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  • *Ecosystem  (614)
  • Rats
  • American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)  (507)
  • Nature Publishing Group (NPG)  (389)
  • American Institute of Physics (AIP)
  • Elsevier
  • 2010-2014  (896)
Collection
Keywords
Publisher
  • American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)  (507)
  • Nature Publishing Group (NPG)  (389)
  • American Institute of Physics (AIP)
  • Elsevier
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Year
  • 1
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    Ocean biogeochemistry: Carbon at the coastal interface (2014)
    Nature Publishing Group (NPG)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2014-12-10
    Description: 〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Gruber, Nicolas -- England -- Nature. 2015 Jan 8;517(7533):148-9. doi: 10.1038/nature14082. Epub 2014 Dec 10.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Environmental Physics Group, Institute of Biogeochemistry and Pollutant Dynamics, ETH Zurich, 8092 Zurich, Switzerland.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25487156" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Aquatic Organisms/metabolism ; Atmosphere/chemistry ; Carbon Dioxide/*analysis ; *Carbon Sequestration ; *Ecosystem ; Human Activities ; *Oceans and Seas ; Photosynthesis
    Print ISSN: 0028-0836
    Electronic ISSN: 1476-4687
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
    Published by Nature Publishing Group (NPG)
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  • 2
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    Composition of isolated synaptic boutons reveals the amounts of vesicle trafficking proteins (2014)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2014-05-31
    Description: Synaptic vesicle recycling has long served as a model for the general mechanisms of cellular trafficking. We used an integrative approach, combining quantitative immunoblotting and mass spectrometry to determine protein numbers; electron microscopy to measure organelle numbers, sizes, and positions; and super-resolution fluorescence microscopy to localize the proteins. Using these data, we generated a three-dimensional model of an "average" synapse, displaying 300,000 proteins in atomic detail. The copy numbers of proteins involved in the same step of synaptic vesicle recycling correlated closely. In contrast, copy numbers varied over more than three orders of magnitude between steps, from about 150 copies for the endosomal fusion proteins to more than 20,000 for the exocytotic ones.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Wilhelm, Benjamin G -- Mandad, Sunit -- Truckenbrodt, Sven -- Krohnert, Katharina -- Schafer, Christina -- Rammner, Burkhard -- Koo, Seong Joo -- Classen, Gala A -- Krauss, Michael -- Haucke, Volker -- Urlaub, Henning -- Rizzoli, Silvio O -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2014 May 30;344(6187):1023-8. doi: 10.1126/science.1252884.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Department of Neuro- and Sensory Physiology, University of Gottingen Medical Center, European Neuroscience Institute, Cluster of Excellence Nanoscale Microscopy and Molecular Physiology of the Brain, Gottingen, Germany. International Max Planck Research School Neurosciences, 37077 Gottingen, Germany. ; Bioanalytical Mass Spectrometry Group, Max-Planck-Institute for Biophysical Chemistry, 37077 Gottingen, Germany. ; Department of Neuro- and Sensory Physiology, University of Gottingen Medical Center, European Neuroscience Institute, Cluster of Excellence Nanoscale Microscopy and Molecular Physiology of the Brain, Gottingen, Germany. International Max Planck Research School Molecular Biology, 37077 Gottingen, Germany. ; Department of Neuro- and Sensory Physiology, University of Gottingen Medical Center, European Neuroscience Institute, Cluster of Excellence Nanoscale Microscopy and Molecular Physiology of the Brain, Gottingen, Germany. ; Leibniz Institut fur Molekulare Pharmakologie, Department of Molecular Pharmacology and Cell Biology, Robert-Rossle-Strasse 10, 13125 Berlin, Germany. ; Bioanalytical Mass Spectrometry Group, Max-Planck-Institute for Biophysical Chemistry, 37077 Gottingen, Germany. Bioanalytics, Department of Clinical Chemistry, University Medical Center Gottingen, 37075 Gottingen, Germany. ; Department of Neuro- and Sensory Physiology, University of Gottingen Medical Center, European Neuroscience Institute, Cluster of Excellence Nanoscale Microscopy and Molecular Physiology of the Brain, Gottingen, Germany. srizzol@gwdg.de.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24876496" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Animals ; Brain/*metabolism/ultrastructure ; Exocytosis ; Imaging, Three-Dimensional ; Immunoblotting/methods ; Mass Spectrometry/methods ; Microscopy, Electron/methods ; Models, Neurological ; Presynaptic Terminals/chemistry/*metabolism/ultrastructure ; Protein Transport ; Rats ; Rats, Wistar ; Synaptic Vesicles/chemistry/*metabolism ; Synaptosomes/chemistry/*metabolism/ultrastructure ; Vesicular Transport Proteins/analysis/*metabolism
    Print ISSN: 0036-8075
    Electronic ISSN: 1095-9203
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Computer Science , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
    Published by American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
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  • 3
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    Conversion of channelrhodopsin into a light-gated chloride channel (2014)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2014-03-29
    Description: The field of optogenetics uses channelrhodopsins (ChRs) for light-induced neuronal activation. However, optimized tools for cellular inhibition at moderate light levels are lacking. We found that replacement of E90 in the central gate of ChR with positively charged residues produces chloride-conducting ChRs (ChloCs) with only negligible cation conductance. Molecular dynamics modeling unveiled that a high-affinity Cl(-)-binding site had been generated near the gate. Stabilizing the open state dramatically increased the operational light sensitivity of expressing cells (slow ChloC). In CA1 pyramidal cells, ChloCs completely inhibited action potentials triggered by depolarizing current injections or synaptic stimulation. Thus, by inverting the charge of the selectivity filter, we have created a class of directly light-gated anion channels that can be used to block neuronal output in a fully reversible fashion.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Wietek, Jonas -- Wiegert, J Simon -- Adeishvili, Nona -- Schneider, Franziska -- Watanabe, Hiroshi -- Tsunoda, Satoshi P -- Vogt, Arend -- Elstner, Marcus -- Oertner, Thomas G -- Hegemann, Peter -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2014 Apr 25;344(6182):409-12. doi: 10.1126/science.1249375. Epub 2014 Mar 27.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Institute for Biology, Experimental Biophysics, Humboldt Universitat zu Berlin, D-10115 Berlin, Germany.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24674867" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Action Potentials ; Animals ; Binding Sites ; CA1 Region, Hippocampal/cytology ; Chloride Channels/*chemistry/*metabolism ; Chlorides/*metabolism ; HEK293 Cells ; Humans ; Hydrogen Bonding ; Ion Channel Gating ; Light ; Models, Molecular ; Molecular Dynamics Simulation ; Mutation ; Patch-Clamp Techniques ; Protein Conformation ; Protein Engineering ; Pyramidal Cells/metabolism ; Rats ; Recombinant Fusion Proteins/chemistry ; Rhodopsin/*chemistry/genetics/*metabolism ; Transfection
    Print ISSN: 0036-8075
    Electronic ISSN: 1095-9203
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Computer Science , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
    Published by American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
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  • 4
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    In defense of fences--response (2014)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2014-07-26
    Description: 〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Woodroffe, Rosie -- Hedges, Simon -- Durant, Sarah -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2014 Jul 25;345(6195):389-90. doi: 10.1126/science.345.6195.389-b. Epub 2014 Jul 24.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Institute of Zoology, Zoological Society of London, London, NW1 4RY, UK. rosie.woodroffe@ioz.ac.uk. ; Wildlife Conservation Society, Bronx, NY 10460, USA. ; Institute of Zoology, Zoological Society of London, London, NW1 4RY, UK. Wildlife Conservation Society, Bronx, NY 10460, USA.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25061195" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Animals ; *Animals, Wild ; *Biodiversity ; *Conservation of Natural Resources ; *Ecosystem ; Humans
    Print ISSN: 0036-8075
    Electronic ISSN: 1095-9203
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Computer Science , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
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  • 5
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    Searching for life in the deep shale (2014)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2014-06-28
    Description: 〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Pennisi, Elizabeth -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2014 Jun 27;344(6191):1470-1. doi: 10.1126/science.344.6191.1470.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24970076" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Biodiversity ; *Ecosystem ; Geologic Sediments/*microbiology ; *Natural Gas ; Oil and Gas Fields/*microbiology
    Print ISSN: 0036-8075
    Electronic ISSN: 1095-9203
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Computer Science , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
    Published by American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
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  • 6
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    Ecology. To fence or not to fence (2014)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2014-04-05
    Description: 〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Woodroffe, Rosie -- Hedges, Simon -- Durant, Sarah M -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2014 Apr 4;344(6179):46-8. doi: 10.1126/science.1246251.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Institute of Zoology, Regent's Park, London NW1 4RY, UK.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24700847" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Animals ; *Animals, Wild ; *Biodiversity ; *Conservation of Natural Resources ; *Ecosystem ; Humans
    Print ISSN: 0036-8075
    Electronic ISSN: 1095-9203
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Computer Science , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
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  • 7
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    Structure-guided transformation of channelrhodopsin into a light-activated chloride channel (2014)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2014-04-26
    Description: Using light to silence electrical activity in targeted cells is a major goal of optogenetics. Available optogenetic proteins that directly move ions to achieve silencing are inefficient, pumping only a single ion per photon across the cell membrane rather than allowing many ions per photon to flow through a channel pore. Building on high-resolution crystal-structure analysis, pore vestibule modeling, and structure-guided protein engineering, we designed and characterized a class of channelrhodopsins (originally cation-conducting) converted into chloride-conducting anion channels. These tools enable fast optical inhibition of action potentials and can be engineered to display step-function kinetics for stable inhibition, outlasting light pulses and for orders-of-magnitude-greater light sensitivity of inhibited cells. The resulting family of proteins defines an approach to more physiological, efficient, and sensitive optogenetic inhibition.〈br /〉〈br /〉〈a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4096039/" target="_blank"〉〈img src="https://static.pubmed.gov/portal/portal3rc.fcgi/4089621/img/3977009" border="0"〉〈/a〉   〈a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4096039/" target="_blank"〉This paper as free author manuscript - peer-reviewed and accepted for publication〈/a〉〈br /〉〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Berndt, Andre -- Lee, Soo Yeun -- Ramakrishnan, Charu -- Deisseroth, Karl -- R01 DA020794/DA/NIDA NIH HHS/ -- R01 MH075957/MH/NIMH NIH HHS/ -- R01 MH086373/MH/NIMH NIH HHS/ -- Howard Hughes Medical Institute/ -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2014 Apr 25;344(6182):420-4. doi: 10.1126/science.1252367.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Department of Bioengineering, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24763591" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Action Potentials ; Amino Acid Sequence ; Animals ; CA1 Region, Hippocampal/cytology ; CA3 Region, Hippocampal/cytology ; Chloride Channels/*chemistry/*metabolism ; Chlorides/*metabolism ; HEK293 Cells ; Humans ; Light ; Molecular Sequence Data ; Mutagenesis, Site-Directed ; Neurons/*physiology ; Optogenetics ; Patch-Clamp Techniques ; Protein Engineering ; Rats ; Rats, Sprague-Dawley ; Recombinant Fusion Proteins/chemistry/metabolism ; Rhodopsin/*chemistry/genetics/*metabolism
    Print ISSN: 0036-8075
    Electronic ISSN: 1095-9203
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Computer Science , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
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  • 8
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    Ecology. Parasitic puppeteers begin to yield their secrets (2014)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2014-01-18
    Description: 〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Pennisi, Elizabeth -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2014 Jan 17;343(6168):239. doi: 10.1126/science.343.6168.239.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24436399" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Animals ; Ants/*microbiology/physiology ; Brain/metabolism/microbiology ; Fat Body/virology ; Female ; Gryllidae/physiology/*virology ; Guanidines/analysis/metabolism ; *Host-Pathogen Interactions ; Hypocreales/*physiology ; Insect Viruses/*physiology ; Lizards/virology ; Male ; Rats ; Sexual Behavior, Animal/*physiology ; Sphingosine/analysis/metabolism ; Virus Replication
    Print ISSN: 0036-8075
    Electronic ISSN: 1095-9203
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Computer Science , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
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  • 9
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    Early animals. Ediacaran metazoan reefs from the Nama Group, Namibia (2014)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2014-06-28
    Description: Reef-building in metazoans represents an important ecological innovation whereby individuals collectively enhance feeding efficiency and gain protection from competitors and predation. The appearance of metazoan reefs in the fossil record therefore indicates an adaptive response to complex ecological pressures. In the Nama Group, Namibia, we found evidence of reef-building by the earliest known skeletal metazoan, the globally distributed Cloudina, ~548 million years ago. These Cloudina reefs formed open frameworks without a microbial component but with mutual attachment and cementation between individuals. Orientated growth implies a passive suspension-feeding habit into nutrient-rich currents. The characteristics of Cloudina support the view that metazoan reef-building was promoted by the rise of substrate competitors and predators.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Penny, A M -- Wood, R -- Curtis, A -- Bowyer, F -- Tostevin, R -- Hoffman, K-H -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2014 Jun 27;344(6191):1504-6. doi: 10.1126/science.1253393.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉School of GeoSciences, University of Edinburgh, West Mains Road, Edinburgh EH9 3JW, UK. a.m.penny@ed.ac.uk. ; School of GeoSciences, University of Edinburgh, West Mains Road, Edinburgh EH9 3JW, UK. ; Department of Earth Sciences, University College London, Gower Street, London WC1E 6BT, UK. ; Geological Survey of Namibia, Private Bag 13297, Windhoek, Namibia.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24970084" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Animals ; Carbonates ; *Ecosystem ; *Fossils ; Invertebrates/anatomy & histology/*growth & development/physiology ; Namibia ; Predatory Behavior
    Print ISSN: 0036-8075
    Electronic ISSN: 1095-9203
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Computer Science , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
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  • 10
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    Climate change. Six centuries of variability and extremes in a coupled marine-terrestrial ecosystem (2014)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2014-09-23
    Description: Reported trends in the mean and variability of coastal upwelling in eastern boundary currents have raised concerns about the future of these highly productive and biodiverse marine ecosystems. However, the instrumental records on which these estimates are based are insufficiently long to determine whether such trends exceed preindustrial limits. In the California Current, a 576-year reconstruction of climate variables associated with winter upwelling indicates that variability increased over the latter 20th century to levels equaled only twice during the past 600 years. This modern trend in variance may be unique, because it appears to be driven by an unprecedented succession of extreme, downwelling-favorable, winter climate conditions that profoundly reduce productivity for marine predators of commercial and conservation interest.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Black, Bryan A -- Sydeman, William J -- Frank, David C -- Griffin, Daniel -- Stahle, David W -- Garcia-Reyes, Marisol -- Rykaczewski, Ryan R -- Bograd, Steven J -- Peterson, William T -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2014 Sep 19;345(6203):1498-502. doi: 10.1126/science.1253209.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉University of Texas Marine Science Institute, 750 Channel View Drive, Port Aransas, TX 78373, USA. bryan.black@utexas.edu. ; Farallon Institute for Advanced Ecosystem Research, 101 H Street, Suite Q, Petaluma, CA 94952, USA. ; Swiss Federal Research Institute WSL, Zurcherstrasse 111, CH-8903 Birmensdorf, Switzerland and Oeschger Centre for Climate Change Research, University of Bern, Zahringerstrasse 25, CH-3012 Bern, Switzerland. ; Department of Geology and Geophysics, Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution, 266 Woods Hole Road, Woods Hole, MA 02543, USA. ; Department of Geosciences, University of Arkansas, 216 Ozark Hall, Fayetteville, AR 72701, USA. ; Department of Biological Sciences and Marine Science Program, University of South Carolina, 701 Sumter Street, Columbia, SC 29208, USA. ; Environmental Research Division, Southwest Fisheries Science Center, National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA), 1352 Lighthouse Avenue, Pacific Grove, CA 93950, USA. ; Northwest Fisheries Science Center, Hatfield Marine Science Center, NOAA, 2030 Southeast Marine Science Drive, Newport, OR 97365, USA.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25237100" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Animals ; *Aquatic Organisms ; Biodiversity ; Climate Change ; *Ecosystem ; Food Chain ; *Oceans and Seas ; Seasons
    Print ISSN: 0036-8075
    Electronic ISSN: 1095-9203
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Computer Science , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
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  • 11
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    Climate change. Climate change and wind intensification in coastal upwelling ecosystems (2014)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2014-07-06
    Description: In 1990, Andrew Bakun proposed that increasing greenhouse gas concentrations would force intensification of upwelling-favorable winds in eastern boundary current systems that contribute substantial services to society. Because there is considerable disagreement about whether contemporary wind trends support Bakun's hypothesis, we performed a meta-analysis of the literature on upwelling-favorable wind intensification. The preponderance of published analyses suggests that winds have intensified in the California, Benguela, and Humboldt upwelling systems and weakened in the Iberian system over time scales ranging up to 60 years; wind change is equivocal in the Canary system. Stronger intensification signals are observed at higher latitudes, consistent with the warming pattern associated with climate change. Overall, reported changes in coastal winds, although subtle and spatially variable, support Bakun's hypothesis of upwelling intensification in eastern boundary current systems.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Sydeman, W J -- Garcia-Reyes, M -- Schoeman, D S -- Rykaczewski, R R -- Thompson, S A -- Black, B A -- Bograd, S J -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2014 Jul 4;345(6192):77-80. doi: 10.1126/science.1251635.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Farallon Institute for Advanced Ecosystem Research, Suite Q, 101 H Street, Petaluma, CA 94952, USA. wsydeman@comcast.net. ; Farallon Institute for Advanced Ecosystem Research, Suite Q, 101 H Street, Petaluma, CA 94952, USA. ; Faculty of Science, Health, Education and Engineering, University of the Sunshine Coast, Locked Bag 4, Maroochydore DC, Queensland 4558, Australia. ; Department of Biological Sciences and Marine Science Program, University of South Carolina, 701 Sumter Street, Columbia, SC 29208, USA. ; Farallon Institute for Advanced Ecosystem Research, Suite Q, 101 H Street, Petaluma, CA 94952, USA. Climate Impacts Group, University of Washington, Box 355674, Seattle, WA 98195, USA. ; Marine Science Institute, University of Texas, 750 Channel View Drive, Port Aransas, TX 78373, USA. ; Environmental Research Division, National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA) Southwest Fisheries Science Center, 1352 Lighthouse Avenue, Pacific Grove, CA 93950-2097, USA.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24994651" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: California ; *Climate Change ; *Ecosystem ; Greenhouse Effect ; *Wind
    Print ISSN: 0036-8075
    Electronic ISSN: 1095-9203
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Computer Science , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
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  • 12
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    Economic geology. Seafloor mining plan advances, worrying critics (2014)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2014-05-03
    Description: 〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Gramling, Carolyn -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2014 May 2;344(6183):463. doi: 10.1126/science.344.6183.463.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24786058" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: *Aquatic Organisms ; Copper ; *Ecosystem ; Gold ; Mining/*economics ; Papua New Guinea ; *Seawater
    Print ISSN: 0036-8075
    Electronic ISSN: 1095-9203
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Computer Science , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
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  • 13
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    Recurrent somatic mutations underlie corticotropin-independent Cushing's syndrome (2014)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2014-05-24
    Description: Cushing's syndrome is caused by excess cortisol production from the adrenocortical gland. In corticotropin-independent Cushing's syndrome, the excess cortisol production is primarily attributed to an adrenocortical adenoma, in which the underlying molecular pathogenesis has been poorly understood. We report a hotspot mutation (L206R) in PRKACA, which encodes the catalytic subunit of cyclic adenosine monophosphate (cAMP)-dependent protein kinase (PKA), in more than 50% of cases with adrenocortical adenomas associated with corticotropin-independent Cushing's syndrome. The L206R PRKACA mutant abolished its binding to the regulatory subunit of PKA (PRKAR1A) that inhibits catalytic activity of PRKACA, leading to constitutive, cAMP-independent PKA activation. These results highlight the major role of cAMP-independent activation of cAMP/PKA signaling by somatic mutations in corticotropin-independent Cushing's syndrome, providing insights into the diagnosis and therapeutics of this syndrome.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Sato, Yusuke -- Maekawa, Shigekatsu -- Ishii, Ryohei -- Sanada, Masashi -- Morikawa, Teppei -- Shiraishi, Yuichi -- Yoshida, Kenichi -- Nagata, Yasunobu -- Sato-Otsubo, Aiko -- Yoshizato, Tetsuichi -- Suzuki, Hiromichi -- Shiozawa, Yusuke -- Kataoka, Keisuke -- Kon, Ayana -- Aoki, Kosuke -- Chiba, Kenichi -- Tanaka, Hiroko -- Kume, Haruki -- Miyano, Satoru -- Fukayama, Masashi -- Nureki, Osamu -- Homma, Yukio -- Ogawa, Seishi -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2014 May 23;344(6186):917-20. doi: 10.1126/science.1252328.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Department of Pathology and Tumor Biology, Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan. Department of Urology, Graduate School of Medicine, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan. ; Department of Urology, Graduate School of Medicine, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan. ; Department of Biophysics and Biochemistry, Graduate School of Science, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan. ; Department of Pathology and Tumor Biology, Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan. ; Department of Pathology, Graduate School of Medicine, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan. ; Laboratory of DNA Information Analysis, Human Genome Center, Institute of Medical Science, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan. ; Laboratory of Sequence Analysis, Human Genome Center, Institute of Medical Science, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan. ; Laboratory of DNA Information Analysis, Human Genome Center, Institute of Medical Science, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan. Laboratory of Sequence Analysis, Human Genome Center, Institute of Medical Science, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan. ; Department of Urology, Graduate School of Medicine, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan. sogawa-tky@umin.ac.jp homma-uro@umin.ac.jp. ; Department of Pathology and Tumor Biology, Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan. sogawa-tky@umin.ac.jp homma-uro@umin.ac.jp.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24855271" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Adrenal Cortex Neoplasms/*genetics ; Adrenocortical Adenoma/*genetics ; Adrenocorticotropic Hormone/metabolism ; Animals ; Catalytic Domain/genetics ; Cushing Syndrome/*genetics/metabolism ; Cyclic AMP-Dependent Protein Kinase Catalytic Subunits/*genetics/metabolism ; DNA Mutational Analysis ; GTP-Binding Protein alpha Subunits/genetics ; HEK293 Cells ; Humans ; Mice ; Mutation ; NIH 3T3 Cells ; PC12 Cells ; Rats
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    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Computer Science , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
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    Environment and Development. Brazil's environmental leadership at risk (2014)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
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    Publication Date: 2014-11-08
    Description: 〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Ferreira, J -- Aragao, L E O C -- Barlow, J -- Barreto, P -- Berenguer, E -- Bustamante, M -- Gardner, T A -- Lees, A C -- Lima, A -- Louzada, J -- Pardini, R -- Parry, L -- Peres, C A -- Pompeu, P S -- Tabarelli, M -- Zuanon, J -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2014 Nov 7;346(6210):706-7. doi: 10.1126/science.1260194.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉See the supplementary materials for author af liations. joice.ferreira@embrapa.br. ; See the supplementary materials for author af liations.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25378611" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Biodiversity ; Brazil ; Conservation of Natural Resources/*trends ; *Ecosystem ; Federal Government ; *Mining ; Risk
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    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Computer Science , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
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    Ecological networks. On the structural stability of mutualistic systems (2014)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
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    Publication Date: 2014-07-26
    Description: In theoretical ecology, traditional studies based on dynamical stability and numerical simulations have not found a unified answer to the effect of network architecture on community persistence. Here, we introduce a mathematical framework based on the concept of structural stability to explain such a disparity of results. We investigated the range of conditions necessary for the stable coexistence of all species in mutualistic systems. We show that the apparently contradictory conclusions reached by previous studies arise as a consequence of overseeing either the necessary conditions for persistence or its dependence on model parameterization. We show that observed network architectures maximize the range of conditions for species coexistence. We discuss the applicability of structural stability to study other types of interspecific interactions.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Rohr, Rudolf P -- Saavedra, Serguei -- Bascompte, Jordi -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2014 Jul 25;345(6195):1253497. doi: 10.1126/science.1253497.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Integrative Ecology Group, Estacion Biologica de Donana-Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Cientificas (EBD-CSIC), Calle Americo Vespucio s/n, E-41092 Sevilla, Spain. Unit of Ecology and Evolution, Department of Biology, University of Fribourg, Chemin du Musee 10, CH-1700 Fribourg, Switzerland. ; Integrative Ecology Group, Estacion Biologica de Donana-Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Cientificas (EBD-CSIC), Calle Americo Vespucio s/n, E-41092 Sevilla, Spain. ; Integrative Ecology Group, Estacion Biologica de Donana-Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Cientificas (EBD-CSIC), Calle Americo Vespucio s/n, E-41092 Sevilla, Spain. bascompte@ebd.csic.es.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25061214" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Animals ; Computer Simulation ; *Ecosystem ; *Models, Biological ; Plants ; *Symbiosis
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    Oxytocin-mediated GABA inhibition during delivery attenuates autism pathogenesis in rodent offspring (2014)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
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    Publication Date: 2014-02-08
    Description: We report that the oxytocin-mediated neuroprotective gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA) excitatory-inhibitory shift during delivery is abolished in the valproate and fragile X rodent models of autism. During delivery and subsequently, hippocampal neurons in these models have elevated intracellular chloride levels, increased excitatory GABA, enhanced glutamatergic activity, and elevated gamma oscillations. Maternal pretreatment with bumetanide restored in offspring control electrophysiological and behavioral phenotypes. Conversely, blocking oxytocin signaling in naive mothers produced offspring having electrophysiological and behavioral autistic-like features. Our results suggest a chronic deficient chloride regulation in these rodent models of autism and stress the importance of oxytocin-mediated GABAergic inhibition during the delivery process. Our data validate the amelioration observed with bumetanide and oxytocin and point to common pathways in a drug-induced and a genetic rodent model of autism.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Tyzio, Roman -- Nardou, Romain -- Ferrari, Diana C -- Tsintsadze, Timur -- Shahrokhi, Amene -- Eftekhari, Sanaz -- Khalilov, Ilgam -- Tsintsadze, Vera -- Brouchoud, Corinne -- Chazal, Genevieve -- Lemonnier, Eric -- Lozovaya, Natalia -- Burnashev, Nail -- Ben-Ari, Yehezkel -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2014 Feb 7;343(6171):675-9. doi: 10.1126/science.1247190.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Mediterranean Institute of Neurobiology (INMED), U901, INSERM, Marseille, France.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24503856" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Animals ; Autistic Disorder/*chemically induced/*genetics/metabolism ; Behavior, Animal ; Bumetanide/administration & dosage ; Chlorides/metabolism ; *Cytoprotection ; Disease Models, Animal ; Female ; Fragile X Mental Retardation Protein/genetics ; Maternal-Fetal Exchange ; Mice ; Oxytocin/*metabolism ; Parturition ; Pregnancy ; Rats ; Valproic Acid/pharmacology ; gamma-Aminobutyric Acid/*metabolism
    Print ISSN: 0036-8075
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    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Computer Science , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
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    Molecular-level functional magnetic resonance imaging of dopaminergic signaling (2014)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
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    Publication Date: 2014-05-03
    Description: We demonstrate a technique for mapping brain activity that combines molecular specificity and spatial coverage using a neurotransmitter sensor detectable by magnetic resonance imaging (MRI). This molecular functional MRI (fMRI) method yielded time-resolved volumetric measurements of dopamine release evoked by reward-related lateral hypothalamic brain stimulation of rats injected with the neurotransmitter sensor. Peak dopamine concentrations and release rates were observed in the anterior nucleus accumbens core. Substantial dopamine transients were also present in more caudal areas. Dopamine-release amplitudes correlated with the rostrocaudal stimulation coordinate, suggesting participation of hypothalamic circuitry in modulating dopamine responses. This work provides a foundation for development and application of quantitative molecular fMRI techniques targeted toward numerous components of neural physiology.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Lee, Taekwan -- Cai, Lili X -- Lelyveld, Victor S -- Hai, Aviad -- Jasanoff, Alan -- DP2-OD002114/OD/NIH HHS/ -- R01-DA02899/DA/NIDA NIH HHS/ -- R01-NS076462/NS/NINDS NIH HHS/ -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2014 May 2;344(6183):533-5. doi: 10.1126/science.1249380.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Department of Biological Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT), Cambridge, MA 02139, USA.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24786083" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Animals ; Bacterial Proteins/*chemistry/genetics ; Brain Mapping/*methods ; Contrast Media/*chemistry ; Cytochrome P-450 Enzyme System/*chemistry/genetics ; Dopamine/*metabolism ; Dopaminergic Neurons ; Magnetic Resonance Imaging/*methods ; Male ; Molecular Imaging/*methods ; NADPH-Ferrihemoprotein Reductase/*chemistry/genetics ; Nucleus Accumbens/*metabolism ; Rats ; Rats, Sprague-Dawley
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    Ecology: Diversity in the afterlife (2014)
    Nature Publishing Group (NPG)
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    Publication Date: 2014-05-09
    Description: 〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉McLaren, Jennie R -- England -- Nature. 2014 May 8;509(7499):173-4. doi: 10.1038/509173a.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Department of Biological Sciences, University of Texas at El Paso, El Paso, Texas 79968, USA.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24805342" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: *Biodiversity ; *Carbon Cycle ; *Ecosystem
    Print ISSN: 0028-0836
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    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
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    The performance and potential of protected areas (2014)
    Nature Publishing Group (NPG)
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    Publication Date: 2014-11-07
    Description: Originally conceived to conserve iconic landscapes and wildlife, protected areas are now expected to achieve an increasingly diverse set of conservation, social and economic objectives. The amount of land and sea designated as formally protected has markedly increased over the past century, but there is still a major shortfall in political commitments to enhance the coverage and effectiveness of protected areas. Financial support for protected areas is dwarfed by the benefits that they provide, but these returns depend on effective management. A step change involving increased recognition, funding, planning and enforcement is urgently needed if protected areas are going to fulfil their potential.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Watson, James E M -- Dudley, Nigel -- Segan, Daniel B -- Hockings, Marc -- England -- Nature. 2014 Nov 6;515(7525):67-73. doi: 10.1038/nature13947.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉1] School of Geography, Planning and Environmental Management, University of Queensland, St Lucia, Queensland 4072, Australia. [2] Wildlife Conservation Society, Global Conservation Program, Bronx, New York 10460, USA. [3] School of Biological Sciences, The University of Queensland, St Lucia, Queensland 4072, Australia. ; 1] School of Geography, Planning and Environmental Management, University of Queensland, St Lucia, Queensland 4072, Australia. [2] Equilibrium Research, 47 The Quays, Cumberland Road, Spike Island, Bristol BS1 6UQ, UK. ; 1] Wildlife Conservation Society, Global Conservation Program, Bronx, New York 10460, USA. [2] School of Biological Sciences, The University of Queensland, St Lucia, Queensland 4072, Australia. ; 1] School of Geography, Planning and Environmental Management, University of Queensland, St Lucia, Queensland 4072, Australia. [2] UNEP-World Conservation Monitoring Centre, Cambridge CD3 0DL, UK.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25373676" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Animals ; Aquatic Organisms ; Conservation of Natural Resources/economics/legislation & ; jurisprudence/*statistics & numerical data ; Ecology/economics/legislation & jurisprudence/statistics & numerical data ; *Ecosystem ; Federal Government ; *Wilderness
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    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
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    Geographical limits to species-range shifts are suggested by climate velocity (2014)
    Nature Publishing Group (NPG)
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    Publication Date: 2014-02-11
    Description: The reorganization of patterns of species diversity driven by anthropogenic climate change, and the consequences for humans, are not yet fully understood or appreciated. Nevertheless, changes in climate conditions are useful for predicting shifts in species distributions at global and local scales. Here we use the velocity of climate change to derive spatial trajectories for climatic niches from 1960 to 2009 (ref. 7) and from 2006 to 2100, and use the properties of these trajectories to infer changes in species distributions. Coastlines act as barriers and locally cooler areas act as attractors for trajectories, creating source and sink areas for local climatic conditions. Climate source areas indicate where locally novel conditions are not connected to areas where similar climates previously occurred, and are thereby inaccessible to climate migrants tracking isotherms: 16% of global surface area for 1960 to 2009, and 34% of ocean for the 'business as usual' climate scenario (representative concentration pathway (RCP) 8.5) representing continued use of fossil fuels without mitigation. Climate sink areas are where climate conditions locally disappear, potentially blocking the movement of climate migrants. Sink areas comprise 1.0% of ocean area and 3.6% of land and are prevalent on coasts and high ground. Using this approach to infer shifts in species distributions gives global and regional maps of the expected direction and rate of shifts of climate migrants, and suggests areas of potential loss of species richness.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Burrows, Michael T -- Schoeman, David S -- Richardson, Anthony J -- Molinos, Jorge Garcia -- Hoffmann, Ary -- Buckley, Lauren B -- Moore, Pippa J -- Brown, Christopher J -- Bruno, John F -- Duarte, Carlos M -- Halpern, Benjamin S -- Hoegh-Guldberg, Ove -- Kappel, Carrie V -- Kiessling, Wolfgang -- O'Connor, Mary I -- Pandolfi, John M -- Parmesan, Camille -- Sydeman, William J -- Ferrier, Simon -- Williams, Kristen J -- Poloczanska, Elvira S -- England -- Nature. 2014 Mar 27;507(7493):492-5. doi: 10.1038/nature12976. Epub 2014 Feb 9.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Department of Ecology, Scottish Association for Marine Science, Scottish Marine Institute, Oban, Argyll, PA37 1QA, Scotland, UK. ; School of Science and Engineering, University of the Sunshine Coast, Maroochydore, Queensland QLD 4558, Australia. ; 1] Climate Adaptation Flagship, CSIRO Marine and Atmospheric Research, Ecosciences Precinct, GPO Box 2583, Brisbane, Queensland 4001, Australia [2] Centre for Applications in Natural Resource Mathematics (CARM), School of Mathematics and Physics, The University of Queensland, St Lucia, Queensland 4072, Australia. ; Department of Genetics, University of Melbourne, 30 Flemington Road, Parkville, Victoria 3010, Australia. ; Department of Biology, The University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina 27599-3280, USA. ; 1] Institute of Biological, Environmental and Rural Sciences, Aberystwyth University, Aberystwyth SY23 3DA, UK [2] Centre for Marine Ecosystems Research, Edith Cowan University, Perth 6027, Australia. ; The Global Change Institute, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Queensland 4072, Australia. ; 1] The UWA Oceans Institute, University of Western Australia, 35 Stirling Highway, Crawley 6009, Australia [2] Department of Global Change Research, IMEDEA (UIB-CSIC), Instituto Mediterraneo de Estudios Avanzados, Esporles 07190, Spain [3] Department of Marine Biology, Faculty of Marine Sciences, King Abdulaziz University, PO Box 80207, Jeddah 21589, Saudi Arabia. ; 1] Bren School of Environmental Science and Management, University of California, Santa Barbara, California 93106, USA [2] Imperial College London, Silwood Park Campus, Buckhurst Road, Ascot SL5 7PY, UK. ; Bren School of Environmental Science and Management, University of California, Santa Barbara, California 93106, USA. ; 1] GeoZentrum Nordbayern, Palaoumwelt, Universitat Erlangen-Nurnberg, Loewenichstrasse 28, 91054 Erlangen, Germany [2] Museum fur Naturkunde, Invalidenstr asse 43, 10115 Berlin, Germany. ; Department of Zoology and Biodiversity Research Centre, University of British Columbia, Vancouver V6T 1Z4, Canada. ; School of Biological Sciences, Australian Research Council Centre of Excellence for Coral Reef Studies, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Queensland 4072, Australia. ; 1] Integrative Biology, University of Texas, Austin, Texas 78712, USA [2] Marine Institute, Drake Circus, University of Plymouth, Devon PL4 8AA, UK. ; Farallon Institute for Advanced Ecosystem Research, 101 H Street, Suite Q, Petaluma, California 94952, USA. ; Climate Adaptation Flagship, CSIRO Ecosystem Sciences, GPO Box 1700, Canberra, Australian Capital Territory 2601, Australia. ; Climate Adaptation Flagship, CSIRO Marine and Atmospheric Research, Ecosciences Precinct, GPO Box 2583, Brisbane, Queensland 4001, Australia.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24509712" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: *Animal Migration ; Animals ; Australia ; Biodiversity ; *Climate ; *Climate Change ; *Ecosystem ; *Geographic Mapping ; *Geography ; Models, Theoretical ; Population Dynamics ; Seawater ; Temperature ; Time Factors ; Uncertainty
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    Ecology: Good dirt with good friends (2014)
    Nature Publishing Group (NPG)
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    Publication Date: 2014-01-10
    Description: 〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Bradford, Mark A -- England -- Nature. 2014 Jan 23;505(7484):486-7. doi: 10.1038/nature12849. Epub 2014 Jan 8.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉School of Forestry and Environmental Studies, Yale University, New Haven, Connecticut 06511, USA.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24402226" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Carbon/*metabolism ; *Carbon Cycle ; *Ecosystem ; Mycorrhizae/*metabolism ; Plants/*metabolism/*microbiology ; Soil/*chemistry
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    Climate science: A sink down under (2014)
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    Publication Date: 2014-05-23
    Description: 〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Metcalfe, Daniel B -- England -- Nature. 2014 May 29;509(7502):566-7. doi: 10.1038/nature13341. Epub 2014 May 21.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Department of Physical Geography and Ecosystem Science, Lund University, 223 62 Lund, Sweden.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24847887" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: *Carbon Sequestration ; *Desert Climate ; *Ecosystem
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    Perspective: silent, but preventable, perils (2014)
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    Publication Date: 2014-06-26
    Description: 〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Hakim, Antoine M -- England -- Nature. 2014 Jun 26;510(7506):S12. doi: 10.1038/510S12a.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Canadian Stroke Network and director of the Neuroscience Research Program at the Ottawa Hospital Research Institute and the University of Ottawa in Canada.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24964022" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Animals ; Blood Pressure ; Dementia/epidemiology/*etiology/physiopathology/*prevention & control ; Humans ; Hypertension/complications/drug therapy/physiopathology/*therapy ; Ischemic Attack, Transient/diagnosis/epidemiology/physiopathology/*psychology ; Rats ; Stroke/complications/epidemiology/physiopathology/*psychology
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    Capillary pericytes regulate cerebral blood flow in health and disease (2014)
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    Publication Date: 2014-03-29
    Description: Increases in brain blood flow, evoked by neuronal activity, power neural computation and form the basis of BOLD (blood-oxygen-level-dependent) functional imaging. Whether blood flow is controlled solely by arteriole smooth muscle, or also by capillary pericytes, is controversial. We demonstrate that neuronal activity and the neurotransmitter glutamate evoke the release of messengers that dilate capillaries by actively relaxing pericytes. Dilation is mediated by prostaglandin E2, but requires nitric oxide release to suppress vasoconstricting 20-HETE synthesis. In vivo, when sensory input increases blood flow, capillaries dilate before arterioles and are estimated to produce 84% of the blood flow increase. In pathology, ischaemia evokes capillary constriction by pericytes. We show that this is followed by pericyte death in rigor, which may irreversibly constrict capillaries and damage the blood-brain barrier. Thus, pericytes are major regulators of cerebral blood flow and initiators of functional imaging signals. Prevention of pericyte constriction and death may reduce the long-lasting blood flow decrease that damages neurons after stroke.〈br /〉〈br /〉〈a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3976267/" target="_blank"〉〈img src="https://static.pubmed.gov/portal/portal3rc.fcgi/4089621/img/3977009" border="0"〉〈/a〉   〈a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3976267/" target="_blank"〉This paper as free author manuscript - peer-reviewed and accepted for publication〈/a〉〈br /〉〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Hall, Catherine N -- Reynell, Clare -- Gesslein, Bodil -- Hamilton, Nicola B -- Mishra, Anusha -- Sutherland, Brad A -- O'Farrell, Fergus M -- Buchan, Alastair M -- Lauritzen, Martin -- Attwell, David -- 075232/Wellcome Trust/United Kingdom -- G0500495/Medical Research Council/United Kingdom -- Medical Research Council/United Kingdom -- Wellcome Trust/United Kingdom -- England -- Nature. 2014 Apr 3;508(7494):55-60. doi: 10.1038/nature13165. Epub 2014 Mar 26.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉1] Department of Neuroscience, Physiology and Pharmacology, University College London, Gower Street, London, WC1E 6BT, UK [2]. ; 1] Department of Neuroscience and Pharmacology and Center for Healthy Aging, University of Copenhagen, DK-2200 Copenhagen N, Denmark [2]. ; Acute Stroke Programme, Radcliffe Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford OX3 9DU, UK. ; Department of Neuroscience, Physiology and Pharmacology, University College London, Gower Street, London, WC1E 6BT, UK. ; 1] Department of Neuroscience and Pharmacology and Center for Healthy Aging, University of Copenhagen, DK-2200 Copenhagen N, Denmark [2] Department of Clinical Neurophysiology, Glostrup University Hospital, DK-2600 Glostrup, Denmark.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24670647" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Animals ; Arterioles/physiology ; Blood-Brain Barrier/pathology/physiopathology ; Brain Ischemia/pathology ; Capillaries/*cytology/drug effects ; Cell Death ; Cerebellum/blood supply ; Cerebral Cortex/blood supply/cytology ; Cerebrovascular Circulation/drug effects/*physiology ; Dinoprostone/metabolism ; Excitatory Amino Acid Antagonists/pharmacology ; Female ; Functional Neuroimaging ; Glutamic Acid/pharmacology ; Hydroxyeicosatetraenoic Acids/biosynthesis ; In Vitro Techniques ; Male ; Mice ; Mice, Inbred C57BL ; Nitric Oxide/metabolism ; Pericytes/cytology/drug effects/pathology/*physiology ; Rats ; Rats, Sprague-Dawley ; Rats, Wistar ; Receptors, Glutamate/metabolism ; Signal Transduction/drug effects ; Stroke/pathology ; Vasoconstriction ; Vasodilation/drug effects
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    Native ecosystems blitzed by drought (2014)
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    Publication Date: 2014-08-15
    Description: 〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Witze, Alexandra -- England -- Nature. 2014 Aug 14;512(7513):121-2. doi: 10.1038/512121a.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25119217" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Animals ; Aquatic Organisms ; California ; *Droughts ; *Ecosystem ; Introduced Species
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    Biodiversity: Supply and demand (2014)
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    Publication Date: 2014-04-30
    Description: 〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Mooers, Arne O -- England -- Nature. 2014 May 8;509(7499):171-2. doi: 10.1038/nature13332. Epub 2014 Apr 30.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Biology Department and the Human Evolutionary Studies Program, Simon Fraser University, Burnaby, British Columbia V5A1S6, Canada.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24776802" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: *Altitude ; Animals ; *Ecosystem ; *Genetic Speciation ; Songbirds/*classification/*physiology
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    Consequences of biodiversity loss for litter decomposition across biomes (2014)
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    Publication Date: 2014-05-09
    Description: The decomposition of dead organic matter is a major determinant of carbon and nutrient cycling in ecosystems, and of carbon fluxes between the biosphere and the atmosphere. Decomposition is driven by a vast diversity of organisms that are structured in complex food webs. Identifying the mechanisms underlying the effects of biodiversity on decomposition is critical given the rapid loss of species worldwide and the effects of this loss on human well-being. Yet despite comprehensive syntheses of studies on how biodiversity affects litter decomposition, key questions remain, including when, where and how biodiversity has a role and whether general patterns and mechanisms occur across ecosystems and different functional types of organism. Here, in field experiments across five terrestrial and aquatic locations, ranging from the subarctic to the tropics, we show that reducing the functional diversity of decomposer organisms and plant litter types slowed the cycling of litter carbon and nitrogen. Moreover, we found evidence of nitrogen transfer from the litter of nitrogen-fixing plants to that of rapidly decomposing plants, but not between other plant functional types, highlighting that specific interactions in litter mixtures control carbon and nitrogen cycling during decomposition. The emergence of this general mechanism and the coherence of patterns across contrasting terrestrial and aquatic ecosystems suggest that biodiversity loss has consistent consequences for litter decomposition and the cycling of major elements on broad spatial scales.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Handa, I Tanya -- Aerts, Rien -- Berendse, Frank -- Berg, Matty P -- Bruder, Andreas -- Butenschoen, Olaf -- Chauvet, Eric -- Gessner, Mark O -- Jabiol, Jeremy -- Makkonen, Marika -- McKie, Brendan G -- Malmqvist, Bjorn -- Peeters, Edwin T H M -- Scheu, Stefan -- Schmid, Bernhard -- van Ruijven, Jasper -- Vos, Veronique C A -- Hattenschwiler, Stephan -- England -- Nature. 2014 May 8;509(7499):218-21. doi: 10.1038/nature13247.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉1] Centre d'Ecologie Fonctionnelle et Evolutive (CEFE), CNRS, 1919 Route de Mende, 34293 Montpellier, France [2] Departement des Sciences Biologiques, Universite du Quebec a Montreal, C.P. 8888, succursale Centre-ville, Montreal, Quebec H3C 3P8, Canada. ; Department of Ecological Science, VU University Amsterdam, De Boelelaan 1085, 1081 HV Amsterdam, The Netherlands. ; Nature Conservation and Plant Ecology Group, Wageningen University, Droevendaalsesteeg 3a, 6708 PB Wageningen, The Netherlands. ; 1] Department of Aquatic Ecology, Eawag: Swiss Federal Institute of Aquatic Science and Technology, Uberlandstrasse 133, 8600 Dubendorf, Switzerland [2] Institute of Integrative Biology (IBZ), ETH Zurich, 8092 Zurich, Switzerland. ; Georg August University Gottingen, J.F. Blumenbach Institute of Zoology and Anthropology, Berliner Strasse 28, 37073 Gottingen, Germany. ; 1] Universite de Toulouse, INP, UPS, EcoLab (Laboratoire Ecologie Fonctionnelle et Environnement), 118 Route de Narbonne, 31062 Toulouse Cedex, France [2] CNRS, EcoLab, 118 Route de Narbonne, 31062 Toulouse Cedex, France. ; 1] Department of Aquatic Ecology, Eawag: Swiss Federal Institute of Aquatic Science and Technology, Uberlandstrasse 133, 8600 Dubendorf, Switzerland [2] Institute of Integrative Biology (IBZ), ETH Zurich, 8092 Zurich, Switzerland [3] Leibniz Institute of Freshwater Ecology and Inland Fisheries (IGB), Alte Fischerhutte 2, 16775 Stechlin, Germany [4] Department of Ecology, Berlin Institute of Technology (TU Berlin), Ernst-Reuter-Platz 1, 10587 Berlin, Germany. ; 1] Department of Ecological Science, VU University Amsterdam, De Boelelaan 1085, 1081 HV Amsterdam, The Netherlands [2] Climate Change Programme, Finnish Environment Institute, PO Box 140, 00251 Helsinki, Finland. ; 1] Department of Ecology and Environmental Science, Umea University, 90187 Umea, Sweden [2] Department of Aquatic Sciences and Assessment, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, PO Box 7050, 75007 Uppsala, Sweden. ; Deceased. ; Aquatic Ecology and Water Quality Management Group, Wageningen University, PO Box 47, 6700 AA Wageningen, The Netherlands. ; Institute of Evolutionary Biology and Environmental Studies & Zurich-Basel Plant Science Center, University of Zurich, Winterthurerstrasse 190, 8057 Zurich, Switzerland. ; Centre d'Ecologie Fonctionnelle et Evolutive (CEFE), CNRS, 1919 Route de Mende, 34293 Montpellier, France.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24805346" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Arctic Regions ; *Biodiversity ; Carbon/metabolism ; *Carbon Cycle ; *Ecosystem ; Nitrogen/metabolism ; Nitrogen Cycle ; Plants/metabolism ; Tropical Climate
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    Bacterial phylogeny structures soil resistomes across habitats (2014)
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    Publication Date: 2014-05-23
    Description: Ancient and diverse antibiotic resistance genes (ARGs) have previously been identified from soil, including genes identical to those in human pathogens. Despite the apparent overlap between soil and clinical resistomes, factors influencing ARG composition in soil and their movement between genomes and habitats remain largely unknown. General metagenome functions often correlate with the underlying structure of bacterial communities. However, ARGs are proposed to be highly mobile, prompting speculation that resistomes may not correlate with phylogenetic signatures or ecological divisions. To investigate these relationships, we performed functional metagenomic selections for resistance to 18 antibiotics from 18 agricultural and grassland soils. The 2,895 ARGs we discovered were mostly new, and represent all major resistance mechanisms. We demonstrate that distinct soil types harbour distinct resistomes, and that the addition of nitrogen fertilizer strongly influenced soil ARG content. Resistome composition also correlated with microbial phylogenetic and taxonomic structure, both across and within soil types. Consistent with this strong correlation, mobility elements (genes responsible for horizontal gene transfer between bacteria such as transposases and integrases) syntenic with ARGs were rare in soil by comparison with sequenced pathogens, suggesting that ARGs may not transfer between soil bacteria as readily as is observed between human pathogens. Together, our results indicate that bacterial community composition is the primary determinant of soil ARG content, challenging previous hypotheses that horizontal gene transfer effectively decouples resistomes from phylogeny.〈br /〉〈br /〉〈a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4079543/" target="_blank"〉〈img src="https://static.pubmed.gov/portal/portal3rc.fcgi/4089621/img/3977009" border="0"〉〈/a〉   〈a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4079543/" target="_blank"〉This paper as free author manuscript - peer-reviewed and accepted for publication〈/a〉〈br /〉〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Forsberg, Kevin J -- Patel, Sanket -- Gibson, Molly K -- Lauber, Christian L -- Knight, Rob -- Fierer, Noah -- Dantas, Gautam -- DP2 DK098089/DK/NIDDK NIH HHS/ -- DP2-DK-098089/DK/NIDDK NIH HHS/ -- GM 007067/GM/NIGMS NIH HHS/ -- T32 GM007067/GM/NIGMS NIH HHS/ -- T32 HG000045/HG/NHGRI NIH HHS/ -- Howard Hughes Medical Institute/ -- England -- Nature. 2014 May 29;509(7502):612-6. doi: 10.1038/nature13377. Epub 2014 May 21.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉1] Center for Genome Sciences and Systems Biology, Washington University School of Medicine, St Louis, Missouri 63108, USA [2]. ; 1] Center for Genome Sciences and Systems Biology, Washington University School of Medicine, St Louis, Missouri 63108, USA [2] Department of Pathology and Immunology, Washington University School of Medicine, St Louis, Missouri 63110, USA [3]. ; Center for Genome Sciences and Systems Biology, Washington University School of Medicine, St Louis, Missouri 63108, USA. ; Cooperative Institute for Research in Environmental Sciences, University of Colorado, Boulder, Colorado 80309, USA. ; 1] Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry and BioFrontiers Institute, University of Colorado, Boulder, Colorado 80309, USA [2] Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Boulder, Colorado 80309, USA. ; 1] Cooperative Institute for Research in Environmental Sciences, University of Colorado, Boulder, Colorado 80309, USA [2] Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, University of Colorado, Boulder, Colorado 80309, USA. ; 1] Center for Genome Sciences and Systems Biology, Washington University School of Medicine, St Louis, Missouri 63108, USA [2] Department of Pathology and Immunology, Washington University School of Medicine, St Louis, Missouri 63110, USA [3] Department of Biomedical Engineering, Washington University, St Louis, Missouri 63130, USA.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24847883" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Agriculture ; Anti-Bacterial Agents/pharmacology ; Bacteria/classification/drug effects/*genetics/*isolation & purification ; Drug Resistance, Microbial/drug effects/*genetics ; *Ecosystem ; Fertilizers ; Gene Transfer, Horizontal/genetics ; Genes, Bacterial/drug effects/genetics ; Genome, Bacterial/drug effects/genetics ; Integrases/genetics ; Metagenome/drug effects/*genetics ; Metagenomics ; Models, Genetic ; Molecular Sequence Data ; Nitrogen/metabolism/pharmacology ; Open Reading Frames/genetics ; *Phylogeny ; Poaceae/growth & development ; RNA, Ribosomal, 16S/genetics ; *Soil Microbiology ; Synteny/genetics ; Transposases/genetics
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    US Arctic research ship ready to cast off (2014)
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    Publication Date: 2014-05-30
    Description: 〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Witze, Alexandra -- England -- Nature. 2014 May 29;509(7502):542-3. doi: 10.1038/509542a.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24870521" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Alaska ; Animals ; Aquatic Organisms ; Arctic Regions ; Ecology/*instrumentation ; *Ecosystem ; *Expeditions ; Ice Cover ; Oceanography/*instrumentation ; *Ships
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    Neuroscience: Brains of Norway (2014)
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    Publication Date: 2014-10-10
    Description: 〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Abbott, Alison -- England -- Nature. 2014 Oct 9;514(7521):154-7. doi: 10.1038/514154a.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25297416" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Animals ; Entorhinal Cortex/*cytology/*physiology ; History, 21st Century ; Humans ; Memory/physiology ; Neurosciences/*history ; *Nobel Prize ; Norway ; Orientation/*physiology ; Rats ; Space Perception/*physiology
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    Engineering a memory with LTD and LTP (2014)
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    Publication Date: 2014-06-05
    Description: It has been proposed that memories are encoded by modification of synaptic strengths through cellular mechanisms such as long-term potentiation (LTP) and long-term depression (LTD). However, the causal link between these synaptic processes and memory has been difficult to demonstrate. Here we show that fear conditioning, a type of associative memory, can be inactivated and reactivated by LTD and LTP, respectively. We began by conditioning an animal to associate a foot shock with optogenetic stimulation of auditory inputs targeting the amygdala, a brain region known to be essential for fear conditioning. Subsequent optogenetic delivery of LTD conditioning to the auditory input inactivates memory of the shock. Then subsequent optogenetic delivery of LTP conditioning to the auditory input reactivates memory of the shock. Thus, we have engineered inactivation and reactivation of a memory using LTD and LTP, supporting a causal link between these synaptic processes and memory.〈br /〉〈br /〉〈a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4210354/" target="_blank"〉〈img src="https://static.pubmed.gov/portal/portal3rc.fcgi/4089621/img/3977009" border="0"〉〈/a〉   〈a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4210354/" target="_blank"〉This paper as free author manuscript - peer-reviewed and accepted for publication〈/a〉〈br /〉〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Nabavi, Sadegh -- Fox, Rocky -- Proulx, Christophe D -- Lin, John Y -- Tsien, Roger Y -- Malinow, Roberto -- MH049159/MH/NIMH NIH HHS/ -- NS27177/NS/NINDS NIH HHS/ -- R01 AG032132/AG/NIA NIH HHS/ -- R01 MH049159/MH/NIMH NIH HHS/ -- R01 MH091119/MH/NIMH NIH HHS/ -- R01 NS027177/NS/NINDS NIH HHS/ -- Howard Hughes Medical Institute/ -- England -- Nature. 2014 Jul 17;511(7509):348-52. doi: 10.1038/nature13294. Epub 2014 Jun 1.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉1] Center for Neural Circuits and Behavior, Department of Neuroscience and Section of Neurobiology, University of California at San Diego, California 92093, USA [2]. ; Center for Neural Circuits and Behavior, Department of Neuroscience and Section of Neurobiology, University of California at San Diego, California 92093, USA. ; Department of Pharmacology, University of California at San Diego, California 92093, USA. ; 1] Department of Pharmacology, University of California at San Diego, California 92093, USA [2] Howard Hughes Medical Institute, University of California at San Diego, California 92093, USA.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24896183" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Amygdala/physiology ; Animals ; Conditioning (Psychology)/physiology ; Electric Stimulation ; Electrophysiology ; Fear/physiology/psychology ; Long-Term Potentiation/*physiology ; Long-Term Synaptic Depression/*physiology ; Male ; Memory/*physiology ; Optogenetics ; Rats ; Rats, Sprague-Dawley ; Synapses/*physiology ; Synaptic Transmission
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    A microbial ecosystem beneath the West Antarctic ice sheet (2014)
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    Publication Date: 2014-08-22
    Description: Liquid water has been known to occur beneath the Antarctic ice sheet for more than 40 years, but only recently have these subglacial aqueous environments been recognized as microbial ecosystems that may influence biogeochemical transformations on a global scale. Here we present the first geomicrobiological description of water and surficial sediments obtained from direct sampling of a subglacial Antarctic lake. Subglacial Lake Whillans (SLW) lies beneath approximately 800 m of ice on the lower portion of the Whillans Ice Stream (WIS) in West Antarctica and is part of an extensive and evolving subglacial drainage network. The water column of SLW contained metabolically active microorganisms and was derived primarily from glacial ice melt with solute sources from lithogenic weathering and a minor seawater component. Heterotrophic and autotrophic production data together with small subunit ribosomal RNA gene sequencing and biogeochemical data indicate that SLW is a chemosynthetically driven ecosystem inhabited by a diverse assemblage of bacteria and archaea. Our results confirm that aquatic environments beneath the Antarctic ice sheet support viable microbial ecosystems, corroborating previous reports suggesting that they contain globally relevant pools of carbon and microbes that can mobilize elements from the lithosphere and influence Southern Ocean geochemical and biological systems.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Christner, Brent C -- Priscu, John C -- Achberger, Amanda M -- Barbante, Carlo -- Carter, Sasha P -- Christianson, Knut -- Michaud, Alexander B -- Mikucki, Jill A -- Mitchell, Andrew C -- Skidmore, Mark L -- Vick-Majors, Trista J -- WISSARD Science Team -- England -- Nature. 2014 Aug 21;512(7514):310-3. doi: 10.1038/nature13667.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Department of Biological Sciences, Louisiana State University, Baton Rouge, Louisiana 70803, USA. ; Department of Land Resources and Environmental Science, Montana State University, Bozeman, Montana 59717, USA. ; Institute for the Dynamics of Environmental Processes - CNR, Venice, and Department of Environmental Sciences, Informatics and Statistics, Ca'Foscari University of Venice, Venice 30123, Italy. ; Institute of Geophysics and Planetary Physics, Scripps Institution of Oceanography, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, California 92093, USA. ; 1] Physics Department, St Olaf College, Northfield, Minnesota 55057, USA [2] Courant Institute of Mathematical Sciences, New York University, New York, New York 10012, USA (K.C.). ; Department of Microbiology, University of Tennessee, Knoxville, Tennessee 37996, USA. ; Department of Geography and Earth Sciences, Aberystwyth University, Aberystwyth SY23 3DB, UK. ; Department of Earth Science, Montana State University, Bozeman, Montana 59717, USA.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25143114" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Antarctic Regions ; Aquatic Organisms/classification/genetics/*isolation & purification/metabolism ; Archaea/classification/genetics/isolation & purification/metabolism ; Bacteria/classification/genetics/isolation & purification/metabolism ; Carbon/metabolism ; *Ecosystem ; Geologic Sediments/chemistry/microbiology ; *Ice Cover/chemistry ; Lakes/chemistry/*microbiology ; Oceans and Seas ; Phylogeny
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    Drug delivery: brain food (2014)
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    Publication Date: 2014-06-26
    Description: 〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Hoag, Hannah -- England -- Nature. 2014 Jun 26;510(7506):S6-7. doi: 10.1038/510S6a.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24964026" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Animals ; Brain/drug effects/*metabolism/pathology ; Drug Delivery Systems/*methods ; Humans ; Hydrogel/*administration & dosage ; Nerve Regeneration/drug effects ; Neural Stem Cells/cytology/drug effects/transplantation ; Rats ; Stroke/drug therapy/pathology/surgery/*therapy
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    Biogeochemistry: Methane minimalism (2014)
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    Publication Date: 2014-03-29
    Description: 〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Hoehler, Tori M -- Alperin, Marc J -- England -- Nature. 2014 Mar 27;507(7493):436-7. doi: 10.1038/nature13215. Epub 2014 Mar 19.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Space Science and Astrobiology Division, NASA Ames Research Center, Moffett Field, California 94035, USA. ; Department of Marine Sciences, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina 27599-3300, USA.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24670756" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Archaea/*metabolism ; *Ecosystem ; *Global Warming ; Methane/*metabolism ; *Temperature
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    Implications of agricultural transitions and urbanization for ecosystem services (2014)
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    Publication Date: 2014-11-07
    Description: Historically, farmers and hunter-gatherers relied directly on ecosystem services, which they both exploited and enjoyed. Urban populations still rely on ecosystems, but prioritize non-ecosystem services (socioeconomic). Population growth and densification increase the scale and change the nature of both ecosystem- and non-ecosystem-service supply and demand, weakening direct feedbacks between ecosystems and societies and potentially pushing social-ecological systems into traps that can lead to collapse. The interacting and mutually reinforcing processes of technological change, population growth and urbanization contribute to over-exploitation of ecosystems through complex feedbacks that have important implications for sustainable resource use.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Cumming, Graeme S -- Buerkert, Andreas -- Hoffmann, Ellen M -- Schlecht, Eva -- von Cramon-Taubadel, Stephan -- Tscharntke, Teja -- England -- Nature. 2014 Nov 6;515(7525):50-7. doi: 10.1038/nature13945.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Percy FitzPatrick Institute, DST/NRF Centre of Excellence, University of Cape Town, Rondebosch, Cape Town 7701, South Africa. ; Organic Plant Production and Agroecosystems Research in the Tropics and Subtropics, Universitat Kassel, Steinstr. 19, D-37213 Witzenhausen, Germany. ; Animal Husbandry in the Tropics and Subtropics, Universitat Kassel and Georg-August-Universitat Gottingen, Steinstr. 19, D-37213 Witzenhausen, Germany. ; Department of Agricultural Economics and Rural Development, Georg-August-Universitat, Platz der Gottinger Sieben 5, D-37073 Germany. ; Agroecology, Georg-August-Universitat Gottingen, Grisebachstr. 6, D-37077 Gottingen, Germany.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25373674" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Agriculture/statistics & numerical data/*trends ; China ; Conservation of Natural Resources/statistics & numerical data/*trends ; *Ecosystem ; Edible Grain/growth & development ; Feedback ; Human Activities ; Models, Economic ; Niger ; Population Growth ; Sweden ; Urban Population ; Urbanization/*trends
    Print ISSN: 0028-0836
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    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
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    Conservation: Manage military land for the environment (2014)
    Nature Publishing Group (NPG)
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    Publication Date: 2014-12-17
    Description: 〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Zentelis, Rick -- Lindenmayer, David -- England -- Nature. 2014 Dec 11;516(7530):170. doi: 10.1038/516170a.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Australian National University, Canberra, Australia.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25503222" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Animals ; Conservation of Natural Resources/*statistics & numerical data ; *Ecosystem ; *Wilderness
    Print ISSN: 0028-0836
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    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
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    Weight-loss surgery: A gut-wrenching question (2014)
    Nature Publishing Group (NPG)
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    Publication Date: 2014-07-18
    Description: 〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Hughes, Virginia -- England -- Nature. 2014 Jul 17;511(7509):282-4. doi: 10.1038/511282a.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25030150" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Animals ; *Bariatric Surgery ; Bile Acids and Salts/metabolism ; Biomarkers/analysis ; Biomedical Research ; Diabetes Mellitus/metabolism/prevention & control ; Gammaproteobacteria/isolation & purification/metabolism ; Ghrelin/metabolism ; Glucose/metabolism ; Gram-Positive Bacteria/isolation & purification/metabolism ; Humans ; Hunger/physiology ; Mice ; Models, Animal ; Models, Biological ; Rats ; Receptors, Cytoplasmic and Nuclear/metabolism ; Stomach/*surgery ; *Weight Loss
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    Economics: Account for depreciation of natural capital (2014)
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    Publication Date: 2014-11-07
    Description: 〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Barbier, Edward B -- England -- Nature. 2014 Nov 6;515(7525):32-3. doi: 10.1038/515032a.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉University of Wyoming, Laramie, Wyoming, USA.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25373661" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Animals ; Conservation of Natural Resources/*economics/*statistics & numerical data ; *Ecosystem ; *Models, Economic ; Pilot Projects ; Reproducibility of Results ; Rhizophoraceae ; Thailand ; Wood
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    Whale watching: Tourism is least of cetaceans' problems (2014)
    Nature Publishing Group (NPG)
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    Publication Date: 2014-10-17
    Description: 〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Frink, Dale -- England -- Nature. 2014 Oct 16;514(7522):305. doi: 10.1038/514305c.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Rancho Santa Margarita, California, USA.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25318517" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Animals ; *Behavior, Animal ; Conservation of Natural Resources/*methods ; *Ecosystem ; Travel/*statistics & numerical data ; Whales/*physiology
    Print ISSN: 0028-0836
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    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
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    Drug development: The modelling challenge (2014)
    Nature Publishing Group (NPG)
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    Publication Date: 2014-04-04
    Description: 〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Katsnelson, Alla -- England -- Nature. 2014 Apr 3;508(7494):S8-9. doi: 10.1038/508S8a.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24695336" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Animals ; Antipsychotic Agents/therapeutic use ; Cognition/physiology ; Cognition Disorders/drug therapy/pathology/physiopathology ; *Disease Models, Animal ; Drug Discovery/*methods/standards ; Humans ; Mice ; Mice, Transgenic ; Multifactorial Inheritance/genetics ; Rats ; Reproducibility of Results ; *Schizophrenia/chemically induced/drug therapy/etiology/physiopathology
    Print ISSN: 0028-0836
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    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
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    Biogeochemistry: Microbes eat rock under ice (2014)
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    Publication Date: 2014-08-22
    Description: 〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Tranter, Martyn -- England -- Nature. 2014 Aug 21;512(7514):256-7. doi: 10.1038/512256a.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Bristol Glaciology Centre, School of Geographical Sciences, University of Bristol, Bristol BS8 1SS, UK.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25143107" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Aquatic Organisms/*isolation & purification ; *Ecosystem ; *Ice Cover ; Lakes/*microbiology
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    Belowground biodiversity and ecosystem functioning (2014)
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    Publication Date: 2014-11-28
    Description: Evidence is mounting that the immense diversity of microorganisms and animals that live belowground contributes significantly to shaping aboveground biodiversity and the functioning of terrestrial ecosystems. Our understanding of how this belowground biodiversity is distributed, and how it regulates the structure and functioning of terrestrial ecosystems, is rapidly growing. Evidence also points to soil biodiversity as having a key role in determining the ecological and evolutionary responses of terrestrial ecosystems to current and future environmental change. Here we review recent progress and propose avenues for further research in this field.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Bardgett, Richard D -- van der Putten, Wim H -- England -- Nature. 2014 Nov 27;515(7528):505-11. doi: 10.1038/nature13855.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Faculty of Life Sciences, Michael Smith Building, The University of Manchester, Manchester M13 9PT, United Kingdom. ; 1] Department of Terrestrial Ecology, Netherlands Institute of Ecology (NIOO-KNAW), PO Box 50, 6700 AB Wageningen, The Netherlands [2] Laboratory of Nematology, Wageningen University, PO Box 8123, 6700 ES Wageningen, The Netherlands.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25428498" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Animals ; *Biodiversity ; *Ecosystem ; Food Chain ; Introduced Species ; Population Dynamics ; Soil Microbiology ; Time Factors
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    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
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    Coordination of entorhinal-hippocampal ensemble activity during associative learning (2014)
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    Publication Date: 2014-04-18
    Description: Accumulating evidence points to cortical oscillations as a mechanism for mediating interactions among functionally specialized neurons in distributed brain circuits. A brain function that may use such interactions is declarative memory--that is, memory that can be consciously recalled, such as episodes and facts. Declarative memory is enabled by circuits in the entorhinal cortex that interface the hippocampus with the neocortex. During encoding and retrieval of declarative memories, entorhinal and hippocampal circuits are thought to interact via theta and gamma oscillations, which in awake rodents predominate frequency spectra in both regions. In favour of this idea, theta-gamma coupling has been observed between entorhinal cortex and hippocampus under steady-state conditions in well-trained rats; however, the relationship between interregional coupling and memory formation remains poorly understood. Here we show, by multisite recording at successive stages of associative learning, that the coherence of firing patterns in directly connected entorhinal-hippocampus circuits evolves as rats learn to use an odour cue to guide navigational behaviour, and that such coherence is invariably linked to the development of ensemble representations for unique trial outcomes in each area. Entorhinal-hippocampal coupling was observed specifically in the 20-40-hertz frequency band and specifically between the distal part of hippocampal area CA1 and the lateral part of entorhinal cortex, the subfields that receive the predominant olfactory input to the hippocampal region. Collectively, the results identify 20-40-hertz oscillations as a mechanism for synchronizing evolving representations in dispersed neural circuits during encoding and retrieval of olfactory-spatial associative memory.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Igarashi, Kei M -- Lu, Li -- Colgin, Laura L -- Moser, May-Britt -- Moser, Edvard I -- England -- Nature. 2014 Jun 5;510(7503):143-7. doi: 10.1038/nature13162. Epub 2014 Apr 16.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Kavli Institute for Systems Neuroscience and Centre for Neural Computation, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Olav Kyrres gate 9, MTFS, 7491 Trondheim, Norway. ; Center for Learning and Memory, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, Texas 78712-0805, USA.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24739966" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Animals ; Cues ; Entorhinal Cortex/cytology/*physiology ; Exploratory Behavior/physiology ; Hippocampus/cytology/*physiology ; Learning/*physiology ; Male ; Memory/physiology ; Models, Neurological ; Neurons/physiology ; Odors/analysis ; Rats ; Rats, Long-Evans ; Smell ; Space Perception/physiology
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    Endophilin-A2 functions in membrane scission in clathrin-independent endocytosis (2014)
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    Publication Date: 2014-12-18
    Description: During endocytosis, energy is invested to narrow the necks of cargo-containing plasma membrane invaginations to radii at which the opposing segments spontaneously coalesce, thereby leading to the detachment by scission of endocytic uptake carriers. In the clathrin pathway, dynamin uses mechanical energy from GTP hydrolysis to this effect, assisted by the BIN/amphiphysin/Rvs (BAR) domain-containing protein endophilin. Clathrin-independent endocytic events are often less reliant on dynamin, and whether in these cases BAR domain proteins such as endophilin contribute to scission has remained unexplored. Here we show, in human and other mammalian cell lines, that endophilin-A2 (endoA2) specifically and functionally associates with very early uptake structures that are induced by the bacterial Shiga and cholera toxins, which are both clathrin-independent endocytic cargoes. In controlled in vitro systems, endoA2 reshapes membranes before scission. Furthermore, we demonstrate that endoA2, dynamin and actin contribute in parallel to the scission of Shiga-toxin-induced tubules. Our results establish a novel function of endoA2 in clathrin-independent endocytosis. They document that distinct scission factors operate in an additive manner, and predict that specificity within a given uptake process arises from defined combinations of universal modules. Our findings highlight a previously unnoticed link between membrane scaffolding by endoA2 and pulling-force-driven dynamic scission.〈br /〉〈br /〉〈a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4342003/" target="_blank"〉〈img src="https://static.pubmed.gov/portal/portal3rc.fcgi/4089621/img/3977009" border="0"〉〈/a〉   〈a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4342003/" target="_blank"〉This paper as free author manuscript - peer-reviewed and accepted for publication〈/a〉〈br /〉〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Renard, Henri-Francois -- Simunovic, Mijo -- Lemiere, Joel -- Boucrot, Emmanuel -- Garcia-Castillo, Maria Daniela -- Arumugam, Senthil -- Chambon, Valerie -- Lamaze, Christophe -- Wunder, Christian -- Kenworthy, Anne K -- Schmidt, Anne A -- McMahon, Harvey T -- Sykes, Cecile -- Bassereau, Patricia -- Johannes, Ludger -- R01 GM106720/GM/NIGMS NIH HHS/ -- England -- Nature. 2015 Jan 22;517(7535):493-6. doi: 10.1038/nature14064. Epub 2014 Dec 17.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉1] Institut Curie - Centre de Recherche, Endocytic Trafficking and Therapeutic Delivery group, 26 rue d'Ulm, 75248 Paris Cedex 05, France [2] CNRS UMR3666, 75005 Paris, France [3] U1143 INSERM, 75005 Paris, France. ; 1] Institut Curie - Centre de Recherche, Membrane and Cell Functions group, CNRS UMR 168, Physico-Chimie Curie, Universite Pierre et Marie Curie, 26 rue d'Ulm, 75248 Paris Cedex 05, France [2] The University of Chicago, Department of Chemistry, 5735 S Ellis Ave, Chicago, Ilinois 60637, USA. ; 1] Institut Curie - Centre de Recherche, Biomimetism of Cell Movement group, CNRS UMR 168, Physico-Chimie Curie, Universite Pierre et Marie Curie, 26 rue d'Ulm, 75248 Paris Cedex 05, France [2] Universite Paris Diderot, Sorbonne Paris Cite, 75205 Paris, France. ; Institute of Structural and Molecular Biology, University College London &Birkbeck College, London WC1E 6BT, UK. ; 1] CNRS UMR3666, 75005 Paris, France [2] U1143 INSERM, 75005 Paris, France [3] Institut Curie - Centre de Recherche, Membrane Dynamics and Mechanics of Intracellular Signaling group, 26 rue d'Ulm, 75248 Paris Cedex 05, France. ; Vanderbilt School of Medicine, Department of Molecular Physiology and Biophysics, 718 Light Hall, Nashville, Tennessee 37232, USA. ; CNRS, UMR7592, Institut Jacques Monod, Universite Paris Diderot, Sorbonne Paris Cite, 15 rue Helene Brion, 75205 Paris Cedex 13, France. ; Medical Research Council, Laboratory of Molecular Biology, Cambridge Biomedical Campus, Francis Crick Avenue, Cambridge CB2 0QH, UK. ; Institut Curie - Centre de Recherche, Biomimetism of Cell Movement group, CNRS UMR 168, Physico-Chimie Curie, Universite Pierre et Marie Curie, 26 rue d'Ulm, 75248 Paris Cedex 05, France. ; Institut Curie - Centre de Recherche, Membrane and Cell Functions group, CNRS UMR 168, Physico-Chimie Curie, Universite Pierre et Marie Curie, 26 rue d'Ulm, 75248 Paris Cedex 05, France.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25517096" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Actins/metabolism ; Acyltransferases/*metabolism ; Animals ; Cell Line ; Cell Membrane/*metabolism ; Cholera Toxin/metabolism ; Clathrin ; Dynamins/metabolism ; *Endocytosis ; Humans ; Rats ; Shiga Toxin/metabolism
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    Dichloroacetate prevents restenosis in preclinical animal models of vessel injury (2014)
    Nature Publishing Group (NPG)
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    Publication Date: 2014-04-22
    Description: Despite the introduction of antiproliferative drug-eluting stents, coronary heart disease remains the leading cause of death in the United States. In-stent restenosis and bypass graft failure are characterized by excessive smooth muscle cell (SMC) proliferation and concomitant myointima formation with luminal obliteration. Here we show that during the development of myointimal hyperplasia in human arteries, SMCs show hyperpolarization of their mitochondrial membrane potential (DeltaPsim) and acquire a temporary state with a high proliferative rate and resistance to apoptosis. Pyruvate dehydrogenase kinase isoform 2 (PDK2) was identified as a key regulatory protein, and its activation proved necessary for relevant myointima formation. Pharmacologic PDK2 blockade with dichloroacetate or lentiviral PDK2 knockdown prevented DeltaPsim hyperpolarization, facilitated apoptosis and reduced myointima formation in injured human mammary and coronary arteries, rat aortas, rabbit iliac arteries and swine (pig) coronary arteries. In contrast to several commonly used antiproliferative drugs, dichloroacetate did not prevent vessel re-endothelialization. Targeting myointimal DeltaPsim and alleviating apoptosis resistance is a novel strategy for the prevention of proliferative vascular diseases.〈br /〉〈br /〉〈a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4323184/" target="_blank"〉〈img src="https://static.pubmed.gov/portal/portal3rc.fcgi/4089621/img/3977009" border="0"〉〈/a〉   〈a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4323184/" target="_blank"〉This paper as free author manuscript - peer-reviewed and accepted for publication〈/a〉〈br /〉〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Deuse, Tobias -- Hua, Xiaoqin -- Wang, Dong -- Maegdefessel, Lars -- Heeren, Joerg -- Scheja, Ludger -- Bolanos, Juan P -- Rakovic, Aleksandar -- Spin, Joshua M -- Stubbendorff, Mandy -- Ikeno, Fumiaki -- Langer, Florian -- Zeller, Tanja -- Schulte-Uentrop, Leonie -- Stoehr, Andrea -- Itagaki, Ryo -- Haddad, Francois -- Eschenhagen, Thomas -- Blankenberg, Stefan -- Kiefmann, Rainer -- Reichenspurner, Hermann -- Velden, Joachim -- Klein, Christine -- Yeung, Alan -- Robbins, Robert C -- Tsao, Philip S -- Schrepfer, Sonja -- 1R01HL105299/HL/NHLBI NIH HHS/ -- R01 HL105299/HL/NHLBI NIH HHS/ -- England -- Nature. 2014 May 29;509(7502):641-4. doi: 10.1038/nature13232. Epub 2014 Apr 20.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉1] TSI-laboratory, University Heart Center Hamburg, Martinistrasse 52, 20246 Hamburg, Germany [2] Cardiovascular Research Center Hamburg (CVRC) and DZHK (German Center for Cardiovascular Research), partner site Hamburg/Kiel/Luebeck, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Martinistrasse 52, 20246 Hamburg, Germany [3] Cardiovascular Surgery, University Heart Center Hamburg, Martinistrasse 52, 20246 Hamburg, Germany. ; 1] TSI-laboratory, University Heart Center Hamburg, Martinistrasse 52, 20246 Hamburg, Germany [2] Cardiovascular Research Center Hamburg (CVRC) and DZHK (German Center for Cardiovascular Research), partner site Hamburg/Kiel/Luebeck, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Martinistrasse 52, 20246 Hamburg, Germany. ; Department of Medicine, Atherosclerosis Research Unit, Karolinska Institute, CMM L8:03, 17176 Stockholm, Sweden. ; Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Cell Biology, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Martinistrasse 52, 20246 Hamburg, Germany. ; Institute of Functional Biology and Genomics, University of Salamanca-CSIC, Zacarias Gonzalez 2, 37007 Salamanca, Spain. ; Institute of Neurogenetics, University of Lubeck, Maria-Goeppert-Strasse 1, 23562 Lubeck, Germany. ; Cardiovascular Medicine and Stanford Cardiovascular Institute, Stanford University, 300 Pasteur Drive, Stanford, California 94305, USA. ; Institute of Pathology, Hannover Medical School, Carl-Neuberg-Strasse 1, 30625 Hannover, Germany. ; 1] Cardiovascular Research Center Hamburg (CVRC) and DZHK (German Center for Cardiovascular Research), partner site Hamburg/Kiel/Luebeck, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Martinistrasse 52, 20246 Hamburg, Germany [2] Department of General and Interventional Cardiology, University Heart Center Hamburg, Martinistrasse 52, 20246 Hamburg, Germany. ; 1] Cardiovascular Research Center Hamburg (CVRC) and DZHK (German Center for Cardiovascular Research), partner site Hamburg/Kiel/Luebeck, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Martinistrasse 52, 20246 Hamburg, Germany [2] Department of Anaesthesiology, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Martinistrasse 52, 20246 Hamburg, Germany. ; 1] Cardiovascular Research Center Hamburg (CVRC) and DZHK (German Center for Cardiovascular Research), partner site Hamburg/Kiel/Luebeck, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Martinistrasse 52, 20246 Hamburg, Germany [2] Institute of Experimental Pharmacology and Toxicology, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Martinistrasse 52, 20246 Hamburg, Germany. ; 1] Cardiovascular Research Center Hamburg (CVRC) and DZHK (German Center for Cardiovascular Research), partner site Hamburg/Kiel/Luebeck, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Martinistrasse 52, 20246 Hamburg, Germany [2] Cardiovascular Surgery, University Heart Center Hamburg, Martinistrasse 52, 20246 Hamburg, Germany. ; Department of Nephropathology, Institute of Pathology, University Hospital Erlangen, Krankenhausstrasse 8-10, 91054 Erlangen, Germany. ; Department of Cardiothoracic Surgery and Stanford Cardiovascular Institute, Stanford University, 300 Pasteur Drive, Stanford, California 94305, USA. ; 1] Cardiovascular Medicine and Stanford Cardiovascular Institute, Stanford University, 300 Pasteur Drive, Stanford, California 94305, USA [2] Veterans Affairs Palo Alto Health Care System, 3801 Miranda Avenue, Palo Alto, California 94304, USA. ; 1] TSI-laboratory, University Heart Center Hamburg, Martinistrasse 52, 20246 Hamburg, Germany [2] Cardiovascular Research Center Hamburg (CVRC) and DZHK (German Center for Cardiovascular Research), partner site Hamburg/Kiel/Luebeck, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Martinistrasse 52, 20246 Hamburg, Germany [3] Cardiovascular Surgery, University Heart Center Hamburg, Martinistrasse 52, 20246 Hamburg, Germany [4] Department of Cardiothoracic Surgery and Stanford Cardiovascular Institute, Stanford University, 300 Pasteur Drive, Stanford, California 94305, USA.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24747400" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Angioplasty, Balloon/adverse effects ; Animals ; Aorta/drug effects/*injuries/pathology ; Apoptosis/drug effects ; Arteries/drug effects/*injuries/pathology ; Cell Proliferation/drug effects ; Constriction, Pathologic/pathology/*prevention & control ; Coronary Vessels/drug effects/injuries/pathology ; Dichloroacetic Acid/*pharmacology/*therapeutic use ; Disease Models, Animal ; Enzyme Activation/drug effects ; Gene Knockdown Techniques ; Humans ; Hyperplasia/drug therapy/pathology ; Iliac Artery/drug effects/injuries/pathology ; Mammary Arteries/drug effects/injuries/pathology ; Membrane Potential, Mitochondrial/drug effects ; Mitochondria, Heart/drug effects/metabolism ; Myocytes, Smooth Muscle/drug effects/pathology ; Protein-Serine-Threonine Kinases/antagonists & inhibitors/deficiency/genetics ; Rabbits ; Rats ; Secondary Prevention ; Stents/adverse effects ; Swine ; Tunica Intima/*drug effects/injuries/*pathology
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    Comparative biology: Naked ambition (2014)
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    Publication Date: 2014-05-30
    Description: 〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Deweerdt, Sarah -- England -- Nature. 2014 May 29;509(7502):S60-1. doi: 10.1038/509S60a.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24870823" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Animals ; Anoxia/metabolism ; Carcinogens/pharmacology/toxicity ; Cell Death ; Contact Inhibition/drug effects ; Culture Media, Conditioned/chemistry/pharmacology ; Cyclin-Dependent Kinase Inhibitor p16/metabolism ; Cyclin-Dependent Kinase Inhibitor p27/metabolism ; DNA Damage ; Disease Models, Animal ; *Disease Susceptibility ; Drug Resistance/drug effects ; Humans ; Hyaluronic Acid/biosynthesis/chemistry ; Mice ; *Models, Animal ; Mole Rats/*physiology ; NF-E2-Related Factor 2/metabolism ; Neoplasms/chemically induced/genetics/pathology/*prevention & control ; Rats ; Selection, Genetic ; Spalax/physiology ; Tumor Suppressor Protein p53/genetics/metabolism
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    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
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    Niche filling slows the diversification of Himalayan songbirds (2014)
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    Publication Date: 2014-04-30
    Description: Speciation generally involves a three-step process--range expansion, range fragmentation and the development of reproductive isolation between spatially separated populations. Speciation relies on cycling through these three steps and each may limit the rate at which new species form. We estimate phylogenetic relationships among all Himalayan songbirds to ask whether the development of reproductive isolation and ecological competition, both factors that limit range expansions, set an ultimate limit on speciation. Based on a phylogeny for all 358 species distributed along the eastern elevational gradient, here we show that body size and shape differences evolved early in the radiation, with the elevational band occupied by a species evolving later. These results are consistent with competition for niche space limiting species accumulation. Even the elevation dimension seems to be approaching ecological saturation, because the closest relatives both inside the assemblage and elsewhere in the Himalayas are on average separated by more than five million years, which is longer than it generally takes for reproductive isolation to be completed; also, elevational distributions are well explained by resource availability, notably the abundance of arthropods, and not by differences in diversification rates in different elevational zones. Our results imply that speciation rate is ultimately set by niche filling (that is, ecological competition for resources), rather than by the rate of acquisition of reproductive isolation.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Price, Trevor D -- Hooper, Daniel M -- Buchanan, Caitlyn D -- Johansson, Ulf S -- Tietze, D Thomas -- Alstrom, Per -- Olsson, Urban -- Ghosh-Harihar, Mousumi -- Ishtiaq, Farah -- Gupta, Sandeep K -- Martens, Jochen -- Harr, Bettina -- Singh, Pratap -- Mohan, Dhananjai -- England -- Nature. 2014 May 8;509(7499):222-5. doi: 10.1038/nature13272. Epub 2014 Apr 30.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Department of Ecology and Evolution, University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois 60637, USA. ; 1] Department of Ecology and Evolution, University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois 60637, USA [2] Department of Zoology, Swedish Museum of Natural History, 10405 Stockholm, Sweden. ; 1] Department of Ecology and Evolution, University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois 60637, USA [2] Institute of Pharmacy and Molecular Biotechnology, University of Heidelberg, Im Neuenheimer Feld 364, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany. ; 1] Key Laboratory of Zoological Systematics and Evolution, Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 1 Beichen West Road, Chaoyang District, Beijing 100101, China [2] Swedish Species Information Centre, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, Box 7007, 75007 Uppsala, Sweden. ; Systematics and Biodiversity, Department of Biology and Environmental Sciences, University of Gothenburg, 40530 Gothenburg, Sweden. ; Wildlife Institute of India, PO Box 18, Chandrabani, Dehradun 248001, India. ; Institute of Zoology, Johannes Gutenberg University, Mainz 55099, Germany. ; Max Planck Institute for Evolutionary Biology, August Thienemannstrasse 2, 24306 Plon, Germany.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24776798" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: *Altitude ; Animals ; Body Size ; China ; *Ecosystem ; *Genetic Speciation ; India ; Phylogeny ; Reproduction ; Songbirds/anatomy & histology/*classification/*physiology ; Tibet
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    Coastal havoc boosts jellies (2014)
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    Publication Date: 2014-10-31
    Description: 〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Qiu, Jane -- England -- Nature. 2014 Oct 30;514(7524):545. doi: 10.1038/514545a.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25355338" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Animals ; Aquatic Organisms/growth & development ; China ; *Ecosystem ; *Human Activities ; Oceans and Seas ; Scyphozoa/*growth & development
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    Double threat for Tibet (2014)
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    Publication Date: 2014-08-22
    Description: 〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Qiu, Jane -- England -- Nature. 2014 Aug 21;512(7514):240-1. doi: 10.1038/512240a.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25143093" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Climate Change/*statistics & numerical data ; Conservation of Natural Resources ; *Ecosystem ; Environmental Pollution/statistics & numerical data ; Human Activities ; Ice Cover ; Temperature ; Tibet ; Urbanization/*trends
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    Land models put to climate test (2014)
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    Publication Date: 2014-06-06
    Description: 〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Qiu, Jane -- England -- Nature. 2014 Jun 5;510(7503):16-7. doi: 10.1038/510016a.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24899283" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Atmosphere/chemistry ; Carbon Dioxide/analysis ; Desert Climate ; *Ecosystem ; *Global Warming ; *Models, Theoretical ; Mongolia ; Plants/*metabolism ; Poaceae/metabolism ; Rain ; Temperature ; Trees/metabolism
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    Conservation: focus on implementation (2014)
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    Publication Date: 2014-12-05
    Description: 〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Meijaard, Erik -- Sheil, Douglas -- Cardillo, Marcel -- England -- Nature. 2014 Dec 4;516(7529):37. doi: 10.1038/516037d.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉People and Nature Consulting International, Jakarta, and CIFOR, Indonesia. ; Norwegian University of Life Sciences, As, Norway, and CIFOR, Indonesia. ; Australian National University, Canberra, Australia.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25471870" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Animals ; Conservation of Natural Resources/*methods ; *Ecosystem ; *Goals ; *Wilderness
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    Structural mechanism of glutamate receptor activation and desensitization (2014)
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    Publication Date: 2014-08-15
    Description: Ionotropic glutamate receptors are ligand-gated ion channels that mediate excitatory synaptic transmission in the vertebrate brain. To gain a better understanding of how structural changes gate ion flux across the membrane, we trapped rat AMPA (alpha-amino-3-hydroxy-5-methyl-4-isoxazole propionic acid) and kainate receptor subtypes in their major functional states and analysed the resulting structures using cryo-electron microscopy. We show that transition to the active state involves a 'corkscrew' motion of the receptor assembly, driven by closure of the ligand-binding domain. Desensitization is accompanied by disruption of the amino-terminal domain tetramer in AMPA, but not kainate, receptors with a two-fold to four-fold symmetry transition in the ligand-binding domains in both subtypes. The 7.6 A structure of a desensitized kainate receptor shows how these changes accommodate channel closing. These findings integrate previous physiological, biochemical and structural analyses of glutamate receptors and provide a molecular explanation for key steps in receptor gating.〈br /〉〈br /〉〈a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4199900/" target="_blank"〉〈img src="https://static.pubmed.gov/portal/portal3rc.fcgi/4089621/img/3977009" border="0"〉〈/a〉   〈a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4199900/" target="_blank"〉This paper as free author manuscript - peer-reviewed and accepted for publication〈/a〉〈br /〉〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Meyerson, Joel R -- Kumar, Janesh -- Chittori, Sagar -- Rao, Prashant -- Pierson, Jason -- Bartesaghi, Alberto -- Mayer, Mark L -- Subramaniam, Sriram -- Z01 BC010278-10/Intramural NIH HHS/ -- ZIA BC010826-07/Intramural NIH HHS/ -- England -- Nature. 2014 Oct 16;514(7522):328-34. doi: 10.1038/nature13603. Epub 2014 Aug 3.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Laboratory of Cell Biology, Center for Cancer Research, NCI, NIH, Bethesda, Maryland 20892, USA. ; Laboratory of Cellular and Molecular Neurophysiology, Porter Neuroscience Research Center, NICHD, NIH, Bethesda, Maryland 20892, USA. ; FEI Company, Hillsboro, Oregon 97124, USA.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25119039" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Animals ; Binding Sites ; *Cryoelectron Microscopy ; Glutamic Acid/chemistry/metabolism/pharmacology ; Ion Channel Gating/drug effects ; Ligands ; Models, Molecular ; Protein Structure, Tertiary/drug effects ; Rats ; Receptors, AMPA/antagonists & inhibitors/chemistry/*metabolism/*ultrastructure ; Receptors, Kainic Acid/chemistry/*metabolism/*ultrastructure
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    Convergence of terrestrial plant production across global climate gradients (2014)
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    Publication Date: 2014-07-22
    Description: Variation in terrestrial net primary production (NPP) with climate is thought to originate from a direct influence of temperature and precipitation on plant metabolism. However, variation in NPP may also result from an indirect influence of climate by means of plant age, stand biomass, growing season length and local adaptation. To identify the relative importance of direct and indirect climate effects, we extend metabolic scaling theory to link hypothesized climate influences with NPP, and assess hypothesized relationships using a global compilation of ecosystem woody plant biomass and production data. Notably, age and biomass explained most of the variation in production whereas temperature and precipitation explained almost none, suggesting that climate indirectly (not directly) influences production. Furthermore, our theory shows that variation in NPP is characterized by a common scaling relationship, suggesting that global change models can incorporate the mechanisms governing this relationship to improve predictions of future ecosystem function.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Michaletz, Sean T -- Cheng, Dongliang -- Kerkhoff, Andrew J -- Enquist, Brian J -- England -- Nature. 2014 Aug 7;512(7512):39-43. doi: 10.1038/nature13470. Epub 2014 Jul 20.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, University of Arizona, Tucson, Arizona 85721, USA. ; Key Laboratory of Humid Subtropical Eco-geographical Process, Fujian Normal University, Ministry of Education, Fuzhou, Fujian Province 350007, China. ; Department of Biology, Kenyon College, Gambier, Ohio 43022, USA. ; 1] Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, University of Arizona, Tucson, Arizona 85721, USA [2] The Santa Fe Institute, USA, 1399 Hyde Park Road, Santa Fe, New Mexico 87501, USA [3] The iPlant Collaborative, Thomas W. Keating Bioresearch Building, 1657 East Helen Street, Tucson, Arizona 85721, USA [4] Aspen Center for Environmental Studies, 100 Puppy Smith Street, Aspen, Colorado 81611, USA.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25043056" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Adaptation, Physiological ; Biomass ; *Climate ; *Ecosystem ; *Internationality ; Plant Development ; Plants/*metabolism ; Rain ; Seasons ; Temperature ; Wood
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    Health check for deep-sea mining (2014)
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    Publication Date: 2014-08-15
    Description: 〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Moskvitch, Katia -- England -- Nature. 2014 Aug 14;512(7513):122-3. doi: 10.1038/512122a.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25119218" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Aquatic Organisms ; *Ecosystem ; Environment ; Hydrothermal Vents ; *Mining ; Oceans and Seas
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    Air pollution and forest water use (2014)
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    Publication Date: 2014-03-14
    Description: 〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Holmes, Christopher D -- England -- Nature. 2014 Mar 13;507(7491):E1-2. doi: 10.1038/nature13113.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24622206" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Carbon Dioxide/*analysis ; *Ecosystem ; Trees/*chemistry ; Water/*analysis
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    Mycorrhiza-mediated competition between plants and decomposers drives soil carbon storage (2014)
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    Publication Date: 2014-01-10
    Description: Soil contains more carbon than the atmosphere and vegetation combined. Understanding the mechanisms controlling the accumulation and stability of soil carbon is critical to predicting the Earth's future climate. Recent studies suggest that decomposition of soil organic matter is often limited by nitrogen availability to microbes and that plants, via their fungal symbionts, compete directly with free-living decomposers for nitrogen. Ectomycorrhizal and ericoid mycorrhizal (EEM) fungi produce nitrogen-degrading enzymes, allowing them greater access to organic nitrogen sources than arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) fungi. This leads to the theoretical prediction that soil carbon storage is greater in ecosystems dominated by EEM fungi than in those dominated by AM fungi. Using global data sets, we show that soil in ecosystems dominated by EEM-associated plants contains 70% more carbon per unit nitrogen than soil in ecosystems dominated by AM-associated plants. The effect of mycorrhizal type on soil carbon is independent of, and of far larger consequence than, the effects of net primary production, temperature, precipitation and soil clay content. Hence the effect of mycorrhizal type on soil carbon content holds at the global scale. This finding links the functional traits of mycorrhizal fungi to carbon storage at ecosystem-to-global scales, suggesting that plant-decomposer competition for nutrients exerts a fundamental control over the terrestrial carbon cycle.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Averill, Colin -- Turner, Benjamin L -- Finzi, Adrien C -- England -- Nature. 2014 Jan 23;505(7484):543-5. doi: 10.1038/nature12901. Epub 2014 Jan 8.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Department of Integrative Biology, Graduate Program in Ecology, Evolution and Behavior, University of Texas at Austin, Austin, Texas 78712, USA. ; Smithsonian Tropical Research Institute, Apartado 0843-03092, Balboa, Ancon, Republic of Panama. ; Department of Biology, Boston University, Boston, Masachusetts 02215, USA.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24402225" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Aluminum Silicates/analysis ; Biota/genetics ; Carbon/analysis/*metabolism ; *Carbon Cycle ; *Ecosystem ; Mycorrhizae/classification/enzymology/*metabolism ; Nitrogen/analysis/metabolism ; Plants/*metabolism/*microbiology ; Soil/*chemistry ; Soil Microbiology
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    Forensic chemistry could stop African-plant thieves (2014)
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    Publication Date: 2014-10-04
    Description: 〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Nordling, Linda -- England -- Nature. 2014 Oct 2;514(7520):17. doi: 10.1038/nature.2014.16010.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25279897" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Cycadophyta/growth & development/*metabolism ; *Ecosystem ; Endangered Species/statistics & numerical data ; Extinction, Biological ; Forensic Sciences/*methods ; Isotopes/analysis ; Reference Standards ; South Africa ; Theft/economics/*prevention & control
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    Research strategy: Ecology must seek universal principles (2014)
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    Publication Date: 2014-04-25
    Description: 〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Harte, John -- England -- Nature. 2014 Apr 24;508(7497):458. doi: 10.1038/508458b.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉University of California, Berkeley, USA.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24759404" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Animals ; *Ecology ; *Ecosystem ; *Models, Biological ; *Nonlinear Dynamics
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    Conservation: Pool resources for protected areas (2014)
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    Publication Date: 2014-12-19
    Description: 〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Hoekstra, Jon -- Symington, Meg -- Weaver, Chris -- England -- Nature. 2014 Dec 18;516(7531):329. doi: 10.1038/516329b.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉World Wildlife Fund, Washington DC, USA. ; WWF-Namibia, Windhoek, Namibia.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25519122" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Animals ; Conservation of Natural Resources/*statistics & numerical data ; *Ecosystem ; *Wilderness
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    The first South Americans: Extreme living (2014)
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    Publication Date: 2014-10-04
    Description: 〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Fraser, Barbara -- England -- Nature. 2014 Oct 2;514(7520):24-6. doi: 10.1038/514024a.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25279901" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: *Altitude ; Animals ; Archaeology ; Caves ; Civilization/history ; Diet/history ; *Ecosystem ; History, Ancient ; Human Migration/*history ; South America
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    The mitochondrial deubiquitinase USP30 opposes parkin-mediated mitophagy (2014)
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    Publication Date: 2014-06-05
    Description: Cells maintain healthy mitochondria by degrading damaged mitochondria through mitophagy; defective mitophagy is linked to Parkinson's disease. Here we report that USP30, a deubiquitinase localized to mitochondria, antagonizes mitophagy driven by the ubiquitin ligase parkin (also known as PARK2) and protein kinase PINK1, which are encoded by two genes associated with Parkinson's disease. Parkin ubiquitinates and tags damaged mitochondria for clearance. Overexpression of USP30 removes ubiquitin attached by parkin onto damaged mitochondria and blocks parkin's ability to drive mitophagy, whereas reducing USP30 activity enhances mitochondrial degradation in neurons. Global ubiquitination site profiling identified multiple mitochondrial substrates oppositely regulated by parkin and USP30. Knockdown of USP30 rescues the defective mitophagy caused by pathogenic mutations in parkin and improves mitochondrial integrity in parkin- or PINK1-deficient flies. Knockdown of USP30 in dopaminergic neurons protects flies against paraquat toxicity in vivo, ameliorating defects in dopamine levels, motor function and organismal survival. Thus USP30 inhibition is potentially beneficial for Parkinson's disease by promoting mitochondrial clearance and quality control.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Bingol, Baris -- Tea, Joy S -- Phu, Lilian -- Reichelt, Mike -- Bakalarski, Corey E -- Song, Qinghua -- Foreman, Oded -- Kirkpatrick, Donald S -- Sheng, Morgan -- England -- Nature. 2014 Jun 19;510(7505):370-5. doi: 10.1038/nature13418. Epub 2014 Jun 4.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉1] Department of Neuroscience, Genentech, Inc., South San Francisco, California 94080, USA [2]. ; Department of Protein Chemistry, Genentech, Inc., South San Francisco, California 94080, USA. ; Department of Pathology, Genentech, Inc., South San Francisco, California 94080, USA. ; Department of Bioinformatics & Computational Biology, Genentech, Inc., South San Francisco, California 94080, USA. ; Department of Non-Clinical Biostatistics, Genentech, Inc., South San Francisco, California 94080, USA. ; Department of Neuroscience, Genentech, Inc., South San Francisco, California 94080, USA.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24896179" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Animals ; Cell Line ; Cells, Cultured ; Drosophila melanogaster/genetics/metabolism ; Gene Knockdown Techniques ; HEK293 Cells ; HeLa Cells ; Humans ; Male ; Mitochondrial Degradation/*physiology ; Mitochondrial Proteins/genetics/*metabolism ; Neurons/metabolism ; Parkinson Disease/physiopathology ; Protein Kinases/metabolism ; Rats ; Thiolester Hydrolases/genetics/*metabolism ; Ubiquitin-Protein Ligases/genetics/*metabolism ; Ubiquitin-Specific Proteases/genetics/metabolism ; Ubiquitination
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    India: Endangered species damned by dams (2014)
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    Details
    Publication Date: 2014-11-07
    Description: 〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Barah, Pankaj -- Bhuyan, Kaveri -- England -- Nature. 2014 Nov 6;515(7525):37. doi: 10.1038/515037b.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Trondheim, Norway.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25373667" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Animals ; *Animals, Wild ; Bhutan ; Dolphins ; *Ecosystem ; *Endangered Species/trends ; India ; Perissodactyla ; *Power Plants/legislation & jurisprudence ; *Rivers ; Tigers
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    Protect the deep sea (2014)
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    Publication Date: 2014-01-25
    Description: 〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Barbier, Edward B -- Moreno-Mateos, David -- Rogers, Alex D -- Aronson, James -- Pendleton, Linwood -- Danovaro, Roberto -- Henry, Lea-Anne -- Morato, Telmo -- Ardron, Jeff -- Van Dover, Cindy L -- England -- Nature. 2014 Jan 23;505(7484):475-7.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24459714" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Animals ; Anthozoa ; Aquatic Organisms ; Atlantic Ocean ; Biodiversity ; *Conservation of Natural Resources/economics/methods/trends ; *Ecology/economics/methods/trends ; *Ecosystem ; Fisheries/economics ; *Oceans and Seas
    Print ISSN: 0028-0836
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    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
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    Conservation: A to-do list for the world's parks (2014)
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    Publication Date: 2014-11-07
    Description: 〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉England -- Nature. 2014 Nov 6;515(7525):28-31. doi: 10.1038/515028a.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25373660" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Animals ; Animals, Wild ; Biodiversity ; Climate Change ; Conservation of Natural Resources/*methods ; Ecology/organization & administration ; *Ecosystem ; Environmental Policy/legislation & jurisprudence ; *Goals ; Government Regulation ; *Wilderness
    Print ISSN: 0028-0836
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    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
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    Methane dynamics regulated by microbial community response to permafrost thaw (2014)
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    Publication Date: 2014-10-25
    Description: Permafrost contains about 50% of the global soil carbon. It is thought that the thawing of permafrost can lead to a loss of soil carbon in the form of methane and carbon dioxide emissions. The magnitude of the resulting positive climate feedback of such greenhouse gas emissions is still unknown and may to a large extent depend on the poorly understood role of microbial community composition in regulating the metabolic processes that drive such ecosystem-scale greenhouse gas fluxes. Here we show that changes in vegetation and increasing methane emissions with permafrost thaw are associated with a switch from hydrogenotrophic to partly acetoclastic methanogenesis, resulting in a large shift in the delta(13)C signature (10-15 per thousand) of emitted methane. We used a natural landscape gradient of permafrost thaw in northern Sweden as a model to investigate the role of microbial communities in regulating methane cycling, and to test whether a knowledge of community dynamics could improve predictions of carbon emissions under loss of permafrost. Abundance of the methanogen Candidatus 'Methanoflorens stordalenmirensis' is a key predictor of the shifts in methane isotopes, which in turn predicts the proportions of carbon emitted as methane and as carbon dioxide, an important factor for simulating the climate feedback associated with permafrost thaw in global models. By showing that the abundance of key microbial lineages can be used to predict atmospherically relevant patterns in methane isotopes and the proportion of carbon metabolized to methane during permafrost thaw, we establish a basis for scaling changing microbial communities to ecosystem isotope dynamics. Our findings indicate that microbial ecology may be important in ecosystem-scale responses to global change.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉McCalley, Carmody K -- Woodcroft, Ben J -- Hodgkins, Suzanne B -- Wehr, Richard A -- Kim, Eun-Hae -- Mondav, Rhiannon -- Crill, Patrick M -- Chanton, Jeffrey P -- Rich, Virginia I -- Tyson, Gene W -- Saleska, Scott R -- England -- Nature. 2014 Oct 23;514(7523):478-81. doi: 10.1038/nature13798.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, University of Arizona, Tucson, Arizona 85721, USA. ; Australian Centre for Ecogenomics, School of Chemistry and Molecular Biosciences, University of Queensland, Brisbane 4072, Queensland, Australia. ; Department of Earth, Ocean and Atmospheric Science, Florida State University, Tallahassee, Florida 32306, USA. ; Department of Soil, Water and Environmental Science, University of Arizona, Tucson, Arizona 85721, USA. ; Department of Geological Sciences, Stockholm University, Stockholm 106 91, Sweden.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25341787" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Anaerobiosis ; Arctic Regions ; Atmosphere/*chemistry ; Carbon Dioxide/metabolism ; *Ecosystem ; *Freezing ; Methane/analysis/*metabolism ; *Soil Microbiology ; Sweden
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    Contribution of semi-arid ecosystems to interannual variability of the global carbon cycle (2014)
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    Publication Date: 2014-05-23
    Description: The land and ocean act as a sink for fossil-fuel emissions, thereby slowing the rise of atmospheric carbon dioxide concentrations. Although the uptake of carbon by oceanic and terrestrial processes has kept pace with accelerating carbon dioxide emissions until now, atmospheric carbon dioxide concentrations exhibit a large variability on interannual timescales, considered to be driven primarily by terrestrial ecosystem processes dominated by tropical rainforests. We use a terrestrial biogeochemical model, atmospheric carbon dioxide inversion and global carbon budget accounting methods to investigate the evolution of the terrestrial carbon sink over the past 30 years, with a focus on the underlying mechanisms responsible for the exceptionally large land carbon sink reported in 2011 (ref. 2). Here we show that our three terrestrial carbon sink estimates are in good agreement and support the finding of a 2011 record land carbon sink. Surprisingly, we find that the global carbon sink anomaly was driven by growth of semi-arid vegetation in the Southern Hemisphere, with almost 60 per cent of carbon uptake attributed to Australian ecosystems, where prevalent La Nina conditions caused up to six consecutive seasons of increased precipitation. In addition, since 1981, a six per cent expansion of vegetation cover over Australia was associated with a fourfold increase in the sensitivity of continental net carbon uptake to precipitation. Our findings suggest that the higher turnover rates of carbon pools in semi-arid biomes are an increasingly important driver of global carbon cycle inter-annual variability and that tropical rainforests may become less relevant drivers in the future. More research is needed to identify to what extent the carbon stocks accumulated during wet years are vulnerable to rapid decomposition or loss through fire in subsequent years.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Poulter, Benjamin -- Frank, David -- Ciais, Philippe -- Myneni, Ranga B -- Andela, Niels -- Bi, Jian -- Broquet, Gregoire -- Canadell, Josep G -- Chevallier, Frederic -- Liu, Yi Y -- Running, Steven W -- Sitch, Stephen -- van der Werf, Guido R -- England -- Nature. 2014 May 29;509(7502):600-3. doi: 10.1038/nature13376. Epub 2014 May 21.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉1] Montana State University, Institute on Ecosystems and the Department of Ecology, Bozeman, Montana 59717, USA [2] Laboratoire des Sciences du Climat et de l'Environnement (LSCE), CEA CNRS UVSQ, 91191 Gif Sur Yvette, France. ; 1] Swiss Federal Research Institute WSL, Dendroclimatology, Zurcherstrasse 111, Birmensdorf 8903, Switzerland [2] Oeschger Centre for Climate Change Research, University of Bern, CH-3012 Bern, Switzerland. ; Laboratoire des Sciences du Climat et de l'Environnement (LSCE), CEA CNRS UVSQ, 91191 Gif Sur Yvette, France. ; Department of Earth and Environment, Boston University, 685 Commonwealth Avenue, Boston, Massachusetts 02215, USA. ; Faculty of Earth and Life Sciences, VU University Amsterdam, 1085 De Boelelaan, 1081HV, Amsterdam, The Netherlands. ; Global Carbon Project, CSIRO, Marine and Atmospheric Research, Canberra, Australian Capital Territory 2601, Australia. ; ARC Centre of Excellence for Climate Systems Science & Climate Change Research Centre, University of New South Wales, Sydney, New South Wales 2052, Australia. ; Department of Ecosystem and Conservation Sciences, University of Montana, Missoula, Montana 59812, USA. ; College of Engineering, Computing and Mathematics, University of Exeter, Exeter EX4 4QF, UK.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24847888" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Atmosphere/chemistry ; Australia ; Carbon Dioxide/analysis ; *Carbon Sequestration ; *Desert Climate ; *Ecosystem ; El Nino-Southern Oscillation ; Fires ; Models, Theoretical ; Rain ; Seasons ; Uncertainty
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    Sustainable ecosystems and society (2014)
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    Publication Date: 2014-11-07
    Description: 〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Goymer, Patrick -- England -- Nature. 2014 Nov 6;515(7525):49. doi: 10.1038/515049a.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25373673" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Agriculture ; Biodiversity ; *Conservation of Natural Resources/methods/trends ; *Ecosystem ; Fires ; *Human Activities ; Urbanization ; Wilderness
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    Keenan et al. reply (2014)
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    Publication Date: 2014-03-14
    Description: 〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Keenan, Trevor F -- Hollinger, David Y -- Bohrer, Gil -- Dragoni, Danilo -- Munger, J William -- Schmid, Hans Peter -- Richardson, Andrew D -- England -- Nature. 2014 Mar 13;507(7491):E2-3. doi: 10.1038/nature13114.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Department of Biological Sciences, Macquarie University, North Ryde, New South Wales 2109, Australia. ; USDA Forest Service, Northern Research Station, Durham, New Hamphire 03824, USA. ; Department of Civil, Environmental and Geodetic Engineering, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio 43210, USA. ; Department of Geography, Indiana University, Bloomington, Indiana 47405, USA. ; School of Engineering and Applied Sciences and Department of Earth and Planetary Sciences, Harvard University, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02138, USA. ; Institute of Meteorology and Climate Research, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology, IMK-IFU, Garmisch-Partenkirchen 82467, Germany. ; Department of Organismic and Evolutionary Biology, Harvard University, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02138, USA.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24622207" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Carbon Dioxide/*analysis ; *Ecosystem ; Trees/*chemistry ; Water/*analysis
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    Learning to coexist with wildfire (2014)
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    Publication Date: 2014-11-07
    Description: The impacts of escalating wildfire in many regions - the lives and homes lost, the expense of suppression and the damage to ecosystem services - necessitate a more sustainable coexistence with wildfire. Climate change and continued development on fire-prone landscapes will only compound current problems. Emerging strategies for managing ecosystems and mitigating risks to human communities provide some hope, although greater recognition of their inherent variation and links is crucial. Without a more integrated framework, fire will never operate as a natural ecosystem process, and the impact on society will continue to grow. A more coordinated approach to risk management and land-use planning in these coupled systems is needed.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Moritz, Max A -- Batllori, Enric -- Bradstock, Ross A -- Gill, A Malcolm -- Handmer, John -- Hessburg, Paul F -- Leonard, Justin -- McCaffrey, Sarah -- Odion, Dennis C -- Schoennagel, Tania -- Syphard, Alexandra D -- England -- Nature. 2014 Nov 6;515(7525):58-66. doi: 10.1038/nature13946.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Department of Environmental Science, Policy, and Management, Division of Ecosystem Sciences, University of California, Berkeley, 130 Mulford Hall, Berkeley, California 94720, USA. ; 1] Department of Environmental Science, Policy, and Management, Division of Ecosystem Sciences, University of California, Berkeley, 130 Mulford Hall, Berkeley, California 94720, USA. [2] Forest Sciences Center of Catalonia &Center for Ecological Research and Forestry Applications, Pujada del Seminari, 28250 Solsona, Spain. ; University of Wollongong, Northfields Avenue, Wollongong, New South Wales 2522, Australia. ; Australian National University, Canberra, Australian Capital Territory 0200, Australia. ; RMIT University, 124 Little La Trobe Street, Melbourne, Victoria 3000, Australia. ; US Forest Service, 1400 Independence Avenue, SW Washington DC 20250-1111, USA. ; CSIRO, Clayton South, Victoria 3169, Australia. ; University of California, Santa Barbara, Santa Barbara, California 93106, USA. ; University of Colorado, Boulder, Boulder 80309-0450, Colorado, USA. ; Conservation Biology Institute, 136 SW Washington Avenue, Suite 202, Corvallis, Oregon 97333, USA.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25373675" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Australia ; Climate Change ; Conservation of Natural Resources ; *Ecosystem ; Environmental Policy ; *Fires/prevention & control/statistics & numerical data ; Forests ; Geography ; Housing ; Human Activities ; Humans ; Mediterranean Region ; Population Density ; Risk Management ; Southwestern United States
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    An elegant chaos (2014)
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    Publication Date: 2014-03-15
    Description: 〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉England -- Nature. 2014 Mar 13;507(7491):139-40.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24627916" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Animals ; Conservation of Natural Resources ; *Ecology/standards ; *Ecosystem ; *Models, Biological ; *Nonlinear Dynamics
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    Global covariation of carbon turnover times with climate in terrestrial ecosystems (2014)
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    Publication Date: 2014-09-26
    Description: The response of the terrestrial carbon cycle to climate change is among the largest uncertainties affecting future climate change projections. The feedback between the terrestrial carbon cycle and climate is partly determined by changes in the turnover time of carbon in land ecosystems, which in turn is an ecosystem property that emerges from the interplay between climate, soil and vegetation type. Here we present a global, spatially explicit and observation-based assessment of whole-ecosystem carbon turnover times that combines new estimates of vegetation and soil organic carbon stocks and fluxes. We find that the overall mean global carbon turnover time is 23(+7)(-4) years (95 per cent confidence interval). On average, carbon resides in the vegetation and soil near the Equator for a shorter time than at latitudes north of 75 degrees north (mean turnover times of 15 and 255 years, respectively). We identify a clear dependence of the turnover time on temperature, as expected from our present understanding of temperature controls on ecosystem dynamics. Surprisingly, our analysis also reveals a similarly strong association between turnover time and precipitation. Moreover, we find that the ecosystem carbon turnover times simulated by state-of-the-art coupled climate/carbon-cycle models vary widely and that numerical simulations, on average, tend to underestimate the global carbon turnover time by 36 per cent. The models show stronger spatial relationships with temperature than do observation-based estimates, but generally do not reproduce the strong relationships with precipitation and predict faster carbon turnover in many semi-arid regions. Our findings suggest that future climate/carbon-cycle feedbacks may depend more strongly on changes in the hydrological cycle than is expected at present and is considered in Earth system models.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Carvalhais, Nuno -- Forkel, Matthias -- Khomik, Myroslava -- Bellarby, Jessica -- Jung, Martin -- Migliavacca, Mirco -- Mu, Mingquan -- Saatchi, Sassan -- Santoro, Maurizio -- Thurner, Martin -- Weber, Ulrich -- Ahrens, Bernhard -- Beer, Christian -- Cescatti, Alessandro -- Randerson, James T -- Reichstein, Markus -- England -- Nature. 2014 Oct 9;514(7521):213-7. doi: 10.1038/nature13731. Epub 2014 Sep 24.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉1] Max Planck Institute for Biogeochemistry, Hans Knoll Strasse 10, 07745 Jena, Germany [2] Departamento de Ciencias e Engenharia do Ambiente, DCEA, Faculdade de Ciencias e Tecnologia, FCT, Universidade Nova de Lisboa, 2829-516 Caparica, Portugal. ; Max Planck Institute for Biogeochemistry, Hans Knoll Strasse 10, 07745 Jena, Germany. ; 1] Max Planck Institute for Biogeochemistry, Hans Knoll Strasse 10, 07745 Jena, Germany [2] School of Geography and Earth Sciences, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario L8S 4K1, Canada. ; 1] Institute of Biological and Environmental Sciences, School of Biological Sciences, University of Aberdeen, Aberdeen AB24 3UU, UK [2] Lancaster Environment Centre, Lancaster University, Bailrigg, Lancaster LA1 4YQ, UK. ; 1] Max Planck Institute for Biogeochemistry, Hans Knoll Strasse 10, 07745 Jena, Germany [2] Remote Sensing of Environmental Dynamics Lab, DISAT, University of Milano-Bicocca, Piazza della Scienza 1, 20126 Milan, Italy. ; Department of Earth System Science, University of California Irvine, Irvine, California 92697, USA. ; Jet Propulsion Laboratory, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, California 91109, USA. ; Gamma Remote Sensing, Worbstrasse 225, 3073 Gumligen, Switzerland. ; 1] Max Planck Institute for Biogeochemistry, Hans Knoll Strasse 10, 07745 Jena, Germany [2] Department of Applied Environmental Science and Bolin Centre for Climate Research, Stockholm University, Svante Arrhenius vag 8, 10691 Stockholm, Sweden. ; European Commission, Joint Research Centre, Institute for Environment and Sustainability, Climate Risk Management Unit, Via E. Fermi, 2749, I-21027 Ispra, Italy.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25252980" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Biomass ; Carbon/*metabolism ; *Carbon Cycle ; *Climate ; *Ecosystem ; Feedback ; Hydrology ; Models, Theoretical ; Plants/metabolism ; Rain ; Soil/chemistry ; Temperature ; Time Factors ; Water Cycle
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    Conservation: Nicaragua Canal could wreak environmental ruin (2014)
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    Publication Date: 2014-02-22
    Description: 〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Meyer, Axel -- Huete-Perez, Jorge A -- England -- Nature. 2014 Feb 20;506(7488):287-9.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24558657" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Animals ; Atlantic Ocean ; Conservation of Natural Resources/economics/trends ; *Dissent and Disputes ; Ecology/statistics & numerical data/trends ; *Ecosystem ; *Environmental Monitoring ; Hong Kong ; International Cooperation ; *Models, Economic ; Nicaragua ; Pacific Ocean ; Risk Assessment ; *Transportation/economics
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    Elevated CO2 further lengthens growing season under warming conditions (2014)
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    Publication Date: 2014-04-25
    Description: Observations of a longer growing season through earlier plant growth in temperate to polar regions have been thought to be a response to climate warming. However, data from experimental warming studies indicate that many species that initiate leaf growth and flowering earlier also reach seed maturation and senesce earlier, shortening their active and reproductive periods. A conceptual model to explain this apparent contradiction, and an analysis of the effect of elevated CO2--which can delay annual life cycle events--on changing season length, have not been tested. Here we show that experimental warming in a temperate grassland led to a longer growing season through earlier leaf emergence by the first species to leaf, often a grass, and constant or delayed senescence by other species that were the last to senesce, supporting the conceptual model. Elevated CO2 further extended growing, but not reproductive, season length in the warmed grassland by conserving water, which enabled most species to remain active longer. Our results suggest that a longer growing season, especially in years or biomes where water is a limiting factor, is not due to warming alone, but also to higher atmospheric CO2 concentrations that extend the active period of plant annual life cycles.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Reyes-Fox, Melissa -- Steltzer, Heidi -- Trlica, M J -- McMaster, Gregory S -- Andales, Allan A -- LeCain, Dan R -- Morgan, Jack A -- England -- Nature. 2014 Jun 12;510(7504):259-62. doi: 10.1038/nature13207. Epub 2014 Apr 23.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉1] USDA-ARS, Soil Plant Nutrient Research Unit and Northern Plains Area, Fort Collins, Colorado 80526, USA [2]. ; 1] Department of Biology, Fort Lewis College, Durango, Colorado 81301, USA [2]. ; Department of Forest and Rangeland Stewardship, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, Colorado 80523, USA. ; USDA-ARS, Agricultural Systems Research Unit and Northern Plains Area, Fort Collins, Colorado 80526, USA. ; Department of Soil and Crop Sciences, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, Colorado 80523, USA. ; USDA-ARS, Rangeland Resources Research Unit, Fort Collins, Colorado 80526, USA.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24759322" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Carbon Dioxide/*metabolism/pharmacology ; Climate ; *Ecosystem ; *Global Warming ; Poaceae/drug effects ; Reproduction ; *Seasons ; Soil/chemistry ; Time Factors ; Water/analysis/metabolism/pharmacology ; Wyoming
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    Global conservation outcomes depend on marine protected areas with five key features (2014)
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    Publication Date: 2014-02-07
    Description: In line with global targets agreed under the Convention on Biological Diversity, the number of marine protected areas (MPAs) is increasing rapidly, yet socio-economic benefits generated by MPAs remain difficult to predict and under debate. MPAs often fail to reach their full potential as a consequence of factors such as illegal harvesting, regulations that legally allow detrimental harvesting, or emigration of animals outside boundaries because of continuous habitat or inadequate size of reserve. Here we show that the conservation benefits of 87 MPAs investigated worldwide increase exponentially with the accumulation of five key features: no take, well enforced, old (〉10 years), large (〉100 km(2)), and isolated by deep water or sand. Using effective MPAs with four or five key features as an unfished standard, comparisons of underwater survey data from effective MPAs with predictions based on survey data from fished coasts indicate that total fish biomass has declined about two-thirds from historical baselines as a result of fishing. Effective MPAs also had twice as many large (〉250 mm total length) fish species per transect, five times more large fish biomass, and fourteen times more shark biomass than fished areas. Most (59%) of the MPAs studied had only one or two key features and were not ecologically distinguishable from fished sites. Our results show that global conservation targets based on area alone will not optimize protection of marine biodiversity. More emphasis is needed on better MPA design, durable management and compliance to ensure that MPAs achieve their desired conservation value.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Edgar, Graham J -- Stuart-Smith, Rick D -- Willis, Trevor J -- Kininmonth, Stuart -- Baker, Susan C -- Banks, Stuart -- Barrett, Neville S -- Becerro, Mikel A -- Bernard, Anthony T F -- Berkhout, Just -- Buxton, Colin D -- Campbell, Stuart J -- Cooper, Antonia T -- Davey, Marlene -- Edgar, Sophie C -- Forsterra, Gunter -- Galvan, David E -- Irigoyen, Alejo J -- Kushner, David J -- Moura, Rodrigo -- Parnell, P Ed -- Shears, Nick T -- Soler, German -- Strain, Elisabeth M A -- Thomson, Russell J -- England -- Nature. 2014 Feb 13;506(7487):216-20. doi: 10.1038/nature13022. Epub 2014 Feb 5.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Institute for Marine and Antarctic Studies, University of Tasmania, GPO Box 252-49, Hobart, Tasmania 7001, Australia. ; Institute of Marine Sciences, School of Biological Sciences, University of Portsmouth, Ferry Road, Portsmouth PO4 9LY, UK. ; 1] Institute for Marine and Antarctic Studies, University of Tasmania, GPO Box 252-49, Hobart, Tasmania 7001, Australia [2] Stockholm Resilience Centre, Stockholm University, Kraftriket 2B, SE-106 91 Stockholm, Sweden. ; School of Plant Science, University of Tasmania, GPO Box 252, Hobart, Tasmania 7001, Australia. ; Charles Darwin Foundation, Puerto Ayora, Galapagos, Ecuador. ; The Bites Lab, Natural Products and Agrobiology Institute (IPNA-CSIC), 38206 La Laguna, Tenerife, Spain. ; Elwandle Node, South African Environmental Observation network, Private Bag 1015, Grahamstown 6140, South Africa. ; Wildlife Conservation Society, Indonesia Marine Program, Jalan Atletik No. 8, Bogor Jawa Barat 16151, Indonesia. ; Department of Water, Perth, Western Australia 6000, Australia. ; Facultad de Recursos Naturales, Escuela de Ciencias del Mar, Pontificia Universidad Catolica de Valparaiso, Valparaiso, Chile. ; Centro Nacional Patagonico, Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Cientificas y Tecnicas, Bvd Brown 2915, 9120 Puerto Madryn, Argentina. ; Channel Islands National Park, United States National Park Service, 1901 Spinnaker Dr., Ventura, California 93001, USA. ; Instituto de Biologia, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Av. Carlos Chagas Filho 373, Rio de Janeiro 21941-902, Brazil. ; Scripps Institution of Oceanography, UC San Diego, Mail Code 0227, 9500 Gilman Dr., La Jolla, California 92093-0227, USA. ; Leigh Marine Laboratory, University of Auckland, 160 Goat Island Road, Leigh 0985, New Zealand. ; Dipartimento di Scienze Biologiche, Geologiche ed Ambientali, Universita di Bologna, Via San Alberto, Ravenna 163-48123, Italy.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24499817" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Animals ; Aquatic Organisms/physiology ; Biodiversity ; Biomass ; Conservation of Natural Resources/economics/legislation & ; jurisprudence/methods/*statistics & numerical data ; Coral Reefs ; Ecology/economics/legislation & jurisprudence/methods/*statistics & numerical ; data ; *Ecosystem ; Fisheries/legislation & jurisprudence/standards/*statistics & numerical data ; Fishes/*physiology ; Marine Biology/economics/legislation & jurisprudence/methods/statistics & ; numerical data ; Seawater ; Sharks ; Silicon Dioxide ; Time Factors
    Print ISSN: 0028-0836
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    Conservation: making marine protected areas work (2014)
    Nature Publishing Group (NPG)
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    Publication Date: 2014-02-07
    Description: 〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Halpern, Benjamin S -- England -- Nature. 2014 Feb 13;506(7487):167-8. doi: 10.1038/nature13053. Epub 2014 Feb 5.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Bren School of Environmental Science & Management, University of California, Santa Barbara, Santa Barbara, California 93106, USA, and in the Faculty of Natural Sciences, Imperial College London, UK.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24499821" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Animals ; Conservation of Natural Resources/*statistics & numerical data ; Ecology/*statistics & numerical data ; *Ecosystem ; Fisheries/*statistics & numerical data ; Fishes/*physiology
    Print ISSN: 0028-0836
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    Microbiology: Barriers to the spread of resistance (2014)
    Nature Publishing Group (NPG)
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    Publication Date: 2014-05-23
    Description: 〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Sommer, Morten O A -- England -- Nature. 2014 May 29;509(7502):567-8. doi: 10.1038/nature13342. Epub 2014 May 21.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Department of Systems Biology and the Novo Nordisk Foundation Center for Biosustainability, Technical University of Denmark, 2800 Kongens Lyngby, Denmark.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24847882" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Bacteria/*genetics/*isolation & purification ; Drug Resistance, Microbial/*genetics ; *Ecosystem ; Metagenome/*genetics ; *Phylogeny ; *Soil Microbiology
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    Methane fluxes show consistent temperature dependence across microbial to ecosystem scales (2014)
    Nature Publishing Group (NPG)
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    Publication Date: 2014-03-29
    Description: Methane (CH4) is an important greenhouse gas because it has 25 times the global warming potential of carbon dioxide (CO2) by mass over a century. Recent calculations suggest that atmospheric CH4 emissions have been responsible for approximately 20% of Earth's warming since pre-industrial times. Understanding how CH4 emissions from ecosystems will respond to expected increases in global temperature is therefore fundamental to predicting whether the carbon cycle will mitigate or accelerate climate change. Methanogenesis is the terminal step in the remineralization of organic matter and is carried out by strictly anaerobic Archaea. Like most other forms of metabolism, methanogenesis is temperature-dependent. However, it is not yet known how this physiological response combines with other biotic processes (for example, methanotrophy, substrate supply, microbial community composition) and abiotic processes (for example, water-table depth) to determine the temperature dependence of ecosystem-level CH4 emissions. It is also not known whether CH4 emissions at the ecosystem level have a fundamentally different temperature dependence than other key fluxes in the carbon cycle, such as photosynthesis and respiration. Here we use meta-analyses to show that seasonal variations in CH4 emissions from a wide range of ecosystems exhibit an average temperature dependence similar to that of CH4 production derived from pure cultures of methanogens and anaerobic microbial communities. This average temperature dependence (0.96 electron volts (eV)), which corresponds to a 57-fold increase between 0 and 30 degrees C, is considerably higher than previously observed for respiration (approximately 0.65 eV) and photosynthesis (approximately 0.3 eV). As a result, we show that both the emission of CH4 and the ratio of CH4 to CO2 emissions increase markedly with seasonal increases in temperature. Our findings suggest that global warming may have a large impact on the relative contributions of CO2 and CH4 to total greenhouse gas emissions from aquatic ecosystems, terrestrial wetlands and rice paddies.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Yvon-Durocher, Gabriel -- Allen, Andrew P -- Bastviken, David -- Conrad, Ralf -- Gudasz, Cristian -- St-Pierre, Annick -- Thanh-Duc, Nguyen -- del Giorgio, Paul A -- England -- Nature. 2014 Mar 27;507(7493):488-91. doi: 10.1038/nature13164. Epub 2014 Mar 19.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Environment and Sustainability Institute, University of Exeter, Penryn, Cornwall, TR10 9EZ. UK. ; Department of Biological Sciences, Macquarie University, Sydney, NSW 2109, Australia. ; Department of Thematic Studies - Water and Environmental Studies, Linkoping University, SE-581 83 Linkoping, Sweden. ; Max-Planck-Institute for Terrestrial Microbiology, Karl-von-Frisch-Strasse 10, 35043 Marburg, Germany. ; 1] Department of Ecology and Environmental Sciences, Umea University, Linnaeus vag 6, SE-901 87 Umea, Sweden [2] Department of Ecology and Genetics, Limnology, Uppsala University, Norbyvagen 18D, SE-752 36, Uppsala Sweden [3] Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, Princeton University, Princeton, 106A Guyot Hall, New Jersey 08544, USA. ; Departement des sciences biologiques, Universite du Quebec a Montreal, Montreal, Province of Quebec, H2X 3X8, Canada. ; Earth Systems Research Center, Institute for the Study of Earth, Oceans, and Space, University of New Hampshire, Durham, New Hampshire 03824, USA.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24670769" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Anaerobiosis ; Aquatic Organisms/metabolism ; Archaea/*metabolism ; Atmosphere/chemistry ; Carbon Cycle ; Carbon Dioxide/analysis ; Cell Respiration ; *Ecosystem ; Geologic Sediments/microbiology ; *Global Warming ; Greenhouse Effect ; Methane/analysis/*metabolism ; Oryza/metabolism ; Photosynthesis ; Seasons ; *Temperature ; Wetlands
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    Taxonomy: Call for ecosystem modelling data (2014)
    Nature Publishing Group (NPG)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2014-01-10
    Description: 〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Harfoot, Mike -- Roberts, Dave -- England -- Nature. 2014 Jan 9;505(7482):160. doi: 10.1038/505160a.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉United Nations Environment Programme World Conservation Monitoring Centre, and Microsoft Research, Cambridge, UK. ; Natural History Museum, London, UK.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24402271" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Animals ; Classification ; Computational Biology ; Databases, Factual ; Ecology ; *Ecosystem ; *Models, Biological
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    Lakes under the ice: Antarctica's secret garden (2014)
    Nature Publishing Group (NPG)
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    Publication Date: 2014-08-22
    Description: 〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Fox, Douglas -- England -- Nature. 2014 Aug 21;512(7514):244-6. doi: 10.1038/512244a.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25143097" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Ammonium Compounds/metabolism ; Animals ; Antarctic Regions ; Darkness ; *Ecosystem ; Hydrothermal Vents/microbiology ; *Ice Cover ; Lakes/*microbiology ; *Life ; Oceans and Seas ; Seawater/chemistry
    Print ISSN: 0028-0836
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    Mental health: depression needs large human-genetics studies (2014)
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    Publication Date: 2014-11-14
    Description: 〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Hyman, Steven -- England -- Nature. 2014 Nov 13;515(7526):189-91. doi: 10.1038/515189a.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Stanley Center for Psychiatric Research at the Broad Institute in Cambridge, Massachusetts, USA.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25391945" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Animals ; Antidepressive Agents/pharmacology/therapeutic use ; Biomedical Research/*methods/trends ; Depression/*drug therapy/*genetics/physiopathology ; Depressive Disorder/diagnosis/*drug therapy/*genetics/physiopathology ; Drug Repositioning/trends ; Genetics, Medical/*methods/trends ; Humans ; Mice ; Molecular Targeted Therapy/trends ; Rats ; Schizophrenia/genetics ; Treatment Failure
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    Environment: Himalayas already have hazard network (2014)
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    Publication Date: 2014-01-10
    Description: 〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Uprety, Yadav -- Chaudhary, Ram P -- Chettri, Nakul -- England -- Nature. 2014 Jan 9;505(7482):160. doi: 10.1038/505160c.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Research Centre for Applied Science and Technology, Tribhuvan University, Kathmandu, Nepal. ; ICIMOD, Kathmandu, Nepal.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24402272" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: *Altitude ; *Conservation of Natural Resources ; *Ecology ; *Ecosystem ; Global Warming/*prevention & control/*statistics & numerical data ; Humans
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    Protect the parks (2014)
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    Publication Date: 2014-11-07
    Description: 〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉England -- Nature. 2014 Nov 6;515(7525):8. doi: 10.1038/515008a.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25373638" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Animals ; Congresses as Topic ; *Conservation of Natural Resources/legislation & jurisprudence/trends ; Coral Reefs ; *Ecosystem ; Human Activities ; New South Wales ; *Wilderness
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    Metformin suppresses gluconeogenesis by inhibiting mitochondrial glycerophosphate dehydrogenase (2014)
    Nature Publishing Group (NPG)
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    Publication Date: 2014-05-23
    Description: Metformin is considered to be one of the most effective therapeutics for treating type 2 diabetes because it specifically reduces hepatic gluconeogenesis without increasing insulin secretion, inducing weight gain or posing a risk of hypoglycaemia. For over half a century, this agent has been prescribed to patients with type 2 diabetes worldwide, yet the underlying mechanism by which metformin inhibits hepatic gluconeogenesis remains unknown. Here we show that metformin non-competitively inhibits the redox shuttle enzyme mitochondrial glycerophosphate dehydrogenase, resulting in an altered hepatocellular redox state, reduced conversion of lactate and glycerol to glucose, and decreased hepatic gluconeogenesis. Acute and chronic low-dose metformin treatment effectively reduced endogenous glucose production, while increasing cytosolic redox and decreasing mitochondrial redox states. Antisense oligonucleotide knockdown of hepatic mitochondrial glycerophosphate dehydrogenase in rats resulted in a phenotype akin to chronic metformin treatment, and abrogated metformin-mediated increases in cytosolic redox state, decreases in plasma glucose concentrations, and inhibition of endogenous glucose production. These findings were replicated in whole-body mitochondrial glycerophosphate dehydrogenase knockout mice. These results have significant implications for understanding the mechanism of metformin's blood glucose lowering effects and provide a new therapeutic target for type 2 diabetes.〈br /〉〈br /〉〈a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4074244/" target="_blank"〉〈img src="https://static.pubmed.gov/portal/portal3rc.fcgi/4089621/img/3977009" border="0"〉〈/a〉   〈a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4074244/" target="_blank"〉This paper as free author manuscript - peer-reviewed and accepted for publication〈/a〉〈br /〉〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Madiraju, Anila K -- Erion, Derek M -- Rahimi, Yasmeen -- Zhang, Xian-Man -- Braddock, Demetrios T -- Albright, Ronald A -- Prigaro, Brett J -- Wood, John L -- Bhanot, Sanjay -- MacDonald, Michael J -- Jurczak, Michael J -- Camporez, Joao-Paulo -- Lee, Hui-Young -- Cline, Gary W -- Samuel, Varman T -- Kibbey, Richard G -- Shulman, Gerald I -- K01 DK-099402/DK/NIDDK NIH HHS/ -- P30 DK-034989/DK/NIDDK NIH HHS/ -- P30 DK-45735/DK/NIDDK NIH HHS/ -- P30 DK034989/DK/NIDDK NIH HHS/ -- P30 DK045735/DK/NIDDK NIH HHS/ -- R01 DK-092606/DK/NIDDK NIH HHS/ -- R01 DK-28348/DK/NIDDK NIH HHS/ -- R01 DK-40936/DK/NIDDK NIH HHS/ -- R01 DK028348/DK/NIDDK NIH HHS/ -- R01 DK040936/DK/NIDDK NIH HHS/ -- R01 DK092606/DK/NIDDK NIH HHS/ -- R24 DK-085638/DK/NIDDK NIH HHS/ -- R24 DK085638/DK/NIDDK NIH HHS/ -- U24 DK-059635/DK/NIDDK NIH HHS/ -- U24 DK059635/DK/NIDDK NIH HHS/ -- UL1 TR000142/TR/NCATS NIH HHS/ -- Howard Hughes Medical Institute/ -- England -- Nature. 2014 Jun 26;510(7506):542-6. doi: 10.1038/nature13270. Epub 2014 May 21.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉1] Department of Internal Medicine, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut 06520, USA [2] Department of Cellular & Molecular Physiology, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut 06520, USA [3] Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut 06520, USA. ; Department of Internal Medicine, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut 06520, USA. ; Department of Pathology, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut 06520, USA. ; Department of Chemistry, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, Colorado 80523, USA. ; Cancer Prevention Research Institute of Texas Scholar, Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Baylor University, Waco, Texas 76798, USA. ; Isis Pharmaceuticals, 2855 Gazelle Court, Carlsbad, California 92010, USA. ; University of Wisconsin School of Medicine and Public Health, Madison, Wisconsin, USA, 53706. ; 1] Department of Internal Medicine, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut 06520, USA [2] Department of Cellular & Molecular Physiology, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut 06520, USA. ; 1] Department of Internal Medicine, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut 06520, USA [2] Department of Cellular & Molecular Physiology, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut 06520, USA [3] Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut 06520, USA [4] Novo Nordisk Foundation Center for Basic Metabolic Research, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark, DK-2200.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24847880" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Animals ; Blood Glucose/analysis/biosynthesis ; Cells, Cultured ; Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2/drug therapy/enzymology/metabolism ; Gluconeogenesis/*drug effects ; Glycerolphosphate Dehydrogenase/*antagonists & ; inhibitors/deficiency/genetics/metabolism ; Humans ; Hypoglycemic Agents/pharmacology ; Insulin/secretion ; Lactic Acid/metabolism ; Liver/drug effects/metabolism ; Male ; Metformin/*pharmacology ; Mice, Knockout ; Mitochondria/*enzymology ; Oxidation-Reduction/drug effects ; Rats ; Rats, Sprague-Dawley
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    Ecotourism rise hits whales (2014)
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    Publication Date: 2014-08-29
    Description: 〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Cressey, Daniel -- England -- Nature. 2014 Aug 28;512(7515):358. doi: 10.1038/512358a.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25164730" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Animal Welfare ; Animals ; *Behavior, Animal ; Conservation of Natural Resources/*methods ; Dolphins/physiology ; Ecology/methods ; *Ecosystem ; Endangered Species ; Risk Assessment ; Ships ; Travel/*statistics & numerical data ; Whales/*physiology
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    Q&A: Canopy composer (2014)
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    Publication Date: 2014-05-09
    Description: 〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Jones, Daniel -- Hoffman, Jascha -- England -- Nature. 2014 May 8;509(7499):162-3. doi: 10.1038/509162a.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24805330" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Animals ; *Biomimetics ; *Ecosystem ; Genetics, Microbial ; Great Britain ; *Music ; Plasmids/genetics ; Social Media ; *Trees ; Weather
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    Retrograde semaphorin signaling regulates synapse elimination in the developing mouse brain (2014)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
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    Publication Date: 2014-05-17
    Description: Neural circuits are shaped by elimination of early-formed redundant synapses during postnatal development. Retrograde signaling from postsynaptic cells regulates synapse elimination. In this work, we identified semaphorins, a family of versatile cell recognition molecules, as retrograde signals for elimination of redundant climbing fiber to Purkinje cell synapses in developing mouse cerebellum. Knockdown of Sema3A, a secreted semaphorin, in Purkinje cells or its receptor in climbing fibers accelerated synapse elimination during postnatal day 8 (P8) to P18. Conversely, knockdown of Sema7A, a membrane-anchored semaphorin, in Purkinje cells or either of its two receptors in climbing fibers impaired synapse elimination after P15. The effect of Sema7A involves signaling by metabotropic glutamate receptor 1, a canonical pathway for climbing fiber synapse elimination. These findings define how semaphorins retrogradely regulate multiple processes of synapse elimination.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Uesaka, Naofumi -- Uchigashima, Motokazu -- Mikuni, Takayasu -- Nakazawa, Takanobu -- Nakao, Harumi -- Hirai, Hirokazu -- Aiba, Atsu -- Watanabe, Masahiko -- Kano, Masanobu -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2014 May 30;344(6187):1020-3. doi: 10.1126/science.1252514. Epub 2014 May 15.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Department of Neurophysiology, Graduate School of Medicine, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo 113-0033, Japan. ; Department of Anatomy, Hokkaido University Graduate School of Medicine, Sapporo 060-8638, Japan. ; Laboratory of Animal Resources, Center for Disease Biology and Integrated Medicine, Graduate School of Medicine, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo 113-0033, Japan. ; Department of Neurophysiology, Gunma University Graduate School of Medicine, Maebashi, Gunma 371-8511, Japan. ; Department of Neurophysiology, Graduate School of Medicine, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo 113-0033, Japan. mkano-tky@m.u-tokyo.ac.jp.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24831527" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Animals ; Antigens, CD/genetics/*metabolism ; Brain/*growth & development/metabolism ; Gene Knockdown Techniques ; Mice ; Mice, Inbred C57BL ; Purkinje Cells/metabolism/*physiology ; RNA Interference ; Rats ; Rats, Sprague-Dawley ; Receptors, Metabotropic Glutamate/genetics/metabolism ; Semaphorin-3A/genetics/*metabolism ; Semaphorins/genetics/*metabolism ; Signal Transduction ; Synapses/genetics/*physiology
    Print ISSN: 0036-8075
    Electronic ISSN: 1095-9203
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    Nobel Prizes. Brain's GPS finds top honor (2014)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2014-10-11
    Description: 〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Underwood, Emily -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2014 Oct 10;346(6206):149. doi: 10.1126/science.346.6206.149-a.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25301593" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Animals ; Geographic Information Systems ; Hippocampus/*cytology ; Humans ; Neurons/*physiology ; *Neurosciences ; *Nobel Prize ; Rats ; Spatial Behavior/*physiology
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  • 88
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    Pregnenolone can protect the brain from cannabis intoxication (2014)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2014-01-05
    Description: Pregnenolone is considered the inactive precursor of all steroid hormones, and its potential functional effects have been largely uninvestigated. The administration of the main active principle of Cannabis sativa (marijuana), Delta(9)-tetrahydrocannabinol (THC), substantially increases the synthesis of pregnenolone in the brain via activation of the type-1 cannabinoid (CB1) receptor. Pregnenolone then, acting as a signaling-specific inhibitor of the CB1 receptor, reduces several effects of THC. This negative feedback mediated by pregnenolone reveals a previously unknown paracrine/autocrine loop protecting the brain from CB1 receptor overactivation that could open an unforeseen approach for the treatment of cannabis intoxication and addiction.〈br /〉〈br /〉〈a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4057431/" target="_blank"〉〈img src="https://static.pubmed.gov/portal/portal3rc.fcgi/4089621/img/3977009" border="0"〉〈/a〉   〈a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4057431/" target="_blank"〉This paper as free author manuscript - peer-reviewed and accepted for publication〈/a〉〈br /〉〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Vallee, Monique -- Vitiello, Sergio -- Bellocchio, Luigi -- Hebert-Chatelain, Etienne -- Monlezun, Stephanie -- Martin-Garcia, Elena -- Kasanetz, Fernando -- Baillie, Gemma L -- Panin, Francesca -- Cathala, Adeline -- Roullot-Lacarriere, Valerie -- Fabre, Sandy -- Hurst, Dow P -- Lynch, Diane L -- Shore, Derek M -- Deroche-Gamonet, Veronique -- Spampinato, Umberto -- Revest, Jean-Michel -- Maldonado, Rafael -- Reggio, Patricia H -- Ross, Ruth A -- Marsicano, Giovanni -- Piazza, Pier Vincenzo -- 260515/European Research Council/International -- DA-003934/DA/NIDA NIH HHS/ -- DA-03672/DA/NIDA NIH HHS/ -- DA-09789/DA/NIDA NIH HHS/ -- K05 DA021358/DA/NIDA NIH HHS/ -- R01 DA003934/DA/NIDA NIH HHS/ -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2014 Jan 3;343(6166):94-8. doi: 10.1126/science.1243985.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉INSERM, Neurocentre Magendie, Physiopathologie de la Plasticite Neuronale, U862, F-33000 Bordeaux, France.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24385629" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Animals ; Brain/*drug effects/metabolism ; Cannabinoid Receptor Antagonists/administration & dosage ; Cannabis/*toxicity ; Dronabinol/*toxicity ; Male ; Marijuana Abuse/drug therapy ; Mice ; Mice, Inbred C57BL ; Pregnenolone/*administration & dosage/*metabolism ; Rats ; Rats, Sprague-Dawley ; Rats, Wistar ; Receptor, Cannabinoid, CB1/*agonists/*antagonists & inhibitors
    Print ISSN: 0036-8075
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    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Computer Science , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
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    Overlooked local biodiversity loss (2014)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2014-06-07
    Description: 〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Cardinale, Bradley -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2014 Jun 6;344(6188):1098. doi: 10.1126/science.344.6188.1098-a.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉School of Natural Resources and Environment, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48103, USA. bradcard@umich.edu.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24904146" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Animals ; *Biodiversity ; *Birds ; *Ecosystem ; *Fishes ; *Invertebrates ; *Mammals ; *Plants
    Print ISSN: 0036-8075
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    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Computer Science , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
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  • 90
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    Savanna vegetation-fire-climate relationships differ among continents (2014)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2014-02-01
    Description: Ecologists have long sought to understand the factors controlling the structure of savanna vegetation. Using data from 2154 sites in savannas across Africa, Australia, and South America, we found that increasing moisture availability drives increases in fire and tree basal area, whereas fire reduces tree basal area. However, among continents, the magnitude of these effects varied substantially, so that a single model cannot adequately represent savanna woody biomass across these regions. Historical and environmental differences drive the regional variation in the functional relationships between woody vegetation, fire, and climate. These same differences will determine the regional responses of vegetation to future climates, with implications for global carbon stocks.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Lehmann, Caroline E R -- Anderson, T Michael -- Sankaran, Mahesh -- Higgins, Steven I -- Archibald, Sally -- Hoffmann, William A -- Hanan, Niall P -- Williams, Richard J -- Fensham, Roderick J -- Felfili, Jeanine -- Hutley, Lindsay B -- Ratnam, Jayashree -- San Jose, Jose -- Montes, Ruben -- Franklin, Don -- Russell-Smith, Jeremy -- Ryan, Casey M -- Durigan, Giselda -- Hiernaux, Pierre -- Haidar, Ricardo -- Bowman, David M J S -- Bond, William J -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2014 Jan 31;343(6170):548-52. doi: 10.1126/science.1247355.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Department of Biological Sciences, Macquarie University, New South Wales 2109, Australia.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24482480" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Africa ; Australia ; *Climate ; *Ecosystem ; *Fires ; Humidity ; Models, Biological ; South America ; *Trees
    Print ISSN: 0036-8075
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    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Computer Science , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
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    Ecology. Why are plant-pollinator networks nested? (2014)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2014-07-26
    Description: 〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Pawar, Samraat -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2014 Jul 25;345(6195):383. doi: 10.1126/science.1256466.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Department of Life Sciences, Imperial College London, Silwood Park, Ascot, Berkshire SL5 7PY, U K. s.pawar@imperial.ac.uk.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25061191" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Animals ; *Ecosystem ; *Models, Biological ; *Symbiosis
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  • 92
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    Migratory animals couple biodiversity and ecosystem functioning worldwide (2014)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2014-04-05
    Description: Animal migrations span the globe, involving immense numbers of individuals from a wide range of taxa. Migrants transport nutrients, energy, and other organisms as they forage and are preyed upon throughout their journeys. These highly predictable, pulsed movements across large spatial scales render migration a potentially powerful yet underappreciated dimension of biodiversity that is intimately embedded within resident communities. We review examples from across the animal kingdom to distill fundamental processes by which migratory animals influence communities and ecosystems, demonstrating that they can uniquely alter energy flow, food-web topology and stability, trophic cascades, and the structure of metacommunities. Given the potential for migration to alter ecological networks worldwide, we suggest an integrative framework through which community dynamics and ecosystem functioning may explicitly consider animal migrations.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Bauer, S -- Hoye, B J -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2014 Apr 4;344(6179):1242552. doi: 10.1126/science.1242552.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Department of Bird Migration, Swiss Ornithological Institute, 6204 Sempach, Switzerland.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24700862" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: *Animal Migration ; Animals ; *Biodiversity ; *Ecosystem ; Food Chain ; Herbivory ; Parasites/physiology ; Predatory Behavior
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    Animal research. Male scent may compromise biomedical studies (2014)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2014-05-03
    Description: 〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Grimm, David -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2014 May 2;344(6183):461. doi: 10.1126/science.344.6183.461.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24786056" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Analgesia ; Animals ; Anti-Inflammatory Agents/administration & dosage ; Biomedical Research/*standards ; Female ; Humans ; Male ; Mice ; *Odors ; Pain/*physiopathology/prevention & control ; Pain Measurement ; Pain Threshold ; Rats ; Sex Factors ; *Smell
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  • 94
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    Restoration ecology. U.S. and Mexico unleash a flood into Colorado delta (2014)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2014-03-22
    Description: 〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Stokstad, Erik -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2014 Mar 21;343(6177):1301. doi: 10.1126/science.343.6177.1301.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24653015" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Colorado ; *Ecosystem ; *Floods ; Groundwater ; Mexico ; *Rivers ; Salinity ; Trees/*growth & development ; United States
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    The epigenetics heretic (2014)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2014-01-25
    Description: 〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Kaiser, Jocelyn -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2014 Jan 24;343(6169):361-3. doi: 10.1126/science.343.6169.361.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24458620" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Animals ; Chemically-Induced Disorders/*genetics ; DNA Methylation/drug effects ; *Epigenesis, Genetic ; Epigenomics/economics/trends ; Evolution, Molecular ; Female ; Humans ; Male ; Rats ; Reproduction/drug effects/genetics ; Sexual Behavior, Animal/drug effects ; Spermatozoa/*abnormalities/*drug effects
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    Exxon Valdez: 25 years later (2014)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2014-03-22
    Description: 〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉McNutt, Marcia -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2014 Mar 21;343(6177):1289. doi: 10.1126/science.1253412.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Marcia McNutt is Editor-in-Chief of Science.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24653006" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Alaska ; *Aquatic Organisms ; *Ecosystem ; Environmental Monitoring ; Environmental Restoration and Remediation ; Gulf of Mexico ; *Petroleum Pollution
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  • 97
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    Crystal structure of a heterotetrameric NMDA receptor ion channel (2014)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2014-05-31
    Description: N-Methyl-D-aspartate (NMDA) receptors belong to the family of ionotropic glutamate receptors, which mediate most excitatory synaptic transmission in mammalian brains. Calcium permeation triggered by activation of NMDA receptors is the pivotal event for initiation of neuronal plasticity. Here, we show the crystal structure of the intact heterotetrameric GluN1-GluN2B NMDA receptor ion channel at 4 angstroms. The NMDA receptors are arranged as a dimer of GluN1-GluN2B heterodimers with the twofold symmetry axis running through the entire molecule composed of an amino terminal domain (ATD), a ligand-binding domain (LBD), and a transmembrane domain (TMD). The ATD and LBD are much more highly packed in the NMDA receptors than non-NMDA receptors, which may explain why ATD regulates ion channel activity in NMDA receptors but not in non-NMDA receptors.〈br /〉〈br /〉〈a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4113085/" target="_blank"〉〈img src="https://static.pubmed.gov/portal/portal3rc.fcgi/4089621/img/3977009" border="0"〉〈/a〉   〈a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4113085/" target="_blank"〉This paper as free author manuscript - peer-reviewed and accepted for publication〈/a〉〈br /〉〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Karakas, Erkan -- Furukawa, Hiro -- MH085926/MH/NIMH NIH HHS/ -- R01 GM105730/GM/NIGMS NIH HHS/ -- R01 MH085926/MH/NIMH NIH HHS/ -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2014 May 30;344(6187):992-7. doi: 10.1126/science.1251915.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory, W. M. Keck Structural Biology Laboratory, One Bungtown Road, Cold Spring Harbor, NY 11724, USA. ; Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory, W. M. Keck Structural Biology Laboratory, One Bungtown Road, Cold Spring Harbor, NY 11724, USA. furukawa@cshl.edu.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24876489" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Animals ; Binding Sites ; Calcium/chemistry/metabolism ; Crystallography, X-Ray ; Protein Multimerization ; Protein Structure, Secondary ; Protein Structure, Tertiary ; Rats ; Receptors, N-Methyl-D-Aspartate/*chemistry/metabolism
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    Environmental monitoring. Harnessing DNA to improve environmental management (2014)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2014-06-28
    Description: 〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Kelly, Ryan P -- Port, Jesse A -- Yamahara, Kevan M -- Martone, Rebecca G -- Lowell, Natalie -- Thomsen, Philip Francis -- Mach, Megan E -- Bennett, Meredith -- Prahler, Erin -- Caldwell, Margaret R -- Crowder, Larry B -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2014 Jun 27;344(6191):1455-6. doi: 10.1126/science.1251156. Epub 2014 Jun 26.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉School of Marine and Environmental Affairs, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98103, USA. Center for Ocean Solutions, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA. rpkelly@uw.edu. ; Center for Ocean Solutions, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA. ; School of Marine and Environmental Affairs, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98103, USA. ; Centre for GeoGenetics, Natural History Museum of Denmark, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24970068" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Animals ; *Aquatic Organisms/genetics ; DNA/*analysis ; Ecological Parameter Monitoring/*methods ; *Ecosystem ; Environmental Monitoring/*methods ; *Environmental Policy/legislation & jurisprudence ; Introduced Species
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    Water's tough skin (2014)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2014-03-15
    Description: 〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Pennisi, Elizabeth -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2014 Mar 14;343(6176):1194-7. doi: 10.1126/science.343.6176.1194.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24626911" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Animals ; Bacteria ; Beetles ; Cough/microbiology ; Humans ; Plant Leaves ; Rats ; Skin ; Sneezing ; Surface Tension ; Viruses ; Water/*chemistry ; *Wettability
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    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Computer Science , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
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  • 100
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    Ecology. Ecosystems say 'pass the salt!' (2014)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2014-02-01
    Description: 〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Pennisi, Elizabeth -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2014 Jan 31;343(6170):472-3. doi: 10.1126/science.343.6170.472.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24482456" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Animals ; Ants ; Biomass ; Butterflies ; Carnivory ; *Ecosystem ; Male ; *Salts ; *Sodium Chloride ; Soil/*chemistry ; Trees
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    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Computer Science , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
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