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  • Immunocytochemistry  (64)
  • Drosophila  (55)
  • Springer  (119)
  • Cell Press
  • 1985-1989  (68)
  • 1980-1984  (51)
  • 1986  (68)
  • 1981  (51)
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  • 1985-1989  (68)
  • 1980-1984  (51)
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  • 1
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Polymorphisms in the genomic distribution of copia-like elements in related laboratory stocks ofDrosophila melanogaster (1986)
    Springer
    Journal of molecular evolution 24 (1986), S. 83-88 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-1432
    Keywords: Transposons ; Polymorphism ; Drosophila ; Southern technique
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Summary The genomic distributions of the copia, 297, 412, mdg 1, and B 104 transposable elements have been compared by the Southern technique among two Oregon R and four Canton SDrosophila laboratory lines that have been maintained separately for defined periods of a few years. The heterogeneity of the autoradiographic patterns suggests that multiple transposition events have occurred during the time of separation. The hypothesis that transposition could be induced by, variations of environmental parameters is discussed.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02099954
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  • 2
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Segmental organisation of the head in the embryo of Drosophila melanogaster (1986)
    Springer
    Development genes and evolution 195 (1986), S. 359-377 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-041X
    Keywords: Drosophila ; Blastoderm fate map ; Head segmentation ; Larval cuticle
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Summary Embryos of Drosophila melanogaster were irradiated in the presumptive head region with a UV-laser microbeam of 20 μm diameter at two developmental stages, the cellular blastoderm and the extended germ band. The ensuing defects were scored in the cuticle pattern of the head of the first-instar larva, which is described in detail in this paper. The defects caused by irradiating germ band embryos when morphologically recognisable lobes appear in the head region were used to establish the segmental origin of various head structures. This information enabled us to translate the spatial distribution of blastoderm defects into a fate map of segment anlagen. The gnathal segments derive from a region of the blastoderm between 60% and 70% egg length (EL) dorsally and 60% and 80% ventrally. The area anterior to the mandibular anlage and posterior to the stomodaeum is occupied by the small anlagen of the intercalary and antennal segments ventrally and dorsally, respectively. The labrum, which originates from a paired anlage dorsally at 90% EL, is separated from the remaining head segments by an area for which we did not observe cuticle defects following blastoderm irradiation, presumably because those cells give rise to the brain. The dorsal and lateral parts of the cephalo-pharyngeal skeleton appear to be the only cuticle derivatives of the non-segmental acron. These structures derive from a dorso-lateral area just behind the putative brain anlage and may overlap the latter. In addition to the segment anlagen, the regions of the presumptive dorsal pouch, anterior lobe and post-oral epithelium, whose morphogenetic movements during head involution result in the characteristic acephalic appearance of the larva, have been projected onto the blastoderm fate map. The results suggest that initially the head of the Drosophila embryo does not differ substantially from the generalised insect head as judged by comparison of fate map and segmental organisation.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00402870
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  • 3
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Lineage analysis of transplanted individual cells in embryos of Drosophila melanogaster (1986)
    Springer
    Development genes and evolution 195 (1986), S. 489-498 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-041X
    Keywords: Pole cells and midgut progenitors ; Cell lineages ; Embryogenesis ; Drosophila
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Summary In this paper experiments concerning some aspects of the development of pole cells and midgut progenitors in Drosophila are reported. Cells were labelled by injecting horseradish-peroxidase (HRP) in embryos before pole bud formation and transplanted at different stages into unlabelled embryos, where the transplanted cells developed together with the unlabelled cells of the host. The hosts were then fixed and stained at different ages in order to demonstrate the presence of HRP in the progenies of transplanted cells. The main conlusions of the study are as follows. The gonads are the only organ to the formation of which pole cells normally contribute; those pole cells which do not participate in the formation of the gonads are finally eliminated or degenerate. Since the number of primordial germ cells in the gonads is the same irrespective of the number of pole cells present in the embryo, an (unknown) mechanism must exist regulating the final number of pole cells in each of the gonads. After their formation and before reaching the gonads, pole cells have been found to divide only up to two times. With respect to the midgut progenitors, the cells of both anlagen have been found to be committed to develop into midgut, although they behave as equivalent in that they do not apparently distinguish between the anterior and posterior anlage. Midgut progenitors have been found to divide a maximum of three times and to produce two different types of cells, epithelial cells of the midgut wall and spindle-like cells located internally in the gut.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00375889
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  • 4
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Dominance for enzyme activity inDrosophila melanogaster (1986)
    Springer
    Cellular and molecular life sciences 42 (1986), S. 191-192 
    Details
    ISSN: 1420-9071
    Keywords: Drosophila ; enzyme ; sn-glycerol-3-phosphate ; dehydrogenase ; dominance ; trans, regulation
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary A regulatory element tightly linked to theGpdh locus inDrosophila melanogaster has been isolated from a natural population. Flies homozygous for second chromosomes bearing the element,H31, have half the GPDH activity of normal homozygotes. Heterozygotes betweenH31 andF orS alleles exhibit dominance in GPDH activity. Heterozygotes betweenH31, F orS andDf(2L) GdhA have half the diploid level. The contribution of theS allele to the activity inS/H31 heterozygotes is more than four times that ofH31. The regulatory element distinguishingH31 is tightly linked to theGpdh + locus.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01952463
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  • 5
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Pupation-temperature range in 12Drosophila species from different ecological backgrounds (1986)
    Springer
    Cellular and molecular life sciences 42 (1986), S. 600-604 
    Details
    ISSN: 1420-9071
    Keywords: Drosophila ; temperature-effects ; pupation ; mating ; oviposition ; adaptive strategies
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary A comparison of pupation-temperature range was made in the laboratory on a temperature gradient (3–38°C) using 12 species ofDrosophila representing four species groups and four different ecological backgrounds (temperate-montane forest:virilis group; desert;repleta group; cosmopolitan:melanogaster group; tropical forest:willistoni group). Within groups, differences are found which usually reflect species' distributions. Comparisons of species' mating-, oviposition- and pupation-temperature ranges reveal that pupation most-often occurs at temperatures beyond those for mating and oviposition. Each species reflects a different combination of temperature effects. Individual species have different temperature-limits for mating, oviposition and pupation. Temperatures permissive for one response are not predictive of limits on other responses. Among species, temperature can affect a particular response differently. Within groups, species differences can be at high and/or low temperatures for any response, and temperature effects among closely related species can manifest themselves in one, or any combination of responses. One cannot predict which responses will be most and least limited, or at which end of the temperature scale a response will be most limited. Among groups,common, but notabsolute temperature ranges generally correspond to the geographic distributions and ecological backgrounds of the species triads. The evaluation of temperature effects on species, based on a single activity, may not be adequate for predicting adaptive strategies.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01955553
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  • 6
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Clonal analysis of the blastoderm anlage of the Malpighian tubules in Drosophila melanogaster (1986)
    Springer
    Development genes and evolution 195 (1986), S. 22-32 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-041X
    Keywords: Drosophila ; Cell lineage ; Malpighian tubules ; Compartments ; Cell death
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Summary Genetically marked maroon-like (mal) clones were induced by mitotic recombination with X-rays at the blastoderm stage in mal/mal + heterozygotes and were analysed in differentiated Malpighian tubules (MT). Marked cells were not confined to single anterior (MA) or posterior (MP) tubules, but were distributed among the four tubules. About 70% of the clones with two or more cells were fragmented, i.e. mal cells were separated by wild-type cells. Since the clones contain, on average, 6 cells and the differentiated MT consist of 484 cells (2 × 136 MA cells, 2 × 106 MP cells), we estimate that there are about 80 cells in the blastoderm anlage which on average pass through two to three mitoses. With increasing radiation doses (254 R, 635 R, 1270 R) a linear increase in clone frequency is observed. The mean sizes and size distributions of clones, however, remain unchanged. Since the increasing radiation dose also results in fewer differentiated Malpighi cells, we assume that regeneration does not occur. Therefore, size distributions of marked clones presumably represent real mitotic patterns in normogenesis. We suggest that essentially three successive mitoses take place, with a decreasing fraction of cells showing mitotic activity. Only a small fraction of cells goes through a fourth or even a fifth mitosis. Marked non-Minute clones induced in Minute heterozygotes are more frequent, but are not larger than non-Minute clones in wild-type background. Therefore, compartment boundaries cannot be recognized by this method. However, frequencies of marked cells found simultaneously in MA and MP pairs or in several single tubules of the same individuals are significantly higher than frequencies of multiple recombination events predicted by the Poisson distribution. From this, we conclude that neither the MA pair nor the MP pair nor single tubules represent compartments of the MT anlage.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00444038
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  • 7
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Lineage analysis of transplanted individual cells in embryos of Drosophila melanogaster (1986)
    Springer
    Development genes and evolution 195 (1986), S. 389-398 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-041X
    Keywords: Cell lineage ; Embryogenesis ; Drosophila ; Cell marking ; Cell transplantation
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Summary A method is presented which allows the study of the progeny of single cells during Drosophila embryogenesis. Cells from various larval anlagen of donor embryos labelled with a lineage tracer are individually transplanted from defined positions into similar, or different, positions in unlabelled hosts. The clones produced by these cells can be seen in whole mounts or in sections of fixed material, when using a histochemical marker (i.e. HRP), and/or in living embryos, when using fluorescent lineage tracers. The characteristics of the clones disclose lineage parameters, such as division patterns, morphogenetic movements and differentiation. The method is especially useful for testing the respective roles of positional information and cell lineage on the commitment of progenitor cells by transplanting these cells into heterotopic positions or into hosts of different genotypes.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00402872
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  • 8
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Developmental genetics of a P element induced allele of suppressor-of-forked in Drosophila melanogaster (1986)
    Springer
    Development genes and evolution 195 (1986), S. 334-337 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-041X
    Keywords: Suppression ; P elements ; Lethality ; Drosophila
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Summary In this paper we describe a new allele of suppressor of forked, su(f) hd37, referred to as hd37, which was isolated in a hybrid dysgenesis mutation screen and is shown to be P induced by its high frequency of reversion in hybrid dysgenic crosses, and by in situ hybridization. hd37 suppresses forked and fails to complement the forked suppression of known su(f) alleles. However, it complements the recessive lethality of alleles in both of the su(f) lethal complementation groups. We also describe a new phenotypic effect of su(f) alleles, the enhancement of Minute(3)i 55. Recessive lethal alleles enhance the lethal effects of this Minute, but hd37 does not. The temperature sensitive period for forked bristle suppression by hd37 was found to be very narrow, consisting of a short interval (12–18 h) immediately before bristle formation. These results suggest that the several genetic functions associated with this locus may be genetically separable.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00376066
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  • 9
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    The peripheral nervous system of mutants of early neurogenesis inDrosophila melanogaster (1986)
    Springer
    Development genes and evolution 195 (1986), S. 210-221 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-041X
    Keywords: Peripheral nervous system ; Neurogenesis ; Mutants ; Drosophila
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Summary Mutations previously known to affect early neurogenesis inDrosophila melanogaster have been found also to affect the development of the peripheral nervous system. Anti-HRP antibody staining has shown that larval epidermal sensilla of homozygous mutant embryos occur in increased numbers, which depend on the allele considered. This increase is apparently due to the development into sensory organs of cells which in the wild-type would have developed as non-sensory epidermis. Thus, neurogenic genes act whenever developing cells have to decide between neurogenic and epidermogenic fates, both in central and peripheral nervous systems. Different regions of the ectodermal germ layer are distinguished with respect to their neurogenic abilities.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02438953
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  • 10
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Maternal-effect mutations altering the anterior-posterior pattern of the Drosophila embryo (1986)
    Springer
    Development genes and evolution 195 (1986), S. 302-317 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-041X
    Keywords: Drosophila ; Maternal effect Mutations ; Pattern formation
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Summary Mutations in seven different maternal-effect loci on the second chromosome of Drosophila melanogaster all cause alterations in the anterior-posterior pattern of the embryo. Mutations in torso (tor) and trunk (trk) delete the anterior- and posterior-most structures of the embryo. At the same time they shift cellular fates which are normally found in the subterminal regions of the embryo towards the poles. Mutations in vasa (vas), valois (vls), staufen (stau) and tudor (tud) cause two embryonic defects. For one they result in absence of polar plasm, polar granules and pole cells in all eggs produced by mutant females. Secondly, embryos developing inside such eggs show deletions of abdominal segments. In addition, embryos derived from staufen mothers lack anterior head structures, embryos derived from valois mothers frequently fail to cellularize properly. Mutations in exuperantia (exu) cause deletions of anterior head structures, similar to torso, trunk and staufen. However in exu, these head structures are replaced by an inverted posterior end which comprises posterior midgut, proctodeal region, and often malpighian tubules. The effects of all mutations can be traced back to the beginning stages of gastrulation, indicating that the alterations in cellular fates have probably taken place by that time. Analysis of embryos derived from double mutant mothers suggests that these three phenotypic groups of mutants interfere with three different, independent pathways. All three pathways seem to act additively on the system which specifies anterior-posterior cellular fates within the egg.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00376063
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  • 11
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Extra tarsal joints and abnormal cuticular polarities in various mutants ofDrosophila melanogaster (1986)
    Springer
    Development genes and evolution 195 (1986), S. 145-157 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-041X
    Keywords: Drosophila ; Cell polarity ; Limb development ; Pattern formation ; Bristle
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Summary The legs of flies from 16 different mutant strains ofDrosophila melanogaster were examined for abnormal cuticular polarities and extra joints. The strains were chosen for study because they manifest abnormal cuticular polarities in some parts of the body (10 strains) or because they have missing or defective tarsal joints (6 strains). All but three of the stocks were found to exhibit misorientations of either the bristles, hairs, or “bract-socket vectors” on the legs. The latter term denotes an imaginary vector pointing from a hairlike structure called a “bract” to the bristle socket with which it is associated. On the legs of wild-type flies nearly all such vectors point distally, as do the bristles and hairs. In the mutant flies, the most common vector misorientation is a 180° reversal. When the bract-socket vectors of adjacent bristle sites in the same bristle row point toward one another, the distance between the sites is frequently abnormally large, whereas when the vectors point in opposite directions, the interval is frequently abnormally small. This correlation is interpreted to mean that bristle cells actively repel one another via cytoplasmic extensions that are longer in the direction of the bract-socket vector than in the opposite direction. Repulsive forces of this kind may be responsible for “fine-tuning” the regularity of bristle spacing in wild-type flies. Extra tarsal joints were found in eight of the 16 strains. A ninth strain completely lacking tarsal joints appears in some cases to have an extra tibia-basitarsus joint in its tibia. Whereas the tarsi of wild-type flies contain four joints, the tarsi ofspiny legs mutant flies contain as many as eight joints. In this extreme extra-joint phenotype, four of the joints correspond to the normal wild-type joints, and there is an extra joint in every tarsal segment except the distal-most (fifth) segment. Nearly all such ectopic extra joints have inverted polarity. In other strains the extra tarsal joints are located mainly at the wild-type joint sites, and joints of this sort have wild-type polarity. The alternation of normal and inverted (extra) joints inspiny legs resembles the alternation of normal and inverted (extra) body segment boundaries in the embryonic-lethal mutantpatch, suggesting that tarsal and body segmentation may share a common patterning mechanism.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02439432
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  • 12
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    The sense organs in theDrosophila larva and their relation to the embryonic pattern of sensory neurons (1986)
    Springer
    Development genes and evolution 195 (1986), S. 222-228 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-041X
    Keywords: Sense organs ; Drosophila ; Pattern formation ; Peripheral nervous system
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Summary Various types of sense organs are arranged in a highly reproducible pattern on the thoracic and abdominal segments ofDrosophila embryos and larvae. We describe this pattern and identify the neurons that innervate each sense organ. This identification is confirmed by the analysis of partial deficiencies for the scute region, which delete specifically some of the sense organs and their innervating neurons. Since our description of the sense organs accounts for all the sensory neurons that have been identified in the embryo, we believe that this description is accurate and complete, except in the terminal segment, where some sense organs remain to be identified.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02438954
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  • 13
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Lineage analysis of transplanted individual cells in embryos of Drosophila melanogaster (1986)
    Springer
    Development genes and evolution 195 (1986), S. 445-454 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-041X
    Keywords: Neural and epidermal cell lineages ; Embryogenesis ; Drosophila
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Summary Some aspects of neural and epidermal cell lineages during embryogenesis of Drosophila melanogaster were studied by transplanting horseradish-peroxidase-(HRP-) labelled ectodermal cells from young gastrula donors into host embryos of similar ages. Heterotopic transplantations permitted us to assess the degree of commitment already attained by the transplanted cells. The resulting cell clones showed normal characteristics of cytodifferentiation and cell number. The results indicate that epidermal progenitors perform a maximum of three mitoses during embryonic development, whereas neuroblasts may perform more than ten mitoses. Clone size distribution is in both cases scattered, suggesting either a rather irregular mitotic pattern or cell death. As indicated by heterotopic transplantations, the neurogenic ectoderm for the ventral nervous system exhibits different neurogenic abilities in its different regions, decreasing from medial to lateral; we discuss the hypothesis that some medially located cells of the young gastrulating embryo could be committed towards the neural fate before segregating from the ectoderm. On the other hand, the cells of the dorsal ectodermal regions at the same stage seem to be indifferent with respect to commitment, for they are able to give rise to central neural lineages following their transplantation in the neurogenic region.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00375748
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  • 14
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    An interpretation of some bristle pattern modifications caused by directional selection inDrosophila melanogaster (1986)
    Springer
    Cellular and molecular life sciences 42 (1986), S. 846-848 
    Details
    ISSN: 1420-9071
    Keywords: Drosophila ; bristles ; phenotype ; directional selection ; chaetogen
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary The variations of the dorsocentral and scutellar bristle patterns founded in two bidirectionaly selected lines are discussed in terms of the Richelle and Ghysen model. The phenotype obtained through selection for bristle suppression can be accounted for by a decrease in chaetogen production. Extra bristles can be accounted for by an alteration of the response of the cells to positional information.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01941549
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  • 15
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Immunochemical studies on xanthine dehydrogenase of soybean root nodules (1986)
    Springer
    Planta 167 (1986), S. 190-195 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-2048
    Keywords: Glycine (xanthine dehydrogenase) ; Immunocytochemistry ; Polyclonal antibody ; Root nodule ; Xanthine dehydrogenase
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Xanthine dehydrogenase (XDH, EC 1.2.1.37) was purified from root nodules of soybean (Glycine max) and used to prepare a polyclonal rabbit antiserum. Monospecificity of this antiserum was ascertained by sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis of the immunoprecipate. During root nodule development of soybean, only one form of XDH was detected on an immunological basis. Titration of XDH by immunoelectrophoresis showed that a remarkable increase in the amount of XDH occurred between two and four weeks after inoculation, in parallel with the increase in enzyme activity. Localization of XDH by immunofluorescence indicated that the enzyme was present exclusively in uninfected cells where it appeared to be associated with discrete organellels
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00391414
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  • 16
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Yeast communities from host plants and associated Drosophila in southern arizona: new isolations and analysis of the relative importance of hosts and vectors on comunity composition (1986)
    Springer
    Oecologia 70 (1986), S. 386-392 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-1939
    Keywords: Yeast ; Drosophila ; Host plants ; Communities ; Vectors
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Summary The yeast communities from slime fluxes of three deciduous trees (Prosopis juliflora, Populus fremontii and Quercus emoryi) and the necroses of two cacti (Opuntia phaeacantha and Carnegiea gigantea) were surveyed in the region of Tucson, Arizona. In addition, the yeasts carried by dipterans associated with the fluxes or necroses (Drosophila carbonaria, D. brooksae, D. nigrospiracula, D. mettleri, and Aulacigaster leucopeza) were sampled. The results indicate that each host sampled had a distinct community of yeasts associated with it. The dipterans, which can act as vectors of the yeasts, deposited yeasts from other sources in addition to those found on their associated hosts. It is argued that host plant physiology is relatively more important than the activity of the vector in determining yeast community composition. Furthermore, the average number of yeast species per flux or necrosis is not different from the average number of yeast species per fly. It is hypothesized that the vector may affect the number of species per individual flux or not, and that the number is lower than the rot or necrosis could potentially support.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00379501
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  • 17
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Extracellular protein fibrils in Chrysochromulina breviturrita (Prymnesiophyceae) and their serological relationship to fungal fimbriae (1986)
    Springer
    Archives of microbiology 146 (1986), S. 207-213 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-072X
    Keywords: Extracellular proteins ; Surface fibrils ; Algae-fungi-Chrysochromulina ; Immunocytochemistry ; Agglutination ; Fimoriae
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract An extensive network of extracellular fibrils was revealed by negative staining in the greenish gold algal flagellate, Chrysochromulina breviturrita. These fibrils were of uniform diameter (4–5 nm), sometimes exceeding 5 μm in length. In addition there were short, narrower fibrils (2–3 nm) on the surface of the flagella. Six protein bands were isolated from spent culture medium by SDS-PAGE and one of 80,000 Da was found to polymerize after dialysis into 4–5 nm fibrils identical to those found on the cell surface. Two other proteins of 58,000 Da and 65,000 Da also formed 4–5 nm fibrils but these were either rare or of a shorter length and different appearance. An antiserum directed against the surface 7 nm fibrils (fimbriae) of fungi agglutinated cells of C. breviturrita and some other Prymnesiophyceae and Chrysophyceae, but did not agglutinate cells of algal species in other groups. Immunofluorescence and protein A gold labelling confirmed that antigens related to fungal fimbriae were present on the surface of cells of C. breviturrita. Only the 80,000 and 58,000 Da proteins labelled heavily following protein A gold labelling. Some individual 4–5 nm fibrils labelled with gold were observed in the material prepared from the 80,000 Da band. These results therefore establish that C. breviturrita produces a surface network of fibrils that are serologically related to the fimbriae of fungi, and suggest a previously unrecognized relationship between members of the Prymnesiophyceae, Chrysophyceae and fungal groups.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00403218
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  • 18
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Genetic and developmental characterization of the aldox-2 locus of Drosophila melanogaster (1986)
    Springer
    Biochemical genetics 24 (1986), S. 683-699 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-4927
    Keywords: Drosophila ; aldox-2 ; molybdoenzymes
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Abstract The aldox-2 locus in Drosophila melanogaster has been shown to affect differentially three molybdoenzymes, aldehyde oxidase, pyridoxal oxidase, and xanthine dehydrogenase. These effects are most obvious at times surrounding the pupal-adult boundary, when the normal organism accumulates large amounts of these enzymes in their active form. This locus has been more precisely mapped genetically to 2–82.9±2.1, with complete concordance between the effects of all recombinant chromosomes on all three enzymes. The cytogenetic location has also been determined to be between 52E and 54E8, with the likelihood that it lies within the region 54B1-54E8. The aldox-2 mutant allele has no visible phenotype and is completely recessive for enzyme effects at all stages tested. Segmental duplication of this region, including the aldox-2 + allele, has no apparent effect on the visible phenotype or the enzymatic activity. The mutant aldox-2 allele has no effect on the developmental expression of two unrelated enzymes, 6-phosphogluconate dehydrogenase and NADP+-dependent isocitrate dehydrogenase. The effects of this locus on aldehyde oxidase, xanthine dehydrogenase, and pyridoxal oxidase suggest that this locus may code for a product involved in the synthesis of the molybdenum cofactor common to these enzymes.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00499002
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  • 19
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Analysis of Aldox n alleles isolated from natural populations of Drosophila melanogaster (1986)
    Springer
    Biochemical genetics 24 (1986), S. 291-308 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-4927
    Keywords: Drosophila ; aldehyde oxidase ; gene dosage ; Aldox
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Abstract Aldox “null” alleles which were isolated from natural populations in Great Britain and North Carolina were analyzed for complementation. No complementation was observed between any combinations of “null” alleles for aldehyde oxidase (AO) specific activity in late third-instar larvae and newly emerged adults. AO immunologically cross-reacting material (AO-CRM) was quantitated in all homozygous stocks at both developmental stages as well as all allelic combinations in newly emerged adults. When the adult organism contains only Aldox n alleles, the polypeptides are not immunologically recognizable or may be rapidly degraded. Larvae and adults have different abilities to degrade mutationally altered enzymatically inactive AO polypeptide or synthesize them differentially. This is indicated by easily measurable AO-CRM levels in late third-instar larvae of Aldox n homozygotes, while newly emerged adult Aldox n homozygotes have very little, if any, AO-CRM. Newly emerged adult heterozygotes of Aldox n /Aldox + do have increased AO-CRM, indicating that the Aldox n alleles can code for a polypeptide which can be “rescued” if Aldox + gene product is present. Heterozygotes containing an Aldox + allele with a deficiency for the Aldox region produce 74.2% of the AO-CRM found in Aldox + homozygotes. This may indicate the presence of trans-acting factors which serve to activate gene expression in a system in which each gene copy is not maximally expressed.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00502796
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    The effect of temperature on biochemical and molecular properties ofDrosophila alcohol dehydrogenase (1986)
    Springer
    Biochemical genetics 24 (1986), S. 873-889 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-4927
    Keywords: Drosophila ; alcohol dehydrogenase ; temperature ; adaptation ; enzyme polymorphism
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Abstract The gene products of the two major alleles of alcohol dehydrogenase (ADH-F and ADH-S) have been subjected to kinetic and biochemical analyses over a range of temperatures. Although temperature was found to have a significant effect on both kinetic and biochemical properties ofDrosophila ADH, no significant differential effect was observed between the major ADH allozymes. The results are discussed within the context of the selective maintenance ofAdh polymorphism in natural populations.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00554526
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    sn-glycerol-3-phosphate oxidase and alcohol tolerance inDrosophila melanogaster larvae (1986)
    Springer
    Biochemical genetics 24 (1986), S. 859-872 
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    ISSN: 1573-4927
    Keywords: Drosophila ; alcohol tolerance ; glycerol-3-phosphate oxidase
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Abstract The role of sn-glycerol-3-phosphate oxidase (GPO; EC 1.1.99.5) in the variation of ethanol tolerance inDrosophila melanogaster was assessed in isofemale lines derived from individuals collected at the Chateau Tahbilk Winery and Wandin North Orchard of Victoria, Australia. When fed an undefined medium (semolina-treacle) with 6% ethanol (v/v), larvae of lines with high GPO activities survived better than did larvae of lines with low GPO activities. Although GPO was induced to higher activity levels by dietary ethanol in larvae of all the test lines, GPO activity was greater in lines representing the area outside the wine cellar. This implied that the cellar environment selected against individuals with high levels of GPO. These data do not explain the established difference in tolerance between cellar and outside populations. The GPO activities of lines were not dependent upon the activities of the lipogenic enzyme, glycerol-3-phosphate dehydrogenase; the major ethanol-degrading enzyme, alcohol dehydrogenase; or the citric acid cycle enzyme, fumarase. Thus, GPO activity is an important component of the metabolic mechanism of ethanol tolerance in larvae, but the mode of action of GPO has not been defined.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00554525
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    Coadaptation ofDrosophila and yeasts in their natural habitat (1986)
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    Journal of chemical ecology 12 (1986), S. 1037-1055 
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    ISSN: 1573-1561
    Keywords: Drosophila ; Diptera ; Drosophilidae ; yeasts ; cactus ; community ecology ; mutualism ; coadaptation ; evolution ; alkaloids ; fatty acids ; sterols
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Abstract The mutualistic interactions of cactophilicDrosophila and their associated yeasts in the Sonoran Desert are studied as a system which has evolved within the framework of their host cactus stem chemistry. Because theDrosophila-yeast system is saphrophytic, their responses are not thought to directly influence the evolution of the host. Host cactus stem chemistry appears to play an important role in determining where cactophilicDrosophila breed and feed. Several chemicals have been identified as being important. These include sterols and alkaloids of senita as well as fatty acids and sterol diols of agria and organpipe cactus. Cactus chemistry appears to have a limited role in directly determining the distribution of cactus-specific yeasts. Those effects which are known are due to unusual lipids of organpipe cactus and triterpene glycosides of agria and organpipe cactus.Drosophilayeast interactions are viewed as mutualistic and can take the form of (1) benefits to theDrosophila by either direct nutritional gains or by detoxification of harmful chemicals produced during decay of the host stem tissue and (2) benefits to the yeast in the form of increased likelihood of transmission to new habitats. Experiments on yeast-yeast interactions in decaying agria cactus provide evidence that the yeast community is coadapted. This coadaptation among yeasts occurs in two manners: (1) mutualistic increases in growth rates (which are independent of the presence ofDrosophila larvae) and (2) stabilizing competitive interactions when growth reaches carrying capacity. This latter form is dependent on larval activity and results in benefits to the larvae present. In this sense, the coadapted yeast community is probably also coadapted with respect to itsDrosophila vector.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01638995
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    Habitat choice byDrosophila pseudoobscura: The roles of genotype and of experience (1986)
    Springer
    Behavior genetics 16 (1986), S. 271-279 
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    ISSN: 1573-3297
    Keywords: Drosophila ; habitat choice ; learning ; experience
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Psychology
    Notes: Abstract Microhabitat preferences ofDrosophila pseudoobscura strains were examined in a Waddington maze, with an emphasis on learning how early environment affected adult habitat choice. The genotypes were roughly those expected in a natural population; the environmental variables included light, temperature, and food. It was found that (1) the different genotypes chose habitats differently; (2) early experience affected subsequent habitat choice; and (3) the effect of early experience was complex, as preference for one niche dimension (temperature) was reinforced by experience with the generally preferred value, preference for another niche dimension (light) was weakened by experience with the generally preferred value, and preference for other niche dimensions (food) was generally unaffected by experience. In this study the contribution to the total chi square was about equal from genotype and from environment. The significance of these findings for studies of dispersal and population structure of natural populations is discussed.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01070802
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    Measuring learning in individual flies is not necessary to study the effects of single-gene mutations inDrosophila: A reply to Holliday and Hirsch (1986)
    Springer
    Behavior genetics 16 (1986), S. 449-455 
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    ISSN: 1573-3297
    Keywords: Drosophila ; learning ; memory ; classical conditioning ; mutants
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Psychology
    Notes: Abstract Holliday & Hirsch (this issue) now agree that “Quinnet al. (1974) have demonstrated learning [inDrosophila] with group data, and their inability to identify individual differences (IDs) in performance does not invalidate their conclusion that some individuals in the population must have learned.” However, they consider it important, if not necessary, to show that anindividual fly has learned. In response to Holliday and Hirsch, this paper discusses why it is not necessary to measure learning in individual fruit flies before searching for underlying biochemical mechanisms.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01074264
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    The effect of dietary ethanol on the composition of lipids of Drosophila melanogaster larvae (1986)
    Springer
    Biochemical genetics 24 (1986), S. 51-69 
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    ISSN: 1573-4927
    Keywords: ethanol ; lipid ; alcohol dehydrogenase ; Drosophila ; nutrition
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Abstract At a moderate concentration (2.5%, v/v) dietary ethanol reduced the chain length of total fatty acids (FA) and increased the desaturation of short-chain FA in Drosophila melanogaster larvae with a functional alcohol dehydrogenase (ADH). The changes in length in total FA were postulated to be due to the modulation of the termination specificity of fatty acid synthetase. Because the ethanol-stimulated reduction in the length of unsaturated FA was blocked by linoleic acid, it was thought to reflect the properties of FA 9-desaturase. Although the ethanol-stimulated reduction in chain length of unsaturated FA was also observed in ADH-null larvae, ethanol promoted an increase in the length of total FA of the mutant larvae. Thus, the ethanolstimulated change in FA length was ADH dependent but the ethanol effect on FA desaturation was not. Ethanol also stimulated a decrease in the relative amount of phosphatidylcholine and an increase in phosphatidylethanolamine. Because similar ethanol-induced changes have been found in membrane lipids of other animals, ethanol may alter the properties of membranes in larvae. It is proposed that ethanol tolerance in D. melanogaster may be dependent on genes that specify lipids that are resistant to the detrimental effects of ethanol.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00502978
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    Relationship between α-glycerophosphate dehydrogenase activity and metabolic rate during flight in Drosophila melanogaster (1986)
    Springer
    Biochemical genetics 24 (1986), S. 245-257 
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    ISSN: 1573-4927
    Keywords: flight metabolism ; Drosophila ; αGPDH ; Kacser-Burns
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Abstract Measurements of wing-beat frequency (WBF) have been used to characterize flight muscle metabolic rate in Drosophila melanogaster during tethered flight. Progeny of crosses between 17 X-chromosome substitution lines and three null-activity stocks have been studied in order to determine the effect on flight metabolism of sharply reduced activity of α-glycerophosphate dehydrogenase (αGPDH). It was found that flies with an approximate 50% reduction in αGPDH activity have a metabolic rate that is, in most cases, indistinguishable from that of wild-type flies and, in the most extreme cases, reduced by only 4%. These results demonstrate that αGpdh is not a “major gene” for flight metabolism, in the quantitative genetic sense of the term. These results are in agreement with the Kacser and Burns (1973, 1979, 1981) theory of flux, which postulates that the activity of an enzyme embedded in a multienzyme pathway can sometimes vary from wild-type to very low levels (perhaps 5–10% wild type) with no significant effect on flux through the total pathway.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00502792
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    Neuroendocrine cells within colorectal tumours induced by dimethylhydrazine (1986)
    Springer
    Cell & tissue research 246 (1986), S. 205-210 
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    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: 1,2-Dimethylhydrazine ; Peptide YY ; Glucagon ; 5-Hydroxytryptamine ; Immunocytochemistry ; Rat
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary Colorectal adenocarcinomas were induced in male Wistar rats, by weekly subcutaneous administration of 1,2-dimethylhydrazine, classified according to the degree of differentiation and submitted to immunocytochemistry for the peptides cholecystokinin (CCK), gastrin, gastric inhibitory polypeptide (GIP), glucagon, neurotensin, pancreatic polypeptide (PP), peptide YY (PYY), somatostatin and vasoactive intestinal polypeptide (VIP) and the biogenic monoamine 5-hydroxytryptamine. Well- or moderately well-differentiated adenocarcinomas comprised 46% of the tumour population, only 4% were poorly-differentiated adenocarcinomas, and the remaining 50% possessed a mixture of these two morphologies. Glucagon, PYY and 5-hydroxytryptamine immunoreactive cells were frequently observed within well- or moderately well-differentiated tumours and within such regions of tumours possessing a mixed morphological pattern. The tumours contained no cells immunoreactive for any of the peptides not normally located within the colorectum, nor did they contain cells immunoreactive for somatostatin and VIP, although known positive controls did stain. Poorly-differentiated tumours and portions of tumours of mixed type, were consistently negative. 5-hydroxytryptamine was the most frequently located of the three antigens, being detected in 87% of the moderately well-differentiated tumours and 32% of the tumours with mixed morphologies. 11% of moderately well-differentiated tumours possessed 5-hydroxytryptamine positive cells in such profusion that they contributed significantly to the tumour mass. The distribution of glucagon-and PYY-immunoreactive cells was similar, although they occurred with a lower frequency, presumably corresponding to their lower numbers within the normal colorectal mucosa. Additionally, these two peptide immunoreactivities were colocalized in the majority of cells, although some cells contained only one antigen. The immense numbers of cells immunoreactive for peptides and monoamine in a significant proportion of colorectal adenocarcinomas suggests that they have arisen from multipotential endodermal stem cells within the tumours and are not part of the normal epithelial population being engulfed as the tumour grows.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00219019
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    Immunocytochemistry of magnocellular neurons of supraoptic and paraventricular nuclei of normal and Brattleboro rats with vasopressin anti-idiotype antibody (1986)
    Springer
    Cell & tissue research 246 (1986), S. 509-513 
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    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Anti-idiotype antibody ; Vasopressin ; Immunocytochemistry ; Receptors ; Brattleboro rat
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary A vasopressin anti-idiotype antibody was generated by immunization with purified IgG of a primary vasopressin antiserum. The anti-idiotype antibody immunostained neurons in the supraoptic and paraventricular nuclei of the hypothalamus of normal and Brattleboro rats. The distribution of immunostained perikarya in these hypothalamic nuclei together with the staining of fibers in median eminence and neural lobe was similar to that observed in normal rats with anti-vasopressin and suggests strongly that vasopressinergic neurons are being stained. Absorption studies with vasopressin and a vasopressin-binding receptor protein further indicate that a receptor associated with vasopressinergic neurons is recognized by the anti-idiotype antibody.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00215190
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    Immunocytochemical localization of a rhodopsin-like protein in the lipochondria in photosensitive neurons of Aplysia californica (1986)
    Springer
    Cell & tissue research 244 (1986), S. 115-120 
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    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Neurons ; Lipochondria ; Rhodopsin ; Immunocytochemistry ; Aplysia californica
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary Polyclonal antibodies directed against squid opsin were used in immunocytochemical and immunoblot experiments to identify a rhodopsin-like protein in photosensitive neurons of Aplysia. Aldehyde-fixed abdominal and cerebral ganglia were embedded in paraffin for peroxidase anti-peroxidase analysis or used whole for immunofluorescence studies. Ganglia were embedded in Lowicryl K4M for electron-microscope immunocytochemistry. In both the cerebral and abdominal ganglia, light-microscope immunocytochemical results showed reaction product deposited around the neuronal cell periphery corresponding in position to the lipochondria. In the abdominal ganglion, the giant cell R2, located in the right rostral quarter, and neurons in the right caudal quarter were consistently labeled with anti-opsin. Electron-microscopic studies demonstrated ferritin-labeling of the lipochondria in R2 and other immunoreactive neurons. Immunoblot analysis of R2 and cerebral neuron extracts was used to identify two prominent immunoreactive protein bands at 85000 and 67500 molecular weight.
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    GABA neurones in retinas of different species and their postnatal development in situ and in culture in the rabbit retina (1986)
    Springer
    Cell & tissue research 243 (1986), S. 117-123 
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    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: GABA ; Immunocytochemistry ; Neurones ; Retina ; Different species ; Rabbit
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary The localisation of GABA immunoreactive neurones in retinas of a variety of animals was examined. Immunoreactivity was associated with specific populations of amacrine neurones in all species examined, viz. rat, rabbit, goldfish, frog, pigeon and guinea-pig. All species, with the exception of the frog, possessed immunoreactive perikarya in their retinal ganglion cell layers. These perikarya are probably displaced amacrine cells because GABA immunoreactivity was absent from the optic nerves and destruction of the rat optic nerve did not result in degeneration of these cells. GABA immunoreactivity was also associated with the outer plexiform layers of all the retinas studied; these processes are derived from GABA-positive horizontal cells in rat, rabbit, frog, pigeon and goldfish retinas, from bipolar-like cells in the frog, and probably from interplexiform cells in the guinea-pig retina. The development of GABA-positive neurones in the rabbit retina was also analysed. Immunoreactivity was clearly associated with subpopulations of amacrine and horizontal cells on the second postnatal day. The immunoreactivity at this stage is strong, and fairly well developed processes are apparent. The intensity of the immunoreactivity increases with development in the case of the amacrine cells. The immunoreactive neurones appear fully developed at about the 8th postnatal day, although the immunoreactivity in the inner plexiform layer becomes more dispersed as development proceeds. The immunoreactive horizontal cells become less apparent as development proceeds, but they can still be seen in the adult retina. The GABA immunoreactive cells in rabbit retinas can be maintained in culture. Cultures of retinal cells derived from 2-day-old animals can be maintained for up to 20 days and show the presence of GABA-positive cells at all stages. In one-day-old cultures the GABA immunoreactive cells lacked processes but within three days had clearly defined processes. After maintenance for 10 days a meshwork of GABA-positive fibres could also be seen in the cultures.
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    Morphological variation of immunoreactive cells positive to cholecystokinin 33 (10–20) and gastrin 34 (1–15) in human duodenum (1986)
    Springer
    Cell & tissue research 244 (1986), S. 519-525 
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    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Duodenum ; Cholecystokinin ; Gastrin ; Immunocytochemistry ; Ultrastructure ; Man
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary Human duodenal endocrine cells reactive with antibodies to cholecystokinin (CCK) 33 (10–20) and/or gastrin 34 (1–15) were studied by a combination of immunohistochemical and electron-microscopic methods. By immunohistochemistry, three types of endocrine cells were distinguished in human duodenal mucosa, i.e., those only positive for only CCK, those positive for both CCK and gastrin and those only positive for only gastrin. Ultrastructurally, the first cell type is characterized by many secretory granules with an eccentric dense core (mean diameter; 271+-74 nm). The second cell type, which was less frequent than the other two, has ultrastructural features that resemble type-I cells. The last cell type was composed of two types of cells containing small secretory granules identical to those of IG cells (mean diameter; 171+-31 nm) or large secretory granules indistinguishable from those of I cells (mean diameter; 286+-50 nm).
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    The dopaminergic innervation of the goldfish pituitary (1986)
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    Cell & tissue research 244 (1986), S. 577-582 
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    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Dopamine ; Pituitary gland ; Neuroendocrine regulation ; Immunocytochemistry ; Carassius auratus
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary The dopaminergic innervation of the goldfish pituitary gland was studied by immunocytochemistry at the electron-microscope level using highly specific antibodies against dopamine coupled to bovine serum albumin with glutaraldehyde. A satisfactory preservation of the tissue was achieved after immersion in 5% glutaraldehyde in phosphate buffer containing sodium metabisulfite to prevent oxidation of the endogenous dopamine. The immunocyto-chemical procedure was performed on Vibratome sections using the preembedding method. Immunoreactivity was restricted to part of the neurosecretory type-B fibers (diameter of the secretory vesicles lower than 100 nm) in which it was found to occupy the whole cytoplasm. Labeled fibers were observed within the neurohypophysis in the different parts of the gland and in the adenohypophyseal tissue where immunoreactive profiles were detected in close apposition to the different cell types. These data are in agreement with previous results obtained by means of radioautography and further support a role for dopamine in the neuroendocrine regulation of pituitary functions in teleosts.
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    Glutamic acid decarboxylase (GAD)-like immunoreactivity in the pedal ganglion of Mytilus galloprovincialis (1986)
    Springer
    Cell & tissue research 244 (1986), S. 591-593 
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    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Immunocytochemistry ; GAD ; Pedal ganglion ; Invertebrate nervous system ; Mytilus galloprovincialis
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary A substance immunologically related to vertebrate glutamic acid decarboxylase (GAD) has been visualized in the pedal ganglion of Mytilus with the pre-embedding peroxidase-antiperoxidase method, by use of an antiserum raised in sheep against rat brain GAD. The results show that GAD-like immunoreactivity is present both in neuronal perikarya and in nerve fibers. Positive neurons are located mainly among the fibers of the ganglion neuropil at the commissural level, and more rarely close to unreactive cortical cell bodies. Immunoreactive nerve fibers are observed throughout the neuropil and also in cerebropedal and pedal nerves.
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    Redistribution of cell surface transferrin receptors prior to their concentration in coated pits as revealed by immunoferritin labels (1986)
    Springer
    Cell & tissue research 244 (1986), S. 613-619 
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    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Cell-surface transferrin receptor ; Redistribution of cell-surface receptors ; Receptor-mediated endocytosis ; K562 cells ; Immunocytochemistry
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary Immunocytochemistry has been used to study distribution of cell surface transferrin receptors in erythroid, leukemic (K562) cells. The cells were fixed and labelled with monoclonal (OKT-9) anti-transferrin receptor antibodies; the antibody-labelled receptors were then detected by either immunofluoresceinor immunoferritin-antimouse-antibody conjugates. Typically, the immunoferritin labels were distributed diffusely at the non-coated regions of the cell surface as well as concentrated in the clathrincoated pits. To examine further this pattern of distribution, cells were labelled at 0° C and then warmed to 37° C for zero to 30 min prior to fixation. The majority of the immunoferritin labels were initially dispersed in small groups at the non-coated regions of the cell surface (mean = 6 immunoferritin labels/cluster), but larger groups were common subsequent to incubation at 37° C (mean = 13 immunoferritin labels/cluster). However, the size of immunoferritin labels in the coated pits was unchanged (mean = 12 immunoferritin labels/pit). Immunoferritin labels were typical in coated and uncoated vesicles l min after warming to 37° C, but common in endosomes, multivesicular bodies and lysosomes by 30 min. It appears that single cell-surface receptors form large aggregates prior to their concentration in coated pits. Coated vesicles, uncoated vesicles, and endosomal vacuoles may together form the non-lysosomal compartment where the internalized receptors might be dissociated from the ligands (antibodies).
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    Immunocytochemical localization of S-100 protein in stellate cells (folliculo-stellate cells) of the adenohypophysis in the monkeys Macaca irus and Cercopithecus aethiops (1986)
    Springer
    Cell & tissue research 246 (1986), S. 237-242 
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    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: S-100 protein (human, bovine) ; Folliculo stellate cells ; Adenohypophysis ; Immunocytochemistry ; Monkeys (Macaca irus, Cercopithecus aethiops)
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary With the use of an antibody against bovine S-100 protein, it was possible to reveal a characteristic cell type in the pars distalis and the pars tuberalis of the monkey Macaca irus. In the adenohypophysis of Cercopithecus aethiops, labeled cells were present in the pars distalis, pars tuberalis, and pars intermedia. These cells, so-called folliculo-stellate cells, were found in all pituitaries studied. Surprisingly, an antibody against human S-100 protein did not label the stellate cells of the adenohypophysis. However, in Macaca irus, this antibody gave a strong positive reaction with various other cell types (interstitial cells of the pineal gland, Müller cells of the retina, autonomic ganglionic cells, glial cells of the central nervous system, Schwann cells, Bergmann glia of the cerebellum, fat cells, reticular cells of lymphoid organs). By use of double immunoenzymatic labeling, it was evident that stellate cells are spatially related either to somatotropes, prolactin cells, “corticotropes”, or to glycoprotein-containing cells. Thus, a specific relationship to a particular endocrine-cell type could not be observed.
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    5-Hydroxytryptamine immunoreactivity in the epidermal sacciform gland cells of the clingfish Lepadogaster candollei Risso (1986)
    Springer
    Cell & tissue research 246 (1986), S. 679-682 
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    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Fish skin ; Sacciform glandular cells ; Immunocytochemistry ; 5-Hydroxytryptamine ; Lepadogaster candollei
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary Serotonin has been demonstrated in the epidermal sacciform glandular cells of the clingfish Lepadogaster candollei by use of immunocytochemistry. Serotonin immunoreactivity is found both in the peripheral cytoplasm of the glandular cells and their luminal secretion. The presence of serotonin in the sacciform glandular cells parallels that located by both biochemical and immunocytochemical procedures in the cutaneous glands of many amphibian species.
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    Immunocytochemical study of the development of vasotocin/mesotocin in the hypothalamo-hypophysial system of the chick embryo (1986)
    Springer
    Cell & tissue research 243 (1986), S. 15-31 
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    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Embryonic hypothalamo-hypophysial system ; Vasotocin neurons ; Mesotocin neurons ; Chick embryo hypothalamus ; Immunocytochemistry ; Chicken
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary The hypothalamo-hypophysial system of the chick embryo has been studied with a monoclonal antibody which cross-reacts with arginine vasotocin and mesotocin, using thick (100 μm) sections in conjunction with a peroxidase-conjugated rabbit anti-mouse antibody. Although weakly stained perikarya occur occasionally in the tuberal region on embryonic days 6 and 7, the most consistent immunostaining of perikarya is found in the periventricular region of the caudal midhypothalamus at the level of the optic chiasm after embryonic day 8 1/2. Synthesis of peptides, therefore, takes place while the cells are close to their site of origin. Between embryonic days 9 and 10, beaded axons run along the anterior median eminence closely apposed to the adenohypophysis, thereby forming the anlage of the zona externa. The axons of the hypothalamo-neurohypophysial tract surround the neural lobe between embryonic days 11 and 12. The caudal to rostral wave of neuronal maturation that occurs during development appears to be due to a progressive differentiation of the periventricular zone, as well as the migration of perikarya. The early periventricular perikarya at embryonic day 8 1/2 send processes rostrally in a wing-shaped formation that extends both dorso- and ventrolaterally. From embryonic days 10 to 12, perikarya can be observed in the wing-like extensions, apparently migrating to rostral levels. The dorsolateral pathway gives rise at its midportion to the lateral cell group, whereas those perikarya migrating more laterally form the anlage of the external supraoptic nucleus. The ventrolateral wing-shaped extension of perikarya appears to be directed toward the ventral group and those lateral perikarya continuous with it. The location of mature neuronal cell groups is well established by embryonic day 17.
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    Immunocytochemical localization of ornithine decarboxylase in cultured murine cells (1986)
    Springer
    Cell & tissue research 243 (1986), S. 33-40 
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    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Ornithine decarboxylase ; Macrophage ; Immunocytochemistry ; Murine cell culture ; Antibody specificity
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary Antiserum elicited to ornithine decarboxylase (ODC) purified from murine RAW 264 macrophage-like cells has been employed to localize ODC in cultured murine cells. The antiserum immunoprecipitated 100% of the ODC activity from the cultured cells. The specificity of the antiserum was demonstrated by the immunoprecipitation from 35S-methionine metabolically-labeled cell extracts of a single protein which migrated upon SDS-gel electrophoresis coincident with authentic ODC. Indirect immunofluorescence experiments were performed on paraformaldehyde-fixed RAW 264 cells and JB6 epidermal cells using the rabbit anti-ODC antiserum and FITC-conjugated goat anti-rabbit IgG. Little immunofluorescence was apparent in non-stimulated cells. Intense immunofluorescence was detectable in stimulated cells at times of peak cellular ODC activity. Antigenically-reactive ODC was localized diffusely in the cytoplasm and was absent in the nuclei of RAW 264 cells, whereas in the JB6 cells the immunodetectable enzyme protein was localized in a punctate pattern in both the cytoplasm and nucleoplasm and was absent in the nucleolus. The appearance and disappearance of immunoreactive ODC in both cell types after stimulation was consistent with the alterations in ODC activity.
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    Immunoreactivity of the hermaphroditic gonad of the snail Helix aspersa Müller towards antibodies raised to fragments of pre-pro-opio-melanocortin (1986)
    Springer
    Cell & tissue research 245 (1986), S. 337-341 
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    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Immunocytochemistry ; Hermaphrodite gonad ; Pre-pro-opio-melanocortin ; FMRF-amide-like materials ; Snail, Helix aspersa Müller
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary Male and female germinal cells of the active hermaphroditic gonad of a snail (Helix aspersa Müller) reveal a positive immunoreactivity to some antibodies raised against biologically active peptides related to pre-pro-opiomelanocortin of vertebrates. All but the oldest cells of the different spermatogenetic and oogenetic stages are methionine-enkephalin-immunopositive, whereas only the young oocytes are α-MSH- and 17–39 ACTH-positive. Sometimes some male cells show an 1–24 ACTH positivity. Structures other than germinal cells also react with some antibodies: for example, the nurse cells are β-MSH-immunoreactive, the nerve fibers surrounding each acinus and the hermaphrodite duct are both 17–39 ACTH and FMRF amide positive.
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    Differential immunocytochemical staining for glial fibrillary acidic (GFA) protein, S-100 protein and glutamine synthetase in the rat subcommissural organ, nonspecialized ventricular ependyma and adjacent neuropil (1986)
    Springer
    Cell & tissue research 245 (1986), S. 343-351 
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    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Subcommissural organ ; Ependyma ; Astrocytes ; Immunocytochemistry ; Glial fibrillary acidic (GFA) protein ; S-100 protein ; Glutamine synthetase ; Rat
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary Antibodies raised against glial fibrillary acidic protein (GFA), S-100 protein (S100) and glutamine synthetase (GS) are currently used as glial markers. The distribution of GFA, S100 and GS in the ependyma of the rat subcommissural organ (SCO), as well as in the adjacent nonspecialized ventricular ependyma and neuropil of the periaqueductal grey matter, was studied by use of the immunocytochemical peroxidase-antiperoxidase technique. In the neuropil, GFA, S100 and GS were found in glial elements, i.e., in fibrous (GFA, S100) and protoplasmic astrocytes (S100, GS). The presence of S100 in the majority of the ventricular ependymal cells and tanycytes, and the presence of GFA in a limited number of ventricular ependymal cells and tanycytes confirm the glial nature of these cells. The absence of S100, GFA and GS from the ependymocytes of the SCO, which are considered to be modified ependymal cells, suggests either a non-astrocytic lineage of these cells or an extreme specialization of the SCO-cells as glycoprotein-synthesizing and secreting elements, a process that may have led to the disappearance of the glial markers.
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    Immunocytochemical identification of structures containing putative red pigment-concentrating hormone in two species of decapod crustaceans (1986)
    Springer
    Cell & tissue research 245 (1986), S. 377-386 
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    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Red pigment-concentrating hormone ; Immunocytochemistry ; Neurosecretion ; Crustaceans ; Carcinus maenas ; Orconectes limosus
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary By use of an antiserum raised against the Nterminal sequence pGlu-Leu-Asn-Phe..., common to red pigment-concentrating hormone (RPCH) of Pandalus borealis and three structurally similar insect neuropeptides, putative RPCH-immunopositive structures were revealed in the eyestalks of Carcinus maenas and Orconectes limosus and in the brain and thoracic ganglion (TG) of C. maenas. In the eyestalks, complete neurosecretory pathways were demonstrated, consisting of perikarya, axons and terminals in the neurohemal organ, the sinus gland (SG). In C. maenas approximately 20 small RPCH cells are present as a distinct group adjacent to the medulla terminalis ganglionic X-organ (MTGXO, XO). They are morphologically different from the larger XO perikarya, which contain the crustacean hyperglycemic hormone (CHH). The occurrence of both neuropeptides in distinct neurosecretory pathways was ascertained by immunologic double staining (PAP/gold) or by analysis of consecutive sections. In addition, a group of two to four larger RPCH cells is located in the proximal part of the MT. In O. limosus, RPCH cells are found in the XO. Cells corresponding to the proximal MT cells of C. maenas were not found. In both species, a few more weakly staining immunopositive perikarya were observed in clusters of cell somata of the optic ganglia. It is uncertain whether these are connected to the SG. In the brain of C. maenas, several smaller and three larger perikarya were consistently observed in the dorsal lateral cell somata adjacent to the olfactory lobes. In the optic nerve, two axons that project into the eyestalk were stained. Some axons were also observed in the ventral median neuropil of the brain. In the TG, RPCH cells were found in small numbers in median positions, i.e., in clusters of somata between the ganglia of the appendages. HPLC analysis of the red pigment-concentrating activity from the SG of C. maenas revealed that the retention time of the neuropeptide is similar but not identical to that of Pandalus borealis RPCH.
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    Choline acetyltransferase-like immunoreactivity in the brain of Drosophila melanogaster (1986)
    Springer
    Cell & tissue research 246 (1986), S. 57-62 
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    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Insect brain ; Neurotransmitters ; Immunocytochemistry ; Drosophila melanogaster
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary Using a monoclonal antibody selective for the acetylcholine (ACh)-synthesizing enzyme choline acetyltransferase (ChAT) of Drosophila melanogaster we find ChAT-like immunoreactivity in specific synaptic regions throughout the brain of Drosophila melanogaster apart from the lobes and the peduncle of the mushroom body and most of the first visual neuropile (lamina). Several anatomically well-defined central brain structures exhibit particularly strong binding. Characteristic differential staining patterns are observed for each of the four neuromeres of the optic lobes. Cell bodies appear not to bind this antibody. The prominent features of the distribution of ChAT-like immunoreactivity are paralleled by the distribution of acetylcholine hydrolyzing enzymatic activity as revealed by histochemical staining for acetylcholine esterase (AChE). These results are discussed in comparison with published data on enzyme distribution, choline uptake and ACh receptor binding in the nervous system of Drosophila melanogaster.
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    Mosquito trypsin: immunocytochemical localization in the midgut of blood-fed Aedes aegypti (L.) (1986)
    Springer
    Cell & tissue research 245 (1986), S. 19-27 
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    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Trypsin ; Immunocytochemistry ; Midgut ; Exocytosis ; Aedes aegypti
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary A polyclonal antibody was raised against trypsin purified from the midgut of blood-fed Aedes aegypti. Using this antibody and our modification of the peroxidase-antiperoxidase immunocytochemical reaction, strong activity was found in the lumen of the midgut at the light-microscopical level. The activity was localized mainly in the posterior part of the distensible, abdominal midgut, along the periphery of the blood bolus and within the peritrophic membrane. Immunoreactivity appeared 8 h after the blood meal and was most prominent around 24 h, coinciding with our previous spectrophotometric determinations of trypsin. At the electron-microscopical level, secretory granules, immunocytochemically labelled with anti-trypsin antibody and protein A-colloidal gold, were first detected about 12 h after the blood meal. At 18 h, the secretory pathway could be followed immunocytochemically from the formation of granules in the Golgi complex until their release by exocytosis in the midgut lumen. By 24 h, there was a reduction in secretory granules, and large lysosomes appeared. The process of secretion described for this mosquito is comparable to similar events in vertebrate secretory systems and the presence of an intracellular trypsinogen is suggested.
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    Somatotrophs and lactotrophs in the anterior pituitary of fetal and neonatal rats (1986)
    Springer
    Cell & tissue research 245 (1986), S. 457-460 
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    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Anterior pituitary ; Somatotroph ; Lactotroph ; Ultrastructure ; Immunocytochemistry ; Fetal and neonatal rat
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary The ultrastructure of immunoreactive somatotrophs and lactotrophs in pituitaries of fetal rats at 19, 20 and 21 days of gestation and on the day of birth was studied. Somatotrophs, first detectable at 19 days of gestation, undergo only minor modifications before reaching the structure described for adults. In particular there is an increase in the endoplasmic reticulum and Golgi apparatus. Lactotrophs, first identifiable in newborn rats, are very different in ultrastructure from adult cells, because the secretory granules are generally small, but variable in shape and size, and the Golgi complex is prominent.
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    Localization and function of an FMRFamide-like substance in the aorta of Helix aspersa (1986)
    Springer
    Cell & tissue research 246 (1986), S. 303-307 
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    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: FMRFamide ; Aorta ; Bioassay ; Immunocytochemistry ; Helix aspersa
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary With an antiserum (aFM) against the molluscan “cardio-active” FMRFamide (Phe-Met-Arg-Phe-NH2) numerous immunoreactive axons were found in the outer, longitudinal, muscle layer of the anterior aorta of Helix aspersa. Immunoreactive axons were rare in the inner, circular, muscle layer. At the ultrastructural level four types of axons could be distinguished. The granules containing the immunoreactive substance (mean diameter ca. 100 nm) are present in type-2 axons. The effect of synthetic FMRF-amide was tested in vitro on preparations of ring- and tubule-shaped pieces of the anterior aorta. Physiological doses (3 × 10-7 M) provoked contractions of the circular muscle fibres, but had no effect on the longitudinal muscle cells. Apparently in vivo the FMRF-like substance diffuses from the richly innervated longitudinal muscle layer to the circular muscle layer, where it exerts its effect. This conclusion is sustained by the observation that the contents of the aFM-immunoreactive granules in type-2 axons are released by exocytosis in a “non-synaptic” fashion.
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    Light and electron-microscopic immunocytochemistry and lectin histochemistry of the subcommissural organ: Evidence for processing of the secretory material (1986)
    Springer
    Cell & tissue research 243 (1986), S. 545-559 
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    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Subcommissural organ ; Glycoproteins ; Secretory process ; Immunocytochemistry ; Lectin histochemistry ; Rat ; Vertebrates
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary The subcommissural organ (SCO) of the rat was investigated by use of histochemical and immunocytochemical methods at the light and electron-microscopic levels. Consecutive thin methacrylate sections were stained with the pseudoisocyanin (Psi), immunoperoxidase (IMC; employing an antiserum against Reissner's fiber, AFRU), periodic acid-Schiff (PAS) and periodic acid-silver methenamine (SM) techniques, and reacted with six types of lectins. Psi, SM, concanavalin A (Con A) and IMC were also used for double and triple sequential staining of the same section. Increasing dilutions of AFRU (from 1∶1000 to 1∶200 000) were used for immunostaining of serial paraffin sections. In addition, ultrastructural localization of (i) Con A-binding sites and (ii) immunoreactive secretory material was performed. Some of these procedures were also applied to the ophidian and canine SCO. Con A-positive, Psi-positive and immunoreactive materials coexisted within the same cisternae of the rough endoplasmic reticulum. The Golgi apparatus lacked Con A-positive and immunoreactive substances. Apical secretory granules and secreted material lying on the surface of the SCO showed (i) the highest affinity for AFRU, but were (ii) Con A-negative, and (iii) wheat-germ agglutinin-, PAS and SM-positive. Reissner's fiber displayed a low affinity for AFRU. It is suggested that the SCO secretes N-linked glycoproteins, the carbohydrate and protein moeities of which undergo (i) a maturation process before being released, and (ii) some kind of modification(s) after their release into the ventricle. The perivascular secretory cells of the dog SCO might secrete a material different from that secreted by the ependymal cells.
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    Correlative immuno-electron-microscopic and immunofluorescent localization of actin in sensory and supporting cells of the inner ear by use of a low-temperature embedding resin (1986)
    Springer
    Cell & tissue research 245 (1986), S. 229-235 
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    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Inner ear ; Cochlea ; Actin ; Immunocytochemistry ; Chinchilla
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary The cochleas from chinchilla inner ears were processed in the cold through Lowicryl K4M, and cured by UV light. Thick (2 μm) sections were reacted with primary antibodies raised against actin, and anti-actin antibodies localized by FITC epifluorescence. On thin sections from the same blocks anti-actin antibodies were localized ultrastructurally with secondary antibodies coupled to colloidal gold. In the hair cells, actin was present in the stereocilia and cuticular plate, regions where thin filaments were observed by electron microscopy. Colloidal gold was uniformly distributed over these regions and over the stereocilia rootlets demonstrating that actin was present in this region although previously in permeabilized cells, the rootlet was not decorated with myosin subfragment S-1. Actin was present in the pillar and Deiters supporting cells at the reticular lamina and at the basilar membrane, where a meshwork of thin filaments was seen by electron microscopy. Colloidal gold particles were also localized over the thin processes of the pillar and Deiters cells, and over the region of the Deiters cell which envelops the base of the outer hair cell. In these regions actin co-localized with microtubules along the entire length of the supporting cells.
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    Immunocytochemical study of fibronectin in the sea lamprey, Petromyzon marinus, and the Atlantic hagfish, Myxine glutinosa (1986)
    Springer
    Cell & tissue research 244 (1986), S. 549-555 
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    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Fibronectin ; Lamprey ; Hagfish ; Immunocytochemistry ; Connective tissues
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary Immunoreactive fibronectin-like material was localized within tissues of agnathans (hagfishes and lampreys) by an immunoperoxidase technique. Fibronectin was detected in basement membranes and in loose and dense connective tissues throughout the agnathan body. A fibronectin-like component was also identified in the plasma of both lampreys and hagfishes. The results indicate that fibronectin or a fibronectin-like material is a major component of agnathan connective tissues. Although there were some variations in the localization of fibronectin both between the lamprey and the hagfish and between agnathan and other vertebrate tissues, the generalized pattern of distribution of fibronectin in the agnathans supports the view that this protein, like that in higher vertebrates, plays a role in cellmatrix adhesion and tissue organization.
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    Ultrastructure and central projections of extraocular photoreceptors in caddiesflies (Insecta: Trichoptera) (1986)
    Springer
    Cell & tissue research 245 (1986), S. 643-648 
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    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Photoreceptors, extraocular ; Optic lobes ; Stemmata ; Immunocytochemistry ; Insecta (Trichoptera)
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary Retained larval eyes (stemmata) were studied in the imagines of three species of Trichoptera: Phrygania grandis, Agrypnia varia, and Trichostegia minor. At the light-microscopic level the stemmata of all three species appeared to represent different stages of reduction with respect to size, shape and number of lenses. However, in all three species electron-microscopic studies showed units with monolayered rhabdoms, each formed by four retinula cells. By use of immunocytochemistry the presence of S-antigen was demonstrated in the retinula cells and their axons. This method also revealed the central projections of the axons of the retinula cells, which were found (i) to terminate either in the lamina accessoria or (ii) to penetrate this area to join the fibers of the outer chiasma of the optic lobes and then terminate in the medulla accessoria. The lamina accessoria and the medulla accessoria are the assumed remnants of the larval optic lobes. It is suggested that the imaginal stemmata might still be functioning photoreceptors.
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    Localization of enkephalin immunoreactivity in diverse tissues and cells of the developing and adult rat (1986)
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    Cell & tissue research 246 (1986), S. 561-565 
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    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Growth ; Enkephalin ; Endogenous opioids ; Immunocytochemistry ; Differentiation
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary The distribution of enkephalin, an endogenous opioid, in tissues and cells of the developing and adult rat was determined by immunocytochemistry with antibodies to met- and leu-enkephalin. Met- and leu-enkephalin were found in all developing cells investigated, with staining generally located throughout the cytoplasm; cell nuclei were not immunoreactive. In comparison to developing cells, immunoreactive analogues to met-enkephalin were usually difficult to detect in the adult. Some notable exceptions were reaction products in leukocytes in blood, lung, and cortex of thymus, fibroblasts in the skin, and seminiferous tubules. These results, in concert with earlier reports that opioid receptors are found largely in developing, but not adult, tissues, indicate that endogenous opioids are specifically involved in biological development, particularly cell proliferation and differentiation. Immunoreactivity in adult nonneural cells may be related to their development in some cases, but also could indicate other functions.
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    Localization of substance P-like immunoreactive fibers in the thoracic spinal cord of guinea pig (1986)
    Springer
    Cell & tissue research 246 (1986), S. 653-665 
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    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Substance P ; Spinal cord ; Dorsal-horn fiber system ; Immunocytochemistry ; Guinea pig
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary A dorsal-horn fiber system is revealed in the thoracic spinal cord of guinea pig by means of substance P immunocytochemistry. This system has repeated craniocaudal and/or caudo-cranial extensions and possesses five main components: (1) a superficial network, situated beneath the dorsolateral surface of the spinal cord. This network is connected with the dorsal root fibers and the accumulations of substance P-like immunoreactive (SP-LI) fibers in the Lissauer's tract; (2) an accumulation of SP-LI fibers in the Lissauer's tract at the border of the dorsal horn; (3) two collateral SP-LI fascicles (one lateral and one medial) emerging from the SP-LI fiber accumulation in the Lissauer's tract; (4) a transversal fascicle running through laminae III–V, and (5) an SP-LI network in the region of the lateral spinal cord nucleus. These components of the dorsal-horn fiber system show widespread connections with ipsi-and contralateral spinal cord areas, connecting them in cranio-caudal and/or caudo-cranial directions. The SP-LI dorsal-horn system has close relationship with groups of preganglionic sympathetic cells in the intermediate zone of the spinal cord, respective with the vegetative network of this zone. It is suggested that some fibers of the dorsal-horn system that originate from dorsal-root ganglia may represent primary sensory or visceral afferents. It is likely that the dorsal-horn fiber system and the vegetative network of the thoracic spinal cord may represent the morphological basis for the integration of (1) the central and peripheral vegetative nervous systems, and (2) the somatic and vegetative nervous system.
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    Differential subcellular localization of ACTH and α-MSH in corticotropes of the rat anterior pituitary (1986)
    Springer
    Cell & tissue research 243 (1986), S. 229-238 
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    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Anterior pituitary ; Corticotropes ; α-MSH ; Immunocytochemistry ; Rat
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary Specific antisera to α-melanotropin (α-MSH) and corticotropin (ACTH 1-39) were used to obtain immunocytochemical evidence for the differential localization of α-MSH and ACTH in the secretory granules of corticotropes of rat anterior pituitary. The specificity of the antisera was established by binding 131I-labeled α-MSH and ACTH 1-39 to their respective antisera. Double-labeling immunocytochemistry (for α-MSH, ferritin; for ACTH, colloidal gold) was performed. Some secretory granules were labeled with ferritin particles (α-MSH), whereas others contained gold particles (ACTH). Only a few granules showed both ACTH and α-MSH. In typical corticotropes (stellate in form with a small number of secretory granules aligned along the cell periphery) only some of the secretory granules that were labeled with anti-ACTH serum were also immunoreactive to anti-α-MSH. In atypical corticotropes (polygonal in shape and containing a large number of secretory granules) almost all of the immunoreactive ACTH secretory granules were also positive to anti-α-MSH serum. An intermediate type of corticotrope was observed containing a small number of secretory granules, almost all of which were labeled with anti-α-MSH. Thus, rat anterior pituitary corticotropes may be classified into three types according to the distribution and content of α-MSH. The light-microscopic immuncytochemistry provided similar results.
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    The organization of serotonin-immunoreactive neuronal systems in the brain of the crested newt, Triturus cristatus carnifex Laur. (1986)
    Springer
    Cell & tissue research 243 (1986), S. 239-247 
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    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Serotonin ; Indoleamines ; Aminergic neurons ; Immunocytochemistry ; Central nervous system ; Crested newt (Triturus cristatus carnifex)
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary The distribution of serotonin (5-HT) immunoreactive structures has been investigated in the brain of the crested newt by means of indirect immunofluorescence, and unlabeled antibody peroxidase-antiperoxidase-complex (PAP) or biotin-avidin-system (BAS) techniques. In the newt, the bulk of the serotoninergic system extends from the raphe region of the medulla oblongata, through the isthmus, toward the mesencephalic tegmentum, and is characterized by pyriform neurons mainly located in a subependymal position, close to the midline. Also in the caudal hypothalamus, in addition to some 5-HT-positive adenohypophysial cells, many immunoreactive CSF-contacting neurons are found lining the paraventricular organ and the nucleus infundibularis dorsalis. A rich serotoninergic innervation was observed in the preoptic area and in the habenular complex. Concerning the telencephalon, immunopositive nerve fibers are encountered in the dorsal pallium, primordium hippocampi, striatum and olfactory bulbs. The general organization of serotoninergic systems in the newt brain exhibit close similarities to that described in higher vertebrates.
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    Immunocytochemical evidence for the presence of “mammalian” neurohormonal peptides in neurones of the tapeworm Diphyllobothrium dendriticum (1986)
    Springer
    Cell & tissue research 243 (1986), S. 41-49 
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    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Neuropeptides ; Serotonin ; Diphyllobothrium dendriticum ; Immunocytochemistry
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary In the nervous system of the obligatory endoparasite Diphyllobothrium dendriticum immunoreactivity (IR) to growth hormone-releasing factor (GRF), peptide histidine isoleucine (PHI), bovine pancreatic polypeptide (BPP), gastrin, gastrin-releasing peptide (GRP), oxytocin, FMRF-amide (FMRF) and serotonin (5HT) was demonstrated by immunocytochemical methods. A very strong GRF-IR was observed in the CNS and PNS of larvae and of the constantly growing adult worms. GRF-IR axon terminals occur beneath the basal lamina of the tegument along the inside of the bothridia, the holdfast organ of the worm. GRF-IR fibres surround the yolk producing vitelline glands and occur in the wall of the vagina. PHI-IR was observed in the CNS and PNS of larvae and adult worms. PHI-IR terminals occur beneath the basal lamina of the tegument along the strobila, the nutrient absorbing surface of the worm. PHI-IR fibres seem to innervate the testicular follicles. FMRF-IR fibres and perikarya occur close to the vitelline glands and the uterine pore and in the male copulatory organ. Numerous large 5HT-IR perikarya with long varicose fibres were observed in the nervous system of the worm. 5HT-IR perikarya occur close to the genital atrium. D. dendriticum is the phylogenetically lowest organism in which IR to PHI has been demonstrated.
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    Immunocytochemical differentiation between adipokinetic hormone (AKH)-like peptides in neurons and glandular cells in the corpus cardiacum of Locusta migratoria and Periplaneta americana with C-terminal and N-terminal specific antisera to AKH (1986)
    Springer
    Cell & tissue research 243 (1986), S. 9-14 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Adipokinetic hormone ; Corpus cardiacum ; Locusta migratoria ; Periplaneta americana ; Immunocytochemistry
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary An immunocytochemical method was used to differentiate between immunoreactive substances in glandular cells in the corpora cardiaca (CC) and in certain cerebral neurons in 2 insect species, Locusta migratoria migratorioides and Periplaneta americana. The staining properties of antisera raised to different parts of the decapeptide adipokinetic hormone (AKH) were compared and their specificity was determined by preabsorption with AKH and related peptides. Antibodies raised to the N-terminal part of AKH (serum 433) and the central and C-terminal part (serum 241) were found to have different staining properties. In the CC of the locust both antisera show a strong immunoreactivity with glandular cells, we therefore suggest that at least one of the compounds revealed is AKH. Some of the glandular cells in the locust and large numbers of glandular cells in the CC of the cockroach are revealed by the N-terminal specific antiserum. On the other hand, neurons in the central nervous system are revealed only by the C-terminal specific antiserum. The possible identity of the various substances revealed by these two antisera is discussed.
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    Comparative immunocytochemical study of release sites of insulin, glucagon and AKH-like products in Locusta migratoria, Periplaneta americana, and Carausius morosus (1986)
    Springer
    Cell & tissue research 245 (1986), S. 267-271 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Peripheral neurosecretory structures ; Immunocytochemistry ; Insulin ; Glucagon ; AKH ; Insects
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary Insulin, glucagon and adipokinetic hormone antisera were applied to the corpora cardiaca, perisympathetic organs, neurohemal areas and peripheral neurosecretory cells of three insect species, the locust Locusta migratoria, the cockroach Periplaneta americana, and the stick insect Carausius morosus. The neurohemal part of the corpora cardiaca was shown to be immunoreactive to both insulin and glucagon antisera while the glandular cells reacted to adipokinetic hormone antisera. The perisympathetic organs seem to be devoid of these three substances, but certain peripheral neurohemal areas contained AKH and glucagon immunoreactive products. The latter were found to originate in the peripheral neurosecretory cells.
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    Immunocytochemical demonstration of 5-HT-like and FMRF-amide-like substances in whole mounts of Microstomum lineare (Turbellaria) (1986)
    Springer
    Cell & tissue research 246 (1986), S. 7-12 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: 5-HT ; FMRF-amide ; Immunocytochemistry ; Nervous system ; Microstomum lineare (Turbellaria)
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary A whole mount immunofluorescence method is used for an investigation of immunoreactivity (IR) to anti-(a-) 5-HT and anti-(a-)FMRF-amide in the nervous system (NS) of Microstomum lineare (Turbellaria, Macrostomida, Platyhelminthes). New details of the organization of the NS are demonstrated, differences in 5-HT and FMRF amide IR are revealed, and new information on the development of the NS in zooids is obtained. In contrast to previous reports of a reduction (one pair of nerve cords without transverse processes) of the basic turbellarian plan, IR to both antisera reveals three pairs of longitudinal nerve cords, and features of the orthogonal organization, characterized by transverse commissures. The lateral pair of nerve cords is the most prominent. The following differences in the patterns of 5-HT and FMRF-amide IR are observed: 1. Perikarya positive for a-5-HT and a-FMRF-amide in the brain show different localizations. 2. Perikarya positive for a-5HT occur along the main lateral nerve cords, while the cords visualized by FMRF-amide IR look double-stranded and lack associated perikarya. 3. 5-HT IR is observed in a postpharyngeal commissure, which is absent in the a FMRF-amide-stained preparations. 4. In developing zooids 5-HT IR is first observed in the postpharyngeal commissure and later on in an increasing number of perikarya and in the neuropile. The first FMRF-amide IR in developing zooids appears in the cerebral commissure and in two perikarya in front of this commissure.
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    Immunocytochemical demonstration of growth hormone, prolactin and somatostatin-like immunoreactivities in the brain of larval, young adult and upstream migrant adult sea lamprey, Petromyzon marinus (1986)
    Springer
    Cell & tissue research 246 (1986), S. 23-31 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Growth hormone ; Prolactin ; Somatostatin ; Immunocytochemistry ; Lamprey
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary Growth hormone, prolactin and somatostatinlike immunoreactivities were demonstrated in the brains of larval, young adult (parasitic) and upstream migrant adult sea lampreys, Petromyzon marinus, by means of immunoperoxidase techniques. Growth hormone (GH) and prolactin (PRL) were observed within separate perikarya in the nucleus praeopticus, within fibers in the commissura praeinfundibularis, and in nerve endings within the neurohypophysis of larval and adult-stage lampreys. Cell bodies demonstrating immunoreactive growth hormone were more numerous than those reactive for prolactin. Unlike in the upstream migrant adult lamprey, no GH or PRL was demonstrated in the adenohypophysis of larval or parasitic lamprey. Somatostatin (SRIF)-like immunoreactive neurons were demonstrated in the nucleus commissurae praeinfundibularis, anterior and posterior pars ventralis hypothalami, pars dorsalis thalami, and the tegmentum motorium rhombencephali of larval, parasitic and upstream migrant adult lampreys. Many of the SRIF containing neurons within the hypothalamus were cerebrospinal fluid (CSF)-contacting cells. SRIF fibers were found throughout most of the brain predominating within the nucleus praeopticus, pars ventralis hypothalami, and the nucleus interpeduncularis. No SRIF immunoreactivity was found within the neurophyophysis. The possible functions of these peptides within the brain of the lamprey are discussed.
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    The shape and distribution of astrocytes in the retina of the adult rabbit (1986)
    Springer
    Cell & tissue research 246 (1986), S. 91-102 
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    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Retina ; Astroglia ; Perivascular glia ; Glial fibrillary acidic protein (GFAP) ; Nerve fiber layer ; Immunocytochemistry ; Rabbit
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary Astrocytes stained by antibodies to glial fibrillary acidic protein (GFAP) were examined in whole-mount preparations of retinae from adult rabbits and found to be restricted to the medullary rays. Astroglial cells exhibited a variety of shapes that varied between two extreme morphologies. One extreme was an astrocyte that possessed a few sturdy primary processes as well as finer processes and was strongly GFAP positive. The other extreme was an astroglial cell that displayed a star-shaped appearance; its perikarya gave rise to a few thin, radially oriented processes, which were rather weakly GFAP positive. The majority of astroglial processes were aligned with the ganglioncell axons, but some of their processes were in contact with capillaries. It has been proposed that astrocytes are specifically associated with ganglion-cell axons. Their restriction to the medullary rays in the retina of the rabbit suggests, however, that their physiological role is also concerned with the vascular system.
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    Deletion polymorphism in a Drosophila melanogaster heat shock gene (1986)
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    Molecular genetics and genomics 204 (1986), S. 266-272 
    Details
    ISSN: 1617-4623
    Keywords: Drosophila ; Heat shock ; Polymorphism ; Transcript mapping ; Deletion
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Summary We have continued the transcriptional analysis of the region of cytological locus 67B that contains the four small heat shock genes and other genes. Transcription from one of the heat shock genes in the region, hsp 26, takes place during high temperature treatment and at certain developmental stages, without heat shock, in several tissues, such as imaginal discs and adult ovaries. Observations of unexpected products after nuclease protection experiments periments provided the first indication of what genomic blot experiments showed to be small deletions. The alleles containing the deletion are expressed at the same level as the wild type allele. The deletion shortens the protein product, implying that it is in the coding region. Furthermore, flies homozygous for one of the deletion alleles are viable.
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    Sequence analysis of a yolk protein secretion mutant of Drosophila melanogaster (1986)
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    Molecular genetics and genomics 205 (1986), S. 557-560 
    Details
    ISSN: 1617-4623
    Keywords: Drosophila ; Secretion mutant ; Sequence analysis ; Yolk protein
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Summary The female-sterile mutants fs(1) 1163 of Drosophila melanogaster described by Gans et al. (1975) has been characterised as a yolk protein 1 (YP1) secretion mutant (Bownes and Hames 1978b; Bownes and Hodson 1980). We have cloned and sequenced the YP1 gene from this strain, and the strain in which the mutant was induced. One amino acid substitution was found in the predicted polypeptide sequence, an isoleucine to asparagine change at position 92. The sequence of the leader peptide was identical to previously published YP1 sequences. The possible effects of the amino acid change were investigated by computer analysis, which suggests there is no major alteration of secondary structure, but that a hydrophobic region in YP1 is lost in the mutant. This may affect higher order structure.
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    Visualization of cytoskeletal changes through the life cycle inAcetabularia (1986)
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    Protoplasma 134 (1986), S. 30-42 
    Details
    ISSN: 1615-6102
    Keywords: Acetabularia ; Actin ; Cyst formation ; Immunocytochemistry ; Microtubules ; Plant cytoskeleton
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Summary The cytoskeleton in the siphonous, marine green algaAcetabularia is visualized by immunocytochemistry using antibodies against plant alfa tubulin and animal smooth muscle actin. In the vegetative phase of the life cycle, when the cell grows a cylindrical stalk and until the reproductive cap is completed, actin forms continuous, parallel bundles that extend through the entire length of the stalk and cap rays respectively. Microtubules (MTs) cannot be detected until the primary nucleus, located in the rhizoid of the giant cell, divides to form thousands of secondary nuclei. MTs can then be seen radiating from each secondary nucleus that is encountered in the stalk on its migration upwards into the cap rays. They are oriented mostly parallel to the long axis of the cell. At arrival in the cap rays up to the “white spot” stage, when nuclei assume equidistant positions in the cap ray cytoplasm, a radiating system of MTs forms around each nucleus and dramatically increases until impressive radial arrays have developed. This phase coincides with a disappearance of actin bundles in the cap rays, but they are retained in the stalk cytoplasm. Shortly after that additional MTs appear around the disk like partitions of cap ray cytoplasm. Concomitantly, bundles of actin reappear colinearly with the circumferrential MTs eventually forming complete rings around each disk of cap ray cytoplasm. During this process the compartments of the future cysts are gradually bulging outwards and simultaneously the rings of actin sink inwards until domes are formed with the nuclei fixed in the top centers of the domes. At this stage the peripheral areas of the radiating MT systems around the nuclei start to break down, whereas the circumferrential MT systems remain intact. Subsequently, the rings of both actin and MTs decrease in diameter, and finally contract to a spot opposite the nucleus, while the cysts continue to develop their oval shape. After the cysts have become separated, they round up and enter several rounds of nuclear divisions. MTs form short radial arrays around each nucleus with minor changes due to a reduction of MTs during division followed by a reappearance after completion of each division. Actin is rearranged in the cysts to a cortical network of randomly oriented, short bundles, that is maintained until gamete formation sets in. These findings accentuate the involvement of Cytoskeletal elements in the key steps of morphogenesis inAcetabularia to an extent that is unknown in higher plants.
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    Variation in sexual behavior and negative assortative mating inDrosophila melanogaster (1986)
    Springer
    Behavior genetics 16 (1986), S. 307-317 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-3297
    Keywords: assortative mating ; sexual selection ; inbreeding ; polymorphism ; Drosophila
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Psychology
    Notes: Abstract The hypothesis that negative assortative mating occurs as a mechanism limiting inbreeding between genetically related individuals ofDrosophila melanogaster was tested. In order to avoid bias linked to using inbred lines, experiments made use of the F1 hybrid progeny between lines rendered homozygous on chromosomes 1, 2, and 3. No negative assortative mating was found, but significant additive variation was observed between lines for orientation, vibration, copulation latencies, and copulation duration. There was no consistency of results, either among parameters or between sexes from the same line. It is therefore unlikely that the variations observed are due merely to quantitative differences in “vigor”. Since all lines originated from the same wild population, these differences are a possible estimate of natural variation in sexual behavior.
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    The influence of light on pupation height inDrosophila (1986)
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    Behavior genetics 16 (1986), S. 407-413 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-3297
    Keywords: Drosophila ; pupation height ; larval behavior ; light
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Psychology
    Notes: Abstract A comparison of pupation height in light and dark was made using 12 species ofDrosophila, representing four species groups and four different ecological backgrounds (temperate-montane forest,virilis group desert,replate group; cosmopolitanmelanogaster group; tropical forest,willistoni group). Light condition has a significant effect on pupation height in only two of the species. In the light,D. montana stays close to the food surface, whileD. melanogaster pupates higher in light than in dark. Light-dependent patterns of pupation response do not correspond to those previously reported for the light-dependent mating response. Considerable interspecific variation exists for pupation height in each species triad, some of which could provide a basis for larval niche separation. Patterns of species differences in the desertrepleta triad are the same in light and in darkness.
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    Identification and comparisons of the yolk polypeptides and the genes which code for them in D. melanogaster sibling species (1986)
    Springer
    Molecular genetics and genomics 204 (1986), S. 302-309 
    Details
    ISSN: 1617-4623
    Keywords: Drosophila ; Yolk polypeptides ; Yolk protein genes ; Evolution ; In situ hybridisation
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Summary The yolk proteins stored in Drosophila, oocytes for utilisation during embryogenesis are an ideal system for studying the regulation of gene expression during development. The 3 major polypeptides found in yolk in D. melanogaster are synthesised in the fat body and ovarian follicle cells and selectively accumulated by the oocyte during vitellogenesis. In order to understand more about their regulation and the mechanism of uptake, studies on other species are necessary. Three yolk polypeptides have previously been identified in the D. melanogaster sibling species (D. melanogaster, D. simulans, D. mauritiana, D. erecta, D. teissieri, D. orena and D. yakuba). In D. melanogaster three genes located on the X chromosome are known to code for these yolk polypeptides. in this study genomic Southern transfers and in situ hybridisation experiments were carried out on the sibling species. Using the three cloned yolk protein genes from D. melanogaster, homologous sequences could be detected in the sibling species. It is suggested that three yolk protein genes occur in each of these species, all being located on the X chromosome, and that two of the genes are very closely linked in these same species. Yolk protein gene-homologous DNA sequences have also been identified in two more distantly related species D. funebris and D. virilis.
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    Autonomy of the wingless mutation in Drosophila melanogaster (1986)
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    Molecular genetics and genomics 205 (1986), S. 483-486 
    Details
    ISSN: 1617-4623
    Keywords: Drosophila ; wingless ; Autonomy
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Summary T(Y;2) translocations were used to cytologically localise the wingless locus of Drosophila melanogaster. We found that an existing T(Y;2), which is an insertion of a segment of 2L into the Y chromosome, has wg + within this insert. This Y chromosome was used to generate an attached XY chromosome containing wg +. The mutation claret-nondisjunctional (ca nd) was used to induce the loss of this XY chromosome and thus generate gynandromorphs with wg 1/wg 1 male tissue and wg +/wg 1/wg 1 female tissue. Analysis of these gynanders demonstrated that a genotypically wingless mutant hemithorax is usually also phenotypically mutant in these half body mosaics; thus wg 1 is discautonomous. This observation is of interest as it is known that wg is not cell autonomous.
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    Correlation between a female sterile mutation and a set of follicle cell proteins in Drosophila melanogaster (1986)
    Springer
    Molecular genetics and genomics 205 (1986), S. 213-216 
    Details
    ISSN: 1617-4623
    Keywords: Drosophila ; Follicle cell ; Protein ; Female sterile ; Mutation
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Summary In order to correlate the synthesis of a previously described set of follicel cell (Fc) proteins with a known mutation that affects female fertility, three female sterile mutations, fs(1)384, fs(1)508 and fs(1)1501, mapping in the same region as the Fc locus (7C1-9), were analysed with respect to Fc synthesis. The fs(1)508 strain displayed a normal Fc protein pattern, while in fs(1)384 no Fc protein synthesis could be detected. The fs(1)1501 pattern of Fc polypeptide synthesis was totally different from that of any previously analysed strain, displaying a set of proteins that were much larger than the standard Fc variant form. Two of the female sterile mutations, fs(1)384 and fs(1)1501, were combined in rans with two wild-type strains displaying two different electrophoretic variant forms of the Fc proteins. The combinations were then analysed for Fc protein synthesis, using the fact that females heterozygous for two of the Fc variant forms display both parental forms. The results indicate that the fs(1)384 mutation is directly involved in the synthesis of the Fc proteins, as the trans heterozygotes only synthesize the Fc form derived from the wild-type parent. We also suggest that the large proteins synthesized by the fs(1)1501 mutant are a defective Fc variant form. The nature of the two mutations is also discussed.
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    Neuropeptides in free-living and parasitic flatworms (Platyhelminthes). An immunocytochemical study (1986)
    Springer
    Hydrobiologia 132 (1986), S. 93-99 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5117
    Keywords: Turbellaria ; Cestoda ; Neuropeptides ; Serotonin ; Immunocytochemistry
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract The nervous systems of the turbellarians Microstomum lineare and Polycelis nigra and of the cestodes Diphyllobothrium dendriticum and Schistocephalus solidus were studied by means of the peroxidase-antiperoxidase (PAP) immunocytochemical method, with the use of antisera to the neuropeptides FMRF-amide, vasotocin, leu-enkephalin, met-enkephalin, neurotensin, somatostatin, and VIP, and to the bioamine serotonin. Anti-FMRF-amide positive perikarya and fibers occurred in all species, while the occurrence of the vertebrate brain-gut peptides and serotonin varied between the species. Anti-somatostatin and anti-VIP gave a negative result. Anti-FMRF-amide and anti-vasotocin positive immunoreactivity was found in the brain and gut of M. lineare, and in the CNS and the peripheral nerve net of the cestodes. We suggest that the brain-gut peptides of free-living flatworms act on the subtegumental region in the cestodes, which lack a gut but absorb their nutrients directly through the tegument.
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    Normal and lectin-mediated aggregation in aDrosophila cell line (1981)
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    Development genes and evolution 190 (1981), S. 118-122 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-041X
    Keywords: Drosophila ; Aggregation ; Lectins ; Cell surface ; Embryo-derived cell line
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Summary In this paper we describe the aggregation of cells from embryo-derived cell lines ofDrosophila, measured by examining the ability of single cells to adhere to one another when suspended in culture medium and swirled on a rotary shaker. Using this method we demonstrated the presence of receptors for Concanavalin A, soybean agglutinin, and possibly wheat germ agglutinin on the surface of Schneider's line-2 cells. Our work provides basic descriptive and background information for further studies onDrosophila cells, including those isolated from imaginal discs.
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    Evidence for myosin heterogeneity inDrosophila melanogaster (1981)
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    Development genes and evolution 190 (1981), S. 297-300 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-041X
    Keywords: Myosins ; Drosophila ; muscle
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Summary Electrophoresis of myosin extracts from larvae and adult tissues ofDrosophila melanogaster under non-dissociating conditions indicate that two of the bands seen are myosins. They stain for Ca2+ ATPase activity and when cut and re-run under dissociating conditions are found to contain a myosin heavy chain that co-migrates with rabbit skeletal muscle myosin heavy chain. One of the forms of myosin seen is found primarily in extracts from the leg. The other is common to the adult fibrillar flight muscles and the larval body wall muscles. The electrophoretic evidence for two myosin types is strengthened by the histochemical demonstration of two myofibrillar ATPases on the basis of their lability to acid or alkali preincubation. The myofibrillar ATPase in the leg and the Tergal Depressor of the Trochanter (TDT) are shown to be relatively acid labile and alkali stable. The larval body wall muscles and the adult fibrillar flight muscles have an ATPase which is acid stable and alkali labile. This distribution of the two myofibrillar ATPase coincides with that predicted by electrophoresis of extracts from whole tissue and also locates the two myosins to specific muscle types.
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    Wound healing and regeneration in the imaginal wing disc ofDrosophila (1981)
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    Development genes and evolution 190 (1981), S. 185-190 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-041X
    Keywords: Wound healing ; Regeneration ; Imaginal discs ; Drosophila
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Summary When complementary fragments of an imaginal disc ofDrosophila are cultured for several days prior to metamorphosis, usually one fragment will regenerate while the other will duplicate. It has been proposed that wound healing plays an important part in disc regulation (French et al. 1976; Reinhardt et al. 1977) by initiating cell proliferation and determining the mode of regulation. We tried to delay the wound healing process by leaving a region of dead cells between the wound edges. In “06” fragments (Bryant 1975a) wound healing has occurred after 1–2 days of culture and the regeneration of missing structures after 2–4 days of culture. We observed that leaving a region of dead cells between the wound edges delays both wound healing and the regeneration of missing structures by 2 days. When disc fragments are cultured in female abdomens and then exposed to3H-thymidine to label replicating cells, then the label is found to be localised around the wound. We observed that delaying wound healing does not delay this localisation of labelled nuclei indicating that wound healing may not be required to initiate DNA replication.
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    Transdetermination in leg imaginal discs ofDrosophila melanogaster undDrosophila nigromelanica (1981)
    Springer
    Development genes and evolution 190 (1981), S. 156-160 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-041X
    Keywords: Drosophila ; Imaginal discs ; Transdetermination ; Homeosis
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Summary The transdetermination capacities of leg discs ofDrosophila melanogaster were examined by mechanically disrupting and kneading whole discs from late third instar larvae and by culturing the resulting tissue mass for 10–14 days in adult female abdomens where the cells continued to divide. The grown implants were then dissected from the abdomens and injected into third instar larvae to undergo metamorphosis. After this treatment, prothoracic leg discs ofDrosophila melanogaster transdetermined with a high frequency (59% of all implants) to wing. Mesothoracic leg discs also transdetermined to wing, but at a very low frequency (4%). Metathoracic leg discs exhibited the same low frequency of transdetermination (4%), but in this case the direction of transdetermination was to haltere (Table 1,D. melanogaster). Very similar results were obtained with leg discs ofDrosophila nigromelanica (Table 1,D. nigromelanica), showing that the peculiar behavior of the three leg discs is not unique forDrosophila melanogaster. The homeotic mutation Polycomb (Pc 3) which partially transforms meso- and metathoracic legs into prothoracic legs did not significantly increase the frequencies of transdetermination in these leg dises and had clearly no effect on the direction of transdetermination (Table 1).
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    Imaginal disc development in a non-pupariating lethal mutant inDrosophila melanogaster (1981)
    Springer
    Development genes and evolution 190 (1981), S. 11-21 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-041X
    Keywords: Drosophila ; Imaginal discs ; Ecdysteroid ; Lethal mutant ; Morphogenesis
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Summary Imaginal disc development in the non-pupariating lethall(1)npr-1, a mutant that maps to an ecdysone early puff site, is studied in situ, in vitro and in transplanted discs. Disc development is slightly abnormal from the middle of the third instar with severe abnormalities appearing after the rise in 20-hydroxyecdysone that triggers metamorphosis. The mutant discs only partly evaginate and do not undergo any of the detailed morphological changes characteristic of metamorphosis. Treatment of the mutant dises in vitro with colcemid and trypsin facilitates evagination but the appendages remain morphologically abnormal. A number of differentiative processes occur in mutant discs in situ and in discs transplanted into wild type hosts in spite of the absence of normal morphogenesis. Implications of the observations for normal disc development are discussed. Possible modes of action of thel(1)npr-1 gene are also discussed in light of the observation that the mutant gene maps to a locus which is thought to have a regulatory function in development.
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    A maternal effect mutation leading to deficiencies of organs and homeotic transformations in the adults ofDrosophila (1981)
    Springer
    Development genes and evolution 190 (1981), S. 132-138 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-041X
    Keywords: Maternal effect mutant ; Homeotic-mutants ; Pattern formation ; Drosophila
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Summary The temperature sensitive mutationfs(l)h is characterized at the restrictive temperature of 29°C by both a maternal effect responsible for the early embryonic lethality and pupal zygotic lethality. The two phenotypes are inseparable and map at a short deletion in the X chromosome (7Dl, 7D5-6). At semipermissive temperatures, hemizygous mutant females produce adults with morphological defects, such as organ deficiencies and homeotic transformations of haltere to wing and third leg to second leg. These defects depend on the maternal genotype and are governed by an early temperature sensitive period, which covers the end of oogenesis and the first hours of embryogenesis. Furthermore, this maternal effect mutation interacts with some dominant mutations of the bithorax system. These properties suggest thatfs(l)h is somehow involved in segmental determination.
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    Isolation and characterization ofgrandchildless-like mutants inDrosophila melanogaster (1981)
    Springer
    Development genes and evolution 190 (1981), S. 1-10 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-041X
    Keywords: Drosophila ; Grandchildless ; Pole cells ; ts-mutant ; Cytoplasmic determinant
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Summary Two temperature-sensitive sex-linkedgrandchildless (gs)-like mutations (gs(1)N26 andgs(1)N441) were induced by ethylmethane sulphonate inDrosophila melanogaster. They complemented each other and mapped at two different loci (1−33.8±0.7 forgs(1)N26 and 1−39.6±1.7 forgs(1)N441), which were not identical to those of any of thegs-like mutants reported in earlier work. Homozygous females of the newly isolated mutants produced eggs that were unable to form pole cells and developed into agametic adults. Competence of the embryos to form pole cells was not restored by wild-type sperm in either mutant; that is, the sterility caused by these mutations is controlled by a maternal effect. Fecundity and fertility ofgs(1)N26 females were low, and their male offspring showed a higher mortality than that of female offspring, causing an abnormal sex ratio. The frequency of agametic progeny was 93.1% and 55.8%, when the female parents were reared at 25° C and 18° C, respectively. In eggs produced by thegs(1)N26 females reared at 25° C, the migration of nuclei to the posterior pole was abnormal, and almost no pole cell formation occurred in these egg. Furthermore, half of these eggs failed to cellularize at the posterior pole. When the females were reared at 18° C, almost all of the eggs underwent complete blastoderm formation, and in half of these blastoderm embryos normal pole cells were formed. In the other mutant,gs(1)N441, the fecundity and fertility of the females were normal. The agametic frequency in the progeny was 70.8% and 18.6% when the female parents were reared at 25° C and 18° C, respectively. In the eggs laid by females reared either at 25° C or at 18° C, the migration of nuclei to the periphery and cellularization proceeded normally; nevertheless, in the majority of the embryos no pole cell formation occured at the stage when nuclei penetrated into the periplasm. When the females were reared at 18° C, some of the embryos from these females formed some round blastoderm cells with cytologically recognizable polar granules and nuclear bodies, which are attributes of pole cells. The temperature sensitive period ofgs(1)N441 was estimated to extend from stage 9 to 13 of King's stages of oogenesis.
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    Effect of the l(1)su(f)ts67g mutation ofDrosophila melanogaster on glue protein synthesis (1981)
    Springer
    Development genes and evolution 190 (1981), S. 308-312 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-041X
    Keywords: Drosophila ; ts-Suppressor mutant ; Glue proteins ; Intermolt puffs ; Electrophoresis
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Summary The l(1)su(f)ts67g mutation has been shown to suppress the developmentally regulated expression of glue protein genes at 30°C. Transferring mutant larvae to the restrictive temperature before the end of the second larval instar results in the absence or extreme reduction of glue protein synthesis while general protein synthesis is unaffected. At the same time, the three glue protein correlated chromosomal regions 3C, 25B, and 68C continue to show prominent puffs. The results suggest that the mutation may be affecting the processing or translatability of specific mRNAs rather than the translational machinery itself.
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    Drosophila melanogaster eggshell development: Localization of the s19 chorion gene (1981)
    Springer
    Development genes and evolution 190 (1981), S. 301-303 
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    ISSN: 1432-041X
    Keywords: Drosophila ; Geographic strains ; Chorion genes ; Electrophoretic variants
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Summary Further IF screening ofDrosophila melanogaster geographic strains has revealed a variant of the s19 major chorion protein. Developmental analysis of F1 hybrids indicates that the source of the variation is found in the structural gene for this protein. The linkage group of the variant gene was determined to be the third, and the gene was localized by several methods of recombination analysis. The s19 gene was found to be tightly linked to thesepia locus, as had been previously found for the s18 gene (Yannoni and Petri 1980). Lack of recombination between the s19 and s18 genes in double heterozygotes suggested that these two genes are within 0.3 map units of each other. Although more precise localization of the s19 gene failed, the s18 gene could be more specifically located to the right ofsepia, betweensepia andhairy. Contrary to our prediction (ibid.), the s19 and s18 genes have been found to be tightly linked in spite of the fact that they display somewhat different developmental stage specificity.
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    A cell arrangement specific to thoracic ganglia in the central nervous system of theDrosophila embryo: Its behaviour in homoeotic mutants (1981)
    Springer
    Development genes and evolution 190 (1981), S. 370-373 
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    ISSN: 1432-041X
    Keywords: Drosophila ; Homoeotic mutants ; Ventral cord
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Summary We describe a set of cells in the central nervous system of theDrosophila embryo which are restricted to the thoracic ganglia in the wildtype. Taking these cells as indication of thoracic identity, we find that the ventral cord of embryos homozygous mutant for different bithorax functions and for Polycomb undergoes homoeotic transformations equivalent to those observed in the larval cuticle.
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    On the cellular localization of phosphoenolpyruvate carboxylase in Sorghum leaves (1981)
    Springer
    Planta 151 (1981), S. 226-231 
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    ISSN: 1432-2048
    Keywords: Immunocytochemistry ; (PEP carboxylase) ; PEP carboxylase ; Sorghum
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract The localization of phosphoenol pyruvate carboxylase (EC 4.1.1.3.1.) in the leaf cells of Sorghum vulgare was investigated by using three techniques: the conventional aqueous and non aqueous methods gave conflicting results; the immunocytochemical techniques clearly showed that the enzyme is predominantly located in the cytoplasm of mesophyll cells.
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    Aldehyde oxidases of Drosophila: Contributions of several enzymes to observed activity patterns (1981)
    Springer
    Biochemical genetics 19 (1981), S. 567-583 
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    ISSN: 1573-4927
    Keywords: aldehyde oxidase ; Drosophila ; evolution ; gene regulation ; isozymes
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Abstract At least four enzymes contribute to histochemically, electrophoretically, or spectrophotometrically detectable aldehyde oxidase (AO) activity in Drosophila melanogaster. The one we designate AO-1 contributes the majority of activity measured in extracts of whole flies. Pyridoxal oxidase (PO) is also a broad range AO. It is prominent only in midgut and Malpighian tubules, where it apparently accounts for a substantial fraction of total AO activity. The tissue distributions of these enzymes are clearly disparate despite close linkage of their structural loci and parallel dependence on the mal, lxd, and cin loci. A similarly related enzyme, xanthine dehydrogenase (XDH), is detected as an AO only in electrophoretic gels. A fourth broad range AO, not dependent on mal, lxd, and cin, is confined to the ejaculatory bulb. A similar array of AO isozymes is present in phylogenetically distant Drosophila species.
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    Comparative studies of allozyme loci in Drosophila simulans and Drosophila melanogaster. I. Three dipeptidase loci (1981)
    Springer
    Biochemical genetics 19 (1981), S. 75-85 
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    ISSN: 1573-4927
    Keywords: dipeptidases ; variation ; allozymes ; Drosophila
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Abstract Genetic variation at three dipeptidase loci (Dip-A, Dip-B, and Dip-C) in Drosophila simulans was analyzed by starch gel electrophoresis. Dip-A was found to be polymorphic in four populations, while Dip-B and Dip-C were found to be polymorphic in one. The numbers of different alleles found at each respective locus were: Dip-A, two; Dip-B, two; and Dip-C, three. Dip-A was genetically mapped at 57.9 on the second chromosome, and Dip-B and Dip-C at 80.9 and 87.9 on the third chromosome, respectively. Neither Dip-B nor Dip-C has been mapped in D. melanogaster because both loci are apparently monomorphic. Their map positions in D. simulans with respect to flanking markers whose homologous genes have been cytogenetically localized in D. melanogaster suggested that they might be mapped cytogenetically by using available deficiencies in D. melanogaster. Accordingly, by the construction of interspecific hybrids which carried deficiencies of melanogaster and an allele of simulans with a mobility different from that of the fixed melanogaster allele, Dip-B and Dip-C were localized between 87F12-14 and 88C1-3 and between 87B5-6 and 87B8-10, respectively, in the salivary gland chromosomes of D. melanogaster. The similarity between these two species is discussed on the basis of these findings.
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    A small genetic region that controls dihydroorotate dehydrogenase in Drosophila melanogaster (1981)
    Springer
    Biochemical genetics 19 (1981), S. 115-127 
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    ISSN: 1573-4927
    Keywords: Drosophila ; dihydroorotate dehydrogenase ; pyrimidine biosynthesis
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Abstract A locus is described that controls levels of mitochondrial dihydroorotate dehydrogenase (EC 1.3.3.1) in Drosophila melanogaster. The effects of alleles of the locus, Dhod, are manifest in preparations from whole organisms as well as in partially purified mitochondrial preparations; however, other mitochondrial functions do not appear to be appreciably affected by Dhod genotypes. The locus maps near p in the proximal portion of the right arm of chromosome 3. Flies trisomic for a chromosome segment including that region display elevated enzyme levels, implying that an enzyme structural gene is in that vicinity. Furthermore, Dhod alleles are semidominant in heterozygotes, suggesting that the dosage-sensitive element detected in the trisomics is actually the Dhod locus. These findings are discussed relative to the role of dihydroorotate dehydrogenase in the de novo pyrimidine biosynthetic pathway and relative to other pathway mutants that have been described in Drosophila.
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    Thermal stability of α-glycerophosphate dehydrogenase in Drosophila (1981)
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    Biochemical genetics 19 (1981), S. 311-320 
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    ISSN: 1573-4927
    Keywords: Drosophila ; thermal stability of enzyme ; α-glycerophosphate dehydrogenase
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Abstract Thermal stability of α-glycerophosphate dehydrogenase-1 (α-Gpdh-1) in nine Drosophila species was studied at pH's ranging from 6.4 to 8.5. This was done by measuring the changes in the activity of enzymes during the heat denaturation process. In addition to temperature, the rate of denaturation is highly dependent on the pH of the incubation buffer. The results of this study show that the thermal stability of enzyme molecules is different in different species. This holds true also in the species in which the enzymes have been found to be identical by other means. The differences between species of the Drosophila virilis group are discussed.
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    Actin acetylation in Drosophila tissue culture cells (1981)
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    Biochemical genetics 19 (1981), S. 321-331 
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    ISSN: 1573-4927
    Keywords: Drosophila ; embryonic cells ; actin
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Abstract In a permanent cell line derived from Drosophila embryos, cytoplasmic actin is produced as an unstable precursor, which is subsequently converted to a stable form. This conversion results in a reduction in isoelectric point, with no apparent change in molecular weight. The conversion involves an enzymatic acetylation, and results in an insensitivity to aminopeptidase digestion, suggesting N-terminal blockage. Both the acetylated and unacetylated actins can participate in the assembly of F-actin, but with different efficiencies.
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    A method for determining the in vivo stability of Drosophila alcohol dehydrogenase (E.C.1.1.1.1.) (1981)
    Springer
    Biochemical genetics 19 (1981), S. 411-419 
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    ISSN: 1573-4927
    Keywords: half life ; Drosophila ; alcohol dehydrogenase ; enzyme stability
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Abstract A rapid and accurate method of measuring the relative in vivo stability of Drosophila alcohol dehydrogenase is presented. The potential of this technique for examining posttranslational control of in vivo enzyme concentrations is discussed.
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    Effect of environmental alcohol on in Vivo properties of Drosophila alcohol dehydrogenase (1981)
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    Biochemical genetics 19 (1981), S. 421-430 
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    ISSN: 1573-4927
    Keywords: Drosophila ; alcohol dehydrogenase ; adaptation
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Abstract The effects of environmental 2-propanol on the in vivo properties of Drosophila alcohol dehydrogenase (E.C. 1.1.1.1.) are presented. Exposed flies were found to exhibit a significant decrease in ADH specific activity with a concomitant increase in the enzyme's relative in vivo stability and concentration. The possible adaptive significance of the observed responses is discussed.
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    Regulation of amylase activity in Drosophila melanogaster: Variation in the number of enzyme molecules produced by different amylase genotypes (1981)
    Springer
    Biochemical genetics 19 (1981), S. 783-796 
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    ISSN: 1573-4927
    Keywords: Drosophila ; amylase ; gene regulation ; trans effect
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Abstract Purified amylases from high- and low-activity variants of Drosophila melanogaster showed identical specific activities. Immunoelectrophoresis of crude larval homogenates showed severalfold differences between strains in the amounts of cross-reacting material. Control of amylase activity is “trans”-acting in heterozygotes between high- and low-activity variants. These results suggest the existence of polymorphic regulatory genes affecting the production levels of amylase protein in D. melanogaster.
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    Drosophila alcohol dehydrogenase: Developmental studies on cryptic variant lines (1981)
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    Biochemical genetics 19 (1981), S. 947-954 
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    ISSN: 1573-4927
    Keywords: alcohol dehydrogenase ; Drosophila ; cryptic variants
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Abstract Thirty-five cryptic variant lines were used to examine the mechanisms involved in genetic modulation of alcohol metabolism in Drosophila. Late third-instar larval, preemergence pupal, and adult stages cultured at 18 and 28 C were examined. Spectrophotometric analyses for native alcohol dehydrogenase (ADH) activity and residual ADH activity after treatment with guanidine hydrochloride and heat were performed. Differential response of cryptic variants to treatment with the denaturants during development suggested that this variation may have an adaptive significance.
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    The molybdoenzyme system of Drosophila melanogaster. I. Sulfite oxidase: Identification and properties. Expression of the enzyme in maroon-like (mal), low-xanthine dehydrogenase (lxd), and cinnamon (cin) flies (1981)
    Springer
    Biochemical genetics 19 (1981), S. 929-946 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-4927
    Keywords: Drosophila ; molybdoenzymes ; sulfite oxidase ; tungstate feeding
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Abstract Sulfite oxidase (sulfite: ferricytochrome c oxidoreductase; EC 1.8.2.1) has been detected in Drosophila melanogaster and some of its properties have been studied. In most respects this enzyme resembles the mammalian sulfite oxidases except for its molecular weight (148,000), which is somewhat higher than that of rat sulfite oxidase (116,000). Cytochrome c, potassium-ferricyanide, and oxygen can serve as electron acceptors in the oxidation of sulfite by the enzyme. Although definite evidence can be obtained only through the analysis of the pure enzyme, experiments involving tungstate feeding suggest that Drosophila sulfite oxidase is most probably a molybdoenzyme. Extracts of mal flies show normal levels of sulfite oxidase, whereas lxd flies have only 5–10% of the activity of wild type, and in cin flies the enzyme is apparently absent. While it is possible that the lxd and cin mutations are at some level responsible for the defective synthesis of a molybdenum-containing cofactor (supposed to be present in most molybdoenzymes), the evidence accumulated so far by several authors and the results of the present investigation argue against the involvement of a Mo cofactor in the multiple enzyme deficiencies observed in mal flies.
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    Light-dependent pupation site preferences inDrosophila. II.Drosophila melanogaster andDrosophila simulans (1981)
    Springer
    Behavior genetics 11 (1981), S. 557-563 
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    ISSN: 1573-3297
    Keywords: Drosophila ; photobehavior ; pupation site selection ; sibling species
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Psychology
    Notes: Abstract Drosophila melanogaster prefers to pupate in the dark, while its sibling species,D. simulans, prefers the light when the species are tested in isolation and when cultured and tested together. Reciprocal interspecific hybridizations were carried out and the F 1 individuals were tested. Progeny from the cross ofD. melanogaster females withD. simulans males chose pupations sites exactly intermediate between those of the two parental species, while the reciprocal-cross offspring preferred light pupation sites. The pupation site preferences (PSPs) of the hybrids are compatible with a sex-linked locus or loci influencing light-dependent PSP in this pair of species. Examination of light preferences of larvae prior to the late third instar demonstrates that these preference are highly specific, being restricted to the time just before pupation. During the first two larval instarsD. melanogaster is quite photopositive whileD. simulans is comparatively photoneutral. These differences in light-dependent behavior could aid in reducing competition between the two species.
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    Genetic sexing in Drosophila melanogaster using the alcohol dehydrogenase locus and a Y-linked translocation (1981)
    Springer
    Theoretical and applied genetics 59 (1981), S. 23-24 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-2242
    Keywords: Genetic sexing ; Alcohol dehydrogenase ; Drosophila
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Summary By incorporating ethanol (4% v/v) into the larval rearing medium of a specially constructed Drosophila melanogaster strain it was possible to produce only male adults; the female larvae died. In this strain, the male determining chromosome was linked with a positive Alcohol dehydrogenase (ADH) allele by a translocation. The females were homozygous for the null allele and hence sensitive to ethanol. This genetic sexing method is discussed in relation to its use in the genetic control of insects.
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    Cytological localization of α-MSH, ACTH and β-endorphin in the pars intermedia of the cichlid teleost Sarotherodon mossambicus (1981)
    Springer
    Cell & tissue research 215 (1981), S. 625-633 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Teleost ; Pars intermedia ; Immunocytochemistry ; PAP-technique ; MSH ; ACTH ; Endorphin
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary The pars intermedia of S. mossambicus contains two different endocrine-cell types. The predominant cell type is lead-haematoxyline-positive and assumed to synthesize MSH and related peptides. The second cell type is PAS positive and its function and product(s) are unknown. Staining of light-microscopic and ultrathin sections with antisera against α-MSH, ACTH 1–24 and human β-endorphin revealed that only the lead-haematoxyline-positive cells of the pars intermedia react with these antisera, and that the secretory granules of these cells contain compounds that were immunoreactive to all three antisera. These findings are in line with the hypothesis that α-MSH, ACTH and endorphins are derived from the same precursor molecule. No specific reaction with one of the antisera could be detected in the PAS positive cells.
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    Evidence for somatostatin, gastrin and pancreatic polypeptide-like substances in the mucosa cells of the gut in fishes with and without stomach (1981)
    Springer
    Cell & tissue research 216 (1981), S. 193-203 
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    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Digestive tract ; Fish ; Gastrin-immunoreactive cells ; Pancreatic polypeptide-immunoreactive cells ; Somatostatin-immunoreactive cells ; Immunocytochemistry
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary Gastrin, pancreatic polypeptide and somatostatin immunoreactive cells in the gut of two fish with stomachs (perch and catfish) and a stomachless fish (carp) were studied by immunocytochemistry. In the gastric mucosa of perch and catfish, cells showing gastrin and somatostatin-like immunoreactivity are found, scattered among the surface mucous cells and mucous neck cells. No pancreatic polypeptide (P.P.) immunoreactive cells are detected in the gastric mucosa. Cells showing gastrin and P.P.-like immunoreactivity are observed in the intestinal mucosa of perch, catfish and carp. In this location no somatostatin immunoreactive cells are found.
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    Immunohistochemical localisation of substances reactive to antisera against α-and β-endorphin and met-enkephalin in the brain of Rana temporaria L. (1981)
    Springer
    Cell & tissue research 217 (1981), S. 79-92 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: α- and β-Endorphins ; Met-enkephalin ; Brain ; Immunocytochemistry ; Rana temporaria (Amphibia, Anura)
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary In the brain of Rana temporaria, two distinct systems reactive with α- and β-endorphin antisera, respectively, and with a met-enkephalin antiserum, have been detected immunohistochemically. Neurons reacting with α- and β-endorphin antisera are located (1) in the preoptic nucleus, and (2) in the pars ventralis of the tuber cinereum. Immunoreactive nerve fibres of both groups of perikarya end in the infundibular floor near the capillaries and the preoptico-hypophysial tract. Control reactions have shown that the immunoreactivity is suppressed by the corresponding antigens, but also by β-LPH. In view of these results the immunoreactive systems examined correspond to an α/β-endorphin system or a lipotropinergic system. Neurons reacting with the met-enkephalin antiserum are located in the paraventricular organ. Intense immunofluorescence was observed in the infundibular floor. Controls show that the labelling by met-enkephalin antiserum is exclusively suppressed by met-enkephalin. In the pituitary gland, on the other hand, α- and β-endorphin antisera reveal: 1) the MSH/ACTH-like cells of the pars intermedia and 2) the ACTH-like cells of the pars distalis.
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    Immunocytochemical demonstration of peptidergic neurons in the central nervous system of the pond snail Lymnaea stagnalis with antisera raised to biologically active peptides of vertebrates (1981)
    Springer
    Cell & tissue research 216 (1981), S. 273-291 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Immunocytochemistry ; Biologically active peptides ; Lymnaea stagnalis ; Neurohormone ; Neurotransmitter
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary Perikarya and nerve fibers were immunocytochemically identified in the central nervous system of the pond snail Lymnaea stagnalis by means of the unlabelled antibody enzyme method with antisera to 15 biologically active peptides of vertebrates: vasopressin, vasotocin, oxytocin, α-melanocyte stimulating hormone (α-MSH), met-enkephalin, somatostatin, glucagon, insulin, glucose-dependent insulinotropic peptide (GIP), vaso-active intestinal polypeptide (VIP), gastrin, secretin, pancreatic polypeptide (PP), Substance P, calcitonin. No immunostaining was obtained with antisera to β-endorphin, cholecystokinin (CCK), neurophysin I and II. Particular neurons could be identified with two antisera (anti-vasopressin/vasotocin, anti-α-MSH/metenkephalin, anti-substance P/PP, anti-PP/gastrin). Apparently this indicates that populations of cells identified with a given antiserum may consist of more than one cell type. Only a few of the new peptidergic cells appeared to be identical with classical neurosecretory cells. Thus the growth hormone producing Light Green Cells stained with anti-somatostatin and the axon terminals of the ovulation hormone producing Caudo-Dorsal Cells with anti-met-enkephalin. Whether this indicates structural identity of the growth hormone with somatostatin and of the ovulation hormone with met-enkephalin remains to be investigated. Just like the classical neurosecretory cells a number of the new peptidergic cells (anti-glucagon, -insulin, -met-enkephalin, -somatostatin, and -PP positive cells) send their axons to the peripheries of commissures, connectives or nerves. Thus these cells can be considered as probably neuroendocrine. The classical neurosecretory cells release their products into the haemolymph from these sites. Other new peptidergic cells (e.g., anti-vasopressin, -vasotocin, -oxytocin and -GIP positive cells) have axons that terminate, probably synaptically, on other neurons, indicating that they are “more conventional” neurons, their products being neurotransmitters/neuromodulators. It can also not be excluded that some cells of a population containing a given peptide are neuroendocrine and others make contact with other neurons.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00233620
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  • 96
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    Electronic Resource
    Vasoactive intestinal polypeptide (VIP)-like immunoreactivity in anuran intestine (1981)
    Springer
    Cell & tissue research 216 (1981), S. 413-422 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Immunocytochemistry ; Vasoactive intestinal polypeptide ; Radioimmunoassay ; Gut hormones ; Anura
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary Immunocytochemical and radioimmunological techniques with region specific antisera have been used to identify a vasoactive intestinal polypeptide-like material in the anuran intestine. Seven species of Anura were investigated: Bombina bombina, Alytes obstetricans, Rana temporaria, Rana esculenta, Hyla arborea, Hyla crepitans and Bufo bufo. In five of the species (A. obstetricans, R. temporaria, H. arborea, H. crepitans and B. bufo) vasoactive intestinal polypeptide-like immunoreactive mucosal endocrine cells and nerve fibres in all layers of the gut wall, were detected by both immunofluorescence and peroxidase-antiperoxidase methods. In the other two species, R. esculenta and B. bombina, no mucosal endocrine cells were detected although the vasoactive intestinal polypeptide-immunoreactive nerve fibres were plentiful. Radioimmunoassay showed the presence of significant amounts of vasoactive intestinal polypeptide-immunoreactivity in intestinal extracts from all species. The highest quantities were present in those anurans with both immunostained cells and nerves. Gel permeation chromatography showed that most of the vasoactive intestinal polypeptide-like peptide eluted in a position identical to that of natural mammalian (porcine) vasoactive intestinal polypeptide. The results indicate that a vasoactive intestinal polypeptide-like peptide is well represented in the Anura and that it is immunologically very similar to the mammalian peptide.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00233628
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  • 97
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Presence of β-endorphin-like immunoreactivity in the anterior pituitary gland of rat and man and evidence for the differential localization with ACTH (1981)
    Springer
    Cell & tissue research 215 (1981), S. 577-589 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Anterior pituitary ; Corticotrophs ; Immunocytochemistry ; Growth hormone ; Prolactin
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary Two antisera, Y-10 and Y-18 were raised in rabbits against synthetic human β-endorphin conjugated to bovine serum albumin and keyhole limpet haemocyanin respectively. Antiserum Y-10 has been shown by radioimmunoassay to be highly specific for human β-endorphin with minimal or no cross-reactivity against other pituitary peptides whilst antiserum Y-18 crossreacted on an equimolar basis against β-endorphin and β-lipotropin. When used in the immunohistochemical procedure, both antisera specifically stained the corticotrophs in human anterior pituitary tissue. A similar effect was observed when antiserum Y-18 was applied to rat anterior pituitary tissue in the immunohistochemical procedure. Y-10 antiserum, on the other hand, stained not only rat corticotrophs but also somatotrophs. The somatotrophin staining could not be attributed to the enkephalins reported to be present in these cells. The non-specific β-endorphin antiserum Y-18 was used to stain anterior pituitaries from dehydrated and adrenalectomized rats as well as rats of the Brattleboro strain. In tissues from the three experimental animals, cells that stained positively for β-endorphin did not give a positive immunoreaction for ACTH and vice versa in some other sections. It is concluded that under the physiological conditions, formalin fixation of the tissue causes the proopiocortin molecule to be “trapped” in a conformation such that either ACTH or β-endorphin-like determinants are available for reacting with the appropriate antiserum.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00233533
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  • 98
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    Electronic Resource
    Immunoreactive substance P in the chicken gut: Distribution, development and possible functional significance (1981)
    Springer
    Cell & tissue research 216 (1981), S. 455-469 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Neuropeptides ; Substance P ; Chicken gut ; Radioimmunoassay ; Immunocytochemistry ; Smooth muscle motility
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary The distribution and cellular localization of substance P in the chicken gut was studied by immunocytochemistry and immunochemistry. Substance P-containing nerve fibers are numerous in the gut wall. They occur in the smooth muscle layer as well as in the mucosa, where they are associated with blood vessels or surround the intestinal crypts. The fibers are particularly numerous in the myenteric and submucosal plexuses, where substance P-containing nerve-cell perikarya are also encountered. Substance P was found also in scattered endocrine cells of the small intestine, caeca and colon. Previously, bombesin-containing cells, which are numerous in the proventriculus, have been mistakenly identified as substance P cells due to crossreactivity of certain antisera against substance P. Immunochemistry revealed the highest concentration of substance P in the duodenum. The gel chromatographic behavior of chicken substance P differs slightly from that of synthetic bovine substance P, suggesting that chicken substance P differs structurally from mammalian substance P. Substance P-containing nerve fibers in the chicken gut develop slowly after hatching, apparently beginning in the duodenum; at approximately 20 weeks after hatching the distribution pattern is fully developed. A functional investigation was performed on the isolated chicken caecum to clarify the role of substance P in the contractile behavior of smooth muscle. Substance P contracted the caecum over a wide dose range; the contractile response was greater in 20 week-old chickens than in 4 and 10 week-old animals. Electrical field stimulation caused a relaxation of the caecum and a contraction upon cessation of stimulation. Neither of these responses, both of which are neurally mediated, were inhibited by adrenergic and cholinergic blockade. It is conceivable that the contractile response following electrical stimulation is caused by substance P released from nerve fibers in the smooth muscle.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00238643
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  • 99
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Comparative immunocytochemical localization of prolactin and somatotropin in the pituitaries of Lepidosiren paradoxa, Rana temporaria and Ambystoma mexicanum (1981)
    Springer
    Cell & tissue research 217 (1981), S. 127-141 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Pituitary ; Immunocytochemistry ; Prolactin ; Somatotropin ; Lepidosiren
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary The cellular binding sites of anti-oPRL IgG and anti-bSTH IgG were demonstrated in the pituitary glands of Lepidosiren paradoxa, Rana temporaria and Ambystoma mexicanum by means of the unlabeled antibody enzyme method by light and electron microscopy (the latter only in Lepidosiren). With the light microscope PRL or PRL-like substances and STH or STH-like substances were revealed in two different cell types in the distal lobe corresponding to the acidophils. However, as a result of the insufficient differentiation of the acidophils in Lepidosiren after staining with Brookes' procedure it was not possible to distinguish the two types of acidophils in this animal. Treatment with low dilutions of both anti-oPRL and anti-bSTH IgG revealed simultaneous immunocytochemical staining in both types of acidophils in Lepidosiren and in Rana. These results, indicating that there is antigenic cross-reaction between anti-oPRL and anti-bSTH IgG and both PRL and STH in these animals, are discussed. The electron microscopic investigations of Lepidosiren revealed that the specific anti-oPRL IgG reactive cells contain granules ranging in size from 200 to 300 nm, while the specific anti-bSTH IgG reactive cells contain smaller immunoreactive granules ranging from 80 to 160nm.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00233832
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  • 100
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Pea seed storage proteins — Immunocytochemical localization with protein a-gold by electron microscopy (1981)
    Springer
    Protoplasma 105 (1981), S. 333-339 
    Details
    ISSN: 1615-6102
    Keywords: Immunocytochemistry ; Pea seed ; Protein histochemistry ; Storage proteins
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Summary The pea seed storage proteins legumin and vicilin have been localized by electron microscopy using a post-embedding immunocytochemical double-labelling technique. Highly purified antibodies from sheep, specific to legumin and vicilin, were sequentially reacted on sections of pea cotyledon tissue embedded in glycol methacrylate or Spurr's epoxy resin. The sheep antibodies were visualized indirectly by reaction with Staphylococcal Protein A labelled with colloidal gold. Two discrete sizes of colloidal gold particles can be used for simultaneous localization of two antigens. In near mature tissue, the storage proteins are restricted to organelles, called protein bodies. Individual protein bodies contain both legumin and vicilin.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01279230
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