treatments reduced trap capture less than 90% and did not reduce fruit injury. Dispenser density was positively correlated with reduction in trap capture for the ‘low EAc-rope’ and ‘genericrope’ treatments. Traps loaded with ‘fiber’ dispensers captured more male TABM than the other treatments in non-pheromone permeated environments. Trap capture of other tortricids was reduced in pheromone treatments. ‘EAc-rope’ and the ‘TABM’ treatments provided mean (s.e.) percent reduction in trap catch of 99.5 (0.4) and 42.9 (10.1), respectively, for the redbanded leafroller,Argyrotaenia velutinana (Walker), and 90.4 (6.8) and 90.4 (1.3), respectively, for the obliquebanded leafroller,Choristoneura rosaceana (Harris).
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02383001
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  • 8
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Fecundity and oviposition ofEucelatoria bryani, a gregarious parasitoid ofHelicoverpa zea andHeliothis virescens (1995)
    Springer
    Entomologia experimentalis et applicata 75 (1995), S. 175-181 
    Details
    ISSN: 1570-7458
    Schlagwort(e): Eucelatoria bryani ; Diptera ; Tachinidae ; Helicoverpa zea ; Heliothis virescens ; Lepidoptera ; Noctuidae ; host-parasitoid relationship ; fecundity ; progeny allocation
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Biologie
    Notizen: Abstract We examined longevity, fecundity, and oviposition strategies ofEucelatoria bryani Sabrosky (Diptera: Tachinidae), a gregarious endoparasitoid ofHelicoverpa zea (Boddie) andHeliothis virescens (F.) (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae). Longevity of adult femaleE. bryani was not related to body size. In contrast to longevity, largerE. bryani females had greater potential fecundity than smaller females, as determined by the number of embryonated eggs present in the common oviduct. However, female parasitoid size did not affect primary clutch size (number of eggs deposited in a host). Because embryos in eggs located in the ovisac were larger than those located elsewhere in the common oviduct, maximum primary clutch size may be physiologically limited by the number of fully mature eggs a female has available at one time.E. bryani females adjusted primary clutch size in response to host size, for bothH. zea andH. virescens. This adjustment appears to be adaptive because females did not overexploit hosts by depositing more larvae than a host could support. Adult emergence was not related to host size. Although host weight positively influencedE. bryani progeny weight, increases in progeny size with host size were counterbalanced by increases in primary clutch size with host size.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02382177
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  • 9
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Cross habituation to feeding deterrents and acceptance of a marginal host plant byPieris rapae larvae (1995)
    Springer
    Entomologia experimentalis et applicata 76 (1995), S. 295-302 
    Details
    ISSN: 1570-7458
    Schlagwort(e): Pieris rapae ; Lepidoptera ; Pieridae ; Tropaeolum majus ; nasturtium ; feeding deterrent ; habituation ; cardenolide ; wheat germ diet
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Biologie
    Notizen: Abstract Sensitivity of the cabbage butterfly,Pieris rapae L. to feeding deterrents was compared for larvae reared on different food sources under laboratory conditions. Since cabbage-reared larvae normally reject nasturtium,Tropaeolum majus L., the effects of previous exposure to allelochemicals on larval acceptance or rejection of this plant were also examined. When compared with cabbage-reared larvae, nasturtium-reared larvae were less sensitive to feeding deterrents including cymarin, erysimoside and 2-O-β-d-glucosyl cucurbitacin E. Nasturtium-reared larvae were insensitive to chlorogenic acid, which was deterrent to cabbage-reared larvae. Feeding by larvae reared on a wheat germ diet was not deterred by these compounds. The results indicate that dietary experience can extensively affect larval sensitivity to feeding deterrents and that cross habituation of larvae to deterrents occurs in response to certain chemical constituents of nasturtium and wheat germ diet. Digitoxin, however, proved to be an exception. Larvae reared on either nasturtium or wheat germ diet were as sensitive to digitoxin as those reared on cabbage. Previous results have shown that rejectionof nasturtium by cabbage-reared larvae is due to the presence of strong feeding deterrents in this plant. However, more than 50% of 2nd instar larvae reared from neonate on cabbage leaves treated with strophanthidin, cymarin, erysimoside, digitoxigenin and digitoxin accepted nasturtium as a food source. 2-O-β-d-glucosyl cucurbitacin E, 2-O-β-d-glucosyl cucurbitacin I and rutin were also active in causing larvae to feed on nasturtium. Thus dietary exposure to unrelated plant chemicals can profoundly affect insect acceptance of a plant that contains feeding deterrents.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02382995
    Standort Signatur Erwartet Verfügbarkeit
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  • 10
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Factors affecting entomopathogenic nematode infection ofPlutella xylostella on a leaf surface (1995)
    Springer
    Entomologia experimentalis et applicata 77 (1995), S. 239-250 
    Details
    ISSN: 1570-7458
    Schlagwort(e): diamondback moth ; Lepidoptera ; Plutellidae ; Steinernema ; Heterorhabditis ; relative humidity ; biological control
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Biologie
    Notizen: Abstract We investigated the ability of entomopathogenic nematodes to infect diamondback moth (DBM),Plutella xylostella (L.) (Lepidoptera: Plutellidae) on a leaf surface. In a leaf disk assay, mortality of late stage DBM larvae ranged from 〈7% caused bySteinernema kushidai Mamiya to 〉95% caused byS. carpocapsae (Weiser) All strain. LC50 values forS. carpocapsae, S. riobravis Cabanillas, Poinar & Raulston, andHeterorhabditis bacteriophora Poinar NC1 strain were 14.6, 15.4, and 65.4 nematodes/larva, respectively.S. carpocapsae, S. riobravis, andH. bacteriophora caused 29%, 33%, and 14% mortality of DBM pupae, respectively. DBM mortality caused byS. carpocapsae on radish declined at low (〈76%) to moderate (76–90%) RH, because nematode survival and infectivity declined at low (〈76%) to moderate (76–90%) RH. However, DBM mortality caused byS. riobravis did not decline with RH.S. riobravis survival declined with RH, but infectivity did not. Overall, nematode survival and infectivity to DBM larvae were lower forS. riobravis than forS. carpocapsae. In addition, DBM mortality was higher on radish plants (pubescent leaves) than on cabbage plants (glaborous leaves).
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02383058
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  • 11
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Visual behaviour of neonata larvae of the light brown apple moth (1995)
    Springer
    Entomologia experimentalis et applicata 77 (1995), S. 323-334 
    Details
    ISSN: 1570-7458
    Schlagwort(e): Lepidoptera ; Tortricidae ; Epiphyas postvittana ; orientation ; movement ; colour ; stemmata
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Biologie
    Notizen: Abstract When neonate larvae of a leafroller moth,Epiphyas postvittana (Walker) (Lepidoptera: Tortricidae) were released into the middle of a circular arena with blue paper on one side of the arena and apple foliage on the other side, more larvae walked towards the apple foliage. These oriented responses were enhanced, in terms of the number of larvae responding, by increasing the amount of light reflected from or transmitted through apple foliage. Larvae also responded to painted targets, and specifically to targets reflecting light in the region of 470–570 nm (green-yellow region to the human eye). When the amount of 470–570 nm reflected from targets was reduced, numbers of larvae responding to targets decreased. The addition of 400–500 nm reflected light to 470–570 nm reflected light also resulted in a reduction of oriented responses to targets. Tests using neutral colours (white, black, and a series of greys) indicated that, in the absence of targets reflecting primarily in the 470–570 nm region, larvae oriented towards targets with low levels of reflectance. When the orientation of walking larvae was measured at various distances from targets of different colours or diameters, targets subtending 5–8 degrees elicited responses from 50% of all larvae. Behaviour other than walking was also influenced by visual stimuli: fewer larvae spun down on a silken thread when blue paper was placed beneath a walking platform than when brown or green papers were present.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02383067
    Standort Signatur Erwartet Verfügbarkeit
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  • 12
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Mutual inhibition of sex attractants for males ofRecarvaria nanella andR. leucatella (1995)
    Springer
    Entomologia experimentalis et applicata 77 (1995), S. 347-350 
    Details
    ISSN: 1570-7458
    Schlagwort(e): inhibition ; sex attractant ; Recurvaria nanella ; R. leucatella ; (3E)-3-tetradecenyl acetate ; (3E, 5Z)-3,5-tetradecadienyl acetate ; (5Z)-5-tetradecenyl acetate ; Lepidoptera ; Gelechiidae
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Biologie
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02383070
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  • 13
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Vertical distribution of codling moth adults in pheromone-treated and untreated plots (1995)
    Springer
    Entomologia experimentalis et applicata 77 (1995), S. 271-275 
    Details
    ISSN: 1570-7458
    Schlagwort(e): Lepidoptera ; Tortricidae ; Cydia pomonella ; behavior
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Biologie
    Notizen: Abstract The vertical distribution of codling moth,Cydia pomonella (L.) within pheromone-treated and untreated apple and pear orchard canopies was determined using tethered virgin females, unbaited sticky traps, and blacklight observation of released moths. Mating of virgin females tethered at various heights in untreated orchard canopies increased with placement height from 1–4 m. Application of pheromone dispensers for mating disruption at 2 and 4 m above the ground greatly decreased mating. Greatest capture of males and females on unbaited sticky traps occurred at mid- and upper-canopy heights. Total capture of males and females in pheromone-treated plots was not statistically different than in untreated plots. The percentage of mated females captured on sticky traps did not vary with trap height or pheromone treatment. Released moths marked with flourescent powder and observed at dark with a blacklight indicated that moths are primarily distributed high in the canopy. However, males shifted to a position lower in the canopy when pheromone dispensers were placed 2.1 m above the ground. Results suggest that pheromone dispensers be placed in the upper canopy for optimal disruption of codling moth mating.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02383061
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  • 14
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    A sex pheromone component novel to the Geometridae identified fromEpirrita autumnata (1995)
    Springer
    Entomologia experimentalis et applicata 75 (1995), S. 159-164 
    Details
    ISSN: 1570-7458
    Schlagwort(e): Epirrita autumnata ; Lepidoptera ; Geometridae ; (Z,Z,Z)-1,3,6,9-heneicosatetraene ; sex pheromone ; GC-EAD ; chemical synthesis ; field trapping
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Biologie
    Notizen: Abstract (Z,Z,Z)-1,3,6,9-Heneicosatetraene was identified as a sex pheromone component ofEpirrita autumnata (Borkhausen), (Lepidoptera: Geometridae). Gas chromatography coupled with electroantennographic detection revealed one active peak from female pheromone gland extracts. The chemical identification of the compound was based on gas chromatography-mass spectrometry, chemical micro-reactions and unambiguous synthesis. In a field test, a rubber septum loaded with 3000 μg of this compound showed highest attraction of maleE. autumnata moths compared to lower doses and the control. The attraction of males to a 300 μg bait was equivalent to that obtained using live virgin females.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02382175
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  • 15
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Development, reproduction, voltinism and host synchrony ofMeteorus trachynotus with its hostsChoristoneura fumiferana andC. rosaceana (1995)
    Springer
    Entomologia experimentalis et applicata 76 (1995), S. 67-82 
    Details
    ISSN: 1570-7458
    Schlagwort(e): synchrony ; voltinism ; alternating hosts ; phenology ; variability ; model ; Hymenoptera ; Lepidoptera ; Braconidae ; Tortricidae
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Biologie
    Beschreibung / Inhaltsverzeichnis: Résumé Nous avons mesuré la forme et la variabilité des réactions de cause à effet entre la température et le développement de la braconideMeteorus trachynotus (Vier.) se développant à l'intérieur de larves deChoristoneura fumiferana (Clem.) et deC. rosaceana (Harr.). Le parasitisme réduit la durée et la variabilité de la postdiapause deC. rosaceana, et le développement du parasitoîde ne reprend qu'une fois l'hôte émergé de diapause. Le développement et l'entrée en diapause deM. trachynotus sont sous le contrôle de l'hôte. Dans des larves-hôtes agées et non diapausantes, le parasitoîde peut engendrer une génération en moins de 348 degrés-jours au-dessus de 5,9°C. Les adultes mâles et femelles vivent en moyenne 22,0 et 23,8 jours à 20°C, et la période de prèoviposition est de 1,7 jour. La fécondité totale est de 194,2 oeufs par femelle, et une faible densité d'hôtes la réduit considérablement. Dans nos conditions expérimentales, les femelles deM. trachynotus pondent au plus 14,3 oeufs par jour, la moyenne maximale étant de 3,7 oeufs par hôte. Des simulations basées sur l'accumulation de degrés-jours pour 13 endroits dans l'est du Canada ont indiqué que le parasitoîde est bien synchronisé avec ses deux hôtes alternants, queM. trachynotus peut engendrer jusqu'à trois générations par année dans la plupart des endroits, et que son voltinisme est déterminé essentiellement par l'entrée en diapause des larves deC. rosaceana. Le chevauchement entre la période de vol des adultes du parasitoîde et celle de la disponibilité des larves de la tordeuse des bourgeons de l'épinette est incomplet, et il semble que ce synchronisme inadéquat soit un aspect important dans les interactions écologiques entre ces deux organismes.
    Notizen: Abstract The form and variability of temperature-dependent development responses were measured for the braconid parasitoidMeteorus trachynotus (Vier.), developing inChoristoneura fumiferana (Clem.) andC. rosaceana (Harr.). It was found that parasitism reduces the duration and variability of postdiapause development inC. rosaceana larvae, and that the development of the parasitoid does not resume until its host emerges from diapause.M. trachynotus development and entry into diapause are controlled by the host. In large, nondiapausing hosts, the parasitoid can complete one generation in about 348 degree-days above 5.9°C. Male and female adults live an average of 22.0 and 23.8 days at 20°C, and the preoviposition period is 1.7 days. Total fecundity averages 194.2 eggs per female and is reduced considerably by low host density. Under our experimental conditions, femaleM. trachynotus lay a maximum of 14.3 eggs per day, with a maximum of 3.7 eggs per host, on average. Simulations based on degree-day accumulation in 13 locations in eastern Canada showed that the parasitoid was well synchronized with its two alternative hosts, thatM. trachynotus could complete three generations in most locations, and that voltinism was essentially determined by entry ofC. rosaceana larvae into diapause. Overlap between adult parasitoids and larvae of the spruce budworm is incomplete, and inadequate synchrony seems to be an important aspect of the ecological interactions between these two organisms.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02382312
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  • 16
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Transport and kinetics of diflubenzuron and pyriproxyfen in the beet armywormSpodoptera exigua and its predatorPodisus maculiventris (1995)
    Springer
    Entomologia experimentalis et applicata 76 (1995), S. 189-194 
    Details
    ISSN: 1570-7458
    Schlagwort(e): insect growth regulators ; diflubenzuron ; pyriproxyfen ; Podisus maculiventris ; Heteroptera ; predation ; Spodoptera exigua ; Lepidoptera ; side-effects
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Biologie
    Notizen: Abstract Transport and retention of the insect growth regulators (IGRs) diflubenzuron and pyriproxyfen in larvae of the beet armywormSpodoptera exigua (Hübner) and in nymphs of the predatory bugPodisus maculiventris (Say) were investigated. In a first experiment, the retention of orally administered [14C]radiolabeled isotopes of both compounds in fifth-instar larvae of the beet armyworm was studied. Rate of excretion of both IGRs inS. exigua caterpillars was high, with a 50% excretion time of approximately 6 h after intake. In a second experiment, the transport of the compounds from prey to predator and their retention inside the predator were studied. Fifthinstar nymphs ofP. maculiventris were allowed to feed on caterpillars that had been given contaminated food. For both diflubenzuron and pyriproxyfen, more than 80% of the amount of radiolabel applied was recovered in consumed prey. Low levels of radioactivity (c. 3% of the applied amount of radiolabel) were also found in the fluid regurgitated by the prey larvae when attacked by the predatory bugs. Relatively small amounts of radiolabel (c. 8 and 15% of the amount orally applied to the prey for diflubenzuron and pyriproxyfen, respectively) were ingested byP. maculiventris nymphs when feeding on beet armyworm caterpillars. The data suggest that the predators did not use gut content as food. The pattern of excretion in nymphs ofP. maculiventris differed between compounds. For diflubenzuron, there was a drastic decrease of radioactivity inside the predator body of around 40% within the first 6 h and then the level of retained radiolabel remained stable at 3–4% up to 72 h. For pyriproxyfen, a slow decrease of radioactivity inside the body was observed and at 72 h only 2% of the applied quantity was detected. Results of this study are discussed in relation to the findings from previous studies on the toxicity of both IGRs toP. maculiventris.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02383217
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  • 17
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Morphological and electrophysiological characteristics of the epipharyngeal sensilla of the silkworm, Bombyx mori (1995)
    Springer
    Entomologia experimentalis et applicata 77 (1995), S. 167-176 
    Details
    ISSN: 1570-7458
    Schlagwort(e): epipharyngeal sensilla ; contact chemoreception ; electrophysiology ; Lepidoptera ; Bombyx mori
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Biologie
    Notizen: Abstract One pair of gustatory sensilla was found on the epipharynx ofBombyx mori larvae, and some morphological and electrophysiological characteristics of the epipharyngeal sensilla were investigated. They are sensilla coeloconica composed of a small papilla with a pore at the tip and a swelling of cuticle encircling the papilla. Three bipolar neurons innervate each sensillum. One neuron is an inositol receptor which responds to inositol only. Another cell responds with action potentials of relatively large amplitude to some feeding deterrent substances, such as strychnine nitrate. The thresholds of these cells for inositol and strychnine nitrate are approximately 10−4 M and 10−7 M, respectively. At least two kinds of spikes can be observed when these sensilla are stimulated with some salts and acids. Dose-response relationships and time courses of responses to inositol and strychnine nitrate were also examined in this study.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02383030
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  • 18
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Effect of a vertical object on the sex pheromone-mediated flight and landing behaviors of the male lightbrown apple moth,Epiphyas postvittana (walker) (Lepidoptera: Tortricidae) (1995)
    Springer
    Journal of insect behavior 8 (1995), S. 465-484 
    Details
    ISSN: 1572-8889
    Schlagwort(e): orientation ; turbulence ; visual cues ; Lepidoptera ; Tortricidae
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Biologie
    Notizen: Abstract A small (2.5-cm-wide) vertical (10-cm-high) white object influenced the sex pheromone-mediated flight and landing behaviors of maleEpiphyas postvittana. When the vertical object was positioned on a horizontal surface to the side (3–5 cm) and upwind of a pheromone source (in the middle of the surface), the distribution of landing positions of males on the surface was different from that when the object was not present; males tended to land in positions skewed toward the side of the source that the object was on. The closer the object was positioned to the source, the greater the number of males that landed on the object (rather than on the horizontal surface). This difference in landing positions (when the object was present) corresponded with changes in the flight tracks; the tracks of males flying to the surface with an object were skewed toward the object and had higher amplitude intertrack reversal distances than the tracks of males flying to a surface without a vertical object. Positioning of a vertical object progressively upwind of the source resulted, apparently, in decreased effects on the landing (and presumably flight) behavior of males. The effect of the vertical object on the flight and landing behaviors of males corresponded largely with changes in pheromone plume structure (visualized with smoke) induced by the extra turbulence in the airflow over the source. Thus it appears that the vertical object influences the behavior of maleE. postvittana largely through the olfactory sensory modality. However, when a clear, Mylar object, in place of the white object, was placed on the surface, more males landed on the Mylar object (than did on the white object), suggesting that the vertical object may also influence the behavior of males through the visual modality.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01995320
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  • 19
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    The effect of plant chemistry on the acceptability of caterpillar prey to the argentine antIridomyrmex humilils (Hymenoptera: Formicidae) (1995)
    Springer
    Journal of insect behavior 8 (1995), S. 579-593 
    Details
    ISSN: 1572-8889
    Schlagwort(e): Iridomyrmex humilis ; predation ; chemical defense ; nicotine ; Lepidoptera ; plant/insect interactions ; herbivore
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Biologie
    Notizen: Abstract Experiments were performed to test the acceptability of two palatable, cryptic caterpillars, the tobacco hornworm,Manduca sexta, and the cabbage looper,Trichoplusia ni, reared on different diets, to the Argentine ant,Iridomyrmex humilis. Ants preferred larvae reared on artificial diet, groundcherry, or cowpea to tobacco-reared larvae. Ants also preferred larvae reared on artificial diet without nicotine to larvae reared on diet containing nicotine (5% dry wt). Experiments were also performed to test the response of ants to larval extracts and chemicals applied to the surface of palatable prey. Ants did not respond differently to larvae of the potato tuber moth,Phthorimaea operculella, treated with larval extracts or regurgitate from tobacco-reared larvae compared to artificialdiet-reared larvae, but ants were deterred byP. operculella larvae treated with nicotine compared to untreated larvae. The results of this study indicate that caterpillars can derive at least some degree of chemical protection from their food plant without sequestering and storing plant compounds and without the development of elaborate aposematic characteristics.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01997232
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  • 20
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    The parasitoidCotesia glomerata (Hymenoptera: Braconidae) discriminates between first and fifth larval instars of its hostPieris brassicae, on the basis of contact cues from frass, silk, and herbivore-damaged leaf tissue (1995)
    Springer
    Journal of insect behavior 8 (1995), S. 485-498 
    Details
    ISSN: 1572-8889
    Schlagwort(e): Pieris brassicae ; Lepidoptera ; Pieridae ; Cotesia glomerata ; Hymenoptera ; Braconidae ; behavior ; parasitoid ; tritrophic interaction ; host suitability ; kairomone ; host instar selection
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Biologie
    Notizen: Abstract Adult females of the larval parasitoidCotesia glomerata (L.) respond to chemical cues associated with feeding damage inflicted on cabbage plants by its host,Pieris brassicae (L.). The use of these infochemicals by the parasitoid during selection of the most suitable host instar was investigated. The parasitoid can successfully parasitize first-instar host larvae, while contacts with fifth-instar larvae are very risky since these caterpillars react to parasitization attempts by biting, spitting, and hitting, resulting in a high probability of the parasitoid being seriously injured or killed. Observations of the locomotor behavior of individual wasps on leaves with feeding damage inflicted by the first and the fifth larval instars and on host silk and frass showed that several cues affect the duration of searching by the parasitoids after reaching a leaf: cues on the margin of the feeding damage and cues in the host frass and silk. Whole frass, silk, and hexane extracts of frass obtained from first-instar elicited parasitoid's searching behavior significantly longer than frass, silk, and hexane extract of frass from the fifth instar. The results demonstrate thatC. glomerata can discriminate between first instars, which are more suitable hosts, and fifth instars ofP. brassicae without contacting the caterpillars, by exploiting instar-related cues.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01995321
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  • 21
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Olfaction in Lepidoptera (1995)
    Springer
    Cellular and molecular life sciences 51 (1995), S. 1003-1027 
    Details
    ISSN: 1420-9071
    Schlagwort(e): Olfaction ; olfactory receptor neuron ; sensillum ; antenna ; antennal lobe ; glomerulus ; pheromone ; kairomone ; host odour ; Lepidoptera
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Biologie , Medizin
    Notizen: Abstract Odours play a very important role in the life of insects belonging to the order Lepidoptera. In the present paper, a review is given of the current knowledge of morphology, development and function of the olfactory system in larval and adult moths and butterflies. Research regarding both the antennal and accessory olfactory pathways, as well as both the pheromone and the host odour detecting systems, is reviewed.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01946910
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  • 22
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Maintenance of innate feeding preferences by a polyphagous insect despite ingestion of applied deleterious chemicals (1987)
    Springer
    Entomologia experimentalis et applicata 44 (1987), S. 221-227 
    Details
    ISSN: 1570-7458
    Schlagwort(e): Antifeedants ; aversion learning ; fall armyworm ; feeding behavior ; polyphagy ; Spodoptera ; Lepidoptera
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Biologie
    Beschreibung / Inhaltsverzeichnis: Résumé Nous avons examiné si l'introduction d'une substance chimique nocive dans la plante-hôte préférée pouvait modifier la hiérarchie des choix durant le reste de la vie d'un insecte phytophage. Le comportement de préférence de Spodoptera frugiperda pour le maïs (Zea mays) vis à vis des Phaseolus, a été quantifié dans un dispositif à choix binaire, ont suivi des expériences au cours desquelles les chenilles devaient s'alimenter, soit sur maïs sain, soit sur maïs traité. Chaque essai concernait un composé chimique (15 au total), 13 étant des substances allélochimiques naturelles, 2 des insecticides de synthèse. Aux concentrations étudiées, aucun des produits n'a eu d'effet dissuasif. Les effets nocifs pendant l'exposition sur les chenilles comprenaient une croissance et une taille réduites, une irritation et, dans quelques cas, la mort. Aucune des expériences de choix binaire, avec des chenilles ayant subi cette exposition, n'a modifié les préférences. Cependant les chenilles, qui avaient été exposées au gossypol ou à l'acide monocarboxylique éthyl ester de chrysanthemum, ont consommé moins pendant les stades ultérieurs que ce que l'on pouvait attendre en absence de choix. Le degré d'aversion acquis par chaque chenille dépendait de l'importance des maux qu'elle avait subis précédemment.
    Notizen: Abstract The question of whether the appearance of a novel deleterious chemical in a preferred host plant could alter the relative degree of preference by a polyphagous insect during its lifetime was considered. The behavioral preference of fall armyworm, Spodoptera frugiperda (J. E. Smith), for corn (Zea mays L.) over red kidney bean Phaseolus spp. was quantified in a two-way choice test, and followed by a no-choice test in which the same larvae were fed either treated or untreated corn. Each treatment consisted of one of 15 compounds, including 13 naturally occurring allelochemicals and two synthetic insecticides. None of the test chemicals had any inherently deterrent effect at the rates tested. Deleterious effects on the larvae during exposure included reduced growth, reduced size, irritancy, and in some cases death. After this exposure the two way choice test was repeated. All test compounds failed to elicit a change in relative preference during the final two-way choice test. However, larvae exposed to gossypol and chrysanthemum monocarboxylic acid ester fed less than expected during the latter stages of no-choice conditions. The degree of aversion learning by each larva was related to the degree of prior sickness it had experienced.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00369182
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  • 23
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    The importance of the behaviour of young larvae in sorghum resistance to Chilo partellus (1987)
    Springer
    Entomologia experimentalis et applicata 45 (1987), S. 47-54 
    Details
    ISSN: 1570-7458
    Schlagwort(e): Lepidoptera ; Pyralidae ; Chilo partellus ; spotted stem borer ; resistance mechanism ; larval establishment ; egg infestation ; larval infestation ; bazooka applicator
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Biologie
    Beschreibung / Inhaltsverzeichnis: Résumé L'Institut International de Recherches sur les Cultures en Régions Semi-Arides (ICRISAT) étudie la protection contre C. partellus Swinhoe par l'utilisation de cultivars résistants. Différents cultivars présentent une résistance à différents stades de croissance de la plante, et à différents stades de l'insecte. La résistance du sorgho à C. partellus dépend de plusieurs mécanismes, l'un d'eux conditionnant l'installation des chenilles du premier stade dans le verticille de la plante. Cependant, la lenteur de l'installation d'est un facteur lié à la résistance que chez quelques cultivars. Plusiers facteurs physiques et chimiques sont associés à l'installation préférentielle des jeunes chenilles dans le verticille foliare. Parmi les caractères physiques, le port érigé des feuilles, la présence de poches à leur base et les cires superficielles sont impliqués dans l'installation des chenilles. Une analyse chimique détaillée d'extraits des structures superficielles a montré que la concentration d'une substance, le C32 “marqueur” de la lignée résistante IS 2205, était 2 fois plus faible que dans les lignées sensibles IS 1151 et CSH 1.
    Notizen: Abstract Management of spotted stem borer, Chilo partellus (Swinhoe) by the use of resistant cultivars is being developed at ICRISAT. Different cultivars show resistance based on several mechanisms, one of which affects the establishment of first instar larvae in the plant whorl. However, it has been found that low establishment is a factor associated with resistance only in some cultivars and not in others. A number of physical and chemical plant factors are associated with preferential establishment of the young larvae in the leaf whorl. Among the physical characteristics, erect leaves and curled leaf bases are involved in larval establishment. Detailed chemical analysis of surface extracts showed that the concentration of one compound in the wax is related to resistance at this stage and assessment of physical and chemical plant characters has been used to predict resistance.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00343624
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  • 24
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    The effect of age of current-year shoots of Picea glauca on survival, development time, and feeding efficiency of 6th-instar larvae of Choristoneura fumiferana (1987)
    Springer
    Entomologia experimentalis et applicata 43 (1987), S. 251-260 
    Details
    ISSN: 1570-7458
    Schlagwort(e): spruce budworm ; Choristoneura fumiferana ; Lepidoptera ; Tortricidae ; white spruce ; Picea glauca ; food consumption ; survival ; development time ; artificial diet
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Biologie
    Beschreibung / Inhaltsverzeichnis: Résumé De la poudre lyophilysée de pousses de l'année de Picea glauca a été introduite dans le régime de chenilles du 6ème stade de Choristoneura fumiferana: 20% de poudre de pousses, 1.2% de gélifiant, 78.8% d'eau. Il est ainsi possible de déterminer à 2 mg près la quantité d'aliment consommée par chaque chenille, et, ainsi, de calculer, pour chacune, l'indice alimentaire, dont la prise de nourriture est l'une des variables. Avec de tels régimes préparés à partie de pousses recueillies au cours de 1983, on a constaté que la date de nymphose, la quantité consommée, et le poids ultérieur des papillons dépendaient du sexe de la chenille. En général, les chenilles femelles se nymphosent plus tard, consomment plus et donnent des papillons plus lourds (poids sec) que les chenilles mâles. L'efficacité de l'assimilation et celle de la transformation en biomasse de papillon ne différent pas suivant les sexes, c'est-à-dire qu'ils ont la même aptitude à digérer les pousses. Les taux de survie de chenille à nymphe et de nymphe à imago ne différent donc pas. Cependant, certains de ces paramètres et d'autres changent en fonction de l'âge des pousses annuelles. Quand elles ont été récoltées 7 jours après le débourrement (il a lieu le 20 mai), la survie jusqu'en nymphe est de 93% contre 74% de survie totale; avec des pousses récoltées 52 jours après le débourrement (11 juillet) les taux de survie sont respectivement 7% et 1.4%; avec des pousses récoltées 146 jours après le débourrement (13 octobre) les survies sont 71% et 50%. Des pousses récoltées 28 jours ou plus après le débourrement, retardent la date de nymphose de 25% par rapport à celles récoltées entre 7 et 14 après le débourrement; parallèlement, elles abaissent l'efficacité de l'assimilation de 39%, l'efficacité de conversion de la biomasse de 125%, et le poids des papillons de 54%. Ces changements sont liés à une diminution de la teneur en azote des pousses de 2.1% à environ 1% du poids sec. Cependant la corrélation entre la survie des chenilles et la teneur en azote n'est pas rigoureuse et un facteur encore inconnu est supposé responsable de l'augmentation de la mortalité quand les chenilles consomment (dans leur régime) des pousses récoltées début juillet, 52 jours après le débourrement. Les travaux destinés à identifier ce facteur inconnu sont en cours.
    Notizen: Abstract Diets prepared from lyophilized and powdered current-year (1983) shoots of white spruce Picea glauca (Moench) Voss were offered to 6th-instar larvae of spruce budworm, Choristoneura fumiferana (Clemens) (Lepidoptera: Tortricidae). With increasing age of current-year shoots, time to pupation increased whereas survival, assimilation efficiency, efficiency of conversion of diet to moth biomass, and moth dry weight generally decreased. Sex of the larvae influenced amount ingested, time to pupation, and subsequent moth weight but not survival, assimilation efficiency, and efficiency of conversion of diet to moth biomass.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00343557
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  • 25
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Pine monoterpenes stimulate oviposition in the pine beauty moth, Panolis flammea (1987)
    Springer
    Entomologia experimentalis et applicata 43 (1987), S. 295-297 
    Details
    ISSN: 1570-7458
    Schlagwort(e): Oviposition stimulants ; Panolis flammea ; Lepidoptera ; Noctuidae ; Pinus contorta
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Biologie
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00343565
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  • 26
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Field activity of sex pheromone components of Peribatodes rhomboidaria (1987)
    Springer
    Entomologia experimentalis et applicata 44 (1987), S. 199-201 
    Details
    ISSN: 1570-7458
    Schlagwort(e): (Z,Z)-6,9-nonadecadien-3-one ; (Z,Z,Z)-3,6,9-nonadecatriene ; Peribatodes rhomboidaria ; Lepidoptera ; Geometridae ; sex pheromone ; field tests
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Biologie
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00367630
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  • 27
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Influence of host-plants on the wind dispersal and the survival of an Australian geometrid caterpillar (1987)
    Springer
    Entomologia experimentalis et applicata 44 (1987), S. 289-294 
    Details
    ISSN: 1570-7458
    Schlagwort(e): Lepidoptera ; Geometridae ; Ectropis excursaria ; first instars ; wind dispersal ; survival ; host-plants ; host-selection
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Biologie
    Beschreibung / Inhaltsverzeichnis: Résumé Les femelles d'E. excursaria ne pondent pas là où les chenilles de premier stade s'alimentent. La dispersion par le vent, a été examinée comme l'un des éléments de la sélection de la plante-hôte par les chenilles du premier stade. Cette dispersion était influencée par la nature du végétal et par l'âge du feuillage. La dispersion à partir de 3 plantes de valeurs alimentaires différentes n'a pas été modifiée par le jeûne du premier stade. Le taux de survie, sur feuilles coupées et sur plantes en pot, a été aussi influencé par la nature du végétal. Il y a eu une corrélation positive significative entre le pourcentage de chenilles de premier stade restant sur le feuillage de l'hôte lors d'expériences de dispersion et le taux de survie sur ce feuillage. On peut suggérer que le comportement alimentaire polyphage des chenilles et la fécondité élevée des femelles peuvent avoir contribué à la stratégie de dispersion larvaire, comme processus de sélection larvaire, au détriment d'une sélection du lieu de ponte par les femelles.
    Notizen: Abstract The wind dispersal and survival of the first instars of a native polyphagous geometrid, Ectropis excursaria (Guenée) on Citrus sinensis (L.), Cupressus macrocarpa Hartw., Eucalyptus camaldulensis Dehn., Medicago sativa (L.) and Pinus radiata D. Don., were studied. A positive correlation existed between the percentage of caterpillars remaining on the foliage in dispersal experiments and the percent survival of caterpillars on these host-plants. The results are discussed in relation to the host-selection strategy of the first instars and the advantages of dispersal are compared for adult females and young larvae.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00369191
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  • 28
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Physiological interactions and development synchronisations between non-diapausing Ostrinia nubilalis larvae and the tachinid parasitoid Pseudoperichaeta nigrolineata (1987)
    Springer
    Entomologia experimentalis et applicata 45 (1987), S. 157-165 
    Details
    ISSN: 1570-7458
    Schlagwort(e): Ostrinia nubilalis ; Pyralidae ; Lepidoptera ; Pseudoperichaeta nigrolineata ; Tachinidae ; Diptera ; larval development ; host-parasitoid relationship ; development synchronisation
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Biologie
    Beschreibung / Inhaltsverzeichnis: Résumé Les relations physiologiques entre O. nubilalis et le tachinidae P. nigrolineata ont été étudiées dans des conditions abiotiques telles que l'hôte présente un développement sans diapause. Le parasitoïde ralentit la prise de poids de l'hôte: le poids maximal des chenilles parasitées ne représente que 78% de celui des chenilles saines. Seule la durée du 5ème stade est significativement plus longue chez les chenilles parasitées que chez les saines (10,4 contre 8,0 jours). L'influence de l'hôte sur le développement du parasitoïde à été expérimentée en parasitant des stades 2 à 5 d'O. nubilalis. Lorsque l'infestation a lieu au stade 2, le développement larvaire complet du parasitoî de dure deux fois plus longtemps que lorsque l'infestation a lieu au stade 5. Le meilleur rendement en pupes (50%) est obtenu lorsque l'infestation a lieu au stade 3. Il a été montré qu'il existe une bonne synchronisation entre le développement de l'hôte et de son parasitoî de. Il y a 4 phases physiologiques du développement larvaire de P. nigrolineata qui semblent nécessiter un signal provenant de l'hôte pour être dépassées. Ainsi peuvent être mis en relation: — le début de la croissance de la larve néonate du parasitoî de et l'ecdysis 3/4 de l'hôte; — la première mue du parasitoïde et l'ecdysis 4/5 de l'hôte; — la reprise de la croissance du stade II du parasitoïde, vers un poids de 1 mg et la remontée des taux d'ecdystéroïdes au milieu du stade 5 de l'hôte. et probablement, — la seconde mue du parasitoïde et l'apolyse nymphale de l'hôte. Les expérimentations vont se poursuivre pour déterminer les facteurs en cause. Ces phénomènes de synchronisation seront aussi étudiés dans le cas de la diapause de l'hôte.
    Notizen: Abstract The physiological relationships between Ostrinia nubilalis Hübner and its tachinid parasitoid Pseudoperichaeta nigrolineata Walker are described under abiotic conditions which induce development of the host without diapause. The parasitoid lowers the larval growth of the host: the maximal weight attained by the parasitized larvae represented only 78% of that of healthy ones. The duration of the last larval host instar increased to 10.4 days in parasitized O. nubilalis compared to 8.0 days in unparasitized ones. The influence of the host on the parasitoid development was studied experimentally after parasitization of O. nubilalis larvae of instars 2 to 5. When the second larval instar of the host is parasitized, the overall duration of parasitoid larval development lasts twice as long as when the fifth instar is parasitized. The best yield of parasitoid pupariae (50%) is obtained when parasitization occurs in instar 3. We show that good synchronisation exists between the larval development of the host and its parasitoid. There are four phases of parasitoid development which would appear to require a ‘signal’ from the host: the start of the growth of newly hatched parasitoid larvae and the 3rd to 4th instar ecdysis of the host; the first moulting of the parasitoid and the 4th to 5th instar ecdysis of the host; the growth resumption of the parasitoid instar II (weight about 1 mg) and the small rise of the ecdysteroid level in the middle of host instar 5; and in all probability, the second parasitoid moulting and the larval-pupal apolysis of the host.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00305642
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  • 29
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Effectiveness and persistence of the oviposition deterring pheromone of Pieris brassicae in the field (1987)
    Springer
    Entomologia experimentalis et applicata 45 (1987), S. 227-235 
    Details
    ISSN: 1570-7458
    Schlagwort(e): oviposition deterrent ; pheromone ; field experiments ; pre-oviposition behaviour ; dispersal ; Pieris brassicae ; Lepidoptera
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Biologie
    Beschreibung / Inhaltsverzeichnis: Résumé L'étude de l'efficacité de la phéromone dissuasive de la ponte (ODP) de P. brassicae a été effectuée au cours de petites expériences dans la nature. Dans des cages contenant des choux traités à l'ODP et des choux témoins, des femelles isolées ont été lâchées et leur comportement a été suivi jusqu'à ce qu'elles aient choisi un lieu de ponte. Dans les expériences sans plantes traitées à l'ODP, la ponte avait lieu uniformément sur les plantes de la cage. En présence de la phéromone, la ponte était concentrée sur les plantes situées sur deux côtés de la cage. La distribution des tentatives de ponte sur plantes témoins et traitées dans les expériences avec phéromone ne différait cependant pas de la distribution observée dans les expériences témoins. Ceci montre que pour ces conditions expérimentales dans la nature, l'efficacité finale de la phéromone est nulle. Cependant, la durée du comportement de préponte et le nombre moyen d'atterrissages pendant la sélection du lieu de ponte par les pondeuses était tous les deux accrus significativement en présence de phéromone. L'ODP a modifié aussi le nombre d'atterrissages sur les plantes témoins qui étaient plus élevés dans les expériences avec phéromone que dans les expériences témoins. Sans phéromone, les femelles libérées au centre de la cage avaient tendance à voler vers les parois de la cage. La présence d'ODP a stimulé ce comportement et, de plus, a dissuadé le retour des femelles vers le centre de la cage, réduisant ainsi la ponte sur les plantes au centre du lot. Des expériences de laboratoire avec des feuilles de plantes traitées dans la nature ont montré la persistance de la phéromone pendant au moins 5 jours dans les conditions de la nature. Nous en avons conclu que, dans la nature, ODP agit en modifiant le comportement de pré-ponte des femelles et en stimulant l'activité de dispersion, plutôt qu'en fournissant une protection absolue contre la ponte de P. brassicae.
    Notizen: Abstract In small-scale field experiments the potency of the oviposition deterring pheromone (ODP) of Pieris brassicae as a pest control agent has been studied. In a field cage containing control and ODP-treated cabbage plants, single females were released and their behaviour observed until they had selected an oviposition site. In experiments without ODP-treated plants, oviposition occurred evenly on plants throughout the cage. In the presence of the pheromone, oviposition was concentrated on plants along two sides of the cage. The distribution of oviposition attempts on control and treated plants in pheromone experiments, however, was not significantly different from that in the control experiments. This means that under these field conditions, i.e. within a cage, the ultimate effectiveness of the pheromone is nil. However, the duration of pre-oviposition behaviour and the mean number of landings during the site-selection process by ovipositing females were both found to be significantly increased in the presence of the pheromone. The ODP also affected the relative number of landings on control plants, which was higher in the pheromone runs than in the control runs. Without pheromone, females released from the center of the cage tended to fly to the sides of the cage. The presence of ODP stimulates this flight behaviour and, moreover, discourages females from returning to the center of the cage, thereby reducing oviposition on central plants in the field plot. Laboratory experiments with leaves from treated field plants indicated persistence of the pheromone under field conditions for at least 5 days. It is concluded that in the field the ODP acts as a modifier of female pre-oviposition behaviour and stimulates dispersal activity, rather than giving absolute protection against P. brassicae oviposition.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00343583
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  • 30
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Range of action of moth sex-attractant sources (1987)
    Springer
    Entomologia experimentalis et applicata 44 (1987), S. 5-14 
    Details
    ISSN: 1570-7458
    Schlagwort(e): Pheromone ; sex-attractant ; range ; attraction ; stimulation ; sampling ; Lepidoptera ; Cydia nigricana ; mark and recapture
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Biologie
    Notizen: Abstract Observations and experiments which indicate the range of attraction of a sex-attractant source are distinguished from those which show its range of stimulation or sampling range. Published evidence of these ranges for lepidopteran sex-attractant sources is reviewed. In particular, evidence for the values of these three parameters for traps containing 100 μg of synthetic sex-pheromone of the pea moth, Cydia nigricana (F.), is presented, including the results of a timed mark and recapture experiment. It is concluded that for C. nigricana the ranges of attraction, stimulation and the daily sampling range for such a source placed in a cereal crop are at least 200, 500 and 500 m respectively.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00361302
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  • 31
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Hickory shuckworm Cydia caryana: electroantennogram and flight tunnel studies of potential sex pheromone components (1987)
    Springer
    Entomologia experimentalis et applicata 44 (1987), S. 23-30 
    Details
    ISSN: 1570-7458
    Schlagwort(e): Lepidoptera ; Tortricidae ; Olethreutinae ; Cydia caryana ; sex pheromone ; electroantennogram ; flight tunnel ; behavior
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Biologie
    Beschreibung / Inhaltsverzeichnis: Résumé Les réponses olfactives antennaires de Cydia caryana, mesurées par électroantennogrammes (EAG), aux alcools et acétates à carbones monounsaturés en positions 12 et 14, ont montré que le système conjugué de double liaison, (E)-8-, (E)-10- du dodecadien-1-ol acétate constitue un composé chimique strutural critique de la phéromone sexuelle de C. caryana. De plus, les acétates: (E)-8-dodecen-1-ol,(Z)-8-dodecen-1-ol,(Z)-9-dodecen-1-ol, et le (Z)-12-tetradecen-1-ol, se sont révélés en AEG comme des composés secondaires de la phéromone. L'étude par AEG de la relation dose-réponse a conduit à l'hypothèse de deux catégories de populations de récepteurs de phéromones. L'analyse comportementale des résponses des papillons mâles dans le tunnel de vol aux composés qui ont provoqués les plus forts AEG, on fait estimer que les acétates (E,E)-8,10-dodécadien-1-ol et (Z)-9-dodecen-1-ol ressemblent (ou sont) les constituants de la phéromone sexuelle de C. caryana; tandis que les (Z)-8-dodecen-1-ol et (E)-10-dodecen-1-ol sont, soit des paraphéromones, soit des constituants mineurs de la phéromone. La signification biologique du (Z)-12-tétradécen-1-ol a été difficile à interprêter avec les expériences en tunnel de vol.
    Notizen: Abstract Electroantennogram (EAG) measurement of male Cydia caryana moth antennal olfactory response to monounsaturated 12 and 14 carbon alcohols and acetates indicated that the (E)-8-, (E)-10- conjugated double bond system of a dodecadien-1-ol acetate is a critical chemical structural component of the C. caryana sex pheromone. Additionally, EAG measurements implicated (E)-8-dodecen-1-ol acetate, (Z)-8-dodecen-1-ol acetate, (Z)-9-dodecen-1-ol acetate and (Z)-12-tetradecen-1-ol as potential minor pheromonal components. An EAG dosage-response study suggested that there were at least two heterologous populations of pheromone acceptors. Behavioral analysis of male moth response in a flight tunnel to compounds which evoked the stronger EAG responses suggested that (E,E)-8,10-dodecadien-1-ol acetate and (Z)-9-dodecen-1-ol acetate resemble or are C. caryana sex pheromonal components, while (Z)-8-dodecen-1-ol acetate and (E)-10-dodecen-1-ol acetate are either parapheromones or are minor pheromone components. Behavioral significance of (Z)-12-tetradecen-1-ol was difficult to interpret in the flight tunnel.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00361305
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  • 32
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    A pheromone mimic: disruption of mating communication in the navel orangeworm, Amyelois transitella, with Z,Z-1,12,14-heptadecatriene (1987)
    Springer
    Entomologia experimentalis et applicata 44 (1987), S. 249-255 
    Details
    ISSN: 1570-7458
    Schlagwort(e): Lepidoptera ; Pyralidae ; navel orangeworm ; Amyelois transitella ; pheromone mimic ; mating disruption ; Z,Z-1,12,14-heptadecatriene ; Z,Z-11,13-hexadecadienal
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Biologie
    Beschreibung / Inhaltsverzeichnis: Résumé Le Z-Z-1,12,14-heptacécatriène, qui mime l'aldéhyde Z-Z-11,13-hexadécadénial, principal composé de la phéromone de A. transitella Walker, a été essayé pour interrompre les accouplements dans la nature. Un conditionnement avec plastique stratifié a mieux dispersé le triène que la présentation en capsules de polyéthylène. Comme dans le cas des autres produits examinés précédemment, ce triène a interrompu l'attraction sexuelle (réduction du nombre de mâles capturés dans les pièges, réduction du nombre d'accouplements) de A. transitella dans les vergers d'amandiers, pendant moins longtemps que l'aldéhyde. Placé dans des pièges contenant des femelles vierges, il est efficace comme l'aldehyde pendant 5 semaines, pendant 3 semaines lorsqu'il est placé autour des pièges et pendant 13 jours quand il est utilisé dans des parcelles de 9 arbres. Des essais ultérieurs avec d'autres présentations et des quantités plus élevées de triène devraient montrer si ce produit peut être utilisé pour l'interruption des accouplements. Les analogues de phéromones ont généralement une plus grande stabilité et un coût de synthèse moins élevé que les aldéhydes.
    Notizen: Abstract A novel olefinic analog, Z,Z-1,12,14-heptadecatriene, was synthesized from Z,Z-11,13-hexadecadienal, a major pheromone component of the navel orangeworm, Amyelois transitella (Walker) (Lepidoptera: Pyralidae), and evaluated as a potential disruptant of mating communication in commercial almond orchards. The effectiveness of the triene as a disruptant was compared to that of the aldehyde by evaluating the reduction in captures of feral males in female-baited traps and the reduction in mating success for females. The triene was highly effective in bringing about reductions in male captures in traps in all tests relative to controls. This effectiveness lasted as long as 5 weeks in one test and was influenced by type of dispenser, release rate and proximity of dispensers to female-baited traps. In none of the tests did the triene outperform the aldehyde in reducing male captures. The results of mating success tests showed the triene to be ineffective relative to controls (26% reduction) while the aldehyde yielded 100% reductions in matings during a 6-day period.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00369186
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  • 33
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Influence of fertilizer on southwestern corn borer, Diatraea grandiosella, infestation and damage to field corn (1987)
    Springer
    Entomologia experimentalis et applicata 43 (1987), S. 271-274 
    Details
    ISSN: 1570-7458
    Schlagwort(e): Southwestern corn borer ; Diatraea grandiosella ; Lepidoptera ; insects and fertilizer
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Biologie
    Beschreibung / Inhaltsverzeichnis: Résumé Nous avons étudié les corrélations entre l'utilisation d'engrais azotés et phosphatés d'une part, l'infestation et l'alimentation de D. grandiosella sur maïs en champs d'autre part. Les formules d'engrais comparées étaient: pas d'engrais, 90 et 179 kg N/ha sans P, 45 et 90 kg P/ha sans N, et les combinaisons de ces deux teneurs en N et P. La contamination était plus élevée dans les lots ayant reçu de l'azote que dans ceux traités sans N, mais la présence d'azote n'a pas réduit le décapage des tiges et la verse dus à l'alimentatin larvaire. A l'inverse, les lots n'ayant reçu que du phosphore avaient des pourcentages plus faibles de tiges contaminées par D. grandiosella et ainsi décapées et versées, que ceux qui n'avaient pas reçu P. Il n'a pas eu de différences significatives dans les contaminations ou les dégats entre les lots ayant reçu différentes combinaisons de N et P, et les effets de ces combinaisons sur l'insecte étaient intermédiaires à ceux de N et P seuls.
    Notizen: Abstract Nitrogen (N) and phosphorus (P) fertilizers have differing effects on southwestern corn borer (SWCB). Diatraea grandiosella Dyar, densities and damage to field corn, Zea mays L. Nitrogen fertilization of corn is associated with an increase in number of stalks infested and girdled by corn borers, while addition of P has the opposite effect. When combinations of N and P were applied, there were no significant differences in SWCB infestation or damage from plots receiving no fertilizer. The effect of combinations of N and P on SWCB were intermediate to either element alone.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00343560
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  • 34
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Pyrrolizidine alkaloids in overwintering monarch butterflies (Danaus plexippus) from mexico (1987)
    Springer
    Cellular and molecular life sciences 43 (1987), S. 943-946 
    Details
    ISSN: 1420-9071
    Schlagwort(e): Pyrrolizidine alkaloids ; macrocyclic diesters ; monoesters ; dihydropyrrolizines ; Lepidoptera ; Danaus plexippus ; monarch butterflies ; overwintering ; asteraceae ; Boraginaceae ; ecological chemistry
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Biologie , Medizin
    Notizen: Summary North American populations of the monarch butterfly,Danaus plexippus, have been found to contain pyrrolizidine alkaloids and their N-oxides. Analytical methods (TLC, GC, and GC/MS) have been developed to isolate, quantitate, and structurally elucidate the alkaloids. Examples of at least two classes of pyrrolizidine alkaloids have been identified, the macrocyclic diesters, senecionine, integerrimine, and seneciphylline, and the monoesters, echinatine, intermedine, and lycopsamine.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01951680
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  • 35
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Relationships between leaf age and the food quality of cottonwood foliage for the gypsy moth, Lymantria dispar (1987)
    Springer
    Oecologia 72 (1987), S. 527-532 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-1939
    Schlagwort(e): Lepidoptera ; Salicaceae ; Herbivory ; Resource allocation ; Chemical defense
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Biologie
    Notizen: Summary The cottonwood tree, Populus deltoides, continues to produce leaves late into the growing season, exposing midseason herbivores to leaves of a wide range of maturity. Gypsy moth larvae preferred and grew best on the oldest cottonwood leaves and suffered higher mortality and 85% less growth when fed young, expanding leaves. Concentration of phenolics in the youngest leaves was 3 times that in the oldest leaves and was negatively correlated with caterpillar growth rate. The active phenolics were not identified; tannin was present but its concentration changed more with season than leaf age.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00378978
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  • 36
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Inhibition of feeding by a generalist insect due to increased volatile leaf terpenes under nitrate-limiting conditions (1987)
    Springer
    Journal of chemical ecology 13 (1987), S. 2059-2067 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-1561
    Schlagwort(e): Heterotheca subaxillaris ; Asteraceae ; Pseudoplusia includens ; Lepidoptera ; Noctuidae ; volatile terpenes ; nitrogen ; herbivory
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Biologie , Chemie und Pharmazie
    Notizen: Abstract Nitrogen-limited plants ofHeterotheca subaxillaris accumulate greater quantities of leaf volatile terpenes than do nitrogen-rich plants. A series of feeding trials were performed to determine if such nitrate-limited plants are better defended against generalist-feeding insect herbivores. Soybean looper (Pseudoplusia includens) larvae were fed leaves fromH. subaxillaris rosettes grown under high and low nitrate supply regimes. Larval consumption, growth, and survival declined as the leaf volatile terpene content increased. Larval consumption and growth were enhanced by higher plant nitrate supply and with increasing leafage. The results suggest that the higher quantity of volatile terpenes in the leaves of nitrate-limited plants may better defend these leaves against generalist-feeding insects.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01012871
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  • 37
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Sex pheromone differences in populations of the brownheaded leafroller,Ctenopseustis obliquana (1987)
    Springer
    Journal of chemical ecology 13 (1987), S. 623-629 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-1561
    Schlagwort(e): Sex pheromone ; Lepidoptera ; Tortricidae ; (Z)-5-tetradecenyl acetate ; Ctenopseustis obliquana ; brownheaded leafroller ; sibling species
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Biologie , Chemie und Pharmazie
    Notizen: Abstract Ctenopseustis obliquana females collected from Christchurch were found to produce a mixture of (Z)-5-tetradecenyl acetate and tetradecyl acetate in their sex pheromone gland, in contrast toC. obliquana from Auckland which produce an 80∶20 mixture of (Z)-8-tetradecenyl acetate and (Z)-5-tetradecenyl acetate. This identification has been made on the basis of instrumental and chemical analyses. Antennae of maleC. obliquana from Christchurch gave a maximal electroantennogram response to (Z)-5-tetradecenyl acetate. A field trapping program in Christchurch using combinations of synthetic (Z)-5-tetradecenyl acetate and tetradecyl acetate caughtCtenopseustis males equally well if the latter chemical was present or absent. No males were caught in traps baited with the Auckland-type pheromone. In Alexandra,Ctenopseustis males were caught in traps baited with Auckland-type pheromone and not in traps baited with Christchurch-type pheromone. This phenomenon is ascribed to the existence of sibling species within the describedC. obliquana.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01880104
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  • 38
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Kairomone-mediated host finding by spruce budworm egg parasite,Trichogramma minutum (1987)
    Springer
    Journal of chemical ecology 13 (1987), S. 113-122 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-1561
    Schlagwort(e): Trichogramma minutum ; Hymenoptera ; Trichogrammatidae ; Choristoneura fumiferana ; Lepidoptera ; Tortricidae ; moth scale ; kairomone ; mass rearing ; parasitism
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Biologie , Chemie und Pharmazie
    Notizen: Abstract The host-finding responses of the egg parasite,Trichogramma minutum Riley, reared from its natural host,Choristoneura fumiferana (Clemens) and a laboratory host,Sitotroga cerealella (Oliver), to hexane extracts of scales of these hosts were compared in laboratory experiments. When presented withC. fumiferana eggs on filter papers treated with hexane and hexane extract of grain moth scales, egg finding byT. minutum was random. When presented with budworm eggs on filter papers treated with hexane and hexane extract of budworm scales,T. minutum found significantly more eggs on extract-treated filter papers, indicating the presence of kairomones on the scales of spruce budworms.T. minutum responded to kairomone-treated patches with a localized search behavior characterized by intense antennal tapping, decreased locomotion and increased turning within the patch, and repeated returns to the patch. In the absence of successful host finding, this response slowly waned. No significant difference in behavior ofT. minutum reared on eitherC. fumiferana orS. cerealella was observed.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01020355
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  • 39
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Sex pheromone blend discrimination by male moths fromE andZ strains of European corn borer (1987)
    Springer
    Journal of chemical ecology 13 (1987), S. 143-151 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-1561
    Schlagwort(e): European corn borer ; Ostrinia nubilalis ; Lepidoptera ; Pyralidae ; (Z)-11-tet-radecenyl acetate ; (E)-11-tetradecenyl acetate ; pheromone ; flight tunnel
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Biologie , Chemie und Pharmazie
    Notizen: Abstract Sex pheromone behavioral responses were analyzed in a flight tunnel with European corn borer,Ostrinia nubilalis (Hübner), males from three distinct populations. Males from a bivoltine and a univoltine biotype using a 97.8∶2.2 blend (Z strains) of (Z)- and (E)-11-tetradecenyl acetate were assayed with treatments containing 0, 0.5, 1, and 3% of theE isomer. Males from neither population oriented in the plume to the 100%Z treatment, but bivoltine males oriented and flew to the source to the other three treatments, whereas univoltine males oriented and flew to the source only to the 1 % and 3 %E treatments. Males from a bivoltine biotype using a 1∶99 blend ofZ/E isomers (E strain) were assayed with sources containing 0, 0.5, 1, and 3% of theZ isomer. Males did not orient to the 0%Z source, but oriented and flew to the source to the other three treatments. In addition to using opposite geometric isomers for the main pheromone component, the bivoltineE strain differed from the bivoltineZ strain by producing and responding better to 1 % of the minor component and by storing 3 times more pheromone in the female glands. Contrary to previous reports, the blend of two pheromone components is significantly better than the main component alone in eliciting oriented flight and close-range behavior with males from all three populations of European corn borer.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01020358
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  • 40
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Coumarins inPrunus mahaleb and its herbivore, the small ermine mothYponomeuta mahalebellus (1987)
    Springer
    Journal of chemical ecology 13 (1987), S. 2041-2047 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-1561
    Schlagwort(e): Prunus mahaleb ; Rosaceae ; Yponomeuta mahalebellus ; Lepidoptera ; Yponomeutideae ; coumarin ; umbelliferone ; herniarin ; plant-insect interaction ; chemical defense
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Biologie , Chemie und Pharmazie
    Notizen: Abstract Larvae of the small ermine mothYponomeuta mahalebellus were reared on foliage ofPrunus mahaleb, a plant known to contain coumarins. Thin-layer chromatography and gas chromatography showed that coumarin, umbelliferone, and herniarin were present in leaves ofP. mahaleb and in pupae and adults ofY. mahalebellus. Overall concentrations of simple coumarins in the plant and insect were, respectively, 0.54% and 0.003–0.004% (dry weight). The possible role of coumarins in the chemical defense of both the plant and insect is discussed.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01041730
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  • 41
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Identification of trail pheromone of larva of eastern tent caterpillarMalacosoma americanum (Lepidoptera: Lasiocampidae) (1987)
    Springer
    Journal of chemical ecology 13 (1987), S. 397-402 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-1561
    Schlagwort(e): Eastern tent caterpillar ; Malacosoma americanum ; Lepidoptera ; Lasiocampidae ; larva ; trail pheromone ; recruitment ; 5β-cholestane-3,24-dione
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Biologie , Chemie und Pharmazie
    Notizen: Abstract Previous studies have shown that larvae of the eastern tent caterpillar (Malacosoma americanum F.) mark trails, leading from their tent to feeding sites on host trees, with a pheromone secreted from the posterior tip of the abdominal sternum. 5β-Cholestane-3,24-dione (1) has been identified as an active component of the trail. The larvae have a threshold sensitivity to the pheromone of 10−11 g/mm of trail. Several related compounds elicit the trail-following response. Two other species of tent caterpillars also responded positively to the pheromone in preliminary laboratory tests.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01880088
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  • 42
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Effects of double-bond configuration on interaction between a moth sex pheromone component and its receptor (1987)
    Springer
    Journal of chemical ecology 13 (1987), S. 2023-2040 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-1561
    Schlagwort(e): Structure-activity ; conformational energy ; molecular mechanics ; double-bond configuration ; Agrotis segetum ; Lepidoptera ; Noctuidae ; sex pheromone ; single-cell recordings ; receptor interaction
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Biologie , Chemie und Pharmazie
    Notizen: Abstract The dependence of the electrophysiological activity on the change of double-bond configuration of (Z)-5-decenyl acetate, a pheromone component of the turnip moth,Agrotis segetum, and a dienic analog, (E)-2,(Z)-5-decadienyl acetate, have been investigated by single-cell measurements and molecular mechanics calculations (MM2). A previously reported model for the interaction between a moth sex pheromone component and its receptor has been refined. This new model gives an essentially quantitative correlation between the measured activities and the calculated conformational energies for a biologically active conformation defined by the model. Previously obtained structure-activity results for chain-elongated analogs of (Z)-5-decenyl acetate are significantly improved by the refined model. The effect of a change of the double-bond configuration on the substrate-receptor interaction is not additive but depends on the conformational properties of the entire molecule.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01041729
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  • 43
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Variation in relative quantities of airborne sex pheromone components from individual femaleEphestia cautella (Lepidoptera: Pyralidae) (1987)
    Springer
    Journal of chemical ecology 13 (1987), S. 639-653 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-1561
    Schlagwort(e): Effluvium ; variation ; Ephestia cautella ; Lepidoptera ; Pyralidae ; single insect ; pheromone composition ; behaviour ; GC-MS ; (Z,E)-9,12-tetradecadien-1-yl acetate ; (Z)-9-tetradecen-1-yl acetate
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Biologie , Chemie und Pharmazie
    Notizen: Abstract The airborne sex pheromone components (Z,E)-9,12-tetradeca-dien-1-yl acetate and (Z)-9-tetradecen-1-y1 acetate from single calling females ofEphestia cautella (Walker) were trapped within glass capillary tubes and were measured by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry. Broad and similar distributions of relative quantities were found for a laboratory strain and three Australian field strains, and means differed strongly from those reported previously for this species. The overall mean proportion of the two components found for Australian females was 88∶12. The composition in individuals ranged from 63∶27 to 97∶3. The proportions for individuals appeared to vary slightly in a random fashion from day to day, and proportions for first-generation progeny were influenced by the maternal blend.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01880106
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  • 44
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Quantitative and qualitative variation in male pheromones ofPhragmatobia fuliginosa andPyrrharctia isabella (Lepidoptera: Arctiidae) (1987)
    Springer
    Journal of chemical ecology 13 (1987), S. 807-822 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-1561
    Schlagwort(e): Phragmatobia fuliginosa ; Pyrrharctia isabella ; male pheromones ; sex pheromones ; Lepidoptera ; Arctiidae ; pyrrolizidine alkaloids ; hydroxydanaidal ; danaidal
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Biologie , Chemie und Pharmazie
    Notizen: Abstract The dihydropyrrolizine pheromones, hydroxydanaidal and danaidal, were identified from the scent organs of malePhragmatobia fuliginosa (L.) andPyrrharctia isabella (J.E. Smith). Qualitative and quantitative GLC analyses were conducted on ca. 80 field-collected males of each species. The total pheromone titer was distributed bimodally in each species with most males having either a small amount (〈 10 ng) of pheromone or a large amount (1–10 μg inPyrrharctia and 0.3–3 μg inPhragmatobia).Pyrrharctia males in the 1- to 10-μg range had a predominance of hydroxydanaidal, with little if any danaidal. MostPhragmatobia males in the 0.3- to 3-μg range had danaidal with little if any hydroxydanaidal. These compounds elicited a courtship response in sexually receptive females of both species. A bioassay based on this response was used to measure the thresholds of female response to these compounds.Pyrrharctia females were more sensitive to (R)-(−)-hydroxydanaidal than to danaidal.Phragmatobia females were more sensitive to danaidal then to (R)-(−)-hydroxydanaidal.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01020162
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  • 45
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Attraction of sphingid moths (Lepidoptera: Sphingidae) to 10,12-hexadecadienyl aldehydes and acetates: Evidence of pheromone components (1987)
    Springer
    Journal of chemical ecology 13 (1987), S. 931-942 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-1561
    Schlagwort(e): Attractant ; pheromone ; 10,12-hexadecadienal ; 10,12-hexadecadienyl acetate ; Smerinthus jamaicensis ; Smerinthus cerisyi ; Paonias exceactus ; Paonias myops ; Pachysphinx modesta ; Hemaris diffinis ; Proserpinus flavofasciata ; Hyles gallii ; Hyles euphorbiae ; Sphinx vashti ; Sphinx drupiferarum ; Lepidoptera ; Sphingidae
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Biologie , Chemie und Pharmazie
    Notizen: Abstract A field survey of 10,12-hexadecadienyl alcohols, acetates, and aldehydes showed attraction to a wide range of sphingid moths. Data are presented showing the attraction ofSmerinthus jamaicensis, Smerinthus cerisyi, Pachysphinx modesta, Hemaris diffinis, andProserpinus flavofasciata to these compounds. Mass spectral, EAG, and EAD data show evidence for the presence of these dienes in female extracts ofS. cerisyi, Hyles gallii, andSphinx drupiferarum.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01020172
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  • 46
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Sex pheromone of oriental armywormMythimna separata Walker (1987)
    Springer
    Journal of chemical ecology 13 (1987), S. 977-981 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-1561
    Schlagwort(e): Sex pheromone ; Mythimna separata ; Lepidoptera ; Noctuidae ; 11-hexadecenal ; hexadecenal ; 11-hexadecenol
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Biologie , Chemie und Pharmazie
    Notizen: Abstract In the mainland of China, the male Oriental armyworm was not attracted to the sex pheromone components (Z)-11-hexadecenyl acetate and (Z)-11-hexadecenol identified by Takahashi et al. in 1979. By means of EAG, GC, and GC-MS techniques, (Z)-11-hexadecenal, hexadecenal, and (Z)-11-hexadecenol were found in female gland washings, and encouraging captures were obtained in preliminary field trapping.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01020531
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  • 47
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Repeatability of pheromone emissions from individual female ermine mothsYponomeuta padellus andYponomeuta rorellus (1987)
    Springer
    Journal of chemical ecology 13 (1987), S. 1431-1441 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-1561
    Schlagwort(e): Lepidoptera ; Yponomeutidae ; ermine moth ; sex pheromone ; airborne volatiles ; repeatability ; reproductive isolation ; pheromone
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Biologie , Chemie und Pharmazie
    Notizen: Abstract The repeatability of the composition of pheromone emitted by individual female moths (Yponomeuta) was determined by gas Chromatographic analysis. An improved technique for repeated collections of airborne volatiles from the same moth was developed. The procedure did not harm the females and allowed precise quantification of 0.05 ng of pheromone components in 30-min collections. Individual females ofY. padellus (N=10) andY. rorellus (N=5) were sampled six and eight days after emergence.Y. padellus released, on average, 4.8 ng/30 min of tetradecyl acetate, (E)-11-tetradecenyl acetate, (Z)-11-tetradecenyl acetate, hexadecyl acetate, (Z)-9-hexadecenyl acetate, and (Z)-11-hexadecenyl acetate in the average ratio 445∶38∶100∶494∶35∶421. The amount of (E)-11-tetradecenyl acetate relative to (Z)-11-tetradecenyl acetate was less variable [coefficient of variation (CV)=15%] than the relative amounts of the other components (CV=46–61%). The repeatability of the relative amounts of compounds released by individual females was high for all components (r=0.82-0.90). The average emission of tetradecyl acetate, tetradecanol, hexadecyl acetate, and hexadecanol byY. rorellus was 8.3 ng/30 min (ratio 100∶8∶10∶2). The repeatability was low for tetradecanol (r=0.51) but higher for hexadecyl acetate (r=0.87) and hexadecanol (r=0.89). The low interindividual variance for the (E)-11-/(Z)-11-tetradecenyl acetate ratio inY. padellus might be due to its importance for reproductive isolation, i.e., it is under strong selection pressure.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01012289
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  • 48
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Orientation behavior and effect of experience and laboratory rearing on responses ofCotesia melanoscela (Ratzeburg) (Hymenoptera: Braconidae) to gypsy moth silk kairomone (1987)
    Springer
    Journal of chemical ecology 13 (1987), S. 1493-1502 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-1561
    Schlagwort(e): Cotesia melanoscela ; gypsy moth ; Lymantria dispar ; Lepidoptera ; Lymantriidae ; orientation behavior ; silk kairomone ; Hymenoptera ; Braconidae
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Biologie , Chemie und Pharmazie
    Notizen: Abstract Cotesia melanoscela responds the same way to the silk of its host, gypsy moth larvae,Lymantria dispar L., whether or not it has previously been exposed to hosts. Parasites maintained in the laboratory for six or 25 generations also responded similarly, suggesting that orientation behavior is not modified by laboratory rearing. Details of silk-related orientation behavior were analyzed by tracing paths of female parasites when on or off silk-covered substrates. Females made 31 ° average turns every 0.5 cm whether or not they were examining silk. They tended to turn back onto a silked area when encountering a border, and their speed of movement when not examining silk was about three times higher than when examining silk.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01012293
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  • 49
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Novel type of sex pheromone structure identified fromStigmella malella (Stainton) (Lepidoptera: Nepticulidae) (1995)
    Springer
    Journal of chemical ecology 21 (1995), S. 13-27 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-1561
    Schlagwort(e): Stigmella malella ; Stigmella crataegella ; Trifurcula (Glaucolepis) melanoptera ; Lepidoptera ; Nepticulidae ; sex pheromone ; (S)-(E)-6,8-nonadien-2-ol ; (S)-(Z)-6,8-nonadien-2-ol ; (R)-(E)-6,8-nonadien-2-ol ; (R)-(Z)-6,8-nonadien-2-ol
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Biologie , Chemie und Pharmazie
    Notizen: Abstract Short-chain unsaturated chiral methyl carbinols are identified as a new class of lepidopteran pheromone components. The natural female-produced pheromone of the banded apple pigmyStigmella malella (=Nepticula malella) (Stainton) (Lepidoptera: Nepticulidae) was identified to be a mixture of (S)-(E)-6,8-nonadien-2-ol and (S)-(Z)-6,8-nonadien-2-ol. For monitoring traps, a 10:3E:Z blend at 100–1000 µg is recommended. It is suggested that pheromones with similar structures may be specific to Nepticulidae and other related microlepidopteran families.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02033659
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  • 50
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Identification of a novel moth sex pheromone inEriocrania cicatricella (Zett.) (Lepidoptera: Eriocraniidae) and its phylogenetic implications (1995)
    Springer
    Journal of chemical ecology 21 (1995), S. 29-43 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-1561
    Schlagwort(e): Eriocrania cicatricella ; Eriocrania sparrmannella ; Eriocraniidae ; Lepidoptera ; sex pheromone ; EAG ; GC-EAD ; mass spectrometry ; synthesis ; evolution ; (Z)-4-hepten-2-one ; (2R)-heptan-2-ol ; (2R)-(Z)-4-hepten-2-ol
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Biologie , Chemie und Pharmazie
    Notizen: Abstract Extracts from different body parts of adult femaleEriocrania cicatricella (Zett.) were tested for electrophysiological activity on conspecific male antennae. Extracts from the Vth abdominal segment, containing a pair of exocrine glands, elicited the largest electroantennographic response when compared to extracts of other body parts. Female extracts were analyzed by gas chromatography with simultaneous flame ionization and electroantennographic detection (EAD). The EAD active peaks were identified as (Z)-4-hepten-2-one, (2R)-heptane-2-ol, and (2R)-(Z)-4-hepten-2-ol by coinjection on a gas chromatography and by comparison of mass spectra with those of synthetic standards. In field tests, a blend of these three pheromone components was highly attractive to conspecific males, and a subtractive assay confirmed that the unsaturated alcohol is the major pheromone component, whereas no definite behavioral activity could be assigned to the ketone or the saturated alcohol. A bait containing the two alcohols withS-configuration was attractive to maleE. sparrmannella (Bosc), whereas no males ofE. cicatricella were found in these traps. The sex pheromone compounds inE. cicatricella are chemically similar to pheromones reported in Trichoptera and they are produced in homologous glands.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02033660
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  • 51
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Chemical and experiential basis for rejection ofTropaeolum majus byPieris rapae larvae (1995)
    Springer
    Journal of chemical ecology 21 (1995), S. 1601-1617 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-1561
    Schlagwort(e): Pieris rapae ; Lepidoptera ; Pieridae ; Tropaeolum majus ; nasturtium ; feeding deterrent ; chlorogenic acid ; habituation
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Biologie , Chemie und Pharmazie
    Notizen: Abstract Rejection of nasturtium,Tropaeolum majus, by cabbage-reared larvae ofPieris rapae has been explained by the presence of feeding deterrents in the nastrutium foliage. Sensitivity to the deterrents develops as neonate larvae feed on cabbage. The most prominent deterrent compound, which is present in nasturtium at a concentration of 40 mg/100 g fresh leaves, was identified as chlorogenic acid. When neonate larvae were fed on a cabbage leaf treated with high concentrations of deterrent-containing extracts of nasturtium foliage, they remained insensitive to the deterrents, so they accepted nasturtium when transferred as second instars. When neonate larvae were reared on a cabbage leaf treated with 0.1 mg chlorogenic acid, ca. 35% of the second instars accepted nasturtium. Similar dietary exposure of neonates to the subunits of chlorogenic acid, caffeic acid and quinic, acid resulted in much less or no effect on the rejection behavior of second instars. The results suggest that the combined effects of specific chemical constituents of nasturtium can explain the rejection of this plant by larvae ofP. rapae, but if larvae are continuously exposed to these compounds immediately after hatching, they apparently become habituated to the feeding deterrents. The lack of activity of the subunits of chlorogenic acid suggests that specific structural features are necessary for a dietary constituent to cause such habituation or suppression of sensitivity development.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02035155
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  • 52
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Role of volatile inforchemicals emitted by feces of larvae in host-searching behavior of parasitoidCotesia rubecula (Hymenoptera: Braconidae): A behavioral and chemical study (1995)
    Springer
    Journal of chemical ecology 21 (1995), S. 1789-1811 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-1561
    Schlagwort(e): Volatile infochemicals ; kairomone ; host feces ; parasitoid ; Cotesia rubecula ; host-searching behavior ; Brassica oleracea gemmifera ; Pieris rapae ; Pieris brassicae ; Pieris napi ; Lepidoptera
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Biologie , Chemie und Pharmazie
    Notizen: Abstract The role of volatile infochemicals emitted by feces of larvae in the host-searching behavior of the parasitoidCotesia rubecula was evaluated during single- and dual-choice tests inside a wind tunnel. The following treatments were tested: feces produced by second and fourth instars ofPieris rapae (preferred host), second instars ofP. brassicae (inferior host), second instars ofP. napi (nonhost), and wet feces of second instars ofP. rapae. During a single-choice situation females ofC. rubecula oriented to all types of feces tested. When a preference was to be made,C. rubecula preferred feces of second instars ofP. rapae over that of fourth, feces ofP. rapae over that ofP. brassicae, feces ofP. napi over that ofP. brassicae, and wet over normal host feces. No preference was exhibited between feces of second instars ofP. napi and that of second instars ofP. rapae. The relative importance of infochemicals from host feces versus plant damage caused by host larvae to the searching behavior ofC. rubecula was also evaluated. Plant damage was more important to the searching females than host feces when feces were present in specific concentrations in relation to damage. The volatiles released by normal and wet feces of second instars ofP. rapae, wet feces of fourth instars ofP. rapae, and normal and wet feces ofP. brassicae were collected and identified. Overall, 85 chemical compounds were recorded belonging to the following chemical groups: alcohols, ketones, aldehydes, esters, isothiocyanates, sulfides, nitriles, furanoids, terpenoids and pyridines. The blend of chemicals emitted by feces of different instars ofP. rapae and different species ofPieris exhibited an instar and species specificity in both quantity and quality. Wetting of normal feces increased the amount of volatile chemicals released, and it was also responsible for the appearance of new compounds. The role of feces of larvae in the host-seeking behavior ofC. rubecula is discussed.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02033677
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  • 53
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Egg dispersion in codling moth: Influence of egg extract and of its fatty acid constituents (1995)
    Springer
    Journal of chemical ecology 21 (1995), S. 2015-2026 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-1561
    Schlagwort(e): Behavior ; Cydia pomonella ; oviposition ; pheromone ; synomone ; insect ; offspring dispersion ; fatty acids ; egg age ; Lepidoptera ; Tortricidae
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Biologie , Chemie und Pharmazie
    Notizen: Abstract Codling moth females (Cydia pomonella, Lepidoptera: Tortricidae) (CM) usually lay single eggs and have a tendency to disperse. In a first experiment we observed that single females exposed to 20 apples distribute their eggs regularly among apples, suggesting a dispersive oviposition behavior. In a dual-choice situation, isolated females avoided oviposition on areas of cardboard treated with a methylene dichloride egg extract at the dose of ca. 1.0 egg equivalent/cm2. A strong avoidance was obtained in response to a 20-fold dose, which was accompanied by a significant reduction of total oviposition. Seven major compounds found by GC analyses in the methylene dichloride extract of 2 to 3-day-old eggs were saturated or unsaturated C14-C18 straight-chain fatty acids: myristic acid, palmitic acid, palmitoleic acid, stearic acid, oleic acid, linoleic acid, and linolenic acid. This was confirmed by GC-MS analysis of an extract made by ethyl ether. Smaller amounts of three methyl esters were also identified as methyl myristate, methyl palmitate, and methyl stearate. A blend of the seven fatty acids (FA) mimicked rather well the avoidance provoked by the extract, and this avoidance was confirmed by choice between treated and untreated fruits by single females. The treatment of apples with the 7FA mixture induced an aggregative distribution of the eggs among apples. We also found that the amounts of fatty acids harvested in the extract depend on the egg age. Amounts of fatty acids increased until eggs were 4 days old and then decreased before hatching. In this paper we discuss the possible role of simple molecules, such as fatty acids and their esters, as semiochemicals indicative of juvenile tissues.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02033859
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  • 54
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Differences in sex pheromone communication systems of closely related species:Spodoptera latifascia (walker) andS. descoinsi lalannecassou & silvain (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae) (1995)
    Springer
    Journal of chemical ecology 21 (1995), S. 641-660 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-1561
    Schlagwort(e): Lepidoptera ; Noctuidae ; Spodoptera latifascia ; Spodoptera descoinsi ; pheromones ; (Z)-9-tetradecenyl acetate ; (Z,E)-9,12-tetradecadienyl acetate ; sexual activity rhythms ; cross-attraction ; electrophysiology ; reproductive isolation
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Biologie , Chemie und Pharmazie
    Notizen: Abstract S. latifascia andS. descoinsi are closely related species that occur sympatrically over limited areas in French Guiana. We examined allopatric populations,S. latifascia originating from Barbados andS. descoinsi from French Guiana. Studies on nocturnal activity cycles showed temporal partitioning of female calling behavior, male sexual activity, and mating behavior.S. descoinsi were sexually active in the first half of the scotophase whereasS. latifascia were sexually active in the second half. Seven compounds (Z9–14: Ac,Z9,E12–14: Ac,Z11–16: Ac,E9,E12–14: Ac,Z9–14: Ald,Z9,E11–14: Ac andZ11–14: Ac) were identified in females of bothS. latifascia andS. descoinsi extracts.Z9–14: Ac was a main pheromone component for the two species. The major difference between the pheromones ofS. latifascia andS. descoinsi was the proportion ofZ9,E12–14: Ac in the extracts: 7% forS. latifascia and 42% forS. descoinsi. The proportion ofZ9,E12–14: Ac relative to the sum ofZ9–14: Ac andZ9,E12–14: Ac in individual gland extracts was 4±1% (mean ± standard deviation) forS. latifascia and 44.8±6% forS. descoinsi. Electrophysiological studies showed no major differences between species in the morphology and physiology of the pheromone receptors of males. Receptors were identified forZ9–14: Ac andZ9,E12–14: Ac, but no receptor was found for the other compounds. In the wind tunnel, synthetic blends withZ9–14: Ac andZ9,E12–14: Ac gave the same behavioral responses as conspecific female extracts for the males of the two species. Some cross-attraction was observed with synthetic blends and female extracts. Nethertheless, previous field trapping experiments in French Guiana were species-specific and suggested differences in the attractivity of males. In the laboratory,S. latifascia andS. descoinsi could hybridize in both reciprocal crosses. FemaleS. descoinsi × maleS. latifascia mating rate was significantly lower than for the reciprocal cross, and 26.7% of femaleS. descoinsi could not separate from maleS. latifascia after mating. These copulatory problems may involve genital incompatibilities between males and females. Several barriers against interbreeding betweenS. latifascia andS. descoinsi seem to combine including differences in nocturnal activity cycles, pheromone differences, and genital barriers. The study of sympatric populations will be necessary to define the role of sex pheromones in the reproductive isolation ofS. latifascia andS. descoinsi.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02033707
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  • 55
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Alkyl ether and enol ether analogs of (Z)-5-decenyl acetate, a pheromone component of the turnip moth,Agrotis segetum: probing a proposed bioactive conformation for chain-elongated analogs (1995)
    Springer
    Journal of chemical ecology 21 (1995), S. 815-832 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-1561
    Schlagwort(e): Lepidoptera ; Noctuidae ; Agrotis segetum ; (Z)-5-decenyl acetate ; pheromone analogs ; structure-activity ; chain-elongated analogs ; enol ethers ; alkyl ethers ; single-sensillum recordings ; receptor interaction ; molecular mechanics ; MM2 ; MM3
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Biologie , Chemie und Pharmazie
    Notizen: Abstract In order to test a previous conclusion that chain-elongated analogs of (Z)-5-decenyl acetate(1), a pheromone component of the turnip moth,Agrotis segetum, adopt a loop conformation of the terminal alkyl chain in the bioactive conformation, a series of alkyl ether and enol ether analogs of1 and (Z)-5-dodecenyl acetate(2) have been synthesized and tested using singlecell electrophysiology. In these analogs a methylene group in positions 7 and 9 of1 and in positions 7 and 11 in2 have been replaced by an oxygen atom in order to energetically facilitate the formation of a loop conformation in the chain-elongated analogs. The electrophysiological results in combination with molecular mechanics (MM2 and MM3) calculated conformational energies show that the activity decreases of the chain-elongated ether analogs are significantly smaller than that for2 and that these activity decreases parallel the conformational energies for a loop formation of the terminal chains in the analogs. The results support our previous conclusion that the terminal chain of chain-elongated analogs of1 adopts a loop conformation in their bioactive conformations.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02033463
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  • 56
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    The chemical basis of attraction of ithomiine butterflies to plants containing pyrrolizidine alkaloids (1976)
    Springer
    Journal of chemical ecology 2 (1976), S. 255-262 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-1561
    Schlagwort(e): pheromones ; Lepidoptera ; pyrrolizidines ; Ithomiinae ; Danainae ; alkaloids
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Biologie , Chemie und Pharmazie
    Notizen: Abstract The plantHeliotropium indicum L. (Boraginaceae) contains pyrrolizidine alkaloids. When dried, it is a powerful attractant for male ithomiine and danaine butterflies, which congregate and feed at its dead shoots. The butterflies use alkaloids derived from the plants for the formation of chemicals with pheromone/allomone activity. Baiting with alkaloids and “esterifying acids,” which form a part of the alkaloid molecules, indicates that a volatile product derived from the esterifying acids attracts males to the plants, where intact alkaloids then act as phagostimulants.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00988275
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  • 57
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    The ultrastructural organization of the visual system of the wax moth, Galleria mellonella: The retina (1976)
    Springer
    Cell & tissue research 174 (1976), S. 519-531 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Schlagwort(e): Insect vision ; Lepidoptera ; Ommatidial organization ; Polarized light reception ; Retinal ultrastructure
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Biologie , Medizin
    Notizen: Summary The ultrastructural organization of ommatidial components of the retina of the moth, Galleria mellonella are described from electron microscopic observations. Each ommatidium is composed of 12 common retinula cells and one basal eccentric cell. The retinula cells are connected together by a desmosomal strip along their length. The rhabdom occupies the basal thirty percent of the ommatidium and can be divided into nine segments of parallel microvilli. Several cells may contribute to an individual rhabdomere. The rhabdomeres are arranged in a cross with single cell rhabdomeres lying between the arms of the cross. Thin sections of ommatidium absorb polarized light differentially. The total amount of plane polarized light absorbed varies with angle of rotation for an entire ommatidium but there are also differences between the amount of absorption of adjacent rhabdomeric segments. Galleria appears to be the only lepidopteran in which the possibility of the polarized light reception has been reported.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00232836
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  • 58
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Protein content of spermatophores in relation to monandry/polyandry in butterflies (1995)
    Springer
    Behavioral ecology and sociobiology 37 (1995), S. 365-371 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0762
    Schlagwort(e): Lepidoptera ; Spermatophore ; Protein Mating system
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Biologie
    Notizen: Abstract The evolution of a mating system, and specifically mating frequency, is dependent on the costs and benefits to both sexes of mating once or several times. In butterflies, males transfer a spermatophore that contains both sperm and accessory gland products. Accessory gland substances contain nutrients which, in some species, females use to increase their reproductive output and longevity. Nutrients contained in these packaged ejaculates represent investment by males in reproduction. Consequently, the nutritional composition of spermatophores may vary depending on the mating system. There are two lines of arguments concerning the evolution of the nutrient content of ejaculates. One hypothesis argues that male nuptial gifts evolved in the context of certainty of paternity and ease of finding mates; thus spermatophores of polyandrous males (with lower certainty of paternity and greater ease of finding mates) should contain less protein than those of monandrous males, since more spermatophores are produced on average. The other hypothesis argues that polyandry evolved in the context of maximization of male transfer of nutrients to females, and hence spermatophores of polyandrous males should contain more protein than those of monandrous males. In an attempt to distinguish between these two hypotheses, we determined how protein content of ejaculates varied with the degree of polyandry in nine species of pierid and two species of satyrid butterflies. We found that both relative ejaculate mass and protein content increased with the degree of polyandry. Hence our results are consistent with the view that polyandry has evolved in the context of male transfer of nutrients to females, and provides another example of a male adaptation to multiple mating in butterflies.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00170583
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  • 59
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Mapping and characterization of the entomocidal domain of the Bacillus thuringiensis CrylA(b) protoxin (1995)
    Springer
    Molecular genetics and genomics 247 (1995), S. 482-487 
    Details
    ISSN: 1617-4623
    Schlagwort(e): Bacillus thuringiensis ; Crystal protein ; Activation ; Lepidoptera ; Toxic fragment
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Biologie
    Notizen: Abstract The amino acid sequences necessary for entomocidal activity of the CryIA(b) protoxin of Bacillus thuringiensis were determined. Introduction of stop codons behind codons Arg601, Phe604 or Ala607 showed that amino acid residues C-terminal to Ala607 are not required for insecticidal activity and that activation by midgut proteases takes place distal to Ala607. The two shortest polypeptides, deleted for part of the highly conserved β-strand, were prone to proteolytic degradation, explaining their lack of toxicity. Apparently, this β-strand is essential for folding of the molecule into a stable conformation. Proteolytic activation at the N-terminus was investigated by removing the first 28 codons, resulting in a translation product extending from amino acid 29 to 607. This protein appeared to be toxic not only to susceptible insect larvae such as Manduca sexta and Heliothis virescens, but also to Escherichia coli cells. An additional mutant, encoding only amino acid residues 29–429, encompassing the complete putative pore forming domain, but lacking a large part of the receptor-binding domain, was similarly toxic to E. coli cells. This suggests a role for the N-terminal 28 amino acids in rendering the toxin inactive in Bacillus thuringiensis, and indicates that the cytolytic potential of the pore forming domain is only realized after proteolytic removal of these residues by proteases in the insect gut. In line with this hypothesis are results obtained with a mutant protein in which Arg28 at the cleavage site was replaced by Asp. This substitution prevented the protein from being cleaved by trypsin in vitro, and reduced its toxicity to M. sexta larvae.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00293150
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  • 60
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Electron microscopic studies onNosema mesnili Paillot (Microsporidia: Nosematidae) infecting the Malpighian tubules ofPieris canidia larva (1995)
    Springer
    Protoplasma 186 (1995), S. 142-148 
    Details
    ISSN: 1615-6102
    Schlagwort(e): Pieris canidia ; Nosema mesnili ; Microsporidia ; Lepidoptera ; Pieridae ; Ultrastructure
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Biologie
    Notizen: Summary The ultrastructure of a microsporidiumNosema mesnili found in the Malpighian tubules ofPieris canidia is described. The life cycle includes meronts, sporonts, sporoblasts, and spores, with typical diplokaryon in each stage. The first two stages are amorphous forms with the former having a thinner cell wall. The spore has 11 coils of the polar filament. This protozoan is a chronic pathogen to its insect host and might have potential as a biological control agent.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01281324
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  • 61
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Sex pheromone of blackheaded fireworm,Rhopobota naevana (Lepidoptera: Tortricidae), a pest of cranberry (1987)
    Springer
    Journal of chemical ecology 13 (1987), S. 1163-1170 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-1561
    Schlagwort(e): Blackheaded fireworm ; Rhopobota naevana (Hubner) ; Rhopobota unipunctana (Haw.) ; Lepidoptera ; Tortricidae ; Olethreutinae ; sex pheromone ; (Z)-11-tetradecenyl acetate ; (Z)-11-tetradecenyl alcohol ; (Z)-9-dodecenyl acetate
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Biologie , Chemie und Pharmazie
    Notizen: Abstract Splitless capillary gas chromatography indicated the presence of (Z)- and (E)-11-tetradecenyl acetate and (Z)-11-tetradecenyl alcohol in the washes of female abdominal tips of the blackheaded fireworm,Rhopobota naevana (Hubner). Gas chromatography combined with mass spectroscopy confirmed the presence of tetradecenyl acetate in extracts of female tips. The low levels observed in these extracts (〈 1 ng/female equivalent), prevented further chemical and spectroscopic identification. These materials were found to be stimulatory at low levels in electroantennogram studies. A combination of 9 μg of (Z)-11-tetradecenyl acetate and 3 μg of (Z)-11-tetradecenyl alcohol on rubber septa in wing traps provided an effective attractant. (Z)-9-Dodecenyl acetate, a previously reported attractant, did not significantly increase field trapping catches when added to the binary mixture, but was found to enhance trap catches when added to each of the primary components.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01020546
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  • 62
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Use of a sex attractant and an inhibitor for monitoring winter moth and bruce spanworm populations (1987)
    Springer
    Journal of chemical ecology 13 (1987), S. 1319-1330 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-1561
    Schlagwort(e): Lepidoptera ; Geometridae ; Operophtera bruceata (Hulst) ; Bruce spanworm ; Operophetra brumata L. ; winter moth ; sex pheromone ; (Z,Z,Z)-1,3,6,9-nonadecatetraene ; inhibitor ; (E,Z,Z)-1,3,6,9-nonadecatetraene
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Biologie , Chemie und Pharmazie
    Notizen: Abstract A single sex pherormone component was isolated from abdominal tip extracts of female Bruce spanworm.Operophtera bruceata (Hulst). This was identified as (Z,Z,Z)-1,3,6,9-nonadecatetraene by capillary gas chromatography (GC), electroantennography, and mass spectrometry. In addition, hexane extracts of female abdominal tips from Bruce spanworm and the winter moth.O. brumata L., were analyzed by GC coupled to an electroantennographic detector (GC-EAD). The extracts ofO. bruceata andO. brumata females elicited only a single response, at the same retention time, from antennae of their conspecific and reciprocal males. In field tests conducted in Saskatchewan, traps baited with the synthetic tetraene captured Bruce spanworm males. In tests carried out on Vancouver Island, British Columbia, where the two species coexist, both Bruce spanworm and winter moth males were captured. The attractancy of lures containing the synthetic pheromone alone and in combination with several structurally related analogs was field tested at both locations. One of these, an isomer of the natural pheromone, (E,Z,Z)-1,3,6,9-nonadecatetraene, inhibited the capture of Bruce spanworm males but had no effect upon the number of winter moth males which were taken. Thus, populations of these two very similar species can be distinguished by employing traps baited with pheromone ± the inhibitor. Coneorifice Hara traps were found useful for field trapping males of both species.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01012279
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  • 63
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Sex pheromone components of three species ofSemiothisa (Geometridae), (Z,Z,Z)-3,6,9-heptadecatriene and two monoepoxydiene analogs (1987)
    Springer
    Journal of chemical ecology 13 (1987), S. 1371-1383 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-1561
    Schlagwort(e): Lepidoptera ; Geometridae ; Semiothisa signaria dispuncta ; Semiothisa bicolorata ; Semiothisa ulsterata ; Semiothisa delectata ; Semiothisa neptaria ; (Z,Z,Z)-3,6,9-heptadecatriene ; (Z,Z)-6,9-cis-3,4-epoxy-heptadecadiene ; (Z,Z)-3,9-cis-6,7-epoxy-heptadecadiene ; sex attractant ; sex pheromone
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Biologie , Chemie und Pharmazie
    Notizen: Abstract Adult males ofSemiothisa signaria dispuncta (Walker) were attracted to field traps baited with (Z,Z,Z)-3,6,9-octadecatriene and (Z,Z)-6,9-cis-3,4-epoxy-octadecadiene. However, analyses of sex pheromone gland extracts of females of this species by GC-MS and by GC in combination with an electroantennograph detector (GC-EAD) showed the pheromone to be comprised of a mixture of the next lower homologs: (Z,Z,Z)-3,6,9-heptadecatriene and (Z,Z)-6,9-cis-3,4-epoxy-heptadecadiene. Blends of these two C17 compounds were subsequently found to be more attractive to males in the field than the corresponding C18 mixtures. Sex pheromones of two otherSemiothisa species were also found to contain C17 components. (Z,Z,Z)-3,6,9-Heptadecatriene, detected by GC-EAD analysis of a female abdominal tip extract ofS. bicolorata (Fabricius), attracted conspecific males, and this attraction was significantly reduced by additions of (Z,Z)-6,9-cis-3,4-epoxyheptadecadiene, the major pheromone component ofS. signaria dispuncta, to the lure. (Z,Z)-3,9-cis-6,7-Epoxy-heptadecadiene was detected by GC-EAD analysis as the primary male antennal stimulatory component present in abdominal tip extracts ofS. ulsterata (Pearsall), and males of this species were attracted to traps baited with this epoxide. Each of these three C17 compounds constitute previously unknown lepidopteran sex pheromone components. Blends of (Z,Z, Z)-3,6,9-heptadecatriene and (Z,Z)-3,9-cis-6,7-epoxyheptadecadiene attracted males of a fourth species,S. delectata Hulst, but no females of this species were obtained to permit analysis of its sex pheromone. The occurrence of (Z,Z,Z)-3,6,9-heptadecatriene inS. neptaria (Guenee) females was indicated by GC-MS analysis of an abdominal tip extract; however, no males were attracted to any of the fielded mixtures containing this hydrocarbon.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01012284
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  • 64
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Comparison of electroantennograms from female and male cabbage looper moths (Trichoplusia ni) of different ages and for various pheromone concentrations (1987)
    Springer
    Journal of chemical ecology 13 (1987), S. 1443-1453 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-1561
    Schlagwort(e): Trichoplusia ni ; Lepidoptera ; Noctuidae ; (Z)-7-dodecenyl acetate ; dodecyl acetate ; pheromone ; electroantennogram ; age ; maturation
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Biologie , Chemie und Pharmazie
    Notizen: Abstract The electroantennogram (EAG) responses of both male and femaleTrichoplusia ni to two components of the female-released sex pheromone were determined over a range of concentrations of chemical and age of insect. The EAG was at a peak at a dose of 100 μg for both dodecyl acetate and (Z)-7-dodecenyl acetate (Z7–12∶OAc) for both sexes. The EAG responses varied with age of the insect. Responsiveness to both components was at a maximum at three days postemergence for males followed by a fairly rapid senescence, and for females it peaked at three days followed by a rapid senescence forZ7–12∶OAc but not for dodcecyl acetate.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01012290
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  • 65
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Presence of pterin pigments in wings of libytheidae butterflies (1987)
    Springer
    Journal of chemical ecology 13 (1987), S. 1843-1847 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-1561
    Schlagwort(e): Pterin pigments ; Libythea ; Libytheana ; Libytheidae ; Lepidoptera ; thin-layer chromatography
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Biologie , Chemie und Pharmazie
    Notizen: Abstract A few pterin pigments were discovered in the wings of six of eight libytheid species tested, using thin-layer chromatography with 1 % HC1 in butanol as a solvent. A 10X sample ofLibytheana bachmanii larvata (Strecker) produced xanthopterin, isoxanthopterin, erythropterin, and leucopterin. Leucopterin was absent in the other libytheids tested. Morphology and pterin pigment data from wings suggest a Pieridae ancestry for the Libytheidae from the region of the northern Neotropical realm (including the Greater Antilles).
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01013233
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  • 66
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Temporal patterns of sex pheromone titers and release rates inHolomelina lamae (Lepidoptera: Arctiidae) (1987)
    Springer
    Journal of chemical ecology 13 (1987), S. 1115-1129 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-1561
    Schlagwort(e): Sex pheromone ; pheromone release rates ; pheromone titer ; airborne pheromone collection ; Homomelius lamae ; Lepidoptera ; Arctiidae ; 2-methylheptadecane
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Biologie , Chemie und Pharmazie
    Notizen: Abstract Six hydrocarbon components (2-methylhexadecane,n-heptadecane, 2-methylheptadecane, 2-methyloctadecane,n-nonadecane, and 2-methylnonadecane) were identified in sex-pheromone gland extracts and in airborne collections ofHolomelina lamae. Low variability in the ratio of components among individuals indicates tight regulation of blend composition. Minor changes were evident in the quantity and ratio of the blend as a function of time of day. Based on gland extracts, the total quantity of the six components increased from day 1 (X = 6299 ng) to day 4 (X = 7498 ng) and subsequently decreased. No significant correlations were found between total gland contents and wet or dry weights of moths. Emission rates ofH. lamae females were determined from pheromone adsorbed onto Porapak Q. Quantities released peaked shortly after the onset of calling and decreased rapidly as calling continued. Peak release rates ranged from 13 to 350 ng/10 min, and from 37 to 835 ng/60 min. Noncalling females did not emit detectable quantities of pheromone. Based on release rates and the rate of pulsation of the abdominal tip, the average amount released per pulse is not constant. The mean ratio of components released (0.78∶7.45∶ 84.80∶2.84∶2.59∶1.53) was not very different from the ratio of components in gland extracts of 2-day-old females (0.70∶4.19∶90.12∶ 1.65∶1.91∶1.42). We propose that the blend is atomized rather than volatilized from the gland, thus retaining nearly the same ratios in the female's effluvium as in her gland.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01020542
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  • 67
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Flight and copulation of female spruce budworm in pheromone-permeated air (1987)
    Springer
    Journal of chemical ecology 13 (1987), S. 1749-1758 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-1561
    Schlagwort(e): Spruce budwormChoristoneura fumiferana ; Lepidoptera ; Tortricidae ; sex pheromone ; female response ; flight ; copulation ; dispersal
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Biologie , Chemie und Pharmazie
    Notizen: Abstract High concentrations of synthetic sex pheromone caused increased flight activity among mated female spruce budworm of all ages, a fact that may indicate an increase in dispersal. Flight activity also increased among older virgin females, but not among females one day old, the age at which they usually mate. Receptivity of young virgin females to courting males was not affected by pheromone-permeated air. Synthetic sex pheromone is therefore not likely to influence mating frequency through its effects on female activity.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00980215
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  • 68
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Cyanogenesis—a general phenomenon in the lepidoptera? (1987)
    Springer
    Journal of chemical ecology 13 (1987), S. 1789-1809 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-1561
    Schlagwort(e): Lepidoptera ; chemical defense ; cyanogenesis ; cyanoglucosides ; β-cyano-l-alanine ; rhodanese ; phytophagous insects
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Biologie , Chemie und Pharmazie
    Notizen: Abstract There are two different pathways known to be used for the detoxification of hydrocyanic acid in insects, viz., rhodanese and β-cyano-l-ala-nine synthase. We consider the latter to be indicative for cyanogenesis, while rhodanese might, in general, play a more important role in sulfur transfer for protein synthesis. This paper reports on the distribution of β-cyano-l-alanine (BCA) in the Lepidoptera. First reports of cyanogenesis are presented for the following families: Papilionidae, Pieridae, Lycaenidae, Hesperiidae, Lymantriidae, Arctiidae, Notodontidae, Megalopygidae, Limacodidae, Cymatophoridae, Noctuidae, Geometridae, and Yponomeutidae. New and old records for three other families, the Nymphalidae, Zygaenidae, and Heterogynidae, are included to complete the present state of knowledge. Special emphasis has been laid on the Nymphalidae, where BCA has been detected in eight subfamilies. Taxonomic, geographic, and seasonal variation has been found in a number of cases. In all cases observed so far, the source of cyanogenesis in the Lepidoptera is most probably the cyanoglucosides linamarin and lotaustralin, although cyanogenesis based on mustard oil glucosides and cyclopentenoid glucosides might occur as well. BCA has been found in both cryptic and aposematic species, including taxa such as the Pieridae, Danainae, Ithomiinae, and Arctiidae, where the defensive biology is believed to be linked with other compounds, like mustard oil glucosides, cardenolides, or pyrrolizidine alkaloids. The ecological interaction and significance of such secondary compounds is not yet understood.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01013229
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  • 69
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Identification of sex pheromone components of darksided cutworm,Euxoa messoria, and modification of sex attractant blend for adult males (1987)
    Springer
    Journal of chemical ecology 13 (1987), S. 1187-1199 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-1561
    Schlagwort(e): Darksided cutworm ; Euxoa messoria ; Lepidoptera ; Noctuidae ; sex pheromone ; (Z)-7-hexadecenyl acetate ; (Z)-11-hexadecenyl acetate ; (Z)-11-hexadecenol ; (Z)-11-hexadecenal
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Biologie , Chemie und Pharmazie
    Notizen: Abstract Eleven “pheromone-like” compounds were identified in excised abdomen tip extracts of calling adult females of darksided cutworm,Euxoa messoria (Harris). The essential pheromone components were (Z)-7- and (Z)-11-hexadecenyl acetates in a ratio of 1∶40, which agreed with an attractant blend developed empirically by field testing the attractancies of synthetic blends. The pheromone component, (Z)-11-hexadecenol, improved the attraction of darksided cutworm males whereas the components (Z)-9-tetradecenyl acetate and (Z)-7-dodecenyl acetate inhibited their attraction. The other “pheromone-like” compounds identified in the female extracts had no obvious effect on the attraction of darksided cutworm males. Three compounds that functioned as parapheromones when substituted for (Z)-7-hexadecenyl acetate in the two-component blend were (Z)-7-pentadecenyl, (Z)-7-tetradecenyl, and (Z)-7-tridecenyl acetates. (Z)-11-hexadecenal was not detected in the female extracts, but it had a synergistic effect on the attraction of darksided cutworm moths and inhibited the attraction of male moths of a nontarget species,Helotropha reniformis (Grote). As a trap bait for monitoring purposes, we recommend a four-component blend of (Z)-7-hexadecenyl acetate, (Z)-11-hexadecenyl acetate, (Z)-11-hexadecenol, and (Z)-11-hexadecenal at 12.5, 500, 1, and 10 μg/red rubber septum dispenser containing 5 μg of antioxidant 2,6-tert-butyl-4-methyl phenol. This blend is effective under field conditions for at least six weeks.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01020548
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  • 70
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Technique for injecting intact glands for analysis of sex pheromones of Lepidoptera by capillary gas chromatography (1987)
    Springer
    Journal of chemical ecology 13 (1987), S. 1299-1311 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-1561
    Schlagwort(e): Solid-sample injection ; sex pheromone analysis ; Ostrinia nubilalis ; Bombyx mori ; Mamestra brassicae ; Lepidoptera ; Pyralidae ; Bombycidae ; Noctuidae ; site of pheromone release
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Biologie , Chemie und Pharmazie
    Notizen: Abstract The structure elucidation of sex pheromones of Lepidoptera by a solid-sample injection technique in conjunction with capillary gas chromatography is described. The applicability of this method in GC and GC-MS modes was demonstrated by reanalyzing the sex attractants of females ofOstrinia nubilalis andBombyx mori. The pheromone complex ofMamestra brassicae was reinvestigated and (Z)-9-hexadecenyl acetate and (Z)-11-hexadecenol were found in addition to already known pheromone components of this species. By using the solid-sample injection, the exact site of pheromone release could be determined inM. brassicae.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01020556
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  • 71
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Behavioral and physiological responses of cabbage looper,Trichoplusia ni (Hübner), to steam distillates from resistant versus susceptible soybean plants (1987)
    Springer
    Journal of chemical ecology 13 (1987), S. 1903-1915 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-1561
    Schlagwort(e): Allelochemicals ; cabbage looper ; Glycine max ; Lepidoptera ; Noctuidae ; plant resistance ; plant volatiles ; soybeans ; steam distillates ; Trichoplusia ni
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Biologie , Chemie und Pharmazie
    Notizen: Abstract Soybean plant volatiles, extracted as steam distillates, significantly affected the behavior and biology of the cabbage looper,Trichoplusia ni (Hübner) (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae). Distillates from the susceptible Davis variety attractedT. ni larvae and female adults, whereas those from resistant PI 227687 plants repelled them. When mixed in an artificial diet, steam distillates from PI 227687 plants caused mortality of first-instar larvae. Adults emerging from pupae topically treated with 5 μg of such PI 227687 extractable showed developmental abnormalities. Larval feeding was significantly less on Davis leaves treated with PI 227687 volatiles as compared to solvent (acetone) or such Davis extractables. However, Davis volatiles on PI 227687 leaves did not increase larval feeding. HPLC analyses of steam distillates from susceptible Davis versus resistant PI 227687 indicated differences.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01013239
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  • 72
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Behavior of processionary males (Thaumetopoea pityocampa) induced by sex pheromone and analogs in a wind tunnel (1995)
    Springer
    Journal of chemical ecology 21 (1995), S. 1957-1969 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-1561
    Schlagwort(e): Sex pheromone ; processionary moth ; Thaumetopoea pityocampa ; Lepidoptera ; Thaumetopoeidae ; behavior ; wind tunnel
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Biologie , Chemie und Pharmazie
    Notizen: Abstract The behavioral response of processionary males (Thaumetopoea pityocampa) to the natural pheromone (Z)-13-hexadecen-11-ynyl acetate (1) and structurally related analogs in a wind tunnel is presented. Stereomerically pureZ-1 and a mixture with theE isomer in 80:20 ratio elicited similar attraction responses at 1 µg and higher. The activity was dose-dependent, being optimum at 1 µg with 90% and 80% of males contacting with the source in the presence of theZ-1 andZ/E-1, respectively. 11-Hexadecynyl acetate (2) functioned as a pheromone mimic, being able to induce the complete mate-finding behavioral sequence, although its activity was much lower than that of the pheromone. (Z)-13-Hexadecen-11-ynyl alcohol (3) and, particularly, (Z)-13-hexadecen-11-ynal (4) were potent inhibitors of the upwind flight response in mixtures withZ-1 in 99:1, 95:5, and 91:9 ratios. (Z)-1,1,1-Trifluoro-16-nonadecen-14-yn-2-one (5) also inhibited the response of males to pheromone, particularly in the source contact behavior. Comparison with activity displayed by analogs in field tests is also reported.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02033855
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  • 73
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Sequestration of lichen compounds by lichen-feeding members of the Arctiidae (Lepidoptera) (1995)
    Springer
    Journal of chemical ecology 21 (1995), S. 2079-2089 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-1561
    Schlagwort(e): Arctiidae ; Lepidoptera ; lichens ; lichen compounds ; HPLC ; sequestration ; chemical defense
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Biologie , Chemie und Pharmazie
    Notizen: Abstract A survey for the presence of sequestered lichen compounds in 103 wild-caught imagines representing eight different genera and 16 different species of the Arctiidae was conducted. Known lichen compounds were detected for the first time in 24 of the analyzed specimens (representing five different genera and 11 different species) based on their HPLC retention times and on their UV-absorption spectra. The anthraquinone parietin, the depside atranorin, as well as a hydrolytic cleavage product of the latter were among the lichen compounds most frequently detected in wild-caught imagines. The observed variation of sequestered lichen compounds in wild-caught imagines with unknown feeding history may be due to several reasons. Lack of lichen compounds in imagines may have been caused, for example, by larvae feeding on lichens with no or only minute amounts of phenolic products. The age of the specimens analyzed may also influence the results obtained. Avoidance of lichen compounds by selective feeding on those parts of lichen thalli that have no or little lichen products may be another reason for the lack of lichen compounds in imagines. Preliminary feeding experiments conducted with larvae ofEilema complana, for example, indicated that the larvae fed exclusively on the algal layer and cortex of the lichenCladonia pyxidata, whereas the medulla, which is rich in fumarprotocetrarie acid, was avoided. As expected, imagines hatching from the larvae were free of this lichen compound. Any ecological role of the sequestered lichen compounds for the herbivores is unknown. It is possible, however, that sequestered lichen compounds may be utilized for the chemical defense of arctiid moths or against microbial pathogens.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02033864
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  • 74
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Chemical nature of larval osmeterial secretions of papilionid butterflies in the generaParnassius, Sericinus andPachliopta (1995)
    Springer
    Journal of chemical ecology 21 (1995), S. 859-867 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-1561
    Schlagwort(e): Osmeterial secretion ; Lepidoptera ; Papilionidae ; Parnassiinae ; Papilioninae ; Parnassius glacialis ; Sericinus montela ; Pachliopta aristolochiae ; aliphatic acid and ester ; monoterpene ; sesquiterpene
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Biologie , Chemie und Pharmazie
    Notizen: Abstract Volatile components of the larval osmeterial secretion ofParnassius glacialis (Parnassiinae, Parnassiini) consisted of isobutyric acid, 2-methylbutyric acid, and their methyl esters. In contrast, the osmeterial exudate ofSericinus montela (Parnassiinae, Zerynthiini) was characterized as monoterpene hydrocarbons comprisingβ-myrcene (Major),α-pinene, sabinene, limonene, andβ-phellandrene, whereas that ofPachliopta aristolochiae (Papilioninae, Troidini) was composed of numerous sesquiterpene hydrocarbons, includingα-himachalene,α-amorphene, and germacrene-A, and a few oxygenated sesquiterpenoids. In these three species, the chemical nature of the secretions of the last and the penultimate instars was essentially of similar quality, suggesting that the three genera,Parnassius, Sericinus, andPachliopta, are assigned to homogeneous types.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02033466
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  • 75
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Failure of tannic acid to inhibit digestion or reduce digestibility of plant protein in gut fluids of insect herbivores (1987)
    Springer
    Journal of chemical ecology 13 (1987), S. 605-621 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-1561
    Schlagwort(e): Tannins ; digestibility-reducing substances ; surfactants ; detergency ; herbivory ; chemical defense ; allelochemics ; Manduca sexta ; Lepidoptera ; Sphingidae ; Schistocerca gregaria ; Orthoptera ; Acrididae
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Biologie , Chemie und Pharmazie
    Notizen: Abstract The rate of hydrolysis of the abundant foliar protein, ribulose-1,5-bisphosphate carboxylase/oxygenase (RuBPC), in enzymatically active gut fluid ofManduca sexta larvae is very rapid and is unaffected by the presence of tannic acid, even when tannic acid is present in the incubation mixture in amounts in excess of the amount of RuBPC. When this protein is dissolved in the denatured gut fluids ofM. sexta larvae orSchistocerca gregaria nymphs, large amounts of tannic acid must be added to bring about the precipitation of significant quantities of protein. The ability of insect gut fluid to prevent the formation of insoluble tannin-protein complexes is due to the presence of surfactants. On the basis of our results and a review of the findings of other investigators, we argue that there is no evidence that tannins reduce the nutritional value of an insect's food by inhibiting digestive enzymes or by reducing the digestibility of ingested proteins and, further, that the failure of tannins to interfere with digestion is readily explained on the basis of well-documented characteristics of the digestive systems of herbivorous insects. In challenging the currently popular notion that tannins are digestibility-reducing substances, we do not challenge the general utility of either the apparency theory or resource availability theory of plant defense. In debating the merits of these two analyses of plant-herbivore interactions, however, the demise of tannins as all-purpose, dose-dependent, digestibility-reducing defensive substances must be taken into account.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01880103
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  • 76
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Extractives of seeds of the meliaceae: Effects onSpodoptera frugiperda (J.E. Smith),Acalymma vittatum (F.), andArtemia salina Leach (1987)
    Springer
    Journal of chemical ecology 13 (1987), S. 99-111 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-1561
    Schlagwort(e): Spodoptera frugiperda ; Lepidoptera ; Noctuidae ; Acalymma vittatum ; Coleoptera ; Chrysomelidae ; brine shrimp ; Artemia salina ; insecticides ; antifeedants ; Meliaceae ; neem ; limonoids ; azadiractin ; seeds
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Biologie , Chemie und Pharmazie
    Notizen: Abstract Hexane and ethanol extracts of seeds from 22 species of plants of the family Meliaceae from a number of countries were prepared. The extracts were submitted to antifeedant and toxicity bioassays utilizing fall armyworm [Spodoptera frugiperda (J.E. Smith)] (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae) larvae and striped cucumber beetle [Acalymma vittatum (F.)] (Coleoptera: Chrysomelidae) adults. Toxicity tests were also performed with brine shrimp,Anemia salina Leach. Feeding inhibition and mortality produced by some of these extracts were comparable to and, in certain cases, slightly greater than the effects produced by comparable neem (Azadiracta indica A. Juss.) seed preparations. Brine shrimp toxicity data do not extrapolate to insect activity, and vice versa.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01020354
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  • 77
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Identification of sex pheromone of calendula plume mothPlatyptilia williamsii (1987)
    Springer
    Journal of chemical ecology 13 (1987), S. 907-916 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-1561
    Schlagwort(e): Platyptilia williamsii ; Lepidoptera ; Pterophoridae ; calendula plume moth ; insect pheromones ; (Z)-11-hexadecenal ; reproductive isolation ; insect behavior
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Biologie , Chemie und Pharmazie
    Notizen: Abstract The sex pheromone of the calendula plume moth,Platyptilia williamsii was identified as (Z)-11-hexadecenal (Z11–16∶Aid). Extracts of female sex pheromone glands contained several compounds when analyzed by capillary and packed-column GLC. However, airborne collections of volatiles from glands contained only one of these compounds, having the same retention time asZ11–16∶Ald. GC-MS and microozonolysis analyses of the natural product were consistent with those of syntheticZ11–16∶Ald. In a flight tunnel, males oriented upwind and touched sources ofZ11–16∶Ald and gland extract with equal frequency. Field tests of syntheticZ11–16∶Ald already have shown it to be a potent sex attractant for males of this species. This study further supports the hypothesis thatP. williamsii and a sympatric species,Platyptilia carduidactyla, are not reproductively isolated by chemical differences in the composition of the sex pheromone, but rather by temporal differences in sexual activities.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01020169
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  • 78
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Identification of sex pheromone components from pheromone gland volatiles of the tomato looper,Plusia chalcites (Esp.) (1987)
    Springer
    Journal of chemical ecology 13 (1987), S. 991-1003 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-1561
    Schlagwort(e): Plusia chalcites ; Lepidoptera ; Noctuidae ; sex pheromone ; identification ; flight-tunnel bioassay ; (Z)-7-dodecenyl acetate ; (Z)-9-dodecenyl acetate ; (Z)-9-tetradecenyl acetate
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Biologie , Chemie und Pharmazie
    Notizen: Abstract The sex pheromone glands ofPlusia chalcites release, dodecyl acetate, (Z)-7-dodecenyl acetate, (Z)-9-dodecenyl acetate, 11-dodecenyl acetate, (Z)-8-tridecenyl acetate, and (Z)-9-tetradecenyl acetate. A combination of capillary GC, GC-MS, and dimethyl disulfide derivatization enabled a rigorous identification of all these compounds, some of which were previously found in gland extracts. Bioassays in a flight tunnel showed that a ternary blend of (Z)-7-dodecenyl acetate, (Z)-9-dodecenyl acetate, and (Z)-9-tetradecenyl acetate elicited directed flights from 85 to 100% of the males tested and elicited copulation attempts, at the end of the flights, from 44 to 74% of the males tested. This blend was equal in activity to the natural gland extract. Addition of the other acetates had only a slight influence on the activity of this mixture. Substitution of either (Z)-9-dodecenyl acetate or (Z)-9-tetradecenyl acetate in this blend by 11-dodecenyl acetate gave two ternary mixtures which also elicited high levels of courtship activity, almost as high as that of the original blend. Addition of (Z)-7-dodecenyl alcohol inhibited almost totally the flight activity of males.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01020533
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  • 79
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Plant secondary compounds as oviposition deterrents for cabbage butterfly,Pieris rapae (Lepidoptera: Pieridae) (1987)
    Springer
    Journal of chemical ecology 13 (1987), S. 309-316 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-1561
    Schlagwort(e): Oviposition deterrence ; oviposition behavior ; Pieris rapae ; cabbage butterfly ; Lepidoptera ; Pieridae ; coumarin ; rutin ; plant secondary compounds ; insect-plant interactions ; cabbage ; Cruciferae
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Biologie , Chemie und Pharmazie
    Notizen: Abstract Oviposition byPieris rapae butterflies was deterred by spraying the plant secondary compounds coumarin and rutin on cabbage plants in greenhouse choice tests. In no-choice tests ranging from 5 min to 24 hr, acceptance of rutin-treated plants for oviposition increased with trial duration. Both coumarin and rutin deterred oviposition primarily by affecting prealighting rather than postalighting behavior, indicating that deterrence was mediated by noncontact cues.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01025890
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  • 80
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Role of female-produced sex pheromone in behavioral reproductive isolation betweenTrichoplusia ni (Hübner) andPseudoplusia includens (Walker) (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae, plusiinae) (1987)
    Springer
    Journal of chemical ecology 13 (1987), S. 1005-1018 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-1561
    Schlagwort(e): Trichoplusia ni ; Pseudoplusia includens ; Lepidoptera ; Noctuidae ; (Z)-5-dodecen-1-ol acetate ; (Z)-9-tetradecen-1-ol acetate ; (Z)-7-dodecen-1-ol acetate ; pheromone ; pheromone blends ; cross-attraction ; inhibition ; reproductive isolation
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Biologie , Chemie und Pharmazie
    Notizen: Abstract In laboratory flight tunnel bioassays, response rates of male cabbage looper,Trichoplusia ni (Hübner), to female soybean looper,Pseudoplusia includens (Walker), were similar to response rates of maleT. ni to conspecific females for plume tracking and source contact. Male soybean loopers, however, exhibited a greatly reduced response to female cabbage loopers compared to conspecific females. Similar differences were observed in male responses to extracts of female abdominal tips. Studies of flight tunnel responses of male soybean loopers to the different chemicals known to be components of the female cabbage looper sex pheromone indicated that the reduction in response was due to inhibitory effects of (Z)-5-dodecen-1-ol acetate and (Z)-9-tetradecen-1-ol acetate, when added singly to (Z)-7-dodecen-1-ol acetate (major component of both species) at release rates and at ratios close to those observed in female cabbage loopers.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01020534
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  • 81
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Quantitative comparison of behavioral and neurophysiological responses of insects to odorants (1987)
    Springer
    Journal of chemical ecology 13 (1987), S. 509-531 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-1561
    Schlagwort(e): Pheromone ; olfaction ; electroantennogram ; neurophysiology ; Trichoplusia ni ; Heliothis zea ; Plodia interpunctella ; Lepidoptera ; Noctuidae ; Pyralidae
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Biologie , Chemie und Pharmazie
    Notizen: Abstract A consistent pattern of relationships emerges from comparisons of insect electroantennograms, peripheral olfactory receptor neuron responses, and behavioral responses to quantified concentrations of odorants. One consistency is that all of the different response measurements can be described by stimulus-response curves of the same form. Another is that the responses have characteristic groupings when they are plotted against odorant concentration. The pattern of relationships is exemplified in the responses ofTrichoplusia ni (Hübner),Heliothis zea (Boddie), andPlodia interpunctella (Hübner) to several pheromone components and analogs. To quantify the relevant stimulus parameters for the response comparisons, the emission rates of the stimulus delivery system were calibrated for several 12 to 17-carbon pheromone components. The stimulus-response relationships determined forT. ni, H. zea, andP. interpunctella are combined with relationships reported for other insects in the literature, and applications are discussed for the interpretation of pheromone trapping and laboratory bioassays.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01880096
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  • 82
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Sex pheromones of rice moth,Corcyra cephalonica Stainton (1987)
    Springer
    Journal of chemical ecology 13 (1987), S. 1561-1573 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-1561
    Schlagwort(e): Male pheromone ; olfactometer ; identification ; synthesis ; farnesal ; Lepidoptera ; Pyralidae ; Galleriinae ; Corcyra cephalonica ; rice moth ; 3,7,1 1-trimethyl-2,6,10-dodecatrienal
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Biologie , Chemie und Pharmazie
    Notizen: Abstract Behavioral observations of the rice moth (Corcyra cephalonica, Pyralidae, Galleriinae) in the laboratory have shown that a male wing-gland pheromone induces attraction of female moths. This pheromone was identified as a blend of (E,E) and (Z,E)-farnesal. Wing-gland extracts or synthetic compounds were shown to be attractive to females by inducing walking.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00980200
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  • 83
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Cardenolide content and thin-layer chromatography profiles of monarch butterflies,danaus plexippus L., and their larval host-plant milkweed,asclepias viridis walt., in northwestern louisiana (1987)
    Springer
    Journal of chemical ecology 13 (1987), S. 47-70 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-1561
    Schlagwort(e): Asclepias viridis ; milkweed ; Asclepiadaceae ; Danaus plexippus ; Lepidoptera ; Danaidae ; monarch butterfly ; cardenolide ; cardiac glyco-side ; gitoxin ; emical ecology ; emical defense ; in-layer chromatog-raphy ; ant-insect interactions ; evolution
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Biologie , Chemie und Pharmazie
    Notizen: Abstract This paper is the first in a series on cardenolide fingerprinting of monarch butterflies and their host-plant milkweeds in the eastern United States. Spectrophotometric determinations of the gross cardenolide content of 60Asclepias viridis plants in northwestern Louisiana indicate a positively skewed variation ranging from 95 to 432 υg/0.1 g dry weight with a mean of 245 υg/0.1 g. Butterflies reared individually on these plants contained a normal cardenolide distribution ranging from 73 to 591 υg/0.1 g dry weight with a mean of 337 υg/0.1 g. The uptake of cardenolide by the butterflies best fit a logarithmic function of the plant concentration. Female monarchs (385 υg/0.l g) contained significantly greater mean cardenolide concentrations than did males (287 υg/0.1 g). No indications of a metabolic cost for either cardenolide ingestion or storage were adduced from size or dry weight data. Thin-layer chromatograms of 24 individual plant-butterfly pairs developed in two solvent systems resolved 21 individual spots in the plants and 15 in the butterflies.A. viridis plants appear to contain several relatively nonpolar cardenolides of the calotropagenin series which are metabolized to the more polar 3'-hydroxy derivatives calactin and calotropin as well as to calotropagenin in the butterflies. The epoxy cardenolides labriformin and labriformidin were absent, although desglucosyrioside (a 3'-hydroxy derivative) appeared present in both plants and butterflies. Quantitative evaluation of theR f values, spot intensities, and probabilities of occurrence in the chloroform-methanol—formamide TLC system produced a cardenolide fingerprint clearly distinct from those previously established for monarchs reared on otherAsclepias species, supporting the use of fingerprints to make ecological predictions concerning larval host-plant utilization.A. viridis is the predominant early spring milkweed throughout most of the south central United States and may be important in providing chemical protection to spring and early summer generation monarchs in the eastern United States.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01020351
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  • 84
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Structure-activity relationship observations for European corn borer moth pheromone and fluoro analogs via computer molecular modeling (1995)
    Springer
    Journal of chemical ecology 21 (1995), S. 1921-1930 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-1561
    Schlagwort(e): Molecular modeling ; SAR ; Lepidoptera ; Pyralidae ; Ostrinia nubilalis ; European corn borer moth ; sex pheromone ; attractant
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Biologie , Chemie und Pharmazie
    Notizen: Abstract Structure-activity relationship (SAR) observations were made for theZ-type European corn borer moth pheromone, (Z)-11-tetradecen-1-ol acetate, and a series of analogs with fluorination in the alcohol portion of the molecule. The attractiveness of these analogs and the pheromone was compared to the electrostatic potential map of the molecular mechanics (MM) minimized lowest energy conformation for each compound. A critical range of electrostatic potential on the protons of the double-bond appears to be essential for optimal acceptor fit and attractiveness.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02033852
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  • 85
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Microsomal oxidation of allelochemicals in generalist (Spodoptera frugiperda) and semispecialist (Anticarsia gemmatalis) insect (1987)
    Springer
    Journal of chemical ecology 13 (1987), S. 423-436 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-1561
    Schlagwort(e): Allelochemical metabolism ; microsomal oxidation ; fall armyworm ; velvetbean caterpillar ; Spodoptera frugiperda ; Anticarsia gemmatalis ; Lepidoptera ; Noctuidae ; enzyme induction
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Biologie , Chemie und Pharmazie
    Notizen: Abstract Midgut microsomes prepared from larvae of the fall armyworm [Spodoptera frugiperda (J.E Smith)], a generalist insect, and the velvetbean caterpillar (Anticarsia gemmatalis Hubner), a semispecialist, were used to study their oxidative activity toward a variety of allelochemicals. Allelochemicals such as terpenoids, alkaloids, indoles, glucosinolates, flavonoids, coumarins, cardenolides, phenylpropenes, and a ketohydrocarbon were all metabolized by the microsomal cytochrome P-450 monooxygenases in both species. Fall armyworm microsomes oxidized monoterpenes more favorably than other types of terpenes, indicating a preference for these compounds. In all instances, the oxidative metabolism of these allelochemicals can be induced by dietary allelochemicals such as indole 3-carbinol, indole 3-acetonitrile, menthol, flavone, or peppermint oil ranging from 1.3- to 9.5-fold. In the case of certain triterpenes, tetraterpene, alkaloid, coumarin, and cardenolides, metabolic activity can only be observed after induction. The monooxygenase activities toward these allelochemicals were generally higher in the generalist than in the semispecialist. These findings provide strong evidence that microsomal monooxygenases play an important role in the detoxification of plant toxins and hence host-plant selections in herbivorous insects.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01880090
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  • 86
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Activity of volatile compounds in glandular trichomes ofLycopersicon species against two insect herbivores (1987)
    Springer
    Journal of chemical ecology 13 (1987), S. 837-850 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-1561
    Schlagwort(e): Lycopersicon ; Keiferia lycopersicella ; Spodoptera exigua ; Lepidoptera ; Gelechiidae ; Noctuidae ; leaf trichomes ; 2-tridecanone ; 2-undecanone ; terpenoids ; toxicity
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Biologie , Chemie und Pharmazie
    Notizen: Abstract Several major chemicals in the glandular heads of type VI trichomes ofLycopersicon species were identified and quantified by gas chromatography and mass spectrometry. Two normal odd-chained ketones, 2-undecanone (47 ng) and 2-tridecanone (146 ng), and one unknown sesquiterpene (5 ng), comprised approximately 95% of the contents of a gland ofL.hirsutum f.glabratum Mull. In a closely related plant,L.hirsutum Humb. & Bonpl. (LA 361), two unknown insecticidal sesquiterpenes accounted for 6% of the gland contents. Additionally, small amounts of one unknown monoterpene and another unknown sesquiterpene were found in type VI glands of a commercial tomato variety,L.esculentum Mill. Bioassays comparing the gland exudate (by direct contact) and isooctane extracts of glands to neonate larvae ofKeiferia lycopersicella (Walsingham) (Lepidoptera: Gelechiidae) andSpodoptera exigua (Hübner) (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae) indicated that: (1) 2-tridecanone and 2-undecanone were the major insecticidal compounds inL.hirsutum f.glabratum, (2) the two unknown sesquiterpenes inL.hirsutum were acutely toxic to both species, and (3) gland contents in the commercial tomato variety provided only a physical barrier toK.lycopersicella, and were not detrimental toS.exigua. In topical bioassay trials, synthetic mixtures of 2-tridecanone and 2-undecanone (3 ∶1) demonstrated potentiation. Concentrations of these chemicals decreased as trichomes aged. Quantities of insecticidal chemicals and density of type VI trichomes varied with plant age and location within plants.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01020164
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  • 87
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Linamarin and histamine in the defense of adultZygaena filipendulae (1987)
    Springer
    Journal of chemical ecology 13 (1987), S. 133-142 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-1561
    Schlagwort(e): Zygaena filipendulae ; Lepidoptera ; Zygaenidae ; allomone ; histamine ; linamarin ; cyanoglycosides ; defense ; synergism ; avian insectivory ; aposematic coloration
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Biologie , Chemie und Pharmazie
    Notizen: Abstract We determined the protective values of histamine and linamarin to an aposematic moth,Zygaena filipendulae. Using ion-exchange resin techniques, we found that the mean histamine concentrations in the wings were 0.061 ± 0.047 μg/mg and 0.013 ± 0.0051 in the moths' bodies (totals: 0.586 μg and 2.921 μg, respectively, all wet weights). Average HCN evolution (mainly from the bitter cyanogen linamarin) from the wings was 0.049 ± 0.41 μg/mg (0.426 μg/ml of linamarin could produce this amount of HCN) and 0.029 ± 0.0026 μg/mg HCN (0.281 μg/mg linamarin) evolved from the bodies (total linamarin 4.09 μg and 61.258 μg, respectively, all wet weights). Therefore, higher concentrations of toxicants were found in the part of the body most liable to initial attack. We found, in offering various toxic solutions to 10 common quails, that 0.1% linamarin (mean linamarin consumed equal to about 70% of the average total wing content) but 1.0% histamine (mean histamine consumed equal to that found in about 8.9 average wing sets) solutions significantly lowered drinking rates. However, combination solutions were still effectively aversive at 0.001% histamine plus 0.028% linamarin. This synergism would allow a moth under local abiotic or dietary stress to elaborate substantially less of one or both compounds than that normally synthesized. The implications to kin selection are discussed.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01020357
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  • 88
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Analysis of peach bark volatiles and their electroantennogram activity with lesser peachtree borer,Synanthedon pictipes (Grote and Robinson) (1987)
    Springer
    Journal of chemical ecology 13 (1987), S. 2103-2114 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-1561
    Schlagwort(e): Synanthedon pictipes ; Lepidoptera ; Sesiidae ; host volatiles ; electroantennogram ; olfaction ; oviposition ; benzaldehyde ; methyl benzoate ; guaiacol ; phenol
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Biologie , Chemie und Pharmazie
    Notizen: Abstract Bark volatiles from two peach cultivars (Bisco and Redskin) were obtained by vacuum steam distillation and fractionated by preparative gas chromatography. The fractions were then assayed with the electroantenno- gram (EAG) method on antennae of female lesser peachtree borer [Synanthedon pictipes (Grote and Robinson)]. With both cultivars, two fractions elicited the largest responses. Analysis of this material by GC-MS revealed a complex mixture made up of aromatic alcohols, esters, ketones, and acids, as well as phenols, aliphatic aldehydes, and aliphatic acids. EAG responses to pure samples of all identified components were recorded, and many of these compounds were found to be quite active. Among the most stimulatory were guaiacol, methyl benzoate, and l-phenyl-1,2-propanedione. Also tested were six-carbon aliphatic aldehydes and alcohols which are components of the foliar tissue of most plants. Of these, 1-hexanol showed moderate activity, while the aldehydes and unsaturated alcohols were only weakly active.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01012874
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  • 89
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Blackheaded fireworm: Laboratory and field studies of its sex pheromone (1987)
    Springer
    Journal of chemical ecology 13 (1987), S. 1235-1242 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-1561
    Schlagwort(e): Rhopobota naevana (Hübner) ; Rhopobota unipunctana Haworth ; Rhopobota naevana naevana (Hübner) ; blackheaded fireworm ; Lepidoptera ; Tortricidae ; Olethreutinae ; sex pheromone ; sex attractant ; (Z)-11-tetradecen-1-ol ; (Z)-11-tetradecen-1-ol acetate ; (Z)-9-dodecen-1-ol acetate
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Biologie , Chemie und Pharmazie
    Notizen: Abstract Electroantennogram (EAG) responses of maleRhopobota naevana (Hübner), the blackheaded fireworm, to all of the monoene straightchain 12- and 14-carbon alcohols and acetates implicated (Z)-11-tetradecenl-1-ol (Z11–14∶OH) and its acetate (Z11–14∶Ac) as sex pheromone components.Z11–14∶Ac produced the strongest EAG response of all compounds tested. Gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS) analysis of extract of female sex pheromone glands (SPG) confirmed the presence ofZ11–14∶OH (125 pg/female) andZ11–14∶Ac (600 pg/female) (all other monoenes had different retention times). In field tests, traps baited withZ11–14∶OH alone captured males, but traps baited withZ11–14∶Ac alone did not. Traps baited with a combination ofZ11–14∶OH andZ11–14∶Ac in various ratios did not produce better trap catches thanZ11–14∶OH alone. (Z)-9-Dodecen-1-ol acetate (Z9–12∶Ac), reported by others to be a field attractant, did not produce trap catch in our tests, but in combination withZ11–14∶ OH (98∶2 in septa corresponding to 95:5 in vapor,Z11–14∶OH toZ9–12∶AC) produced a sevenfold increase in catch overZ11–14∶OH alone. IfZ9–12∶AC had been present in extract of SPG at 2–5% ofZ11–14∶OH, it would not have been detected in our GC-MS experiment.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01020551
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  • 90
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Identification of unique pheromone components for soybean looper mothPseudoplusia includens (1987)
    Springer
    Journal of chemical ecology 13 (1987), S. 1351-1360 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-1561
    Schlagwort(e): Sex pheromone ; Lepidoptera ; Noctuidae ; Pseudoplusia includens ; sustained-flight tunnel ; (Z)-7-dodecenyl acetate ; dodecyl acetate ; 11-dodecenyl acetate ; (Z)-7-dodecenyl propionate ; (Z)-7-dodecenyl butanoate
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Biologie , Chemie und Pharmazie
    Notizen: Abstract Analysis of sex pheromone glands from individual female soybean looper moths showed that in addition to the previously identified main component (Z)-7-dodecenyl acetate, the compounds dodecyl acetate, 11-dodecenyl acetate, (Z)-7-dodecenyl propionate, and (Z)-7-dodecenyl butanoate were also produced. Two of the components, 12∶OAc and 11–12∶OAc, were not detected in a single analysis of female effluvium. Flight-tunnel tests showed that the five-component and three-component blends were equal to each other and to a female extract (〉 80% source contacts) and that the mixtures were superior toZ7–12∶OAc alone. Field tests indicated that the five-component blend was significantly more attractive thanZ7–12∶OAc alone at a dosage of 1 mg, but that the blend was only slightly better at 3 mg.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01012282
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  • 91
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Sex pheromone ofPlanotortrix species found on mangrove (1987)
    Springer
    Journal of chemical ecology 13 (1987), S. 631-637 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-1561
    Schlagwort(e): Sex pheromone ; Lepidoptera ; Tortricidae ; (Z)-5-tetradecenyl acetate ; Planotortrix ; mangrove ; sibling species
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Biologie , Chemie und Pharmazie
    Notizen: Abstract (Z)-5-Tetradecenyl acetate and tetradecyl acetate were identified as sex pheromone components of an unnamedPlanotortrix leafroller moth species found onAvicennia resinifera (mangrove). An equal mixture of the two compounds used as bait gave field trap catches at least as good as those baited with caged virgin females. Traps baited with the two chemicals caught malePlanotortrix moths in a mangrove swamp not previously found to host the unnamedPlanotortrix species. Adults of the unnamedPlanotortrix species and of the greenheaded leafroller,Planotortrix excessana are morphologically indistinguishable. The sex pheromone ofP. excessana has been found previously to be a mixture of (Z)-S-tetradecenyl acetate and tetradecyl acetate, and this means that the two species may now be distinguished by sex pheromone differences.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01880105
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  • 92
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Sex pheromone components of purple stem borerSesamia inferens (Walker) (1987)
    Springer
    Journal of chemical ecology 13 (1987), S. 983-989 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-1561
    Schlagwort(e): Sesamia inferens ; Lepidoptera ; Noctuidae ; purple stem borer ; sex pheromone ; Z-11-hexadecenyl acetate ; Z-11-hexadecenol ; Z-11-hexadecenal
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Biologie , Chemie und Pharmazie
    Notizen: Abstract The pheromone of the female purple stem borer,Z-11-hexadecenyl acetate, identified by Nesbitt, was not active in field trapping in China. From EAG, TLC, GC, and GC-MS tests, we found thatZ-11-hexadecenyl acetate,Z-11-hexadecenol, andZ-11-hexadecenal were the pheromone components, and the preferred blend ratio in field tests was 4∶1∶0.1. The number of captures of the later generations was substantially lower than that of the overwintered generation.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01020532
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  • 93
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Reinvestigation confirms action of Δ11-desaturases in spruce budworm moth sex pheromone biosynthesis (1987)
    Springer
    Journal of chemical ecology 13 (1987), S. 1019-1027 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-1561
    Schlagwort(e): Spruce budworm ; Choristoneura fumiferana ; sex pheromone biosynthesis ; Δ11-desaturase ; Trichoplusia ni ; Argyrotaenia velutinana ; Ostrinia nubilalis ; Lepidoptera ; Tortricidae ; Noctuidae ; Pyralidae
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Biologie , Chemie und Pharmazie
    Notizen: Abstract The biosynthesis of a large number of sex pheromone components of various moth species has been shown to start with common fatty acids and involve chain shortening by two carbons and introduction of a double bond at the 11–12 position. A recent report indicates that one of these common components, (E)-11-tetradecenyl acetate, is present in the eastern spruce budworm,Choristoneurafumiferana, but is not made by this pathway. Reinvestigation of this insect using in vivo and in vitro techniques indicates that the acetate indeed is made by a sequence of reactions similar to that used in other leafroller moths. In fact, evidence was found for the presence of several Δ11-desaturase systems in spruce budworm. One produced a large quantity of (Z)-11-hexadecanoic acid, and another produced (E)-11-tetradecanoic acid. It is not known if the small amount of (Z)-11-tetradecanoic acid is produced by either of those two systems or by a third system. A comparison with other species showed that cabbage looper moths have only the first system, redbanded leafroller moths use the last two systems, and European corn borer moths have all three.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01020535
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  • 94
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Sex pheromones of rice moth,Corcyra cephalonica Stainton (1987)
    Springer
    Journal of chemical ecology 13 (1987), S. 1575-1589 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-1561
    Schlagwort(e): Rice moth ; Corcyra cephalonica ; Lepidoptera ; Pyralidae ; Galleriinae ; female pheromone ; courtship pheromone ; olfactometer ; electroantenogram ; 6,10,14-trimethyl-2-pentadecanol
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Biologie , Chemie und Pharmazie
    Notizen: Abstract Laboratory investigations of mating behavior in the rice moth,Corcyra cephalonica Stainton (Lepidoptera: Pyralidae; Galleriinae) showed that male moths are attracted at short range to live, virgin female moths and to female abdominal-tip extract. Volatiles collected from virgin female moths contained one component eliciting an electroantennographic (EAG) response from the male moth, and the chemical, spectroscopic, and Chromatographic data on this component were consistent with that of synthetic 6,10,14-tri-methyl-2-pentadecanol. This compound caused an EAG response from the male moth and attracted male moths in the bioassay. The pheromone is thought to play a role in courtship, and the synthetic material was shown to cause the male moths to search for a mate and attempt copulation.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00980201
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  • 95
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Differential inhibition by castanospermine of various insect disaccharidases (1987)
    Springer
    Journal of chemical ecology 13 (1987), S. 1759-1770 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-1561
    Schlagwort(e): Castanospermine ; 6-epicastanospermine ; deoxynojirimycin ; cellobiase ; lactase ; maltase ; sucrase ; trehalase ; endosymbiote ; insect-plant interactions ; allelochemicals ; Homoptera ; Coleoptera ; Lepidoptera ; Diptera
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Biologie , Chemie und Pharmazie
    Notizen: Abstract The indolizidine alkaloid, castanospermine (1,6,7,8-tetrahydroxy-octahydroindolizidine—a stereochemical mimic of glucose found in the Australian legumeCastanospermum australe), differentially inhibited cellobiose, lactose, maltose, sucrose, and trehalose hydrolyzing enzymes from a broad taxonomic spectrum of insects (19 species from 12 different families). It was a potent inhibitor of cellobiase activity of all insects tested (50% inhibition at 〈3.2 × 10−5 M castanospermine). With one exception, it also inhibited lactase activity of all insects examined. Only in the sap-feeding Homoptera did castanospermine inhibit all disaccharidase activities assayed. Trehalase activity of the Lepidoptera and Diptera was generally inhibited by castanospermine, whereas inhibition of trehalase activity of the Coleoptera by castanospermine was exiguous or not detectable. Castanospermine was a significant feeding deterrent towards pea aphids,Acyrthosiphon pisum, with an ED50 of 1 × 10−4 M in artificial diets. Two compounds stereochemically related to castanospermine, deoxynojirimycin and 6-epicastanospermine, were each slightly active at deterring the feeding of green peach aphids,Myzus persicae, (ED50=2.5 × 10−3 M) and greenbugs,Schizaphis graminum (ED50=5 × 10−3 M), respectively. Among the insects studied there was no distinct relationship between enzyme inhibition and adaptation to host plants containing castanospermine or other toxic alkaloids.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00980216
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  • 96
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Chemical stimulants and deterrents regulating acceptance or rejection of crucifers by cabbage butterflies (1987)
    Springer
    Journal of chemical ecology 13 (1987), S. 1771-1776 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-1561
    Schlagwort(e): Cabbage butterfly ; Pieris rapae ; Lepidoptera ; Pieridae ; oviposition ; stimulants ; deterrents ; Erysimum cheiranthoides ; Capsella bursapastoris
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Biologie , Chemie und Pharmazie
    Notizen: Abstract GravidPieris rapae butterflies oviposit on many, but not all, crucifers. Rejection ofErysimum cheiranthoides andCapsella bursa-pastoris was initially explained by the presence of chemical deterrents in the plants. Analyses and bioassays of plant extracts indicated the absence of oviposition stimulants inC. bursa-pastoris, but similar chemical separation ofE. cheiranthoides extracts revealed the presence of stimulants as well as deterrents. Choice tests illustrate how acceptance or rejection of a plant by an insect may depend on the balance of positive and negative chemical stimuli within the plant.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00980217
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  • 97
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Evidence of pheromonal constancy among sexual and asexual females in a population of fall cankerworm,Alsophila pometaria (Lepidoptera: Geometridae) (1987)
    Springer
    Journal of chemical ecology 13 (1987), S. 1823-1831 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-1561
    Schlagwort(e): Lepidoptera ; Geometridae ; Alsophila pometaria ; fall cankerworm ; sex pheromones ; genetic variation ; pseudogamy
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Biologie , Chemie und Pharmazie
    Notizen: Abstract The compounds (Z,Z,Z)-3,6,9-nonadecatriene (I), (Z,Z,Z,E)-(II), and (Z,Z,Z,Z)-3,6,9,11-nonadecatetraene (III) have been implicated as components of the female sex pheromone of the fall cankerworm. Chromatographie determination of the proportions of these compounds in individual females of sympatric asexual and sexual reproductive forms of the species, with concurrent analysis of the electrophoretic profiles of the same females, showed that the I: II: III proportion of compounds was constant across electrophoretically differing asexual genotypes and between these and the sexual form. Life-history characters, in contrast, typically show great variation among these genetic groups. The results indicate that pheromonal constancy is maintained in a reproductive system that is theoretically vulnerable to selective pressures that would lead to heterogeneity in the species' pheromonal communication channel.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01013231
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  • 98
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Heliothis subflexa (Gn.) (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae): Demonstration of oviposition stimulant from groundcherry using novel bioassay (1987)
    Springer
    Journal of chemical ecology 13 (1987), S. 1849-1858 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-1561
    Schlagwort(e): Groundcherry ; Physalis angulata, Heliothis subflexa ; Lepidoptera ; Noctuidae ; oviposition stimulant
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Biologie , Chemie und Pharmazie
    Notizen: Abstract Methanol extracts of homogenized groundcherry,Physalis angulata, leaves increased egg deposition byHeliothis subflexa (Gn.) (HS) on treated tobacco plants (a nonhost) 8.5-fold over untreated controls. In doseresponse tests using whole-leaf washes of groundcherry leaves, the threshold of positive response vs. no response to the chemical stimulant was within one log dose unit when compared to the controls. This response was consistent whether the chemical was evaluated on plants in greenhouse-cage tests or in an olfactometer using pieces of broadcloth as the oviposition substrate. The olfactometer used allows year-round study of the behavioral effects of plant allelochemics on insect oviposition behavior in a controlled environment.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01013234
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  • 99
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Chemically mediated ovipositional behaviors of the european corn borer,Ostrinia nubilalis (Lepidoptera: Pyralidae) (1995)
    Springer
    Journal of chemical ecology 21 (1995), S. 1315-1327 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-1561
    Schlagwort(e): Farnesene ; farnesol ; nerolidol ; European corn borer ; Ostrinia nubilalis ; Lepidoptera ; Pyralidae ; oviposition ; behavior ; egg masses ; digital analysis technique
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Biologie , Chemie und Pharmazie
    Notizen: Abstract The volatile plant sesquiterpenoids farnesene, nerolidol, and farnesol were tested to determine their effect on European corn borer,Ostrinia nubilalis, oviposition during the first six nights of the adult stage. Adult European corn borers were released into cages designed to encourage oviposition on eight glass plates randomly arranged on top of the cage: four coated with either 80µg/cm2 farnesene, nerolidol, or farnesol, and four coated with the solvent methylene chloride. The setup was used as a binary choice test. Farnesene was preferred by females because they deposited significantly more egg masses on plates coated with the compound. Nerolidol had no effect. Farnesol, by contrast, deterred oviposition: the number of egg masses was significantly lower on plates covered with that compound. These data show that structural modification at a single terminal functional group in these compounds affects the ovipositional behavior of European corn borer females.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02027564
    Standort Signatur Erwartet Verfügbarkeit
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  • 100
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Leaf profile of maize resistance factors to European corn borer,Ostrinia nubilalis (1995)
    Springer
    Journal of chemical ecology 21 (1995), S. 343-354 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-1561
    Schlagwort(e): Ostrinia nubilalis ; Lepidoptera ; Pyralidae ; European corn borer ; maize ; resistance ; phenolics ; fiber ; diferulic acid ; truxillic acid ; DIMBOA ; toughness
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Biologie , Chemie und Pharmazie
    Notizen: Abstract The feeding preference of European corn borer larvae for immature whorl tissue of maize was examined by conducting leaf bioassays and quantifying resistance factors along the length of mid-whorl leaves from the maize synthetic BS9(C4) developed by recurrent selection for resistance. Potential resistance factors that were quantified included percent foliar nitrogen, gravimetric determination of soluble metabolites and fiber, soluble phenolics and hydroxamic acids, cell-wall-bound phenolics, leaf toughness, and UV absorbance of the epidermal cell wall determined by microspectrophotometry. Larvae consumed immature tissue at a higher rate than more mature tissue outside of the whorl, despite higher levels of DIMBOA in immature tissue. Consumption rate was highly negatively correlated with epidermal cell wall absorbance and leaf toughness. Fiber content and phenolic fortification of cell walls are proposed as the major resistance components that influence European corn borer feeding preference within the resistant synthetic BS9(C4).
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02036722
    Standort Signatur Erwartet Verfügbarkeit
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