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  • General Chemistry  (3,654)
  • Man/System Technology and Life Support  (2,183)
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  • Polymer and Materials Science
  • 2015-2019  (1,249)
  • 2005-2009  (2,712)
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  • 1
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    Testing of the NASA Exploration Extravehicular Mobility Unit Demonstration (xEMU Demo) Architecture at the Neutral Buoyancy Laboratory (NBL) (2019)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2019-07-26
    Description: Following Z-2 space suit testing that occurred from 2016-2017, the Exploration Extravehicular Mobility Unit (xEMU) Project was tasked with building a demonstration unit of the xEMU space suit to test on the International Space Station (ISS) in 2023. This suit is called xEMU Demonstration Suit (xEMU Demo). Based on feedback from astronauts during the Z-2 NBL test series, design changes were made, resulting in a new prototype suit called the Z-2.5 space suit. The design of the Z-2.5 space suit with an exploration Portable Life Support Systems (xPLSS) mock-up represents the architecture of xEMU Demo. The team is testing Z-2.5 in the NBL to evaluate this architecture and validate changes made from Z-2. The results will inform the xEMU Demo design going forward to its Preliminary Design Review (PDR) in the summer of 2019. This Z-2.5 NBL test series focuses on evaluating the microgravity performance of the suit and the ability to complete ISS-related tasks. The series is comprised of 10 manned runs and an unmanned corn-man run. Six test subjects, including four astronauts, will participate. The test objective is to evaluate ability xEMU Demo architecture to perform ISS microgravity tasks. Each crew members will complete both a familiarization run and a nominal EMU EVA timeline run. Qualitative and quantitative data will be collected to aid the assessment of the suit. Preliminary feedback from astronauts who have completed the test series evaluate the xEMU Demo architecture as acceptable to complete a demonstration mission on the ISS.
    Keywords: Man/System Technology and Life Support
    Type: JSC-E-DAA-TN70593 , International Conference on Environmental Systems (ICES) 2019; Jul 07, 2019 - Jul 11, 2019; Boston, MA; United States
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  • 2
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    Silver Foam as Long-Term Passive Biocide for Potable Water Systems (2019)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2019-07-19
    Description: A spacecraft water disinfection system, suitable for extended length space exploration missions, should prevent or control the growth of microbes, prevent or limit biofilm formation, and prevent microbiologically-influenced corrosion. In addition, the system should have minimal maintenance requirements, the effluent should be chemically compatible with all materials in contact with the water, be safe for human consumption, and suitable to be shared across international spacecraft platforms and mission architectures. Silver ions are a proven broad spectrum biocide. Silver is also the potable water biocide of choice for future exploration missions. Currently, the proposed method for implementing silver biocide in spacecraft systems relies on silver electrode technology to produce a controlled amount of silver ions. Unfortunately, electrolytic-based silver dosing presents multiple inherent challenges that affect performance and increase maintenance requirements over time. To decrease the risk of failure, an alternative silver biocide delivery method is needed. Control-release technology is an attractive option for developing a passive high-reliability silver dosing device. The concept of a nanoparticle/polyurethane (PU) composite foam for the controlled release of silver was prompted by the controlled release technology developed by NASA for the delivery of corrosion inhibitors and indicators. This paper presents the technical background and results from the synthesis and properties testing of the silver nanoparticles (AgNPs)/PU composite foam that is being developed for use in spacecraft potable water systems.
    Keywords: Man/System Technology and Life Support
    Type: KSC-E-DAA-TN68835 , International Conference on Environmental Systems; Jul 07, 2019 - Jul 11, 2019; Boston, MA; United States
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  • 3
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    Crop Readiness Level (CRL): A Scale to Track Progression of Crop Testing for Space (2019)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2019-07-19
    Description: The development of engineering technologies and hardware for aerospace applications is often tracked on a 1-9 scale of readiness or TRL, with a "1" representing very basic or fundamental principles, and a "9" being flight tested, functional hardware. Preparing to grow crops for supplemental food and eventual life support contributions on space missions faces similar challenges. Nearly 20 years ago, the concept of a "crop readiness level" was suggested at a bioregenerative life support conference held at Kennedy Space Center, but there was little follow up to this. We propose to revive this concept to track the preparation and testing of different crop species for eventual use in the unique environment of space. For the sake of uniformity, we recommend a 1-9 scale, with a "1" being just the identification of a potential crop, followed by some basic horticultural testing, cultivars trials, then testing growth and yield under various controlled environments, progression to more space-like environments and hardware, understanding the nutritional, organoleptic, and food safety aspects of the crop, initial testing in space, and a final stage of growing the crop for food in space ("9"). We attempted to make the scaling logical and progressive, but our main goal is to initiate a dialogue in the space, plant research community to develop a scale for assessing crop readiness.
    Keywords: Man/System Technology and Life Support
    Type: KSC-E-DAA-TN63641 , International Conference on Environmental Systems (ICES) 2019; Jul 07, 2019 - Jul 11, 2019; Boston, MA; United States
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  • 4
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    Extravehicular Activity Micrometeoroid and Orbital Debris Risk Assessment Methodology (2019)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2019-07-20
    Description: A well-known hazard associated with exposure to the space environment is the risk of vehicle failure due to an impact from a micrometeoroid and orbital debris (MMOD) particle. Among the vehicles of importance to NASA is the extravehicular mobility unit (EMU) spacesuit used while performing a US extravehicular activity (EVA). An EMU impact is of great concern as a large leak could prevent an astronaut from safely reaching the airlock in time resulting in a loss of life. For this reason, a risk assessment is provided to the EVA office at the Johnson Space Center (JSC) prior to certification of readiness for each US EVA.
    Keywords: Man/System Technology and Life Support
    Type: JSC-E-DAA-TN64707 , 2019 Hypervelocity Impact Symposium (HVIS2019); Apr 14, 2019 - Apr 19, 2019; Destin, FL; United States
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  • 5
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    NASA Marshall Space Flight Center Human Factors Engineering Analysis of Various Hatch Sizes (2019)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2019-07-19
    Description: No abstract available
    Keywords: Man/System Technology and Life Support
    Type: M19-7391 , Annual IAASS Conference “Making Safety Happen”; May 15, 2019 - May 17, 2019; Los Angeles, Ca; United States
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  • 6
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    Astronaut Mass Balance for Long Duration Missions (2019)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2019-07-25
    Description: Human spaceflight logistics requirements are strongly driven by the daily living needs of the astronauts, including their biological functions. Oxygen, water and food are absolute requirements to sustain life and must be supplied at adequate rates. However, these rates can vary from day to day and from person to person. Beyond the body's immediate physical needs, water is also required for important health and hygiene functions within the spacecraft. Undesirable weight loss or gain aside, human waste product mass outputs will equal the inputs over time, resulting in an average astronaut mass balance. Best values, as well as range of variability for inputs and outputs are explored at both the individual physiological level and the spacecraft level. These values are important for design of life support and habitability systems as well as for mission planning of consumables. Current spacecraft life support systems are not fully closed loop, but the International Space Station (ISS) does recycle most of its air and water. The astronaut mass balances at the personal and vehicle level can have different impacts at different levels of system closure. Recommendations are made for a consistent set of values representing a realistic average astronaut mass balance over reasonable durations for exploration missions.
    Keywords: Man/System Technology and Life Support
    Type: ICES-2019-126 , JSC-E-DAA-TN67810 , International Conference on Environmental Systems (ICES 2019); Jul 07, 2019 - Jul 11, 2019; Boston, MA; United States
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  • 7
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    Evaluation of Ionic Liquids for Closed Air Revitalization (2019)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2019-07-23
    Description: This document is the final report resulting from the work conducted by undergraduate students at the University of South Alabama during the 2018/2019 academic year and was prepared by the undergraduate students. As NASA pushes the boundaries further into space, the current technologies within the various life support systems must be improved upon. One such improvement is needed to the current air revitalization systems, specifically sorbents that can capture CO2 more effectively from enclosed habitats. Ionic liquids (ILs) have been considered as absorbents for flue gas, but little research has been done to test the ability of ILs at ambient pressures and relatively low concentration of CO2. The experiment outlined below utilizes the task-specific ionic liquid, tetramethylammonium taurinate (TMN), in a commercial off the shelf absorption system to capture CO2. The CO2 stream is combined with nitrogen to produce an inlet gas concentration relevant to close air revitalization applications. At an inlet gas flow with a CO2 partial pressure of 3.8 torr the system was capable of removing just under 97% of the inlet CO2. The concentration of CO2 in the outlet stream, partial pressure 0.16 torr, was less than that of atmospheric air. The duty required to separate the absorbed gas from the ionic liquid as well to cool the ionic liquid to be reintroduced to the column were acquired utilizing laboratory cooling/heating baths. These results show that TMN may be an efficient candidate for consideration in closed air revitalization.
    Keywords: Man/System Technology and Life Support
    Type: M19-7479
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  • 8
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    Human Performance Contributions to Safety in Commercial Aviation (2019)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2019-07-20
    Description: Every day in aviation, pilots, air traffic controllers, and other front-line personnel perform countless correct judgments and actions in a variety of operational environments. These judgments and actions are often the difference between an accident and a non-event. Ironically, data on these behaviors are rarely collected or analyzed. Data-driven decisions about safety management and design of safety-critical systems are limited by the available data, which influence how decision makers characterize problems and identify solutions. Large volumes of data are collected on the failures and errors that result in infrequent incidents and accidents, but in the absence of data on behaviors that result in routine successful outcomes, safety management and system design decisions are based on a small sample of nonrepresentative safety data. This assessment aimed to find and document safety successes made possible by human operators. With many Aeronautics Research Mission Directorate (ARMD) Programs and Projects focusing on increased automation and autonomy and decreased human involvement, failure to fully consider the human contributions to successful system performance in civil aviation represents a significant risk a risk that has not been recognized to date. Without understanding how humans contribute to safety, any estimate of predicted safety of autonomous capabilities is incomplete and inherently suspect. Furthermore, understanding the ways in which humans contribute to safety can promote strategic interactions among safety technologies, functions, procedures and the people using them. Without this understanding, the full benefits of an integrated, optimized human/technology or autonomous system will not be realized. Historically, safety has been consistently defined in terms of the occurrence of accidents or recognized risks (i.e., in terms of things that go wrong). These adverse outcomes are explained by identifying their causes, and safety is restored by eliminating or mitigating these causes. An alternative to this approach is to focus on what goes right and identify how to replicate that process. Focusing on the rare cases of failures attributed to human error provides little information about why human performance routinely prevents adverse events. Hollnagel has proposed that things go right because people continuously adjust their work to match their operating conditions. These adjustments become increasingly important as systems continue to grow in complexity. Thus, the definition of safety should reflect not only avoiding things that go wrong but ensuring that things go right. The basis for safety management requires developing an understanding of everyday activities. However, few mechanisms to monitor everyday work exist in the aviation domain, which limits opportunities to learn how designs function in reality. This concept of safety thinking and safety management is reflected in the emerging field of resilience engineering. According to Hollnagel, a system is resilient if it can sustain required operations under expected and unexpected conditions by adjusting its functioning prior to, during, or following changes, disturbances, and opportunities. To explore positive behaviors that contribute to resilient performance in commercial aviation, the assessment team examined a range of existing sources of data about pilot and air traffic control (ATC) tower controller performance, including subjective interviews with domain experts and objective aircraft flight data records. These data were used to identify strategies that support resilient performance, methods for exploring and refining those strategies in existing data, and proposed methods for capturing and analyzing new data.
    Keywords: Man/System Technology and Life Support
    Type: NASA/TM-2019-220254 , NESC-RP-18-01304 , L-21002 , NF1676L-32475
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  • 9
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    NASA Advanced Space Suit Pressure Garment System Status and Development Priorities 2019 (2019)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2019-07-25
    Description: This paper discusses the current focus of NASA's Advanced Space Suit Pressure Garment Technology Development team's efforts, the status of that work, and a summary of longer term technology development priorities and activities. The Exploration Extra-vehicular Activity Unit (xEMU) project's International Space Station Demonstration Suit (xEMU Demo) project continues to be the team's primary customer and effort. In 2018 the team was engaged in addressing hardware design changes identified in the Z-2 pressure garment prototype Neutral Buoyancy Laboratory (NBL) test results. These changes will be discussed. Additionally components whose first iterations were produced in 2018 will be discussed. A full pressure garment prototype, termed Z-2.5, was assembled that is composed of updated and first prototype iteration hardware. Z-2.5 NBL testing, performed from October 2018 through April 2019 will inform final design iterations in preparation for the xEMU Demo preliminary design review planned to occur in the third quarter of government fiscal year 2019. A primary objective of the Z-2.5 NBL testing is to validate changes made to the hard upper torso geometry, which depart from the planetary walking suit upper torso geometry that has been used over the last 30 years. The team continues to work technology development, with GFY2018 work being used to supplement and feed the gaps left by the scope defined for the xEMU Demo. Specifically, a Phase IIx Small Business Innovative Research Grant to mature durable bearings that are compatible with a dust environment and a grant funded by the Science Technology Mission Directorate, Lightweight and Robust Exploration Space Suit (LARESS) project, to mature planetary impact requirements and hardware will be described. Finally, a brief review of longer-term pressure garment challenges and technology gaps will be presented to provide an understanding of the advanced pressure garment team's technology investment priorities and needs.
    Keywords: Man/System Technology and Life Support
    Type: ICES-2019-185 , JSC-E-DAA-TN68528 , JSC-E-DAA-TN67836 , International Conference on Environmental Systems; Jul 07, 2019 - Jul 11, 2019; Boston, MA; United States
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  • 10
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    Nanopore Sequencing in Space: One Small Step for a MinION, One Giant Leap for Spaceflight Research (2019)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2019-07-13
    Description: No abstract available
    Keywords: Man/System Technology and Life Support
    Type: JSC-E-DAA-TN68380 , London Calling; May 22, 2019 - May 24, 2019; London, UK; United Kingdom
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  • 11
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    Testbed for Characterizing the Adsorptive Capacities of Pleated Panel Filters (2019)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2019-07-17
    Description: Pleated panel filters offer a new commercial form factor for controlling VOCs in spacecraft cabin air. They differ from conventional commercial granular activated carbons because they have a lower pressure drop across the filter. A testbed was developed for evaluating the removal capacities of commercial pleated panel filters for NH3. The adsorptive capacity of a commercial cation-exchange pleated filter was compared versus the adsorptive capacities of two acid- impregnated activated carbons used for controlling ammonia in spacecraft cabin air.
    Keywords: Man/System Technology and Life Support
    Type: KSC-E-DAA-TN69061 , Internatinal Conference on Environmental Systems; Jul 07, 2019 - Jul 11, 2019; Boston, MA; United States
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  • 12
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    Effects of Surface Treatments on Stainless Steel 316 Exposed to Potable Water Containing Silver Disinfectant (2019)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2019-07-18
    Description: Silver has been selected as the forward disinfectant candidate for potable water systems in future space exploration missions. To develop a reliable antibacterial system that requires minimal maintenance, it is necessary to address relevant challenges to preclude problems for future missions. One such challenge is silver depletion in potable water systems. When in contact with various materials, silver ions can be easily reduced to silver metal or form insoluble compounds. The same chemical properties that make ionic silver a powerful antimicrobial agent also result in its quick inactivation or depletion in various environments. Different metal surface treatments, such as thermal oxidation and electropolishing, have been investigated for their effectiveness in reducing silver disinfectant depletion in potable water. However, their effects on the metal surface microstructure and chemical resistance have not often been included in the studies. This paper reports the effects of surface treatments on stainless steel 316 (SS316) exposed to potable water containing silver ion as a disinfectant. Early experimental results showed that thermal oxidation, when compared with electropolishing, resulted in a thicker oxide layer but compromised the corrosion resistance of SS316.
    Keywords: Man/System Technology and Life Support
    Type: KSC-E-DAA-TN68841 , International Conference on Enviromental Systems; Jul 07, 2019 - Jul 11, 2019; Boston, MA; United States
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  • 13
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    Mechanical Counter-Pressure EVA Suits: NASA Outlook and Development Strategy (2019)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2019-07-18
    Description: Since the 1950s, mechanical counter-pressure (MCP) has been investigated as a possible alternative architecture to traditional extra-vehicular activity (EVA) suits. While traditional gas-pressurized EVA suits provide physiological protection against the ambient vacuum environment by means of pressurized oxygen to at least 3.1 psid, MCP provides protection by direct application of pressure on the skin by a fabric. In reviewing the concept, MCP offers distinct potential advantages to traditional EVA suits: lower mass, reduced consumables, increased mobility, increased comfort, less complexity, and improved failure modes. In addition, as basic feasibility was established in the 1960s with the successful testing of the Space Activity Suit, MCP seems poised to inevitably supplant traditional EVA architectures with a modest degree of concentrated development. However, as they say, "The devil is in the details". This paper serves as a comprehensive summary of the technical work that has been completed related to MCP from 1960 to 2019, the technical gaps that need to be closed to facilitate a flight-capable design, and outlines an overall development strategy that NASA feels would best address these gaps moving forward.
    Keywords: Man/System Technology and Life Support
    Type: JSC-E-DAA-TN62780 , International Conference on Environmental Systems (ICES) 2019; Jul 07, 2019 - Jul 11, 2019; Boston, MA; United States
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  • 14
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    NASA Centennial Challenges Program: A Crowdsourcing Tool to Advance Life Support Technologies for Future NASA Missions (2019)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2019-07-18
    Description: No abstract available
    Keywords: Man/System Technology and Life Support
    Type: MSFC-E-DAA-TN70408 , International Conference on Environmental Systems; Jul 07, 2019 - Jul 11, 2019; Boston, MA; United States
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  • 15
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    Cost-Effective High Reliability for Space Life Support Requires Using Storage (2019)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2019-08-03
    Description: Cost-effective high reliability can be achieved in future space life support systems through careful systems analysis and design. This paper outlines a comprehensive approach. Potential future human space missions are described. The mission parameter impacts on life support system design and reliability requirements are discussed. Not all human space missions require high reliability life support. The potential reliability and cost of storage and of recycling life support systems are investigated. Simple storage systems can provide cost-effective high reliability life support where it is needed. More complex recycling systems with lower reliability and higher cost can be used when suitable.
    Keywords: Man/System Technology and Life Support
    Type: ARC-E-DAA-TN69477 , International Conference on Environmental Systems (ICES); Jul 07, 2019 - Jul 11, 2019; Boston, MA; United States
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  • 16
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    EVA Technology Workshop: xEMU Demo Status (2019)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2019-08-03
    Description: This presentation provides a status of the xEMU ISS Demo project and the approach to requirements definition related to certification and extensibility considerations.
    Keywords: Man/System Technology and Life Support
    Type: JSC-E-DAA-TN70834 , 2019 EVA Workshop; Jul 25, 2019; Houston, TX; United States
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  • 17
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    Collaborative Forum 2: Paving a Path to an EVA Suit Standard (2019)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2019-08-02
    Description: This presentation supports a Collaborative Discussion regarding industry's utilization of other NASA or external design standards and feedback and recommendations to support the possibility of an EVA suit standard.
    Keywords: Man/System Technology and Life Support
    Type: JSC-E-DAA-TN70883 , EVA Exploration Workshop; Jul 25, 2019; Houston, TX; United States
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  • 18
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    Dormancy Should Be Avoided for Mars and Deep Space Recycling Life Support (2019)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2019-08-03
    Description: Mars is the crucial goal of human exploration beyond the Earth-moon system. The Mars round trip transit vehicle has been expected to use a regenerative Life Support System (LSS) similar to the one on the International Space Station (ISS). It often assumed that the Mars transit LSS will be operated on the outward trip to Mars, placed in dormancy while the full crew explores the surface, and then restored to operation for the return trip to Earth. The major difference between Mars missions and operations in the Earth-moon system is the need for much higher reliability for Mars missions, since rapid resupply of parts and materials or a quick crew return to Earth are not possible. Mars systems must achieve intrinsic high reliability by design, test, failure analysis, and redesign and then increase operational robustness by providing spare parts and redundant systems. Further requiring the LSS to be capable of dormancy and restoration to operation greatly increases the difficulty of design, test, and verification. The process of implementing dormancy and then restoring operation would add significant risk to the mission. Dormancy should be avoided for Mars and can be avoided several ways. First and most obvious, some crew can remain continually on board. If no crew can remain onboard, dormancy can still be avoided if an unused spare LSS is activated for the return trip, rather than restarting the used out bound system. Systems similar to the ISS LSS would have a significant probability of failure on a Mars trip and therefore would require two or three spares. Another full spare LSS could be provided as the return trip system, rather than refurbishing a used LSS.
    Keywords: Man/System Technology and Life Support
    Type: ICES-2019-13 , ARC-E-DAA-TN69479 , International Conference on Environmental Systems (ICES); Jul 07, 2019 - Jul 11, 2019; Boston, MA; United States
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  • 19
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    Powering OSCAR (2019)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2019-07-27
    Description: Recycling waste has been an issue on Earth for decades. The OSCAR project seeks to find ways to make sure that it does not become an issue in space. The main focus of OSCAR is the combustion of waste and reclamation of gaseous products in microgravity. The first phase of testing relies on a ground rig that operates both under normal (Earth) gravity and in drop tower tests that briefly simulate a microgravity environment. In the second phase, a test will be performed during a suborbital flight were the experiment will be carried out in microgravity. Throughout the spring term, interns have played an integral part in continuing the progress made by the project. They performed work in upgrading the electrical and mechanical systems that make up OSCAR. They made multiple improvements to the test rig's operating software to improve readability and usability. They prepared and edited documents that were vital to the engineering process. And, they were responsible for performing lab tests and refining the lab operations document and procedure. The interns were a big help in maintaining the rigorous test schedule. OSCAR, which stands for Orbital Syngas Commodity Augmentation Reactor, is to find a way to turn astronaut waste into chemical energy. The two parts of this are important: finding a way to dispose of waste generated in space, and seeing if there is a way to recycle that waste into chemical energy. The importance of the disposal aspect is that there is currently no way to dispose of, or recycle, waste that is created in space other than jettisoning it (which is what the ISS does via empty supply capsules). As manned missions go deeper into space, that method will no longer be viable, as a craft would essentially be littering the space and planets that they visit. Energy reclamation is also important because of the high monetary and spatial costs of sending supplies on space missions. Every little bit extra that can be reused out of what is sent can save room and funds for other supplies. The facet of this problem that the OSCAR project is focusing on is how to combust waste in zero gravity. Combustion in the presence of gravity is one of those things that is taken for granted. When something burns on Earth, the flames rise above the fuel as oxygen flows from underneath. In microgravity, the flames surround the object completely, which restricts the amount of oxygen that can reach the fuel, and retards the combustion. OSCAR uses a vortex reaction chamber to counter this phenomenon. The OSCAR test rig will eventually be tested on a suborbital flight to see if it is an effective solution to the issue in real-world conditions. Currently, there is a prototype test rig that is fully functional. This rig has been previously tested in a 2 second drop test at Glenn Research Centers (GRC) Zero Gravity Facility (ZGF). (The free-fall conditions of the drop mimic microgravity, if only for a brief period of time). This sessions focus was on upgrading the test rig and software, updating the paperwork, performing additional lab tests, and readying the rig for the five second drop test, again at GRC. II. Upgrades The state of the testing rig at the start of the session was in between its configurations for the two second drop tower and the five second drop tower. The rig needed upgrades to address various insufficiencies that either were discovered during the two second campaign or were a direct result of the differences between the two drop tower setups. The main differences that had to be handled were the increase in shock loads from 30g to 65g, a difference in drop indicating signal (on the falling edge of a pulse instead of a change from high to low), and the ambient pressure of the test apparatus (the two second tower dropped the rig in atmosphere, while the five second tower drops in vacuum).
    Keywords: Man/System Technology and Life Support
    Type: KSC-E-DAA-TN67756
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  • 20
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    The "Space Activity Suit" - A Historical Perspective and A Primer on the Physiology of Mechanical Counter-Pressure (2019)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2019-07-27
    Description: Since the 1950s, mechanical counter-pressure (MCP) has been investigated as a possible alternative design concept to traditional extra-vehicular activity (EVA) space suits. While traditional gas-pressurized EVA suits provide physiological protection against the ambient vacuum by means of pressurized oxygen to at least 3.1 pounds per square inch absolute (160 millimeters of mercury), MCP provides protection by direct application of pressure on the skin by a fabric. In reviewing the concept, MCP offers distinct potential advantages to traditional EVA suits: lower mass, reduced consumables, increased mobility, increased comfort, less complexity, and improved failure modes. In the mid 1960s to early 1970s, Dr. Paul Webb of Webb Associates developed and tested such a suit under funding from NASA Langley Research Center. This "Space Activity Suit" (SAS) was improved many times while testing in the laboratory and an altitude chamber to as low as 0.3 pounds per square inch absolute (15 millimeters of mercury). This testing, and the reports by Webb documenting it, are often presented as evidence of the feasibility of MCP. In addition, the SAS reports contain a wealth of information regarding the physiological requirements to make MCP work at the time, which is still accurate today. This paper serves to document the Space Activity Suit effort and analyze it in today's context.
    Keywords: Man/System Technology and Life Support
    Type: ICES-2019-173 , JSC-E-DAA-TN68682 , International Conference on Environmental Systems; Jul 07, 2019 - Jul 11, 2019; Boston, MA; United States
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  • 21
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    Lessons Learned from International Space Station Crew Autonomous Scheduling Test (2019)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2019-07-27
    Description: In 2017, our team investigated and evaluated the novel concept of operations of astronaut self-scheduling (rescheduling their own timeline without creating violations) onboard International Space Station (ISS). Five test sessions were completed for this technology demonstration called Crew Autonomous Scheduling Test (CAST). For the first time in a spaceflight operational environment, an ISS crewmember planned, rescheduled, and executed their activities in real-time on a mobile device while abiding by flight and scheduling constraints. This paper discusses the lessons learned from deployment to execution.
    Keywords: Man/System Technology and Life Support
    Type: ARC-E-DAA-TN70121 , International Workshop on Planning and Scheduling for Space (IWPSS 2019); Jul 08, 2019 - Jul 10, 2019; Berkley, CA; United States
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    NASA Centennial Challenges Program: A Crowdsourcing Tool to Advance Life Support Technologies for Future NASA Missions (2019)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2019-07-27
    Description: Historically, competitions and prizes such as those executed by the NASA Centennial Challenges (CC) program have created broader avenues through which to spur innovation from unlikely sources. In 2005, Congress amended the National Aeronautics and Space Act of 1958 to authorize NASA to create challenges through which prizes could be awarded to United States citizens or entities that succeeded in meeting the challenge objectives. Over the past 13 years, the CC program has initiated more than 19 challenges in a variety of technology areas, including propulsion, robotics, communications and navigation, human health, science instrumentation, nanotech, materials/structures and aerodynamics. This paper will discuss the status and the accomplishments of the CC program and discuss results of an ideation process designed to identify and formulate topics for a potential Centennial Challenge competition targeting a life support technology gap for future long-term exploration missions. Status of this challenge formulation process with information on how to use crowdsourcing tools will be discussed. An overview of the CC Programs accomplishments, including strategic objectives, past challenges, and current challenge development and execution. This program exemplifies the values that have formed the bedrock of the culture at NASA since the beginning: innovation, imagination, and a passion for exploration.
    Keywords: Man/System Technology and Life Support
    Type: MSFC-E-DAA-TN68902 , International Conference on Environmental Systems; Jul 07, 2019 - Jul 11, 2019; Boston, MA; United States
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    Exploration Toilet Integration Challenges on the International Space Station (2019)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2019-08-17
    Description: On the International Space Station (ISS) there are currently two toilets. One is located in the Russian Service Module and the other is located in the U.S. segment's Node 3. A new Exploration Toilet will be integrated next to the existing Node 3 Waste and Hygiene Compartment (WHC). The Toilet will be evaluated as a technology demonstration for a minimum of three years. In addition, it will support an increase in ISS crew size due to Commercial Crew flights to ISS. The Toilet is designed to minimize mass and volume for Orion, the first Exploration vehicle. Currently ISS does not have a designated volume for an additional Toilet. Furthermore, operating the Toilet on ISS presents a different set of challenges as it must integrate into existing vehicle systems for urine processing. To integrate the Toilet on ISS, a suite of hardware was developed to provide mechanical, electrical, data, and fluid interfaces. This paper will provide an overview of the Toilet Integration Hardware design as well as the engineering challenges, crew interface provisions and vehicle integration complexities encountered during the concept and design phases.
    Keywords: Man/System Technology and Life Support
    Type: ICES-2019-154 , JSC-E-DAA-TN70111 , International Conference on Environmental Systems (ICES 2019) ; Jul 07, 2019 - Jul 11, 2019; Boston, MA; United States
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    Human Factors and Behavioral Performance Challenges for Lunar Surface Exploration (2019)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2019-08-16
    Description: As the agency focuses on lunar missions, it is important to revisit the human factors and behavioral performance (HFBP) challenges for long duration exploration missions. We outline the important factors from the Apollo program, the long duration experience gained onboard International Space Station (ISS), and HFBP research applicable to exploration-class missions.
    Keywords: Man/System Technology and Life Support
    Type: ARC-E-DAA-TN71197 , NASA Exploration Science Forum; Jul 23, 2019 - Jul 25, 2019; Moffett Field, CA; United States
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    Extravehicular Activity Framework for Exploration - 2019 (2019)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2019-08-13
    Description: The Extravehicular Activity (EVA) Framework for Exploration describes NASA's EVASystem Goals in the broader context of ongoing human spaceflight efforts. The purpose of thisdocument is to drive integration, coordination and communication of the EVA community'sexploration development plans as crafted to meet long-term EVA needs. Inclusive in the EVAcommunity are NASA partners in academia and industry. The 2019 EVA Framework outlinesthe office's current method to answer the following questions: What product does NASA useto compare, contrast and integrate across the elements of the EVA community's perceivedgaps, risks, and unfunded work, particularly for future systems intended for use beyond LowEarth Orbit (LEO)? What product does NASA use to proactively coordinate support acrossthe EVA community's wide spectrum of exploration development work? Where can one go toobtain awareness of ongoing efforts, particularly during consideration of new-start activitiesand proposals? These questions lead to the need for a product that speaks to the distributednature of the EVA System across human spaceflight programs, concept studies and flightvehicle architectural elements. This framework can be used and evaluated by the EVAcommunity to assess the full spectrum of needs and answer the question of "what are wemissing" or "are we doing things that just do not make sense". In the end is the EVAcommunity effectively pursuing the future needs of EVA? If answers to those questions revealthe need for change or re-prioritization then actions can be taken through existing projectcontrol processes as well as revision to this document and supporting project plans.
    Keywords: Man/System Technology and Life Support
    Type: ICES-2019-021 , JSC-E-DAA-TN70005 , International Conference on Environmental Systems; Jul 07, 2019 - Jul 11, 2019; Boston, MA; United States
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    NASA's Interests in Bioregenerative Life Support and the Path to Mars (2019)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2019-08-13
    Description: A review of NASA's bioregenerative life support research will be presented along with testing related to Mars greenhouse or plant growth systems.
    Keywords: Man/System Technology and Life Support
    Type: KSC-E-DAA-TN67065 , 2019 BIG Idea Challenge Forum; 23-24 Apr. 219; Hampton, VA; United States
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    BioBot: Innovative Offloading of Astronauts for More Effective Exploration (2019)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2019-08-28
    Description: The BioBot concept consists of a robotic rover which is capable of traversing the same terrain as a spacesuited human. It carries the primary life support system for the astronaut, including consumables, atmosphere revitalization systems (e.g., CO2 scrubbing, humidity and temperature management, ventilation fan), power system (e.g., battery, power management and distribution),and thermal control system (e.g., water sublimator, cooling water pump), along with umbilical lines to connect to the supported astronaut. Although not technically part of life support, it would be logical for the BioBot to also provide long-range communications, video monitoring, tool and sample transport, and other functions to enable and enhance EVA productivity in planetary surface exploration.The design reference scenario for this concept is that astronauts involved in future lunar or Mars exploration will be on the surface for weeks or months rather than days, and will be involved in regular EVA operations. It is not unreasonable to think of geologists spending several days inEVA exploration each week over a prolonged mission duration, with far more ambitious operational objectives than were typical of Apollo. In this scenario, each astronaut will be accompanied by a "BioBot", which will transport their life support system and consumables, an extended umbilical and umbilical reel, and robotic systems capable of controlling the position and motion of the umbilical. The astronaut will be connected to the robot via the umbilical, carrying only a small emergency open-loop life support system similar to those contained in every PLSS. The robotic mobility base will be designed to be capable of traveling anywhere the astronaut can walk, and will also be useful as a transport for the EVA tools, science instrumentation, and collected samples. In addition, the BioBot can potentially carry the astronaut on traverses as well. Such a system will also be a significant enhancement to public engagement in these future exploration missions, as the robotic vehicles can also support high-resolution cameras and high bandwidth communications gear to providehigh-definition video coverage of each crew throughout each EVA sortie.
    Keywords: Man/System Technology and Life Support
    Type: HQ-E-DAA-TN67504
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    Advanced Oxygen Generation Assembly for Exploration Missions (2019)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2019-09-07
    Description: Future Exploration missions will require an Oxygen Generation Assembly (OGA) to electrolyze water to supply oxygen for crew metabolic consumption. The system design will be based on the International Space Station (ISS) OGA but with added improvements based on lessons learned during ISS operations and technological advances since the original OGA was designed and built. These improvements will reduce system weight, crew maintenance time and spares mass while increasing reliability. Currently, the design team is investigating the feasibility of the upgrades by performing ground tests and analyses. Upgrades being considered include: redesign of the electrolysis cell stack, deletion of the hydrogen dome, replacement of the hydrogen sensors, deletion of the wastewater interface, redesign of the recirculation loop deionizing bed and redesign of the cell stack Power Supply Module. The upgrades will be first demonstrated on the ISS OGA.
    Keywords: Man/System Technology and Life Support
    Type: M19-7382 , International Conference on Environmental Systems (ICES 2019); Jul 07, 2019 - Jul 11, 2019; Boston, MA; United States
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    NASA Marshall Space Flight Center Human Factors Engineering Analysis of Various Hatch Sizes (2019)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2019-09-07
    Description: The Advanced Concepts Office needed human factors analyses on various hatches for future deep space modules. The current standard is the 32" hatch, and the goal of this analysis was to assess this hatch size compared to larger sizes for egress, logistics, and safety.
    Keywords: Man/System Technology and Life Support
    Type: M19-7536 , International Conference on Applied Human Factors and Ergonomics (AHFE); Jul 24, 2019 - Jul 28, 2019; Washington, DC ; United States
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    Using Virtual Reality and Motion Capture as tools for Human Factors Engineering at NASA Marshall Space Flight Center (2019)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2019-09-06
    Description: NASA Marshall Space Flight Center (MSFC) Human Factors Engineering (HFE) Team is implementing virtual reality (VR) and motion capture (MoCap) into HFE analyses of various projects through its Virtual Environments Lab (VEL). These techniques are being implemented for concept of development of Deep Space Habitats (DSH) and design and analyses for NASAs Space Launch System (SLS). VR utilization in the VEL will push the design to be better formulated before mockups are constructed, saving budget and time.
    Keywords: Man/System Technology and Life Support
    Type: M19-7537 , International Conference on Applied Human Factors and Ergonomics (AHFE); Jul 24, 2019 - Jul 28, 2019; Washington, DC; United States
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    Methane and Carbon Monoxide Concentration Dynamics of the International Space Station's Cabin Atmosphere (2019)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2019-09-06
    Description: No abstract available
    Keywords: Man/System Technology and Life Support
    Type: M19-7478 , International Conference on Environmental Systems (ICES 2019); Jul 07, 2019 - Jul 11, 2019; Boston, MA; United States
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    Methane and Carbon Monoxide Concentration Dynamics of the International Space Station Cabin Atmosphere (2019)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2019-09-06
    Description: Methane and carbon monoxide are gaseous contaminants commonly found in a crewed spacecrafts cabin environment that are of interest to trace contaminant control equipment design. Generation sources include crew metabolism and equipment offgassing. Sources and generation rates of methane and carbon monoxide aboard the International Space Station (ISS) are examined. Cabin atmosphere concentration dynamics covering 19 years of ISS crewed operations are presented and correlation with octafluoropropane (Freon 218) concentration levels is analyzed.
    Keywords: Man/System Technology and Life Support
    Type: M19-7379 , International Conference on Environmental Systems; Jul 07, 2019 - Jul 11, 2019; Boston, MA; United States
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    Using Virtual Reality and Motion Capture as Tools for Human Factors Engineering at Nasa Marshall Space Flight Center (2019)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2019-09-06
    Description: MSFCs Human Factors Engineering (HFE) team is responsible for all worksite analyses performed for the SLS pre-launch integration activities at Kennedy Space Center (KSC). There is a wide variety of tasks associated with pre-launch integration activities and it is important to verify that vehicle integration will be successful early in the design process. The VR work performed by the HFE team at MSFC has allowed fast changing layouts to be analyzed by various departments with minimal impact to cost or schedule. Implementing these methods for SLS allows for VR use in early design cycles, saving time and budget. Utilizing the resulting HFE analyses improves usability and safety. Ultimately, the goal is to provide a safe environment for the technicians assembling the vehicle and the astronaut crew at launch.
    Keywords: Man/System Technology and Life Support
    Type: M19-7396 , Annual International Association for the Advancement of Space Safety (IAASS); May 15, 2019 - May 17, 2019; Los Angeles, CA; United States
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    Using Virtual Reality and Motion Capture as Tools for Human Factors Engineering at NASA Marshall Space Flight Center (2019)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2019-11-02
    Description: No abstract available
    Keywords: Man/System Technology and Life Support
    Type: M19-7593 , AIAA NextGen Technical Symposium; Sep 09, 2019 - Sep 10, 2019; Huntsville, AL; United States
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    Treadmill 2 Augmented Reality (T2 AR) ISS Flight Demonstration (2019)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2019-08-07
    Description: No abstract available
    Keywords: Man/System Technology and Life Support
    Type: JSC-E-DAA-TN70864
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    Estimation of Preferred Work Envelope from Simulated Functional Tasks in a Spacesuit (2019)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2019-08-07
    Description: Spacesuits allow humans to function in an incredibly harsh environment. However, they introduce some restrictions to human capabilities. In general, crewmembers in a spacesuit have a restricted maximal reach envelope, reduced field of view, and reduced tactility. When tasks and interfaces are being designed, they need to take into account the restrictions associated with working in an Extravehicular Activity (EVA) suit.
    Keywords: Man/System Technology and Life Support
    Type: JSC-E-DAA-TN70975 , International Conference on Applied Human Factors and Ergonomics (AHFE); Jul 24, 2019 - Jul 28, 2019; Washington, DC; United States
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    ISS Water Recovery System, Vapor Compression Distillation Process in Microgravity (2019)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2019-12-03
    Description: No abstract available
    Keywords: Man/System Technology and Life Support
    Type: M19-7699 , NASA Space Life and Physical Sciences Research and Applications (SLPSRA) Fluid Physics Workshop; Oct 16, 2019 - Oct 17, 2019; Cleveland, OH; United States
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    Early Prototype Development of the Passive Orbital Nutrient Delivery System (PONDS) (2019)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2019-11-30
    Description: Long-duration space missions will eventually require a fresh food supply to supplement crew diets, which means growing crops in space. The Passive Orbital Nutrient Delivery System (PONDS) is a new plant growth approach that contains both an area for a contained substrate and a reservoir for water and/or plant nutrient solutions. Ground studies have shown that the system facilitates both reliable water delivery to seeds for germination (e.g., while avoiding overwatering), and transport of water from the reservoir for improved plant growth while providing nutrients and oxygen to the root zone. In ground prototypes a capillary mat wicking material passively links the water/nutrient solution reservoir to a removable rooting module containing a substrate adapted to support plant growth. Oxygen permeable membranes are incorporated into both the reservoir walls and the rooting modules, bringing in oxygen from outside of the system into the reservoir and then into the rooting modules where the plant roots proliferate. Water is delivered from the reservoir to the substrate contained within the rooting module through the use of wicking material inserted into the plant growth substrate both from the bottom and from the sides of the rooting module. The capillary mat material is intrinsically hydrophilic and continuously wicks water to the substrate throughout the plant growth interval. The system is therefore self-watering in terms of supplying water to the root zone encompassed within the rooting module on demand. At the top, a hydrophilic phenolic foam plug surrounds the wick in the seed insertion zone, and both contains the substrate within the rooting module, and facilitates removal of excess moisture from the capillary mat wick before it can encompass seeds prior to germination. This work is supported by NASAs Space Life and Physical Sciences and Research Applications Division (SLPSRAD).
    Keywords: Man/System Technology and Life Support
    Type: KSC-E-DAA-TN69736 , American Society for Gravitational and Space Research (ASGSR) Meeting; Nov 20, 2019 - Nov 23, 2019; Denver, CO; United States
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    Planetary Water Recycling Systems Trade Study (2019)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2019-10-19
    Description: Long-term planetary space missions present new and unique challenges in life-support systems. Water constitutes the majority of the mass required to sustain human life in space and it follows that efficient water recycling has the potential to lower mission costs. The effect of partial gravity in planetary missions mean that terrestrial systems could be applicable. This trade study evaluates terrestrial and NASA developed water recycling technologies on the basis of applicability as a planetary base water recycling systems. Various bioreactors, membrane reactors, filtration, and district water reclamation systems are investigated and rated based on several standardized parameters. A customer-oriented Quality Function Deployment (QFD) is utilized to analyze the ratings of the technologies for the tasks required. The trade study aims to rank the various systems based on their Equivalent System Mass (ESM), Technology Readiness Level (TRL), scalability, crew time, and overall logistics requirements, among others. The results of the study can serve as a basis for future inquiries and studies by NASA and other interested parties. The results of this study provide a down selection from 24 systems to 5 systems that trade very close to each other. The results provide a context and justification for a future comparative hardware test program to determine which of these systems offer the best solution.
    Keywords: Man/System Technology and Life Support
    Type: ICES-2019-347 , ARC-E-DAA-TN70125 , International Conference on Environmental Systems; Jul 07, 2019 - Jul 11, 2019; Boston, MA; United States
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    Hydrogen Recovery by Methane Pyrolysis to Elemental Carbon (2019)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2019-09-07
    Description: Use of a Sabatier reactor to recover the oxygen from the carbon dioxide exhaled by the crew on the International Space Station has been limited by the loss of the hydrogen contained in the methane it generates. Maximizing the oxygen recovered requires the hydrogen to be recovered from the methane product and recycled back to the Sabatier reactor. We describe the use of a tailored methane pyrolysis reactor to completely recover this hydrogen. The carbon-containing byproduct is elemental carbon, which is generated in the form of easily handled, non-sooty material that may have various uses. The process of creating this tailored carbon vapor deposition process involved exploration of the effects of temperature, pressure, substrate design and other variables to develop a high yield process that cleanly generates the desired products. Reaction kinetics and kinetics modelling were used to specify the temperature, pressure and reactor volume required to achieve the target conversion and to assure that the final average density was as high as possible. Reactor design included the selection of materials that will survive the high temperatures and environment in the pyrolysis reactor, and thermal modeling to achieve the required temperatures with minimum power consumption. The successful construction and demonstration of a brassboard prototype will allow the results of the chemical, thermal and mechanical models to be validated and should provide a useful alternative for a completely closed loop ECLS system. Integration of this technology with state-of-the-art (SOA) Sabatier hardware on ISS requires a complete understanding of the effects of impurities in the product hydrogen on the Sabatier catalyst. SOA Sabatier catalyst was evaluated over short and long-term exposure to anticipated contaminants to identify effects.
    Keywords: Man/System Technology and Life Support
    Type: ICES 2019-103 , M19-7476 , Annual International Conference on Environmental Systems (ICES); Jul 07, 2019 - Jul 11, 2019; Boston, MA; United States
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    NASA Marshall Space Flight Center Human Factors Engineering Analysis of Various Hatch Sizes (2019)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2019-09-07
    Description: The NASA Docking System (NDS) is a 31.4961-inch (800 mm) diameter circular hatch for astronauts to pass through when docked to other pressurized elements in space or for entrance or egress on surface environments. The NDS is utilized on the Orion Spacecraft and has been implemented as the International Docking System Standard (IDSS). The EV74 Human Factors Engineering (HFE) Team at NASAs Marshall Space Flight Center (MSFC) conducted human factors analyses with various hatch shapes and sizes to accommodate for all astronaut anthropometries and daily task comfort. It is believed that the hatch, approximately 32 inches, is too small, and a bigger hatch size would better accommodate most astronauts. In order to conduct human factors analyses, four participants were gathered based on anthropometry percentiles: 1st female, 5th female, 95th male, and 99th male.
    Keywords: Man/System Technology and Life Support
    Type: M19-7190 , International Conference on Applied Human Factors and Ergonomics (AHFE); Jul 24, 2019 - Jul 28, 2019; Washington, D. C. ; United States
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    Psychophysiological Monitoring of Aerospace Crew State (2019)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2019-11-13
    Description: As next-generation space exploration missions necessitate increasingly autonomous systems, there is a critical need to better detect and anticipate crewmember interactions with these systems. The success of present and future autonomous technology in exploration spaceflight is ultimately dependent upon safe and efficient interaction with the human operator. Optimal interaction is particularly important for surface missions during highly coordinated extravehicular activity (EVA), which consists of high physical and cognitive demands with limited ground support. Crew functional state may be affected by a number of variables including workload, stress, and motivation. Real-time assessments of crew state that do not require a crewmembers time and attention to complete will be especially important to assess operational performance and behavioral health during flight. In response to the need for objective, passive assessment of crew state, the aim of this work is to develop an accurate and precise prediction model of human functional state for surface EVA using multi-modal psychophysiological sensing. The psychophysiological monitoring approach relies on extracting a set of features from physiological signals and using these features to classify an operators cognitive state. This work aims to compile a non-invasive sensor suite to collect physiological data in real-time. Training data during cognitive and more complex functional tasks will be used to develop a classifier to discriminate high and low cognitive workload crew states. The classifier will then be tested in an operationally relevant EVA simulation to predict cognitive workload over time. Once a crew state is determined, further research into specific countermeasures, such as decision support systems, would be necessary to optimize the automation and improve crew state and operational performance.
    Keywords: Man/System Technology and Life Support
    Type: JSC-E-DAA-TN72202 , ISWC/UBICOMP 2019; Sep 09, 2019 - Sep 13, 2019; London, Enland; United Kingdom
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    New Technologies for Enabling Food Production Beyond LEO (2019)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2019-08-09
    Description: NASA has identified the need for robust and sustainable Pick-and-Eat systems for supplementing crew diets with fresh leafy green crops in near-term LEO (Low Earth Orbit), cislunar, and lunar missions. Spaceflight plant growth systems have been primarily designed for conducting space biology studies, but these systems are not optimal for sustained food production. Improved water and nutrient delivery subsystems that do not use bulky and non-reusable media are needed for decreasing the mass of the food production system. Autonomous technologies for monitoring plant health and food safety are needed for ensuring that the food produced is suitable supplementing crew diets with fresh, nutritious salad crops. Improved plant imaging techniques used for high-throughput phenotyping can be leveraged for monitoring plant health. Near-real-time measurements of the microbial ecology of food production systems are needed for assessing food safety. Furthermore, newly identified plant species and cultivars with improved growth habits and contents of antioxidants, vitamins, and minerals when grown in spaceflight environmental conditions are needed. These improvements in food production technologies will enable the design of sustainable life support systems for manned exploration missions beyond Low Earth Orbit.
    Keywords: Man/System Technology and Life Support
    Type: KSC-E-DAA-TN69819 , International Space Station Research & Development Conference (ISSR&D 2019); Jul 29, 2019 - Aug 01, 2019; Atlanta, GA; United States
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    Exploration Life Support System Demonstration on the International Space Station (2019)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2019-10-30
    Description: The presentation describes the NASA effort to upgrade and develop new technologies for demonstration of Exploration class life support systems on the International Space Station. It addresses key areas of emphasis for life support system improvement, integration of the system into the ISS vehicle, and a high level schedule for overall execution.
    Keywords: Man/System Technology and Life Support
    Type: JSC-E-DAA-TN74196 , Association of Space Explorers XXXII Planetary Congress; Oct 14, 2019 - Oct 18, 2019; Houston, TX; United States
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    Assessment of Upper Body Posture and Shape with Garment-Embedded Flexible Strain Sensors (2019)
    In:  Other Sources
    Details
    Publication Date: 2019-08-08
    Description: Spacesuits are critical to performing spacewalks or EVA, however can increase injury risks due to - Spacesuit Fit Concerns: Astronauts come from a diverse population; Improper suit fit will result in persistent contact and mechanical pressure on the body. - Altered Biomechanics: Mechanical constraints and pressurization can make it difficult due to - Reduced range of motion, Reduced strength capability. To improve suit design and mitigate injuries, kinematic and geometric measurements are required during EVA evaluations - Human motions inside a spacesuit may not coincide with the suit motions: Spacesuit configurations do not exactly match with human anatomical joints; Gaps/paddings inside the suit induce lags between human motion and suit motion - Conventional motion capture or 3-D scanning techniques are difficult to use to measure internal motion: Optical occlusions; Volume restrictions; Ferrous magnetic interference.
    Keywords: Man/System Technology and Life Support
    Type: JSC-E-DAA-TN70900 , International Conference on Applied Human Factors and Ergonomics (AHFE 2019); Jul 24, 2019 - Jul 28, 2019; Washington, DC; United States
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    Test Bed for Human Performance in Mockup Suit (2019)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2020-01-16
    Description: Crewmembers' ability to adjust to changes in gravity and sensorimotor function is essential for successful suited mobility in lunar and planetary missions. Setups for current pressurized spacesuit testing require suit technicians, specialized medical clearances, and test support personnel along with increased risk to the subject. Furthermore, suited setups constrain the types of additional hardware that can be used. A test bed was developed with the goal to evaluate human suited performance using an unpressurized Mark III mockup suit and virtual reality (VR) system.
    Keywords: Man/System Technology and Life Support
    Type: JSC-E-DAA-TN74245-2
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    Test Bed for Human Performance in Mockup Suit (2019)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2020-01-16
    Description: Crewmembers' ability to adjust to changes in gravity and sensorimotor function is essential for successful suited mobility in lunar and planetary missions. Setups for current pressurized spacesuit testing require suit technicians, specialized medical clearances, and test support personnel along with increased risk to the subject. Furthermore, suited setups constrain the types of additional hardware that can be used. A test bed was developed with the goal to evaluate human suited performance using an unpressurized Mark III mockup suit and virtual reality (VR) system. The mockup suit provides a means of performing proof-of-concept tasks for suited performance with lower time and cost demands. Additionally, VR goggles provide a means for projecting an immersive planetary environment and applying perturbations to the visuo-vestibular system with minimal equipment. Furthermore, the test bed will be developed to allow room for improvement in fidelity for future suited applications.
    Keywords: Man/System Technology and Life Support
    Type: JSC-E-DAA-TN74245-1
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    Modeling Electrolytic Conversion of Metabolic CO2 and Optimizing a Microfluidic Electrochemical Reactor for Advanced Closed Loop Life Support Systems (2019)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2019-12-06
    Description: No abstract available
    Keywords: Man/System Technology and Life Support
    Type: M19-7698 , The Electrochemical Society (ECS) Meeting Topic Close-up: Electrochemistry in Space; Oct 13, 2019 - Oct 17, 2019; Atlanta, GA; United States
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    Comparison of Risk from Orbital Debris and Meteoroid Environment Models on the Extravehicular Mobility Unit (EMU) (2019)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2019-12-14
    Description: A well-known hazard associated with exposure to the space environment is the risk of failure from an impact from a meteoroid and orbital debris (MMOD) particle. An extravehicular mobility unit (EMU) spacesuit impact during a US extravehicular activity (EVA) is of great concern as a large leak could prevent an astronaut from safely reaching the airlock in time resulting in a loss of life. A risk assessment is provided to the EVA office at the Johnson Space Center (JSC) by the Hypervelocity Impact Technology (HVIT) group prior to certification of readiness for each US EVA. Need to understand the effect of updated meteoroid and orbital debris environment models to EMU risk.
    Keywords: Man/System Technology and Life Support
    Type: JSC-E-DAA-TN75550 , International Orbital Debris Conference (IOC); Dec 09, 2019 - Dec 12, 2019; Sugar Land, TX; United States
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    Leakage Correlation (2019)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2019-12-13
    Description: The allowable leakage rate for space hardware is typically specified as scc/sec of helium. It is important to be able to use the measured helium leakage rate to calculate the expected leakage rate of the working fluid. In this U.S. Spacesuit Knowledge Capture seminar, Dr. Eugene Ungar will explore the physical configuration of typical leak paths, discuss the physics of molecular, transition, and continuum flow, and present the accepted method of conservatively calculating the expected leakage rate of the working fluid.
    Keywords: Man/System Technology and Life Support
    Type: JSC-E-DAA-TN75755
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    Electrochemistrys Role in Current and Future Environmental Control and Life Support Systems (2019)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2019-12-04
    Description: No abstract available
    Keywords: Man/System Technology and Life Support
    Type: M19-7695 , The Electrochemical Society (ECS) Meeting 2019; Oct 13, 2019 - Oct 17, 2019; Atlanta, GA; United States
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    Long Term Biological Treatment of Space Habitation Waste Waters in a One Stage MABR: Comparison of Operation for N and C Oxidation With and Without Simultaneous Denitrification (2019)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2019-08-23
    Description: Aerobic biological stabilization has been previously demonstrated for full size MABR?s (CoMANDR 1.0, CoMANDR 2.0, and R-CoMANDR) over operating periods of ~1 year. These systems have successfully treated a variety of possible habitation waste streams including an ISS (urine + flush and humidity condensate) and Early Planetary Base (EPB) wastewater (urine, flush water, hygiene wastewater, and laundry). Biological stabilization has a number of advantages including: 1) elimination of hazardous pre-treat chemicals; 2) production of NOx species (that can be easily rejected by evaporative or membrane systems); 3) elimination of volatile organic constituents; 4) a low pH effluent that facilitates membrane and distillation processes; and 5) a effluent that produces a better quality and less hazardous brine for water recovery. Previous work has primarily evaluated aerobic operation in which organic carbon and nitrogen is converted to CO2 and NOx-, respectively. An alternative to aerobic operation would be to include anoxic operation to promote denitrification and production of N2 gas. This allows for production of make-up gas as well as reduces the O2 demand and can increase ammonia oxidation efficiency. We evaluated the operation of a full scale (2 crew/day) MABR operated to perform oxidation of organic carbon and nitrogen with and without simultaneous reduction of oxidized N to N2 gas, simultaneous nitrification denitrification (SNDN). The system was challenged with a variety of space habitation wastewaters ranging from an ISS composition to a possible EPB waste stream under both continuous and on-production feeding modes. The system has been operated for over 2.5 years. We report on an overall comparison of aerobic oxidation and SNDN operational regimes to evaluate the system with the best overall attributes to support recycling of space habitation waste streams.
    Keywords: Man/System Technology and Life Support
    Type: ICES-2018-274 , JSC-E-DAA-TN54648 , International Conference on Environmental Systems (ICES); Jul 07, 2019 - Jul 11, 2019; Albuqurque, NM; United States
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    Exploration Toilet Integration Challenges on the International Space Station (2019)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2019-08-17
    Description: On the International Space Station (ISS) there are currently two toilets. One is located in the Russian segment's Service Module and the other is located in the U.S. segment's Node 3. A new Exploration Toilet will be integrated next to the existing Node 3 Waste and Hygiene Compartment (WHC). The Toilet will be evaluated as a technology demonstration for a minimum of three years. In addition, it will support an increase in ISS crew size due to Commercial Crew flights to ISS. The Toilet is designed to minimize mass and volume for Orion, the first Exploration vehicle. Currently ISS does not have a designated volume for an additional Toilet. Furthermore, operating the Toilet on ISS presents a different set of challenges as it must integrate into existing vehicle systems for urine processing. To integrate the Toilet on ISS, a suite of hardware was developed to provide mechanical, electrical, data, and fluid interfaces. This paper will provide an overview of the Toilet Integration Hardware design as well as the engineering challenges, crew interface provisions and vehicle integration complexities encountered during the concept and design phases.
    Keywords: Man/System Technology and Life Support
    Type: ICES-2019-154 , JSC-E-DAA-TN67925 , International Conference on Environmental Systems (ICES); Jul 07, 2019 - Jul 11, 2019; Boston, MA; United States
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    Improvements to On-Orbit Sleeping Accommodations (2019)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2019-08-17
    Description: United States On-Orbit Segment (USOS) crew members aboard the International Space Station (ISS) are each furnished with a Crew Quarters that serves as their personal private space for the duration of their expedition. Within these quarters, crew members use sleeping bags to provide a comfortable environment that is conducive to sleeping in microgravity. Microgravity presents unique challenges to obtaining good sleep. Sleep position preferences which are influenced by gravity are disturbed when the feeling is absent while other environmental factors prevent the familiar feeling of lying in bed. NASA developed a new US Sleeping Bag for USOS crew members launching aboard United States Crewed Vehicles (USCVs), using this opportunity to improve upon the current sleeping bag design based on lessons learned from years of living and working in space. The US Sleeping Bag design was based on the current sleeping bag's design with enhancements to key features based on feedback from crew members and sleep study experts at the Johnson Space Center and the Ames Research Center. Key areas of improvement include facilitating thermal comfort in the warm Crew Quarters environment, ease of maintenance when replacing the inner lining, allowing for maximum versatility for adjustment to crew preference, and adding features for additional functionality such as accommodations for a pillow. Two US Sleeping Bags have flown aboard the ISS to date, utilized by veteran crew members who have experience with the existing sleeping bags and have provided feedback and comparisons for assessment. Enabling good sleep is essential for crew member health and productivity, especially in longer duration expeditions. This paper will detail the challenges with sleeping in microgravity and the enhancements made in development of the US Sleeping Bag to provide a better on-orbit sleep environment.
    Keywords: Man/System Technology and Life Support
    Type: JSC-E-DAA-TN68145 , JSC-E-DAA-TN66053 , International Conference on Environmental Systems; Jul 07, 2019 - Jul 11, 2019; Boston, MA; United States
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    Development of OCSS In-Suit Urine Collection and Removal System for Cabin Depressurization Scenario (2019)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2019-07-18
    Description: NASA is developing a waste management system for use in a pressurizable space suit for future Orion missions. Driven by Orion's cabin depress operational scenario, specific life support equipment is needed for crew survival. Immediate life-sustaining resources can be provided by the Orion launch and entry suit as a pressurizable safe haven. Before long, though, the crew would also need an appropriate waste management system to maintain their crew health in a confined environment, especially over multiple days. Long-duration waste management hardware for use with a space suit has not been designed or utilized since the Apollo program, and there are numerous technical challenges associated with its implementation. In conjunction both NASA's Orion Crew Survival Systems (OCSS) and Omni Medical Systems are addressing such challenges through their on-going hardware design efforts to support future Orion missions. This paper details some of the initial design and testing efforts that have been completed while discussing the major challenges that have arisen in the process.
    Keywords: Man/System Technology and Life Support
    Type: JSC-E-DAA-TN62583 , International Conference on Environmental Systems (ICES) 2019; Jul 07, 2019 - Jul 11, 2019; Boston, MA; United States
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    Survival of E. Coli in the Rhizosphere and Phyllosphere of Leafy Greens Grown in Controlled Environment Chambers Under International Space Station Conditions (2019)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2019-07-13
    Description: NASA's mission for manned long- duration space exploration drives the research for crop selection to provide a nutritious and safe supplement to an astronaut's diet. Understanding plant growth, health, and the associated microbial communities in closed environments will be critical to the success of this mission. Cultivation of crops in closed controlled environment agricultural systems may limit microbial colonization and reduce diversity of the microbial communities. Furthermore, practices like seed and growth medium sanitization may impact microbial communities in the mature plant and the capacity to limit the growth of food borne pathogens through competition.
    Keywords: Man/System Technology and Life Support
    Type: KSC-E-DAA-TN70067 , ASM Microbe 2019; Jun 20, 2019 - Jun 24, 2019; San Fransisco, CA; United States
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    Prognostics and Health Monitoring: Application to Electric Vehicles (2019)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2019-07-13
    Description: As more and more electric vehicles emerge in our daily operation progressively, a very critical challenge lies in the prediction of remaining driving-time distance (for cars) or flying time-distance (for aircraft). This information is important, particularly in the case of unmanned vehicles, because such vehicles can become self-aware, autonomously compute its own capabilities, and identify how to best plan and successfully complete vehicular missions safely. In case of electric aircrafts, computing remaining flying time is also safety-critical, since an aircraft that runs out of power (battery charge) while in the air will eventually lose control leading to catastrophe. In order to tackle and solve the prediction problem, it is essential to have awareness of the current state and health of the system, especially since it is necessary to perform condition-based predictions. To be able to predict the future state of the system, it is also required to possess knowledge of the current and future operations of the vehicle.
    Keywords: Man/System Technology and Life Support
    Type: ARC-E-DAA-TN39512 , MARCON 2017; Mar 07, 2019; Knoxville,TN; United States
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    Final Report: NASA X-HAB Space Habitat Research Group Iowa State University (2019)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2019-09-07
    Description: This document serves as the Final Report for Iowa State University's Space Habitat group to fulfill the specifications of NASA's eXploration Systems and Habitation (X-Hab) 2019 Academic Innovation Challenge for the 'Implementation of Advanced Sorbents in a Carbon Dioxide Management Unit' portion of the challenge. The scope of this document includes a description of the current Carbon Dioxide management systems implemented on ISS, a description of the groups design, a description of the operational environment and scenarios, risks and mitigations, performance and testing results of the system, outreach, and future work.
    Keywords: Man/System Technology and Life Support
    Type: M19-7509
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    Hydrogen Recovery by Methane Pyrolysis to Elemental Carbon (2019)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2019-09-07
    Description: Use of a Sabatier reactor to recover the oxygen from the carbon dioxide exhaled by the crew on the International Space Station has been limited by the loss of the hydrogen contained in the methane it generates. Maximizing the oxygen recovered requires the hydrogen to be recovered from the methane product and recycled back to the Sabatier reactor. We describe the use of a tailored methane pyrolysis reactor to completely recover this hydrogen. The carbon-containing byproduct is elemental carbon, which is generated in the form of easily handled, non-sooty material that may have various uses. The process of creating this tailored carbon vapor deposition process involved exploration of the effects of temperature, pressure, substrate design and other variables to develop a high yield process that cleanly generates the desired products. Reaction kinetics and kinetics modelling were used to specify the temperature, pressure and reactor volume required to achieve the target conversion and to assure that the final average density was as high as possible. Reactor design included the selection of materials that will survive the high temperatures and environment in the pyrolysis reactor, and thermal modeling to achieve the required temperatures with minimum power consumption. The successful construction and demonstration of a brassboard prototype will allow the results of the chemical, thermal and mechanical models to be validated and should provide a useful alternative for a completely closed loop ECLS system. Integration of this technology with state-of-the-art (SOA) Sabatier hardware on ISS requires a complete understanding of the effects of impurities in the product hydrogen on the Sabatier catalyst. SOA Sabatier catalyst was evaluated over short and long-term exposure to anticipated contaminants to identify effects.
    Keywords: Man/System Technology and Life Support
    Type: M19-7244 , ICES 2019-103 , International Conference on Environmental Systems (ICES); Jul 07, 2019 - Jul 11, 2019; Boston, MA; United States
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    Using Virtual Reality and Motion Capture as tools for Human Factors Engineering at NASA Marshall Space Flight Center (2019)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2019-09-06
    Description: NASA Marshall Space Flight Center (MSFC) Human Factors Engineering (HFE) Team is implementing virtual reality (VR) and motion capture (MoCap) into HFE analyses of various projects through its Virtual Environments Lab (VEL). VR allows for multiple analyses early in the design process and more opportunities to give design feedback. This tool can be used by engineers in most disciplines to compare design alternatives and is particularly valuable to HFE to give early input during these evaluations. These techniques are being implemented for concept development of Deep Space Habitats (DSH), and work is being done to implement VR for design aspects of the Space Launch System (SLS). VR utilization in the VEL will push the design to be better formulated before mockups are constructed, saving budget and time. The MSFC VEL will continue forward leaning implementation with VR technologies in these and other projects for better models earlier in the design process.
    Keywords: Man/System Technology and Life Support
    Type: M19-7195 , International Conference on Applied Human Factors and Ergonomics (AHFE); Jul 24, 2019 - Jul 28, 2019; Washington, DC; United States
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    Scroll Filter System Development for Crewed Deep Space Missions (2019)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2019-11-22
    Description: On board the International Space Station, particulate HEPA filters known as Bacterial Filter Elements (BFE's) are used as the main ventilation filters on the US modules. They consist of two stages of filtration, a static screen filter and a HEPA filter element. Historically, these filters have performed well during the life of the ISS. However, as NASA sets its sights towards mission beyond low earth orbit, or deep space, more capable filters requiring minimal maintenance will be essential because of the nature of these remote and of long duration missions. Therefore NASA is currently developing new filter systems for these mission. One of the filter designs being considered is a new filter system, coined the Scroll BFE. This filter provides two stages of filtration. The first stage is a pre-filter stage using a roll of screen media on a motorized spooling, or scrolling, mechanism to automate the change-out of the screen media in the flow. The second and finishing stage is a static HEPA filter element similar to the ones used on the ISS BFE's. The volume and dimensional format of the filter matches that of the ISS BFE which facilitates is deployment as potential future flight technology demonstration on board the ISS. Ground tests are underway to assess the filter system's performance under industrial standard test protocols applied in a custom designed filtration test stand. In addition, a method of generating relevant particulate matter loads, such as loose fibrous matter, is also being devised to challenge the filter in testing. The latter test challenge will help determine the pre-filter's capacity for handling layers of lint, or fibrous, particulate matter. Early results confirm HEPA efficiency performance of the HEPA stage. This paper will present the results of ground testing of the Scroll Filter System prototype.
    Keywords: Man/System Technology and Life Support
    Type: GRC-E-DAA-TN70506 , International Concerence on Environmental Systems; Jul 07, 2019 - Jul 11, 2019; Boston, MA; United States
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    On-Demand Watering System for Food Production in Microgravity (2019)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2019-11-19
    Description: No abstract available
    Keywords: Man/System Technology and Life Support
    Type: KSC-E-DAA-TN75540 , 2019 ASA-CSSA-SSSA International Annual Meeting; Nov 10, 2019 - Nov 13, 2019; San Antonio, TX; United States
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    Characterization and Measurement of Spacecraft Airborne Particulate Matter (2019)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2019-11-15
    Description: The International Space Station (ISS) gives a 6-member astronaut crew the ability to live and work in low Earth orbit. It is a unique indoor environment, which has served as both home and workplace to over 230 people since the year 2000. In this low gravity environment, smoke does not rise and cookie crumbs do not settle the way they do on Earth, causing airborne particulate matter, or aerosols, to behave differently and pose unique hazards for crew members. In its existence, virtually the same volume of ISS air has been continuously conditioned and revitalized, including the removal of particles by filtration. While gaseous constituents of ISS air are monitored meticulously, sparse data exists on the indoor aerosols. The quantity and types of ISS airborne debris have been investigated in NASAs Aerosol Sampling Experiment. Both active and passive samplers successfully collected airborne particulate matter in U.S. segments of the ISS, which were returned to Earth for characterization by microscopy and other techniques. The resulting data has informed the design of candidate particle instruments for spacecraft. In 2020, a reference-quality aerosol instrument will be flown to ISS, and will provide real-time data of particle concentrations in various modules. Smaller, more compact instruments will be necessary in future space missions, for example, in smaller vehicles, in habitats on lunar and planetary surfaces with ubiquitous dust, and also for use as wearable technology throughout missions. Miniaturized aerosol sensors, though lower fidelity than reference-quality instruments, can monitor the environment well when calibrated appropriately. Indoor air quality in spacecraft is fundamentally important to human health and comfort, and several particulate monitoring technologies will be at sufficient technology readiness levels for operational use within the next two years. Results of the Aerosol Sampling Experiment will be presented, along with the status of NASAs aerosol instrument technology demonstrations on ISS.
    Keywords: Man/System Technology and Life Support
    Type: GRC-E-DAA-TN74165 , International Astronautical Congress (IAC); Oct 21, 2019 - Oct 25, 2019; Washington, DC; United States
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    Developing Exploration Technologies on the ISS: Exploration Toilet Challenges (2019)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2019-11-14
    Description: No abstract available
    Keywords: Man/System Technology and Life Support
    Type: JSC-E-DAA-TN74049 , Association of Space Explorers XXXII Planetary Congress; Oct 14, 2019 - Oct 18, 2019; Houston, TX; United States
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    Development of Human-Spacesuit Interaction Models (2019)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2019-08-08
    Description: No abstract available
    Keywords: Man/System Technology and Life Support
    Type: 2019-371 , JSC-E-DAA-TN70570 , International Conference on Environmental Systems Conference ; Jul 07, 2019 - Jul 11, 2019; Boston, MA; United States
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    Posture Transfer Method on Pre-Scanned Full-body Geometry for Space Architecture Design (2019)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2019-08-08
    Description: No abstract available
    Keywords: Man/System Technology and Life Support
    Type: JSC-E-DAA-TN70898 , International Conference on Applied Human Factors and Ergonomics (AHFE 2019); Jul 24, 2019 - Jul 28, 2019; Washington, DC; United States
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    Exploration Extravehicular Mobility Unit Outer Rendering Configuration Control Computer-Aided Design Model Users Guide (2019)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2019-09-21
    Description: No abstract available
    Keywords: Man/System Technology and Life Support
    Type: NASA/CR-2019-220447
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    Envisioning an Analog Work Domain Across Deep-Ocean Exploration and Human-Robot Spaceflight Exploration (2019)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2019-11-09
    Description: What if one existing work domain could be leveraged to inform an instantiation of a second type of work domain? This is the question that informed a three year NASA-funded study, SUBSEA (Systematic Underwater Biogeochemical Science and Exploration Analog), on the use of ocean science and exploration via telepresence as an analog for future human-robot spaceflight. SUBSEA included two field programs performed in 2018 and 2019. Each was comprised of a multidisciplinary team of natural scientists studying deep-sea venting sites in tandem with a team of social scientists conducting work ethnography to understand the existing ocean exploration domain. This paper presents results from the 2018 field program which includes analyses that were required to generate specific flight-like conditions for the 2019 field program.
    Keywords: Man/System Technology and Life Support
    Type: JSC-E-DAA-TN74266 , International Annual Meeting of the Human Factors and Ergonomics Society; Oct 28, 2019 - Nov 01, 2019; Seatle, WA; United States
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    Designing for Astronaut-Centric Planning and Scheduling Aids (2019)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2019-11-07
    Description: We have investigated and evaluated a novel concept of operations for human spaceflight: allowing astronauts to manage and schedule their own timeline. In order to evaluate this self-scheduling concept of operations, we have designed, implemented, and field-tested astronaut-centric planning and scheduling aid. Our mobile-based software aid, Playbook, has been used in a variety of Earth analogs as well as onboard the International Space Station. We will demonstrate the unique Playbook features that we have developed based on research findings during field testing that facilitate planning and scheduling in extreme environments.
    Keywords: Man/System Technology and Life Support
    Type: ARC-E-DAA-TN70767 , International Annual Meeting of the Human Factors and Ergonomics Society; Oct 28, 2019 - Nov 01, 2019; Seattle,WA; United States
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    Generalizable Skills and Knowledge for Exploration Missions (2019)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2019-12-06
    Description: This report describes research conducted under Cooperative Agreement 80NSSC18K0042 for the Human Factors and Behavioral Performance Element, Human Research Program, located at the National Aeronautics and Space Administrations (NASA) Johnson Space Center. The research addresses the Risk of Inadequate Mission, Process, and Task Design and the Risk of Performance Errors Due to Training Deficiencies during exploration-class space missions by identifying the tasks that will be conducted by human crew during an expedition to Mars and the abilities, skills, and knowledge that will be required of crew members. By focusing on an expedition to Mars, we have considered the extremes of what is possible for human space exploration during the first half of the 21st Century and accommodated the human requirements for missions to asteroids, Cis-Lunar orbit, and a return to the Moon.
    Keywords: Man/System Technology and Life Support
    Type: NASA/CR-2018-220445 , JSC-E-DAA-TN64782
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    Algae to Enhance Water Recovery for Future Space Habitats (2019)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2019-09-25
    Description: Bioregenerative technologies have been suggested for human life support in space for decades. Such technologies have not yet been incorporated due to 1) assumed unreliability and 2) bioregeneration rates for given processes are slower when compared to equivalent physical/chemical treatment technologies. Slower treatment capacity for biological system result in larger technology infrastructure (i.e., higher mass, power, and volume requirements), and thus less attractive. Current ISS (International Space Station) life support systems are strictly physical/chemical. However, bioregenerative systems are being suggested for future surface systems (on the Moon or Mars) due to the limited access to resupplied materials and continued need for resiliency and sustainability. In the realm of water reclamation, the ISS system processes only urine, metabolic condensates, and hygiene (i.e., handwash and oral, no shower or laundry) waters with 75 percent closure. For future surface habitats with 4 crew members, approximately 30 liters per day of wastewater will be generated, containing estimated 850 milligrams per liter NH4-N. Conventional algae PBRs (photobioreactors) require dilution to accommodate such high concentrations of ammonium. If dilution is required, resulting technology hardware will increase dramatically in mass. A new approach was explored, whereby high carbon dioxide (1200-2000 parts per million) and light (400-600 micromoles per square meter per second) conditions were provided to treat the undiluted wastewater stream. Daily treatment capacity for Chlorella sorokiniana and Chlorella vulgaris was observed to be 85 and 107 milligrams NH4-N per gram of biomass, respectively. This preliminary study shows that there is capacity to increase ammonium removal rates by algal species, and thus reactor size (mass and volume) for future surface systems. Smaller reactor volumes will help bioregenerative treatment technologies compete with the presently accepted physical/chemical treatment technologies.
    Keywords: Man/System Technology and Life Support
    Type: KSC-E-DAA-TN73138 , Algae Biomass Summit; Sep 16, 2019 - Sep 19, 2019; Orlando, FL; United States
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    Searching for Life on Mars: The Contamination Paradox (2019)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2019-10-22
    Description: As we search for life on Mars, we will be simultaneously contaminating Mars with life from Earth. The contamination from Earth could be mistaken for Martian life. How can this paradox be avoided? With the results of our research, the scientific community will be able to determine locations of future habitats that minimize the aerial extent subject to bio-contaminants, protect sites of astrobiological interest, and constrain landing site selection of life detection missions to reduce risk of false positives. We consider a putative human habitat on Mars. Biological contaminants will flow out of the habitat into the Martian atmosphere, and the atmosphere will move these contaminants around. How many biological particles per year will be released from the habitat into the Martian ambient environment? How far will the contamination travel? In what directions will it travel? How long will the contamination be in the atmosphere? We study these questions quantitatively by simulating the Martian atmosphere using the NASA Ames Mars Global Climate Model. Various combinations of human habitat locations and contaminant sizes are considered. The results from these simulations enable the creation of novel contamination heat maps showing the aerial distribution of contaminants from putative human habitats on Mars.
    Keywords: Man/System Technology and Life Support
    Type: ARC-E-DAA-TN72430 , Young Scientist Program Night of Science; Aug 15, 2019; Moffett Field, CA; United States
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  • 73
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    Survey on health status in aquaculture Sturgeons Centers( Mazandaran, Guilan And Golestan Provinces) (2018)
    Iranian Fisheries Science Research Institute | Tehran, Iran
    Details
    Publication Date: 2021-05-19
    Description: Study of survey health management and diseases in hatcheries and fish farms can help us to knowledge and application control methods such as: prevention, treatment and increase high levels of production in hatchery and farms, finally. This survey carried out from 2005 to 2008 for 4 years in sturgeon hatcheries and farms of Golestan province. Sturgeon fishes include Huso Huso, Ship sturgeon, Acipenser persicus collected and for virology, bacteriology, fungius and hematology examined. Also, physicochemical parameters measured and recorded in different stages of culture. Results of this study showed that all of samples in virology was negative and did not observe any doubetful causes. In bacteriology CFU was variation from 3/9 ×105 to 6/9×10. The most parasites that detected in this survey was Cocolanus espherolanus , Sceria binopsulus semiarmatus and Amphilina fuliacea that separates from Acipenser Percicus, especially. The results about hematology parameters some important hematological indices of ship sturgeon include: The total RBC for female and mail specimens measured as 5.3±1.5 ×105, 4.8±0.5 ×105 per mm 3 respectively. The amount of haematocrit and hemoglobin for female and mail determined: 34.3±2.8, 35±1.4 percent and 10.3±0.9, 8.9±0.8 gr/dl .The MCV: 216.3± 96.2, 736.5± 102.5, MCH: 720.2±309.5, 186±0.7 and MCHC: 30±0.8, 25.5±3.4 percent respectively.The total WBC were (female, male): 21320±1054, 20580±777 per mm 3 and neutrophil: 16.4±2.5, 17±1.4 percent and lymphocyte: 74.4±2.4, 73.5± 0.7 percent and eosinophil: 6±1.4, 6.4±0.5 percent, monocyte: 2.8±0.8, 3.5±0.7 percent. There was not any significant differences (p〉0.05) between mentioned parameters in male and female (students t-test). Also evaluation of hematological parameters in bluga ( Huso huso) include: total RBC were (male , female) 5±0.3 ×105 , 4.9±0.6 ×105 per mm 3 ,respectively and hematocrit: 33.2±6.7 , 35.4±3.4 percent and hemoglobin: 11.2±1.5 , 12.2±1gr/dl and MCV: 669.9±172.2, 723.9±982.4 and MCH: 226.2±42.5, 249.5±35.4 and MCHC: 34.1±2.4, 34.6±3.6 percent respectively. The totals WBC were (male, female): 24800±707.1, 23042±1375.4 per mm 3 and neutrophil: 18.5±0.7, 21.4±1.1 percent and lymphocyte: 73.5±1.4, 68.4±1.1 percent and eosinophil: 5±2.8, 7±1.2 percent and monocyte: 3.5±3.5, 3.2±0.8 percent. According to statistically study the count of lymphocyte had significant difference between male and female fish and this count in male was higher than female. (p≥0.05).
    Description: Iranian Fisheries Science Research Institute
    Description: Published
    Keywords: Physicochemical ; Hematology ; Fish ; Sturgeon ; Huso huso ; Ship ; Acipenser percicus ; Bacteriology ; Parasitology ; Health management ; Diseases ; Survey ; Aquaculture ; Hatcheries ; Samples ; Sceria binopsulus ; Amphilina fuliacea ; Female ; Male
    Repository Name: AquaDocs
    Type: Report , Refereed
    Format: 395pp.
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    Investigation of production possibility of monosex female and sterile fish in Rainbow trout Oncorhynchus mykiss (2018)
    Iranian Fisheries Science Research Institute | Tehran, Iran
    Details
    Publication Date: 2021-05-19
    Description: This investigation carried out for the first time in Iran inorder to prodcution of monosex female and also sterilization in Rainbow trout. In this study, the eggs of general females were fertilized with the sperm of sex reversed male and so monosex female population was produced in second generation and sterilization carried out with oral administration of 17α methy 1 testosterone and immenrsion and oral administiration methods were used in embryonic stage and from commencing of acitve feeding of larvae, respectiverly. For sex reversal , 13 treatments were considered totally, that the most percentage of male (100%) was observedc in a treatment including of orally administration of 0.5 ppm hormone for 60 days after commencing active feeding (P〈0.001). In the other treamtnet, different percentages of sex ratio including male, female, intersex and sterility were observed. The offspring of genral eggs fertilization with the sperm of masculinized fish were 100% female, chisquare test was shown the treatment of orally administration of 30 ppm hormone for 120 days after commencing active feeding that had been considered for sterilization, was produced 90% sterile fish (P〈0.001) and was changed the sex ratio significancthy. Morphological changes of the gonads and sperm ducts in matured fish and also histological changes in the gonads of fish in the treamtints were considerable.
    Description: Iranian Fisheries Science Research Institute
    Description: Published
    Keywords: Morphological ; Histological ; Monosex ; Female ; Male ; Sterilization ; Rainbow trout ; Eggs ; Fertilized ; Sperm ; Population ; Sex ; Fish ; Oncorhynchus mykiss ; Rainbow trout
    Repository Name: AquaDocs
    Type: Report , Refereed
    Format: 58pp.
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    Correlation of length and weight with Mercury concentration in different tissues of Kutum Roach (Rutilus frisii kutum) in central south of Caspian Sea (2018)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2021-05-19
    Description: We used Mercury Analyzer to assess possible correlation between length and weight of the Kutum Roach (Rutilus frisii kutum) and mercury accumulation in different tissues of the fish. We collected fish specimens from central south Caspian Sea from October to December 2005. After biometrical measurement of samples and sex determination, mercury concentration was assessed in muscle, liver and skin tissues of the specimens. The mean concentration of mercury in muscle, liver and skin tissues was 849.9, 670.9 and 493.7ng/g respectively. Statistical analysis of the results showed a significant difference between mercury amounts in different tissues (P〈0.05). No significant difference was found between male and female fishes in terms of mercury concentration (P〉0.05). The mercury amount in muscle of Kutum Roach was lower than permissible limits proposed by FDA (1000ng/g).
    Description: Published
    Keywords: Mercury ; Rutilus frisii kutum ; Length ; Weight ; Tissue ; Kutum Roach ; Specimens ; Muscle ; Liver ; Male ; Female ; FDA
    Repository Name: AquaDocs
    Type: Journal Contribution , Refereed
    Format: pp.97-102
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  • 76
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    Study on feeding and spawning behavior of Otolithes rubber (Croaker Fish) in Sistan & Baluchestan (Chahbahar) coasts in 1995, Iran (2018)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2021-05-19
    Description: Otolithes ruber is one of the valuable commercial fishes in the South coasts of Iran and has been classified at the top level of commercial categorization, so owing to its economic importance, its biological characteristics were studied in Sistan & Baluchestan coasts in 1995. Three landing called Pozm, Bris and Remin were chosen for commercial catch sampling in this respect and 111 male fish and 149 female ones were autopsied within 7 months of evaluation. In feeding evaluation through numerical method, Squilla with 42.8% and Engraulidae with 1.4% consisted maximum and minimum percent of male fish stomach contents, respectively, and for female maximum and minimum percent of stomach contents were unidentified bony fishes with 35.7% and polynemidae family with 7%. The results showed that male fishes mature prior to females as they are smaller than females and no important difference was seen in sexual ratios in various month except March. Spawning was from December to the end of April and an outstanding spawning surge was observed from March to April. However, there was a light surge in November. The least coefficients of fatness in terms of male and female were 0.9 and 1 in April respectively and the most ones were 1.33 for male and 1.20 for female in January.
    Description: Published
    Keywords: Commercial ; Biological ; Feeding ; Spawning ; Otolithes rubber ; Croaker Fish ; Fishes ; Sampling ; Male ; Female ; Squilla ; Engraulidae ; Stomach contents ; Polynemidae
    Repository Name: AquaDocs
    Type: Journal Contribution , Refereed
    Format: pp.23-34
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  • 77
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    Induced spawning in female Rainbow Trout Oncorhynchus mykiss by GnRH Analog (2018)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2021-05-19
    Description: GnRHa injection could accelerate and synchronous ovulation and spawning in female rainbow trout, the mean time to ovulation was reduced from 19.6±2.45 groups 2 to 5, respectively (P≤ 0.05). Also cumulative spawning rate increased in hormonal groups; up to 8th day after first injection. The cumulative spawning rate was 47.0, 34.4, 90.0 and 56.3% in groups 2 to 5 respectively. Although, until this time none the females in control group were spawned. In the end of experimental period (day 26), this rate was completed in group 2 to 5, but only 50% of females in control group was spawned. The mean weight of stripped eggs, egg diameter and mean survival rate to the eyed stage did not show any significant difference between experimental groups (P〉0.05). Testosterone levels were increased from 9.21±4.11 at time 0 to 23.47±14.29 ng/ml at 24 h after first injection, and then reduced to the basal levels in all hormonal groups (except group 5) at 72 h after first injection (10.91±3.11ng/ml) (P≤0.05). There wasn’t observed any testosterone levels fluctuation in control group.
    Description: Published
    Keywords: Spawning ; Rainbow Trout ; Oncorhynchus mykiss ; Female ; Eggs ; Fish ; Samples ; Specimen ; Testosterone ; GnRH
    Repository Name: AquaDocs
    Type: Journal Contribution , Refereed
    Format: pp.23-38
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  • 78
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    Investigation of heavy metals accumulation in muscle tissue of Mugil auratus in relation to standard length, weight, age and sex (2018)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2021-05-19
    Description: We assessed concentration of heavy metals (Zn, Cu, Pb, Cd) in the muscle tissue of Mugil auratus caught from important parts of Caspian Sea in Mazandaran Province in autumn 2002. After biometrical measurements, the muscle tissue of 32 randomly selected fish were separated using standard method MOOPAM 1999. Metals were extracted from the tissues using Closed Digestion method and acidic mixture (Moopam, 1983). Concentrations of the heavy metals were measured by FAAS (AAS4 Zeiss Gennany). Mean concentrations for Zn, Cu, Pb, Cd (14.327, 0.996, 2.337 and 0.321 ppm/dry weight) were compared with the international standards such as WHO, UK (MAFF), and NHMRC. A T. test showed higher than normal concentration of Pb, Cd in the muscle tissues. We found a positive linear relationship between accumulation of Zinc and Cadmium with weight, sex and standard length factors a negative linear relationship between accumulation of Pb with weight, sex and standard length. There was no significant relationship between accumulations of Cu with the biometrical factors of the sampled fish. Also, no relationship was found between sex and accumulation of Zn, Cu, Pb, Cd, while the accumulation of Pb in male samples were more than female ones.
    Description: Published
    Keywords: Biometrical ; Muscle tissue ; Heavy metals ; Mugil auratus ; Size ; Sex ; Length ; Weight ; Male ; Female
    Repository Name: AquaDocs
    Type: Journal Contribution , Refereed
    Format: pp.1-18
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  • 79
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    The effect of thyroxine (T4) on prematurating in female, on survival percent, growth and development of egg and larval in rainbow trout, grass carp, silver carp and barbell of Caspian Sea (2018)
    Iranian Fisheries Science Research Institute | Tehran, Iran
    Details
    Publication Date: 2021-05-19
    Description: Studies show that thyroxine can play an important role in regulating growth and other physiology activities. Since the direct role of thyroxine in growth metamorphose larval of bony fishes hasn't been proved yet, during the experiment accomplished in Shahid Ansari and Jajrood station, the hormones function in the survival of development of silver carp, grass carp and rainbow trout were studied. In this study accomplished of thyroxine baths with 0.1, 0.5 and 1 ppm (with 3 repeat). The other phase, thyroxine injected to females grass carp, silver carp, rainbow trout and barbell of Caspian Sea with different doses (1, 10 and 100 g/g B.W.). Tehn survival of development of embryo and larval and precent of fertilization were studied. Also, the percent of mortality were compared in two phases in stages of development. Result show that: 1) Trout: a)Phase of thyroxine bath: The number of hatching eggs and survival of larval in 0.5 ppm were increased to other treatment. b) Phase of hormone injection : The survival of larval in treatment of 10 g/g was 8.58% that was meaningful difference to other treatment (P〈0.05). 2) Silver carp: a)Phase of thyroxine bath: The number of hatching eggs and survival of larval in 0.5 ppm were ( 20%) increased to other treatment (P〈0.5). b) Phase of hormone injection : The survival of larval in treatment of 10 g/g was meaningful difference to other treatment (P〈0.05). 3) Grass carp : a)Phase of thyroxine bath: The number of hatching eggs and survival of larval in 0.5 ppm were 39% increased to other treatment. b) Phase of hormone injection : The survival of larval in treatment of 1 g/g was meaningful difference to other treatment (P〈0.05). 4) Barbel of Caspian Sea: Development stages wasn't determined in this fish. Number of eggs degenerated , number of eggs were the first development stages and growth of numbers increased on ovary.
    Description: Iranian Fisheries Science Research Institute
    Description: Published
    Keywords: Thyroxine ; Female ; Survival ; Growth ; Egg ; Larval ; Grass Carp ; Silver Carp ; Thyroxine (T4)
    Repository Name: AquaDocs
    Type: Report , Refereed
    Format: 39pp.
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    Study of some biological characteristics of golden grey mullet (Liza aurata) in Iranian Coastal waters of the Caspian Sea (2018)
    Iranian Fisheries Science Research Institute | Tehran, Iran
    Details
    Publication Date: 2021-05-19
    Description: During last 65 years the catch of mullets had increasing trends with some fluctuations in the Iranian coastal water of the Caspian Sea .In this period about 138 thousand tons of mullets have been caught. Mullet’s account for 35% of total catch annually .In recent years species composition of mullets has chanched in the Iranian coastal water of the Caspian Sea and catch composition of golden grey mullet increased from 76% in 1995 to 98% in 2006. In this survey some biological characteristics of golden grey mullet have been studied in Iranian coastal water of the Caspian Sea .Fish samples have been gathered from commercial catch of beach seine cooperatives monthly in Iranian coastal water of the Caspian Sea over 2006 and 2007. In the laboratory fishes have been measured biometrically and biological parameters have been calculated .Also catch statistics of mullets during 2006-2007 have been obtained and discussed. Results showed that the catch of mullets in beach seine cooperatives during 2006 and 2007 was 4181 and 3685 tons respectively that golden grey mullet contribute 99% and 98% of the catch composition of mullets respectively. Length range of golden grey mullet caught by beach seine cooperatives was 19-50.2 cm with mean length of 32.7 ± 6.4 (± SD) and weight range was 67-1475 gr with mean weight of 411 ± 255 gr. The age structure of this species was comprised 2-10 years old fish with mean age of 4.42 years old. In this survey totally the sex ratio of male:female of golden grey mullet was 356: 434 that was significant variation from equal sex ratio. Pick of the spawning in Guilan province was in October and in Mazandaran and Golestan provinces was in November. In October the proportion of spawning females declined from western area (Guilan province) towards eastern parts (Golestan province).The highest proportion of spawning females was in December in Golestan province. The highest GSI index value was observed in September and October and it was decreased in November and December and it was consistent during January till April. The mean absolute fecundity was 700881 ± 429987 eggs with minimum and maximum fecundity of 200112 and 2282862 eggs respectively. The Lm 50% for female golden grey mullet was calculated as 33.6 cm.
    Description: Iranian Fisheries Science Research Institute
    Description: Published
    Keywords: Biological ; Commercial ; Golden grey mullet ; Liza aurata ; Species ; Survey ; Samples ; Male ; Female ; Sex ratio ; Spawning ; GSI ; Fecundity ; Coastal waters
    Repository Name: AquaDocs
    Type: Report , Refereed
    Format: 56pp.
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  • 81
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    Study on propagation and breeding of Hamoun fish (shizothoraxzarudnyi) to one gram weight in earthen pond (2018)
    Iranian Fisheries Science Research Institute | Tehran, Iran
    Details
    Publication Date: 2021-05-19
    Description: Hamoun fish, Schizothorax zarudnyi, is an indigenous species of the eastern waters of Iran, which is exclusively found in this region. However recently drought occurrence in the Chahnimeh reservoirs (a semi natural water body) making them vulnerable to extinction. As an appropriate action to address this problem and according to the 3 side contract between Italian Government – UNDP - Islamic republic of Iran Government and the Italian government financial support to reduce poverty in the Province of Sistan-Baluchestan through the reinforcement and dissemination of aquaculture activities the project was developed at the Hamoun Research Unit by the Chahbahar Fisheries Research Center to record the breeding normative of 1 g weight larvae for restocking and other researching purposes. 331 broodstocks of the indigenous species Shizothorax zarudnyi weighing 800-2450 g were collected from the Chahnimeh reservoirs in early autumn, 2006. From 5/3/2007 ( the project is supported and communicated on 2010) , Ovulation was stimulated with three stimulators; pituitary extract (3-6 mg kg-1 body weight), GnRH-A (20-30 mg kg-1 body weight) and anti dopamine (10-15 mg kg-1 body weight) that was given in 2-3 doses to breeders. Of 169 injected breeders , some were injected On mid March of 2007 (12-13 ºC water tempreture) responded to the injection 25% ,while the rest were injected On April of 2008 (14-16 ºC water tempreture) responded to the injection 65%. In the present project of 167 breeders 82 were female and 87 male. Totally 30 female breeders released their eggs in different stages. 20 female breeders released their eggs completely, 3 breeders released half of their eggs and 7 released 1/3 of their eggs. The male breeders just injected in the final dose of hormontrapy and all were ready for releasing sperms however the ovulation in female breeders occurs between 353-428 h ºC and after the final dose of injection. Ripe eggs were stripped from the females and fertilization was done by the dry method. Fertilized eggs were transferred to veis incubators and troughs. Incubation period for eggs differs and larvae hatch out after about 910 days at an average water temperature of 12.5 °C. Maintained at 13-14 °C, complete absorption of yolk sac in Shizothorax zarudnyi larvae occurred after 5-8 days. Larvae were fed with a mixture of powdered milk and egg yolk in this stage followed by decapsulated Artemia cysts and nauplii of Artemia and then on formulated starter diets used for carps . Because the ponds were not ready, larvae were maintained in troughs for about ten days before they were transferred to two 1200 m2 earthen ponds where they reached a body weight of about 1 g. They were then handed over to the Iranian Fisheries department in the region. Larvae were fed with the starter feed SFCO in the earthen ponds. About 350 thousand larvae were stocked in two earthen ponds. Based on the results of present study and other studies we may conclude that artificial breeding in Schizothorax can be successfully achieved at 14-16 ºC in flow through systems using hormone therapy (combination of GnRha and anti dopamine) and larvae could be easily cultured in earthen ponds. However this species exhibits lower growth rates as compared to carps its high expenses could have an important role in economical feasible.
    Description: Iranian Fisheries Science Research Institute
    Description: Published
    Keywords: Economical ; Hamoun fish ; Schizothorax zarudnyi ; Breeding ; Species ; Aquaculture ; Temperature ; Female ; Eggs ; Hormontrapy ; Sperm ; Ovulation ; Larvae ; Fisheries ; Earthen ponds
    Repository Name: AquaDocs
    Type: Report , Refereed
    Format: 71pp.
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    Biological aspects of Sepia pharaonis in the Bahrekan waters (NW Persian Gulf) (2018)
    Iranian Fisheries Science Research Institute | Tehran, Iran
    Details
    Publication Date: 2021-05-19
    Description: The biological aspects of Sepia pharaonis was studied during years 2006-07. The studied area restricted to the Bahrekan in Khouzestan province covering the depths of 2 up to 25m. The sampling methods were gillnet and bottom trawl. A total of 310 specimens collected, of which there wasn’t found any cuttlefish in the study area from July to October (5 months). The collected samples were transferred to the laboratory ashore for further biological measurements consist of: Mantle length, Body weight, sex determination. Gonado-Somatic Index, and determination of Spermatophoric Index, Spawning season, Food preference, Maturity stages and chemical analysis for food value determination. The results showed that the overall sex ratio is about M:F= 2:1 with percentage of 67.41% for males and 32.50% for females. Males are significantly bigger than females with average mantle length (ML) of 233.3 and 269.3 mm for female and male, respectively; with body weight of 1102.3 and 1450.6 g. The mantle length body weight relationship was found W=0.001 ML 2.540 (R2= 0.92) Female as: W= 0.0015 ML 4797 (R2= 0.93) male From point of feeding, the food preferences results indicated that fish is considered as main food, crabs as minor food and other marine organisms such as bivalvia and gastropods as random food. The highest vacuity Index (CV) and empty stomachs was determined for March-April and the lowest value was is December. Also, the maximum GSI was estimated for March-April months in which showing coherrances with the lowest food preference. The maximum spermatophoricfilaments were 856 and 45 for male pharaoh cuttlefish with mantle length of 300 and 185 mm, and on the other hand this values for fecundity were estimated 1589 and 53 for female specimens with 254 and 198 mm mantle length. The spawning season occurs in April- March in which accompany with migration of pharaoh cuttlefish towards shallow waters. The fishing season would be in this period in w.
    Description: Iranian Fisheries Science Research Institute
    Description: Published
    Keywords: Biological ; Chemical ; Sepia pharaonis ; Gillnet ; Sampling ; Specimens ; Weight ; Sex ; Gonado-somatic index ; Spawning ; Maturity ; Female ; Male ; Bivalvia ; Gastropods
    Repository Name: AquaDocs
    Type: Report , Refereed
    Format: 85pp.
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  • 83
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    Broodstock Management, Reproduction, Cryopreservation in salmoind, Genetic Management and Selective Breeding in Responsible Aquaculture (2018)
    Iranian Fisheries Science Research Institute | Tehran, Iran
    Details
    Publication Date: 2021-05-19
    Description: This study was conducted to codify the guideline and indexes of broodstock management in salmonid fish and cryopreservation, selective breeding and sex reversal in hatchery to attain responsible aquaculture development. Cryopreservation includes of sperm and egg in term of economic is important in aquaculture. In this report mentioned the type and name of material. All female and sex reversal fish are produced by steroid hormone which mentioned in this report. Selective breeding include individual selection and family selection which could be used for genetic improvement of fish.
    Description: Iranian Fisheries Science Research Institute
    Description: Published
    Keywords: Economic ; Broodstock ; Reproduction ; Cryopreservation ; Genetic ; Breeding ; Aquaculture ; Salmonid fish ; Sex reversal ; Hatchery ; Sperm ; Egg ; Female ; Steroid hormones
    Repository Name: AquaDocs
    Type: Report , Refereed
    Format: 46pp.
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  • 84
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    A survey on some biological aspects of spiny lobster Panulirus homarus for optimizing fishing season in Sistan - o – Baluchestan provnce (2018)
    Iranian Fisheries Science Research Institute | Tehran, Iran
    Details
    Publication Date: 2021-05-19
    Description: Research project was conducted on some biological aspects of lobster in Oman Sea in the years1385-86. During the project some parameters such as length distribution, spawning peak, length (Carapace) at first maturity, the length at which 50% of the lobsters were found to be mature sexually, sex ratio, relative frequency index and population dynamics parameters were examined. Quantitative factors and catch composition of lobster including the amount of catch in terms of weight and number of ovigerous-female, under-sized specimens and so were compared by monthly. According to the results of present study caught specimens were male with carapace length of 22 and 110 mm respectively. The smallest ovigerous female was taken as 46mm CL when length at first maturity was estimated to be 69-70mm. the male: female ratio was 0.7: 1.3 for the whole year. A closed fishing season for the species is proposed during spring and September and October in Oman Sea. A large amount of the catches for the all sampling months came from the under-sized specimens, consist of 50 to 85% of the total catch. Therefore, presence of these small length groups have direct effects on time of closing season. Population dynamics parameters were calculated as follows: K=0.57 year, L∞= 103mm and Ǿ = 8.69. Total mortality (Z), natural mortality (M) and fishing mortality (F) coefficients were calculated as 2.73, 0.87 and 1.86, respectively. Exploitation ratio for the whole population was 0.681, indicating an overexploitation of the species. Based on the available data, the recruitment pattern for lobster was obtained for two season including spring (major) and autumn (minor). Catch per unite effort (CPUE) was calculated as 0.908 kg/Cage/day which was higher in comparison with two other areas including Ramin and Chabahar. Examination of CPUE for a 10-year period showed a decreased trend and the reduction for the year 1386 was about 30% when compared to the data from the year 1375. Moreover, the mean length during 1369-70 to 1385-86 (present study) decreased for the three areas including Pozm, Ramin and Chabahar, so that the carapas length decreased up to 10 mm in length. This sudden decrease in mean length during the 10-year period should be considered as a serious precariousness for sustainable exploitation of lobster in Oman Sea along Sistan and Baluchistan province.
    Description: Iranian Fisheries Science Research Institute
    Description: Published
    Keywords: Biological ; Survey ; Spiny Lobster ; Panulirus homarus ; Fishing ; Spawning ; Length ; Maturity ; Sex ratio ; Female ; Specimens ; Species ; Mortality ; Population
    Repository Name: AquaDocs
    Type: Report , Refereed
    Format: 68pp.
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  • 85
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    Effects of endocrine disruption by 4-nonylphenol ethoxylate on the growth performance and immune response of female and male immature koi carp (Cyprinus carpio carpio) (2018)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2021-05-19
    Description: Nonylphenol (NP) is an endocrine disrupting chemical which has been shown to be able tomodulate endocrine system of various organisms by different mechanisms. The objective of this study was to investigate the potential effects of 4-NP and 17-β - estradiol (E2) on the immune parameters (IgM levels and lysozyme activity) of the teleost Koi carp (Cyprinus carpio carpio) for a better understanding of the immunereproductive system interactions. The experimental fishes were injected with ascending doses (10, 50,100 μgg^-1 body weight) of 4- nonylphenol (4-NP) and (2 μgg^-1 body mass) of 17-β-estradiol (E2) or vehicle during 3 weeks. After 21 days, the fishes (180) were anesthetizedand their blood samples were collected from caudal vein, then they were dissected and sexually separated by gonad characters. The measurement of immune parameters in plasma showed that 4-NP induced significant increase in the IgM levels and lysozyme activity at dose of 50 μgg^-1 while the levels of these parameters in the higher doses (100 μgg^-1 ) decreased compared with the control group (p〈0.05). In addition the treatment, with 2 μgg^-1 E2 significantly decreased both the IgM levels and lysozyme activity after 21 days of injection. These results indicated that 4-NP and E2 could lead to disturb the balance of immune system with potential consequences for immature koi carp.
    Description: Published
    Keywords: 4-nonylphenol ; 17-β-estradiol ; Immune-reproductivesystem ; Immunoglobulin IgM ; Lysozyme ; Koi carp ; Cyprinus carpio carpio ; Disruption ; Growth performance ; Female ; Male
    Repository Name: AquaDocs
    Type: Journal Contribution , Refereed
    Format: pp.725-744
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  • 86
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    Reproduction characteristics of the Vimba vimba persa (2018)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2021-05-19
    Description: Some reproduction characteristics of the Caspian Vimba, Vimba vimba persa, were studied from Oct. 2008 to Sep. 2009 in coastal waters of the Caspian Sea (Mazandaran province). 994 specimens were monthly collected from 6 fish landing sites of Ramsar, Tonekabon, Chalus, Mahmood Abad, Sari and Behshahr. The fecundity was measured using 92 specimens. This species was found to have more abundance in spring (especially April and May). The samples composed of 397(42.6%) male, 537(57.4%) female the sex ratio was M: F = 1:1.35. The advanced stages of maturity (4th & 5th) were found in April and May. The highest Gonadosomatic Index in females was in May and the lowest one was in July. The average of absolute and relative fecundities was 17198±7710 and 171.85±48.8, respectively.
    Description: Published
    Keywords: Coastal waters ; Caspian Vimba ; Vimba vimba persa ; Fecundity ; GSI ; Sex ratio ; Gonadosomatic index ; Female
    Repository Name: AquaDocs
    Type: Journal Contribution , Refereed
    Format: pp.585-595
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  • 87
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    The innate immunity changes of the female anadromous hilsa shad, Tenualosa ilisha , during spawning and post spawning season (2018)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2021-05-19
    Description: Tenualosa ilisha (Hamilton) is a valuable migratory fish belonging to the family Clupeidae and it is distributed in a wide area from the Persian Gulf to coasts of Pakistan and China’s southern sea. The aim of the present study was to investigate the changes occurring in innate immunity parameters during upstream migration and comparing them to those during post spawning. Sixty mature female hilsa shad were obtained using gill net from Karoon River in Khorramshahr during the spawning period (July, August and September 2014) and Hendijan coasts along the Persian Gulf coasts during post spawning period (October, November and December 2014). Immediately, blood samples were collected from the peduncle vein and then parameters including WBC (White Blood Cell) count, Differential WBC Count, plasma lysozyme content and C3 and C4 complement activity were determined. Based on the results, the levels of WBC, lysozyme and C3 during the spawning period were lower than those recorded during post spawning period. However, C4 levels were higher during spawning (p〈0.01). This fact revealed that some innate immunity parameters experience depression during upstream migration and spawning, while these parameters increase during the post spawning period, indicating the suppressive effects of spawning on fish immunity.
    Description: Published
    Keywords: Aquaculture ; Tenualosa ilisha ; Lysozyme activity ; Complement ; Anadromous ; Migration ; Female ; Immunity ; Spawning ; Plasma ; Lysozyme
    Repository Name: AquaDocs
    Type: Journal Contribution , Refereed
    Format: pp. 1526-1539
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  • 88
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    Anatomical and histological study of ovary development stages of Big-eye Kilka (Clupeonella grimmi) in Babolsar Area, Iran (2018)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2021-05-19
    Description: Biological and reproduction characteristics of female big-eye kilka (Clupeonella grimmi) including body weight, fork length, age, gonad development stages, gonad weight, ganado somatic ratio (GSR) were studied. We sampled 808 fish specimens from the Southern Caspian Sea, Babolsar Area during December 2002 to May 2003. Gonad development stages were assessed through tissue sectioning. Results revealed spawning peak to occur in early January. We also measured body weight as 8.88±0.08 grams, fork length as 1.03±0.26 mm, age as 3.6±0.03 years, gonad development stage as 3.67±0.03, gonad weight as 0.5±0.01 grams and ganado somatic ratio (GSR) as 5.39 ±0.1 in the specimens. Totally, five age classes, dominated by the 4+ years were distinguished while no 1+ year's age class was observed. The abundance of gonad developmental stages 2 - 5 was 18.19%, 14.60%, 48.89% and 18.32% respectively. Macroscopic (visual) and microscopic (tissue section) observations of oocyte revealed the same results for gonad development.
    Description: Published
    Keywords: Anatomical ; Histological ; Biological ; Big-eye Kilka ; Clupeonella grimmi ; Gonad development stages ; Female ; Fork length ; Age ; Gonad ; Ganado somatic ratio ; GSR ; Specimens ; Macroscopic ; Microscopic
    Repository Name: AquaDocs
    Type: Journal Contribution , Refereed
    Format: pp.61-74
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  • 89
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    Production of all-female Rainbow Trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss) using sex-reversed males and investigation of their growth parameters in the first year of culture (2018)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2021-05-19
    Description: Possibility of producing all-female rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss) using neomale stock were investigated in Kelardasht hatchery. To do this, we compared the fertilization, hatching rate and growth parameters of progeny in the first year of culture. Histological studies of gonads showed that progenies produced by mating sex-reversed males and normal females were totally female. Eyed-stage egg, hatching and early survival rate in all-female population were 90:69 %, 97.36 %, 91.49 % and in mix sex population were 70.24 %, 98.22 %, 90.73 %, respectively, showing no significant differences (P〉0.05). Lack of maturation in the first year cultured fish led to the identical growth parameters in mix sex and all-female groups (P〉0.05). Results showed that use of sex-reversed males can be one of the best and successful methods of producing all-female populations.
    Description: Published
    Keywords: Histological ; Rainbow Trout ; Oncorhynchus mykiss ; Male ; Female ; Growth ; Culture ; Sex reversed ; Neomale stock ; Hatchery ; Fertilization ; Gonads ; Survival rate
    Repository Name: AquaDocs
    Type: Journal Contribution , Refereed
    Format: pp.45-54
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  • 90
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    Production of all-female Rainbow Trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss) using sex-reversed males and investigation of their growth parameters in the first year of culture (2018)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2021-05-19
    Description: Possibility of producing all-female rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss) using neomale stock were investigated in Kelardasht hatchery. To do this, we compared the fertilization, hatching rate and growth parameters of progeny in the first year of culture. Histological studies of gonads showed that progenies produced by mating sex-reversed males and normal females were totally female. Eyed-stage egg, hatching and early survival rate in all--female population were 90:69 %, 97.36 %, 91.49 % and in mix sex population were 7024 %, 98.22 %, 90.73 %, respectively, showing no significant differences (P〉0.05). Lack of maturation in the first year cultured fish led to the identical growth parameters in mix sex and all-female groups (P〉0.05). Results showed that use of sex-reversed males can be one of the best and successful methods of producing all-female populations.
    Description: Published
    Keywords: Rainbow trout ; Oncorhynchus mykiss ; Fish ; Sex-reversed ; Female ; Hatching ; Eggs ; Growth
    Repository Name: AquaDocs
    Type: Journal Contribution , Refereed
    Format: pp.45-54
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  • 91
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    Determination of maturation and spawning season of Otolithes ruber (Croaker Fish) in Khuzestan coastal water, Iran (2018)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2021-05-19
    Description: In this study, the stage of gonadal development, type and season of spawning of Otolithes ruber in the North West of Persian Gulf were identified. O.ruber maturation and spawning were studied by macroscopic, microscopic, and histologic observation of gonads which obtained from October 1996 to September 1997 in Khouzestan coasts. In the histologic sections of gonad tissue, stages I to VII of gonadal development were distinguished. Post Spawning follicules were observed only in stages VI and VII (in April and May). Atretic ovums were also clearly observed in these stages. Frequency of Ovum diameter distribution in stages II to V is a unimodal which proves that annual maturation of ovums and spawning of this species are simultaneous. The highest level of GSI was observed in March and also higher stages 01' gonadal maturation were observed in March and April. Fast drop in GSI in May and within occurrence of both spawning and spent individuals in only two months of the year shows the relatively short spawning season is spring (April-May). Sexual maturation of females occured after the males and its first length in females was 216 mm.
    Description: Published
    Keywords: Histologic ; Macroscopic ; Microscopic ; Maturation ; Spawning ; Otolithes ruber ; Croaker Fish ; Gonadal ; O.ruber ; Gonads tissue ; Follicules ; Atretic ovums ; Species ; GSI ; Female ; Male ; Length ; Sexual
    Repository Name: AquaDocs
    Type: Journal Contribution , Refereed
    Format: pp.1-22
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  • 92
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    Biological survey on Penaeus indicus in the Jask area (Oman Sea) (2018)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2021-05-19
    Description: The indian white prawn (Penaeus indicus), as one of the commercially important and dominant species along the East coast of Hormozgan province, is a very potential and prospective candidate species for shrimp farming. Since, there wasn't well enough information about biology of this species from Iranian wateres, therefore. some biological aspects such as growth rate, reproduction behaviour distribution pattern and feeding habits were studied from March 1997 to March 1998. Monthly sampling were carried out from the fishing grounds and estuaries of Jask area in the Oman Sea by small trawlers and beach seines gears. Initial growth 01 male was faster than female, with calculated K=l.5 for male and K=1.3 for female. Isometric growth trend was observed in both sexes. Sexual maturity attained within the first 12 months. Spawners were occured abundantly during post-winter, spring and beginning of summer. Postlarvae and sub-adults were found in the esturies with 25-100 mm length, and high densities were observed around the mangrove's roots. They spend at least 3 to 5 months of their life span in the esturies. Analysis of stomach contents revealed that this species is an omnivore with indicative contents of detritus, polychaetes, crustaceane, bivalves, algae and sand particles, with preponderance of vegetable constituents in the sub-adults and of detritus in adults.
    Description: Published
    Keywords: Commercially ; Biological ; Penaeus Indicus ; Growth ; Spawning ; Feeding ; Indian White Prawn ; Species ; Shrimp farming ; Male ; Female ; Polychaetes ; Bivalves ; Algae ; Sand particles ; Crustaceane
    Repository Name: AquaDocs
    Type: Journal Contribution , Refereed
    Format: pp.43-52
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  • 93
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    Determination of artificial propagation normative in Acipenser Gueldenstaedtii (2018)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2021-05-19
    Description: This study was carried out to determine artificial breeding normatives of Russian Sturgeon (Acipenser gueldenstaedti). In this research, which was conducted in Shahid Marjani Breeding Center in late winter, 27 female and 13 male broodstocks were used. All broodstocks were provided from Turkeman and Mianghaleh fishing ground in the Caspian Sea. After maintaining them at Kurinski ponds and determination of germinal vesicle in the oocytes, 15 female and 13 male broodstocks were injected by 60-75 and 40-55 mg of pituitary hormone, respectively. After maturity duration, 10 female and 5 male broodstocks showed response to the hormone injection. Some parameters such as maturity duration, number of oocytes per gram, oocyte diameter, weight and bodymass of oocyte, motility and density of spermatozoid, duration of reaching to 4 and 16 divisions, incubation duration, fertilization percentage in each stage, mortality rate during incubation, number of larvae resulted from each broodstock, number of larvae per gram, weight of each larvae as well as some morphometric parameteres and age for each broodstock were determined.
    Description: Published
    Keywords: Acipenser gueldenstaedtii ; Artificial breeding ; Normatives ; Russian Sturgeon ; Female ; Male ; Broodstocks ; Maturity ; Spermatozoid ; Fertilization ; Mortality rates ; Larvae ; Morphometric
    Repository Name: AquaDocs
    Type: Journal Contribution , Refereed
    Format: pp.77-92
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  • 94
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    Morphometric analysis of the Common Carp, (Cyprinus carpio Linnaeus, 1758) in Anzali Lagoon, south west Caspian Sea (2018)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2021-05-19
    Description: We used electroshocker, cast net and gillnet twice a week in four areas of Anzali Lagoon from April to September 2001 to sample common carp (Cyprinus carpio). Specimens were subjected to biometric measurements in the lab. In all, eighteen morphometric and seven meristic measurements were done on the samples. We determined the equation for the fish total fork length and body weight for males and females. Also, Van Bertalanffy growth model was applied to the male and female fish.
    Description: Published
    Keywords: Common Carp ; Cyprinus carpio Linnaeus ; Morphometric ; Gillnet ; Sample ; Specimens ; Fish ; Length ; Weight ; Male ; Female
    Repository Name: AquaDocs
    Type: Journal Contribution , Refereed
    Format: pp.141-154
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  • 95
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    Some biological characteristics of the Brown Trout Salmo trutta fario (Linnaeus, 1758) in Tonekabon River (2018)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2021-05-19
    Description: This research has been conducted in Tonekabon River in 1996. 190 fish samples were taken from different age groups of 0+, 1+, 2+, 3+, 4+. Results indicated that the highest and lowest abundant were %63, %5.7 in Dohezar and intersection of Dohezar and Cehezar respectively. Maximum body length and weight were 175mm and 84.5g in Dohezar respectively. Minimum body length and weight were 27mm and 0.39 g in Cehezar, respectively. Highest abundant belonged to 2 years age group with 112.3mm average length. Sex ratio was 1:1.4 (female to male). Condition factor of male and female were almost equal (1.268 and 1.257 respectively). Highest feeding intensity was in spring and the lowest was in autumn. Main preys were Simulium, Plecoptera and Ephemeroptera. Growth was positive algometric. Absolute fecundity ranged between 168-379 with an average of 268 eggs.
    Description: Published
    Keywords: Biological ; Brown Trout ; Salmo trutta fario ; Fish ; Samples ; Length ; Weight ; Sex ratio ; Female ; Male ; Feeding ; Simulium ; Plecoptera ; Ephemeroptera ; Algometric ; Eggs
    Repository Name: AquaDocs
    Type: Journal Contribution , Refereed
    Format: pp.21-34
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  • 96
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    Seminatural propagation and rearing of Roach (Rutilus rutilus caspicus) (2018)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2021-05-19
    Description: A research experiment was conducted to provide a protocol for seminatural propagation and rearing of Roach up to release size. The attempt was made to combat the declining trend in the population size and catch of the fish in the Caspian Sea. The optimum temperature for spawning brood-stocks lasts from middle March to late April when the ambient temperature range is 12-17 ֯C. During the four months research period, brood stocks were caught in the estuary of the Gorganrood in Golestan Province, north east Iran. The stocks were released into 2 hectare earthen ponds enriched with manure and fertilizers. Artificial spawning grounds made of pine branches were placed in the ponds. Ponds were stocked with 700 female breeders with an average weight of 150 grams and around 350 male breeders weighing 100 grams on average. Spawning and fertilization of eggs occurred in the ponds of which an estimated 80-90% eyed that were observed from the fifth day onwards. The starting of hatching was observed in the 6th day and yolk sac absorption was observed in day 4 to 6. The larvae were fed on natural zooplankton and artificial food. Assessment of 146 fries for ingested food indicated that the fries fed on Rotifer (Rotatoria sp. and Daphnia sp.) in the ponds. The length-weight relationship was not significantly different among the ponds and also specific growth rates (SGR) did not show any difference in the fries. The relative gut length in the fries were smaller than I (RLG〈1) and fries with an average weight of 0.5 to 1 gram were released into their natural habitat.
    Description: Published
    Keywords: Seminatural propagation ; Roach ; Rutilus rutilus caspicus ; Feeding ; Growth ; Rearing ; Temperature ; Spawning ; Estuary ; Female ; Male ; Fertilization ; Zooplankton ; Rotifer ; Rotatoria sp. ; Daphnia sp. ; Fries
    Repository Name: AquaDocs
    Type: Journal Contribution , Refereed
    Format: pp.165-170
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  • 97
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    Study on breeding of imported brood stocks Litopenaeus vannamei in Iran environment (2018)
    Iranian Fisheries Science Research Institute | Tehran, Iran
    Details
    Publication Date: 2021-05-19
    Description: Regarding to breeding the Litopenaeus vannamei, a total of 126 pairs of broodstocks were imported from Hawaii to Iran in 2004 and 2005 , and then transferred to the Bandargah Research Station in Bushehr. The female broodstocks were ablated, and were feeded 3 times per day with cuttlefish ,small size shrimp and Nereis worm with a ratio of 30% body weight .The water exchange were done 3 times per day. During the years 2004 and 2005 a total 1700000 naupli were produced of which 772000 specimens of pl13 and pl7 were harvested and then transferred to Helleh Site for carrying out the next culture project. The average naupli and postlarvae were 170000 and 92000 in proportion to each broodstock. Also the mean survival rate was estimated 54%.
    Description: Iranian Fisheries Science Research Institute
    Description: Published
    Keywords: Litopenaeus vannamei ; Broodstock ; Breeding ; Female ; Cuttlefish ; Shrimp ; Nereis worm ; Body weight ; Nauplii ; Specimens ; Survival rate ; Breeding
    Repository Name: AquaDocs
    Type: Report , Refereed
    Format: 36pp.
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  • 98
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    The production of all-female in rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss) using indirect feminization (2018)
    Iranian Fisheries Science Research Institute | Tehran, Iran
    Details
    Publication Date: 2021-05-19
    Description: The sex reversal technique in fish is widespread in many countries. The development of these techniques is desirable because rainbow trout males reach their gonad maturity earlier compared to the females. Rainbow trout alevins were treated with 17α-methyltestosterone incorporated in the diet (0.5. 1.5, 3, 6 and 10 mg/kg) for 60 days from the beginning of first feeding. Sex was determined at 180 and 680 dpf by sampling fish (n = 20) from each group and examining gross gonadal morphology under a dissecting microscope. Also sex reversal ratio and growth performance were determined in hormone-treated groups. These sex reversed functional males were reared for brood stock until they attained sexual maturity. At the end of experiment, normal rainbow trout eggs were fertilized with the sperms taken from sex reversed males for producing all-female populations. Examination of the results showed that 17α- methyltestosterone was effective in all treatment. The highest sex reversal ratio with 100% was observed in group treated with 0.5, 1.5 and 3 mg/kg 17α- methyltestosterone. The highest live weight ratios were observed in groups fed with 6, 0.5 17α-methyltestosterone and control group. Female progeny produced from the sex reversed males were 100 % in all males that sired offspring. All female trout stocks produced by this method have advantage in rainbow trout culture since the fish is not meant for direct human consumption and is used to generate brood stock, therefore, difference of growth parameters do not influence the success.
    Description: Iranian Fisheries Science Research Institute
    Description: Published
    Keywords: Sex differentiation ; Oncorhynchus mykiss ; Sex reversal ; Hormone treatment ; 17-αmethyltestosterone ; Female ; Population ; Steroids ; Gonad ; Maturity ; Rainbow trout ; Sexual
    Repository Name: AquaDocs
    Type: Report , Refereed
    Format: 38pp.
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  • 99
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    Effect of brood size on reproduction indices and growth in larvae to stage fingerling of Shibot (Barbus grypus) (2018)
    Iranian Fisheries Science Research Institute | Ahvaz, Iran
    Details
    Publication Date: 2021-05-19
    Description: This study was carried out to determine the effect of size of Barbus grypus broodstocks on reproductive ...
    Description: Iranian Fisheries Science Research Institute
    Description: Published
    Keywords: Fish ; Broodstock ; Hormone ; Male ; Female
    Repository Name: AquaDocs
    Type: Report , Not Known
    Format: 129pp.
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  • 100
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    Artificial Propagation of Tench (Tinca tinca) to Fingerling Size in 1994 (2018)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2021-05-19
    Description: The tench, predominantly lacustina fish, lives in stagnant or sluggish water-bodies with silt covered bottoms. The artificial propagation aimed to produce fish fries for re-stocking programme in natural ecosystems. The brooders comprised of 130 female and 80 male fish. The individuals weight of fishes ranged between 0.2 - 0.45 kg. The female and male fishes caught from wild stock, were separated and kept in two earthen ponds. The biotechnique of carp production were used for culture process. The eggs stripping conducted 8 times according to the ripeness of the brood stock. 60 femal spawners were injected by the Gonadotropic hormone from pituitary glands of carp fish to induce the brooders. The used dosage was between 3-8 mg per kg of body weight, applied in two doses. With only one treatment, 6-8 mg hormone were injected per kg of body weight. Water temprature were 20-24°C in June. Male spawners were treated only once with 3-4 mg of the hormone per kg of body weight. The experiment showed, in two application the effective dose of hormonewas 6-8 mg, that helped 80-100% of the female fishes to discharge eggs. With one treatment, the efficiency of hormone was 7-8 mg, which induced 80-85% of the female spawners to release eggs. The eggs were put in saline carbamid solution mixture after fertilization to eliminate stickness and then washed with pure water. The previous washing treatment took 45-75 minutes and the next one 25-45 minutes. The eggs fertilization rate were 70-85%. Incubation of eggs up to the hatching in Weise jar were 2-2.5 days. The survival rate of the hatched fries were 85-95%, and the size of newly hatched larvae were 4.5-5rnm. The larvae were placed into large Zuge glass. After 4-5 days the young fishes began to feed actively. The diameter of dry eggs were 0.52 - 4 mm and the swelled ones 0.8 - 0.65 mm. Number of eggs/spawners (working fecundity) were 10848 - 17710, and relative fecundity were between 80-350 eggs per 1 gram of body weight. Color of the eggs were bright yellow and greenish yellow.
    Description: Published
    Keywords: Tinca tinca ; Fingerlig ; Fish ; Eggs ; Biotechnique ; Gonadotropic ; Hormone ; Female ; Body weight ; Hatching ; Size ; Survival rate
    Repository Name: AquaDocs
    Type: Journal Contribution , Refereed
    Format: pp.43-52
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