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  • Articles  (322)
  • Latest Papers from Table of Contents or Articles in Press  (322)
  • Female  (187)
  • Temperature  (71)
  • Protein Conformation
  • 2000-2004  (322)
  • 1985-1989
  • 1935-1939
  • 2001  (322)
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  • Articles  (322)
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  • Latest Papers from Table of Contents or Articles in Press  (322)
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  • 2000-2004  (322)
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  • 1
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    Evolution. The benefits of allocating sex (2001)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2001-02-24
    Description: Organisms allocate resources to male and female offspring in a process called sex allocation. In a Perspective, Stuart West and colleagues discuss what sex allocation tells us about evolution by natural selection and how sex allocation can be applied to understanding the mating structure of parasitic protozoans.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉West, S A -- Herre, E A -- Sheldon, B C -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2000 Oct 13;290(5490):288-90.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Institute of Cell, Animal and Population Biology, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh EH9 3JT, UK. stu.west@ed.ac.uk〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/11183376" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Adaptation, Physiological ; Animals ; *Biological Evolution ; Female ; Inbreeding ; Insects/physiology ; Male ; Plasmodium/physiology ; Selection, Genetic ; *Sex Characteristics ; *Sex Ratio ; Sexual Behavior, Animal
    Print ISSN: 0036-8075
    Electronic ISSN: 1095-9203
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Computer Science , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
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  • 2
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    Profile. For 'father' of abortion drug, vindication at last (2001)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2001-02-24
    Description: 〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Balter, M -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2000 Oct 6;290(5489):39.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/11183145" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Abortifacient Agents, Steroidal/*history ; Aging/drug effects ; Dehydroepiandrosterone/history/pharmacology ; *Drug Approval ; Drug Industry ; Female ; France ; History, 20th Century ; Humans ; Mifepristone/*history ; United States ; United States Food and Drug Administration
    Print ISSN: 0036-8075
    Electronic ISSN: 1095-9203
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Computer Science , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
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  • 3
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    Marine ecology. Warmer waters more deadly to coral reefs than pollution (2001)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2001-02-24
    Description: Contrary to conventional wisdom, warmer ocean waters are a greater threat to coral reefs than local environmental insults. That assessment comes from a new scientific report released this week that documents a sudden and steep jump in damage stemming from the 1997-98 El Nino-La Nina event.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Normile, D -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2000 Oct 27;290(5492):682-3.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/11184189" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Animals ; *Climate ; Cnidaria/*physiology ; *Ecosystem ; Fishes ; Industry ; Oceans and Seas ; Temperature ; Water Pollution
    Print ISSN: 0036-8075
    Electronic ISSN: 1095-9203
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Computer Science , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
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  • 4
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    A benefit of being big (2001)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2001-02-24
    Description: 〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Schimpf, D -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2000 Oct 20;290(5491):453.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/11183763" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Adaptation, Physiological ; *DNA Transposable Elements ; *Genome, Plant ; Plant Development ; Plants/genetics ; Temperature
    Print ISSN: 0036-8075
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    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Computer Science , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
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  • 5
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    Unfolding pathways of individual bacteriorhodopsins (2001)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2001-02-07
    Description: Atomic force microscopy and single-molecule force spectroscopy were combined to image and manipulate purple membrane patches from Halobacterium salinarum. Individual bacteriorhodopsin molecules were first localized and then extracted from the membrane; the remaining vacancies were imaged again. Anchoring forces between 100 and 200 piconewtons for the different helices were found. Upon extraction, the helices were found to unfold. The force spectra revealed the individuality of the unfolding pathways. Helices G and F as well as helices E and D always unfolded pairwise, whereas helices B and C occasionally unfolded one after the other. Experiments with cleaved loops revealed the origin of the individuality: stabilization of helix B by neighboring helices.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Oesterhelt, F -- Oesterhelt, D -- Pfeiffer, M -- Engel, A -- Gaub, H E -- Muller, D J -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2000 Apr 7;288(5463):143-6.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉CeNS and Lehrstuhl fur angewandte Physik, Ludwig Maximilians-Universitat Munchen, Amalienstrasse 54, 80799 Munchen, Germany.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/10753119" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Amino Acid Sequence ; Bacteriorhodopsins/*chemistry/genetics ; Cysteine/chemistry ; Halobacterium salinarum/*chemistry ; Membrane Proteins/*chemistry/genetics ; *Microscopy, Atomic Force ; Models, Molecular ; Molecular Sequence Data ; Mutation ; Protein Conformation ; Protein Denaturation ; *Protein Folding ; Protein Structure, Secondary ; Purple Membrane/*chemistry ; Serine Endopeptidases/metabolism ; Spectrum Analysis
    Print ISSN: 0036-8075
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  • 6
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    Inadvertently crossing the germ line (2001)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2001-05-02
    Description: 〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Parens, E -- Juengst, E -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2001 Apr 20;292(5516):397.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/11330273" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: *Bioethics ; Cytoplasm/*transplantation ; *DNA, Mitochondrial ; Female ; Financing, Government ; *Gene Transfer, Horizontal ; Genetic Research ; Guidelines as Topic ; Humans ; *Ovum ; Public Policy ; *Reproductive Techniques ; Research Support as Topic ; United States
    Print ISSN: 0036-8075
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    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Computer Science , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
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  • 7
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    A 14,000-year oxygen isotope record from diatom silica in two alpine lakes on Mt. Kenya (2001)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2001-06-26
    Description: Oxygen isotopes are sensitive tracers of climate change in tropical regions. Abrupt shifts of up to 18 per mil in the oxygen isotope ratio of diatom silica have been found in a 14,000-year record from two alpine lakes on Mt. Kenya. Interpretation of tropical-montane isotope records is controversial, especially concerning the relative roles of precipitation and temperature. Here, we argue that Holocene variations in delta(18)O are better explained by lake moisture balance than by temperature-induced fractionation. Episodes of heavy convective precipitation dated approximately 11,100 to 8600, 6700 to 5600, 2900 to 1900, and 〈1300 years before the present were linked to enhanced soil erosion, neoglacial ice advances, and forest expansion on Mt. Kenya.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Barker, P A -- Street-Perrott, F A -- Leng, M J -- Greenwood, P B -- Swain, D L -- Perrott, R A -- Telford, R J -- Ficken, K J -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2001 Jun 22;292(5525):2307-10.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Department of Geography, Lancaster University, Lancaster LA1 4YB, UK.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/11423656" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Diatoms/*chemistry ; Ecosystem ; Fresh Water ; Geologic Sediments/*chemistry ; Kenya ; Oxygen Isotopes/*analysis ; Pollen ; Rain ; Silicon Dioxide/chemistry ; Temperature ; Time ; *Tropical Climate
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  • 8
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    Identification of critical staphylococcal genes using conditional phenotypes generated by antisense RNA (2001)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2001-09-22
    Description: Comprehensive genomic analysis of the important human pathogen Staphylococcus aureus was achieved by a strategy involving antisense technology in a regulatable gene expression system. In addition to known essential genes, many genes of unknown or poorly defined biological function were identified. This methodology allowed gene function to be characterized in a comprehensive, defined set of conditionally growth-defective/lethal isogenic strains. Quantitative titration of the conditional growth effect was performed either in bacterial culture or in an animal model of infection. This genomic strategy offers an approach to the identification of staphylococcal gene products that could serve as targets for antibiotic discovery.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Ji, Y -- Zhang, B -- Van, S F -- Horn -- Warren, P -- Woodnutt, G -- Burnham, M K -- Rosenberg, M -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2001 Sep 21;293(5538):2266-9.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Department of Microbiology, Genetics Research, GlaxoSmithKline Pharmaceuticals Research and Development, Collegeville, PA 19426, USA. yinduo_ji-1@gsk.com〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/11567142" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Animals ; Cloning, Molecular ; Female ; *Gene Expression Regulation, Bacterial ; *Genes, Bacterial ; *Genes, Essential ; Genetic Vectors ; Mice ; Open Reading Frames ; Phenotype ; Pyelonephritis/microbiology ; *RNA, Antisense ; Staphylococcal Infections/microbiology ; Staphylococcus aureus/*genetics/growth & development/pathogenicity ; Transformation, Bacterial ; Virulence/genetics
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  • 9
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    DNA forensics. Laying ghosts to rest in Bosnia (2001)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2001-08-25
    Description: 〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Ladika, S -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2001 Aug 24;293(5534):1422-3.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/11520964" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Bosnia and Herzegovina ; Cell Nucleus/genetics ; *DNA Fingerprinting ; DNA, Mitochondrial/genetics ; Family ; Female ; *Forensic Medicine ; Humans ; Male ; Sequence Analysis, DNA ; Warfare
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  • 10
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    Active disruption of an RNA-protein interaction by a DExH/D RNA helicase (2001)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2001-01-06
    Description: All aspects of cellular RNA metabolism and the replication of many viruses require DExH/D proteins that manipulate RNA in a manner that requires nucleoside triphosphates. Although DExH/D proteins have been shown to unwind purified RNA duplexes, most RNA molecules in the cellular environment are complexed with proteins. It has therefore been speculated that DExH/D proteins may also affect RNA-protein interactions. We demonstrate that the DExH protein NPH-II from vaccinia virus can displace the protein U1A from RNA in an active adenosine triphosphate-dependent fashion. NPH-II increases the rate of U1A dissociation by more than three orders of magnitude while retaining helicase processivity. This indicates that DExH/D proteins can effectively catalyze protein displacement from RNA and thereby participate in the structural reorganization of ribonucleoprotein assemblies.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Jankowsky, E -- Gross, C H -- Shuman, S -- Pyle, A M -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2001 Jan 5;291(5501):121-5.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biophysics, Columbia University, New York, NY 10032, USA. 02115, USA.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/11141562" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: 3' Untranslated Regions/metabolism ; Acid Anhydride Hydrolases/chemistry/*metabolism ; Adenosine Triphosphate/metabolism ; Base Sequence ; Binding Sites ; Kinetics ; Models, Molecular ; Molecular Sequence Data ; Nucleic Acid Conformation ; Nucleoside-Triphosphatase ; Protein Binding ; Protein Conformation ; RNA/chemistry/*metabolism ; RNA Helicases/chemistry/*metabolism ; *RNA-Binding Proteins ; Ribonucleoprotein, U1 Small Nuclear/*metabolism
    Print ISSN: 0036-8075
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  • 11
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    Structural basis of transcription: RNA polymerase II at 2.8 angstrom resolution (2001)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2001-04-21
    Description: Structures of a 10-subunit yeast RNA polymerase II have been derived from two crystal forms at 2.8 and 3.1 angstrom resolution. Comparison of the structures reveals a division of the polymerase into four mobile modules, including a clamp, shown previously to swing over the active center. In the 2.8 angstrom structure, the clamp is in an open state, allowing entry of straight promoter DNA for the initiation of transcription. Three loops extending from the clamp may play roles in RNA unwinding and DNA rewinding during transcription. A 2.8 angstrom difference Fourier map reveals two metal ions at the active site, one persistently bound and the other possibly exchangeable during RNA synthesis. The results also provide evidence for RNA exit in the vicinity of the carboxyl-terminal repeat domain, coupling synthesis to RNA processing by enzymes bound to this domain.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Cramer, P -- Bushnell, D A -- Kornberg, R D -- GM49985/GM/NIGMS NIH HHS/ -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2001 Jun 8;292(5523):1863-76. Epub 2001 Apr 19.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Department of Structural Biology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305-5126, USA.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/11313498" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Amino Acid Sequence ; Binding Sites ; Conserved Sequence ; Crystallography, X-Ray ; DNA, Fungal/chemistry/metabolism ; Fourier Analysis ; Hydrogen Bonding ; Magnesium/metabolism ; Metals/metabolism ; Models, Molecular ; Molecular Sequence Data ; Promoter Regions, Genetic ; Protein Conformation ; Protein Structure, Quaternary ; Protein Structure, Secondary ; Protein Structure, Tertiary ; Protein Subunits ; RNA Polymerase II/*chemistry/*metabolism ; RNA Processing, Post-Transcriptional ; RNA, Fungal/biosynthesis/chemistry/metabolism ; RNA, Messenger/biosynthesis/chemistry/metabolism ; Saccharomyces cerevisiae/*enzymology/genetics ; Transcription Factors/metabolism ; *Transcription, Genetic
    Print ISSN: 0036-8075
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  • 12
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    Impact of polymer tether length on multiple ligand-receptor bond formation (2001)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2001-07-21
    Description: The promoters of cell adhesion are ligands, which are often attached to flexible tethers that bind to surface receptors on adjacent cells. Using a combination of Monte Carlo simulations, diffusion reaction theory, and direct experiments (surface force measurements) of the biotin-streptavidin system, we have quantified polymer chain dynamics and the kinetics and spatial range of tethered ligand-receptor binding. The results show that the efficiency of strong binding does not depend solely on the molecular architecture or binding energy of the receptor-ligand pair, nor on the equilibrium configuration of the polymer tether, but rather on its "rare" extended conformations.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Jeppesen, C -- Wong, J Y -- Kuhl, T L -- Israelachvili, J N -- Mullah, N -- Zalipsky, S -- Marques, C M -- GM-17876/GM/NIGMS NIH HHS/ -- GM-47334/GM/NIGMS NIH HHS/ -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2001 Jul 20;293(5529):465-8.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Materials Research Laboratory, Department of Chemical Engineering, University of California, Santa Barbara, CA 93106, USA.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/11463908" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Biotin/*chemistry/metabolism ; Chemistry, Physical ; Diffusion ; Kinetics ; Ligands ; Mathematics ; Monte Carlo Method ; Physicochemical Phenomena ; Polyethylene Glycols ; Polymers/*chemistry ; Protein Conformation ; Streptavidin/*chemistry/metabolism ; Surface Properties ; Thermodynamics
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  • 13
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    Interaction of the response regulator ARR4 with phytochrome B in modulating red light signaling (2001)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2001-11-03
    Description: The Arabidopsis thaliana response regulator 4, expressed in response to phytochrome B action, specifically interacts with the extreme amino-terminus of the photoreceptor. The response regulator 4 stabilizes the active Pfr form of phytochrome B in yeast and in planta, thus elevates the level of the active photoreceptor in vivo. Accordingly, transgenic Arabidopsis plants overexpressing the response regulator 4 display hypersensitivity to red light but not to light of other wavelengths. We propose that the response regulator 4 acts as an output element of a two-component system that modulates red light signaling on the level of the phytochrome B photoreceptor.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Sweere, U -- Eichenberg, K -- Lohrmann, J -- Mira-Rodado, V -- Baurle, I -- Kudla, J -- Nagy, F -- Schafer, E -- Harter, K -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2001 Nov 2;294(5544):1108-11.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Institut fur Biologie II / Botanik, Universitat Freiburg, Schanzlestrasse 1, 79104 Freiburg, Germany.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/11691995" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Arabidopsis/genetics/*metabolism/radiation effects ; Arabidopsis Proteins/genetics/*metabolism ; Cell Nucleus/metabolism ; Cytoplasm/metabolism ; Darkness ; Genes, Plant ; *Light ; Phenotype ; Phosphorylation ; *Photoreceptor Cells ; Phytochrome/chemistry/*metabolism ; Phytochrome B ; Plants, Genetically Modified ; Protein Conformation ; Recombinant Fusion Proteins/metabolism ; *Signal Transduction ; *Transcription Factors ; Two-Hybrid System Techniques ; Yeasts/genetics/metabolism
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  • 14
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    Public health. Reducing HIV transmission in developing countries (2001)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2001-04-18
    Description: 〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Jha, P -- Nagelkerke, J D -- Ngugi, E N -- Prasada Rao, J V -- Willbond, B -- Moses, S -- Plummer, F A -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2001 Apr 13;292(5515):224-5.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Economics Advisory Service, World Health Organization, Geneva, Switzerland.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/11305312" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Anti-HIV Agents/therapeutic use ; Condoms ; Cost-Benefit Analysis ; Counseling ; *Developing Countries ; Disease Outbreaks/prevention & control ; Female ; Financial Support ; HIV Infections/epidemiology/*prevention & control/*transmission ; Health Education ; Humans ; Infectious Disease Transmission, Vertical/prevention & control ; Male ; Population Surveillance ; Prostitution ; Risk Factors ; Sexual Behavior ; Sexually Transmitted Diseases/drug therapy/prevention & control ; United Nations/economics
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  • 15
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    Uniform binding of aminoacyl-tRNAs to elongation factor Tu by thermodynamic compensation (2001)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2001-10-06
    Description: Elongation factor Tu (EF-Tu) binds all elongator aminoacyl-transfer RNAs (aa-tRNAs) for delivery to the ribosome during protein synthesis. Here, we show that EF-Tu binds misacylated tRNAs over a much wider range of affinities than it binds the corresponding correctly acylated tRNAs, suggesting that the protein exhibits considerable specificity for both the amino acid side chain and the tRNA body. The thermodynamic contributions of the amino acid and the tRNA body to the overall binding affinity are independent of each other and compensate for one another when the tRNAs are correctly acylated. Because certain misacylated tRNAs bind EF-Tu significantly more strongly or weakly than cognate aa-tRNAs, EF-Tu may contribute to translational accuracy.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉LaRiviere, F J -- Wolfson, A D -- Uhlenbeck, O C -- GM-37552/GM/NIGMS NIH HHS/ -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2001 Oct 5;294(5540):165-8.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Colorado, Boulder, CO 80309-0215, USA.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/11588263" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Acylation ; Amino Acids/chemistry/*metabolism ; Escherichia coli/metabolism ; Esterification ; Evolution, Molecular ; *Peptide Biosynthesis ; Peptide Elongation Factor Tu/*metabolism ; Protein Binding ; *Protein Biosynthesis ; RNA, Transfer, Amino Acid-Specific/chemistry/*metabolism ; RNA, Transfer, Amino Acyl/chemistry/*metabolism ; Ribosomes/metabolism ; Temperature ; Thermodynamics ; Thermus thermophilus/metabolism ; Yeasts/metabolism
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  • 16
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    The evolution of climate over the last millennium (2001)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2001-04-28
    Description: Knowledge of past climate variability is crucial for understanding and modeling current and future climate trends. This article reviews present knowledge of changes in temperatures and two major circulation features-El Nino-Southern Oscillation (ENSO) and the North Atlantic Oscillation (NAO)-over much of the last 1000 years, mainly on the basis of high-resolution paleoclimate records. Average temperatures during the last three decades were likely the warmest of the last millennium, about 0.2 degrees C warmer than during warm periods in the 11th and 12th centuries. The 20th century experienced the strongest warming trend of the millennium (about 0.6 degrees C per century). Some recent changes in ENSO may have been unique since 1800, whereas the recent trend to more positive NAO values may have occurred several times since 1500. Uncertainties will only be reduced through more extensive spatial sampling of diverse proxy climatic records.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Jones, P D -- Osborn, T J -- Briffa, K R -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2001 Apr 27;292(5517):662-7.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Climatic Research Unit, University of East Anglia, Norwich NR4 7TJ, UK. p.jones@uea.ac.uk〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/11326088" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Animals ; *Climate ; Cnidaria ; Geologic Sediments ; Ice ; Temperature ; Time ; Trees
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    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Computer Science , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
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    Pot1, the putative telomere end-binding protein in fission yeast and humans (2001)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2001-05-12
    Description: Telomere proteins from ciliated protozoa bind to the single-stranded G-rich DNA extensions at the ends of macronuclear chromosomes. We have now identified homologous proteins in fission yeast and in humans. These Pot1 (protection of telomeres) proteins each bind the G-rich strand of their own telomeric repeat sequence, consistent with a direct role in protecting chromosome ends. Deletion of the fission yeast pot1+ gene has an immediate effect on chromosome stability, causing rapid loss of telomeric DNA and chromosome circularization. It now appears that the protein that caps the ends of chromosomes is widely dispersed throughout the eukaryotic kingdom.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Baumann, P -- Cech, T R -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2001 May 11;292(5519):1171-5.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Colorado, Boulder, CO 80309, USA.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/11349150" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Amino Acid Sequence ; Base Sequence ; Binding Sites ; Chromosome Segregation/genetics ; Chromosomes, Fungal/genetics/metabolism ; Cloning, Molecular ; DNA/genetics/metabolism ; DNA-Binding Proteins/chemistry/genetics/*metabolism ; Electrophoresis, Gel, Pulsed-Field ; Female ; Gene Deletion ; Gene Expression Profiling ; Heterozygote ; Humans ; Molecular Sequence Data ; Ovary/metabolism ; Phenotype ; RNA, Messenger/analysis/genetics ; Schizosaccharomyces/*genetics ; Schizosaccharomyces pombe Proteins ; Sequence Alignment ; Substrate Specificity ; Telomere/genetics/*metabolism ; *Telomere-Binding Proteins
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    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Computer Science , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
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    South Africa in crisis on HIV/AIDS treatment (2001)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2001-07-10
    Description: 〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Jones, T T -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2001 Jun 29;292(5526):2431-2.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/11441877" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome/*drug therapy/prevention & ; control/transmission ; Anti-HIV Agents/*therapeutic use ; Drug Industry ; Female ; Health Policy ; Health Services Accessibility ; Humans ; Infant, Newborn ; Infectious Disease Transmission, Vertical/prevention & control ; Nevirapine/therapeutic use ; Pregnancy ; Pregnancy Complications, Infectious/drug therapy ; South Africa
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    Auditory spatial receptive fields created by multiplication (2001)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2001-04-17
    Description: Examples of multiplication by neurons or neural circuits are scarce, although many computational models use this basic operation. The owl's auditory system computes interaural time (ITD) and level (ILD) differences to create a two-dimensional map of auditory space. Space-specific neurons are selective for combinations of ITD and ILD, which define, respectively, the horizontal and vertical dimensions of their receptive fields. A multiplication of separate postsynaptic potentials tuned to ITD and ILD, rather than an addition, can account for the subthreshold responses of these neurons to ITD-ILD pairs. Other nonlinear processes improve the spatial tuning of the spike output and reduce the fit to the multiplicative model.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Pena, J L -- Konishi, M -- DC00134/DC/NIDCD NIH HHS/ -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2001 Apr 13;292(5515):249-52.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Division of Biology 216-76, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA 91125, USA. jose@etho.caltech.edu〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/11303092" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Acoustic Stimulation ; Action Potentials ; Animals ; Auditory Pathways ; Auditory Perception/*physiology ; Female ; Inferior Colliculi/cytology/*physiology ; Male ; Mathematics ; Membrane Potentials ; Neurons/*physiology ; Sound Localization/*physiology ; Strigiformes/*physiology ; *Synaptic Transmission
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    Ribosome structure. The ribosome in action (2001)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2001-05-09
    Description: 〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Dahlberg, A E -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2001 May 4;292(5518):868-9.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Division of Biology and Medicine, Brown University, Providence, RI 02912, USA. albert_dahlberg@brown.edu〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/11341282" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Anti-Bacterial Agents/pharmacology ; Anticodon ; Base Pairing ; Binding Sites ; Codon ; Crystallography, X-Ray ; *Protein Biosynthesis ; Protein Conformation ; RNA, Bacterial/chemistry/metabolism ; RNA, Messenger/chemistry/*metabolism ; RNA, Ribosomal/chemistry/metabolism ; RNA, Transfer/chemistry/*metabolism ; RNA, Transfer, Amino Acid-Specific/chemistry/*metabolism ; Ribosomal Proteins/chemistry/metabolism ; Ribosomes/chemistry/*metabolism/*ultrastructure ; Thermus thermophilus/genetics/metabolism/ultrastructure
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    An apolipoprotein influencing triglycerides in humans and mice revealed by comparative sequencing (2001)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2001-10-06
    Description: Comparison of genomic DNA sequences from human and mouse revealed a new apolipoprotein (APO) gene (APOAV) located proximal to the well-characterized APOAI/CIII/AIV gene cluster on human 11q23. Mice expressing a human APOAV transgene showed a decrease in plasma triglyceride concentrations to one-third of those in control mice; conversely, knockout mice lacking Apoav had four times as much plasma triglycerides as controls. In humans, single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) across the APOAV locus were found to be significantly associated with plasma triglyceride levels in two independent studies. These findings indicate that APOAV is an important determinant of plasma triglyceride levels, a major risk factor for coronary artery disease.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Pennacchio, L A -- Olivier, M -- Hubacek, J A -- Cohen, J C -- Cox, D R -- Fruchart, J C -- Krauss, R M -- Rubin, E M -- HL-18574/HL/NHLBI NIH HHS/ -- HL-53917/HL/NHLBI NIH HHS/ -- HL66681/HL/NHLBI NIH HHS/ -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2001 Oct 5;294(5540):169-73.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Genome Sciences Department, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/11588264" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Adult ; Alleles ; Animals ; Apolipoprotein C-III ; Apolipoproteins/*genetics/*physiology ; Apolipoproteins A ; Apolipoproteins C/blood ; Chromosomes, Human, Pair 11 ; Cohort Studies ; Computational Biology ; Coronary Disease/etiology/genetics ; Expressed Sequence Tags ; Female ; Haplotypes ; Humans ; Linkage Disequilibrium ; Lipoproteins, VLDL/blood ; Male ; Mice ; Mice, Knockout ; Mice, Transgenic ; Multigene Family ; Open Reading Frames ; Polymorphism, Single Nucleotide ; Risk Factors ; Sequence Analysis, DNA ; Transgenes ; Triglycerides/*blood
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    Virology. The origin and control of pandemic influenza (2001)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2001-09-08
    Description: 〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Laver, G -- Garman, E -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2001 Sep 7;293(5536):1776-7.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Australian National University, Canberra 2601, ACT, Australia.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/11546857" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Animals ; Antiviral Agents/therapeutic use ; Chickens/*virology ; Drug Industry/methods ; Drug Resistance, Microbial ; Enzyme Inhibitors/therapeutic use ; Guanidines ; HN Protein/chemistry/genetics/metabolism ; Hong Kong/epidemiology ; Humans ; Influenza A virus/*enzymology/genetics/immunology/*pathogenicity ; Influenza Vaccines/biosynthesis/economics/immunology ; Influenza, Human/diagnosis/drug therapy/*epidemiology/*prevention & control ; Models, Molecular ; Mutation/genetics ; Neuraminidase/antagonists & inhibitors/chemistry/genetics/metabolism ; Protein Conformation ; Pyrans ; RNA, Viral/analysis/genetics ; Reassortant Viruses/enzymology/genetics/immunology/pathogenicity ; Sialic Acids/therapeutic use ; Zanamivir
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    Requirement for the SLP-76 adaptor GADS in T cell development (2001)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2001-03-10
    Description: GADS is an adaptor protein implicated in CD3 signaling because of its ability to link SLP-76 to LAT. A GADS-deficient mouse was generated by gene targeting, and the function of GADS in T cell development and activation was examined. GADS- CD4-CD8- thymocytes exhibited a severe block in proliferation but still differentiated into mature T cells. GADS- thymocytes failed to respond to CD3 cross-linking in vivo and were impaired in positive and negative selection. Immunoprecipitation experiments revealed that the association between SLP-76 and LAT was uncoupled in GADS- thymocytes. These observations indicate that GADS is a critical adaptor for CD3 signaling.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Yoder, J -- Pham, C -- Iizuka, Y M -- Kanagawa, O -- Liu, S K -- McGlade, J -- Cheng, A M -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2001 Mar 9;291(5510):1987-91.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Medical Scientist Training Program, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/11239162" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: *Adaptor Proteins, Signal Transducing ; Animals ; Antigens, CD3/metabolism ; Carrier Proteins/*metabolism ; Cell Differentiation ; Cell Division ; Cell Lineage ; Cell Size ; Female ; Gene Targeting ; Lymphocyte Activation ; Male ; *Membrane Proteins ; Mice ; Mice, Transgenic ; Phosphoproteins/*metabolism ; Phosphorylation ; Receptors, Antigen, T-Cell/metabolism ; Signal Transduction ; Spleen/cytology/immunology ; T-Lymphocytes/*cytology/immunology ; Thymus Gland/cytology/immunology ; src Homology Domains
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    Nutrition. The epidemic that wasn't? (2001)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2001-04-05
    Description: 〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Taubes, G -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2001 Mar 30;291(5513):2540.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/11286268" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Cause of Death ; Coronary Artery Disease/classification/*epidemiology/mortality ; Coronary Disease/classification/*epidemiology/mortality ; Death Certificates ; *Disease Outbreaks ; Female ; Humans ; Male ; Population Dynamics ; United States/epidemiology
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    An fMRI investigation of emotional engagement in moral judgment (2001)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2001-09-15
    Description: The long-standing rationalist tradition in moral psychology emphasizes the role of reason in moral judgment. A more recent trend places increased emphasis on emotion. Although both reason and emotion are likely to play important roles in moral judgment, relatively little is known about their neural correlates, the nature of their interaction, and the factors that modulate their respective behavioral influences in the context of moral judgment. In two functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) studies using moral dilemmas as probes, we apply the methods of cognitive neuroscience to the study of moral judgment. We argue that moral dilemmas vary systematically in the extent to which they engage emotional processing and that these variations in emotional engagement influence moral judgment. These results may shed light on some puzzling patterns in moral judgment observed by contemporary philosophers.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Greene, J D -- Sommerville, R B -- Nystrom, L E -- Darley, J M -- Cohen, J D -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2001 Sep 14;293(5537):2105-8.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Center for the Study of Brain, Mind, and Behavior, Department of Philosophy, 1879 Hall, Princeton University, Princeton, NJ 08544, USA. jdgreene@princeton.edu〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/11557895" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Brain/*physiology ; Brain Mapping ; *Emotions ; Female ; Humans ; *Judgment ; *Magnetic Resonance Imaging ; Male ; Mental Processes ; *Morals ; Reaction Time
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    Nutrition. What if Americans ate less saturated fat? (2001)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2001-04-05
    Description: 〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Taubes, G -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2001 Mar 30;291(5513):2538.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/11286267" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: *Diet, Fat-Restricted ; Dietary Fats/*administration & dosage ; Female ; Humans ; *Life Expectancy ; Male ; United States
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    Formation of neurofibrillary tangles in P301l tau transgenic mice induced by Abeta 42 fibrils (2001)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2001-08-25
    Description: beta-Amyloid plaques and neurofibrillary tangles (NFTs) are the defining neuropathological hallmarks of Alzheimer's disease, but their pathophysiological relation is unclear. Injection of beta-amyloid Abeta42 fibrils into the brains of P301L mutant tau transgenic mice caused fivefold increases in the numbers of NFTs in cell bodies within the amygdala from where neurons project to the injection sites. Gallyas silver impregnation identified NFTs that contained tau phosphorylated at serine 212/threonine 214 and serine 422. NFTs were composed of twisted filaments and occurred in 6-month-old mice as early as 18 days after Abeta42 injections. Our data support the hypothesis that Abeta42 fibrils can accelerate NFT formation in vivo.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Gotz, J -- Chen, F -- van Dorpe, J -- Nitsch, R M -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2001 Aug 24;293(5534):1491-5.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Division of Psychiatry Research, University of Zurich, August Forel Strasse 1, 8008 Zurich, Switzerland. goetz@bli.unizh.ch〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/11520988" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Aged ; Aged, 80 and over ; Alzheimer Disease/metabolism/*pathology ; Amygdala/*pathology ; Amyloid beta-Peptides/administration & dosage/*metabolism ; Animals ; Brain/*pathology ; Epitopes ; Female ; Fluorescent Antibody Technique ; Humans ; Male ; Mice ; Mice, Transgenic ; Microscopy, Immunoelectron ; Mutation ; Neurofibrillary Tangles/*metabolism/pathology ; Peptide Fragments/administration & dosage/*metabolism ; Phosphorylation ; Plaque, Amyloid/*metabolism/pathology ; Protein Conformation ; Protein Isoforms ; Sex Characteristics ; tau Proteins/chemistry/genetics/immunology/*metabolism
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    RNA rules--at least sometimes (2001)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2001-08-11
    Description: 〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Pennisi, E -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2001 Aug 10;293(5532):1066.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/11498572" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Animals ; Dosage Compensation, Genetic ; Female ; *Gene Expression Regulation ; Gene Silencing ; Male ; Plants/genetics ; RNA/*metabolism ; RNA, Double-Stranded/metabolism
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    Human evolution. Zoo's new primate exhibit to double as research lab (2001)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2001-08-18
    Description: 〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Pennisi, E -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2001 Aug 17;293(5533):1247.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/11509707" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Academies and Institutes ; Animals ; *Animals, Zoo ; Cognition ; Female ; Germany ; Humans ; Male ; *Primates ; *Research
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    A role for thrombin receptor signaling in endothelial cells during embryonic development (2001)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2001-09-05
    Description: The coagulation protease thrombin triggers fibrin formation, platelet activation, and other cellular responses at sites of tissue injury. We report a role for PAR1, a protease-activated G protein-coupled receptor for thrombin, in embryonic development. Approximately half of Par1-/- mouse embryos died at midgestation with bleeding from multiple sites. PAR1 is expressed in endothelial cells, and a PAR1 transgene driven by an endothelial-specific promoter prevented death of Par1-/- embryos. Our results suggest that the coagulation cascade and PAR1 modulate endothelial cell function in developing blood vessels and that thrombin's actions on endothelial cells-rather than on platelets, mesenchymal cells, or fibrinogen-contribute to vascular development and hemostasis in the mouse embryo.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Griffin, C T -- Srinivasan, Y -- Zheng, Y W -- Huang, W -- Coughlin, S R -- HL44907/HL/NHLBI NIH HHS/ -- HL65590/HL/NHLBI NIH HHS/ -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2001 Aug 31;293(5535):1666-70.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Cardiovascular Research Institute, University of California at San Francisco (UCSF), San Francisco, California 94143.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/11533492" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Animals ; Blood Coagulation ; Blood Coagulation Factors/physiology ; Blood Vessels/*embryology/metabolism ; Calcium/metabolism ; Crosses, Genetic ; *Embryonic and Fetal Development ; Endocardium/embryology/metabolism ; Endothelium, Vascular/cytology/*embryology/metabolism ; Factor V/genetics/physiology ; Female ; Fibrinogen/genetics/physiology ; Fibroblasts/metabolism ; Hemorrhage/embryology ; Hemostasis ; Male ; Mice ; Mice, Inbred C57BL ; Mice, Inbred Strains ; Mice, Transgenic ; *Neovascularization, Physiologic ; Phenotype ; Prothrombin/genetics/physiology ; Receptor, PAR-1 ; Receptors, Thrombin/deficiency/genetics/*physiology ; *Signal Transduction ; Thrombin/physiology ; Thromboplastin/genetics/physiology
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    X-ray crystallography. Transcription enzyme structure solved (2001)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2001-05-02
    Description: 〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Marx, J -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2001 Apr 20;292(5516):411-4.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/11330276" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Binding Sites ; Crystallography, X-Ray ; DNA/chemistry/metabolism ; Humans ; Models, Molecular ; Molecular Weight ; Protein Conformation ; RNA/biosynthesis/genetics ; RNA Polymerase II/*chemistry/metabolism ; *Transcription, Genetic ; Yeasts/*enzymology
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    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Computer Science , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
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    Priorities in HIV prevention (2001)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2001-02-24
    Description: 〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Behrman, A J -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2001 Jan 5;291(5501):45-6.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/11192004" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Adult ; Child ; Female ; HIV Infections/epidemiology/*prevention & control ; *Health Priorities ; Heterosexuality ; Homosexuality, Male ; Humans ; Male ; Prevalence ; Risk Factors ; United States/epidemiology
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    Regulation of vegetative phase change in Arabidopsis thaliana by cyclophilin 40 (2001)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2001-03-27
    Description: During its development, a plant shoot progresses from a juvenile to an adult phase of vegetative growth and from a reproductively incompetent to a reproductively competent state. In Arabidopsis, loss-of-function mutations in SQUINT (SQN) reduced the number of juvenile leaves and had subtle effects on inflorescence morphology but had no effect on flowering time or on reproductive competence. SQN encodes the Arabidopsis homolog of cyclophilin 40 (CyP40), a protein found in association with the Hsp90 chaperone complex in yeast, mammals, and plants. Thus, in Arabidopsis, CyP40 is specifically required for the vegetative but not the reproductive maturation of the shoot.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Berardini, T Z -- Bollman, K -- Sun, H -- Poethig, R S -- R01-GM1893-04/GM/NIGMS NIH HHS/ -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2001 Mar 23;291(5512):2405-7.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Plant Science Institute, Department of Biology, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104-6018, USA. spoethig@sas.upenn.edu〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/11264535" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Amino Acid Sequence ; Arabidopsis/anatomy & histology/*genetics/*growth & development/physiology ; Carrier Proteins/chemistry/genetics/physiology ; Chromosome Mapping ; *Cyclophilins ; Exons ; Gene Expression Regulation, Plant ; Genes, Plant ; Heat-Shock Proteins/genetics ; Molecular Sequence Data ; Mutation ; Peptidylprolyl Isomerase/chemistry/genetics/physiology ; Phenotype ; Plant Leaves/anatomy & histology/growth & development ; Plant Shoots/growth & development/physiology ; Reproduction ; Sequence Alignment ; Temperature
    Print ISSN: 0036-8075
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    Negative regulation of neural stem/progenitor cell proliferation by the Pten tumor suppressor gene in vivo (2001)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2001-11-03
    Description: The mechanisms controlling neural stem cell proliferation are poorly understood. Here we demonstrate that the PTEN tumor suppressor plays an important role in regulating neural stem/progenitor cells in vivo and in vitro. Mice lacking PTEN exhibited enlarged, histoarchitecturally abnormal brains, which resulted from increased cell proliferation, decreased cell death, and enlarged cell size. Neurosphere cultures revealed a greater proliferation capacity for tripotent Pten-/- central nervous system stem/progenitor cells, which can be attributed, at least in part, to a shortened cell cycle. However, cell fate commitments of the progenitors were largely undisturbed. Our results suggest that PTEN negatively regulates neural stem cell proliferation.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Groszer, M -- Erickson, R -- Scripture-Adams, D D -- Lesche, R -- Trumpp, A -- Zack, J A -- Kornblum, H I -- Liu, X -- Wu, H -- MH062800-01/MH/NIMH NIH HHS/ -- NS38489/NS/NINDS NIH HHS/ -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2001 Dec 7;294(5549):2186-9. Epub 2001 Nov 1.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Department of Molecular and Medical Pharmacology, UCLA School of Medicine, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/11691952" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Animals ; Apoptosis ; Astrocytes/cytology ; Brain/abnormalities/*cytology/embryology ; Cell Count ; Cell Differentiation ; *Cell Division ; Cell Lineage ; Cell Size ; Cells, Cultured ; Female ; Flow Cytometry ; Fluoresceins/metabolism ; Gene Deletion ; Intermediate Filament Proteins/metabolism ; Male ; Mice ; Mice, Knockout ; *Nerve Tissue Proteins ; Nestin ; Neurons/*cytology ; PTEN Phosphohydrolase ; Phosphoric Monoester Hydrolases/*genetics/*physiology ; Stem Cells/*cytology ; Succinimides/metabolism ; Tumor Suppressor Proteins/*genetics/*physiology
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    Cell biology. NO helps make fireflies flash (2001)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2001-06-30
    Description: 〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Pennisi, E -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2001 Jun 29;292(5526):2413-4.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/11431541" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Animals ; Beetles/cytology/*metabolism ; Cell Communication ; Female ; *Luminescence ; Male ; Mitochondria/metabolism ; Nitric Oxide/*metabolism/pharmacology ; Oxygen/metabolism
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    Animal behavior. New data reveal the sisterhood of lions (2001)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2001-07-28
    Description: 〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Pennisi, E -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2001 Jul 27;293(5530):589.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/11474078" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Animals ; *Behavior, Animal ; Cooperative Behavior ; Female ; *Lions/physiology ; Male ; Maternal Behavior ; *Reproduction ; *Social Behavior ; Social Dominance ; Tanzania
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    Structural biology. Actin' up (2001)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2001-07-28
    Description: 〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉De La Cruz, E M -- Pollard, T D -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2001 Jul 27;293(5530):616-8.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Department of Molecular Biophysics and Biochemistry, Yale University, New Haven, CT 06520, USA.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/11474090" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Actin Depolymerizing Factors ; Actins/*chemistry/*metabolism ; Adenosine Diphosphate/chemistry/*metabolism ; Adenosine Triphosphate/chemistry/metabolism ; Biopolymers/chemistry/metabolism ; *Contractile Proteins ; Crystallography, X-Ray ; Hydrolysis ; Microfilament Proteins/metabolism ; Phosphates/metabolism ; Profilins ; Protein Binding ; Protein Conformation ; Protein Structure, Secondary ; Protein Structure, Tertiary ; Protein Subunits ; Rhodamines/metabolism ; Thymosin/metabolism
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    Liver organogenesis promoted by endothelial cells prior to vascular function (2001)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2001-09-29
    Description: The embryonic role of endothelial cells and nascent vessels in promoting organogenesis, prior to vascular function, is unclear. We find that early endothelial cells in mouse embryos surround newly specified hepatic endoderm and delimit the mesenchymal domain into which the liver bud grows. In flk-1 mutant embryos, which lack endothelial cells, hepatic specification occurs, but liver morphogenesis fails prior to mesenchyme invasion. We developed an embryo tissue explant system that permits liver bud vasculogenesis and show that in the absence of endothelial cells, or when the latter are inhibited, there is a selective defect in hepatic outgrowth. We conclude that vasculogenic endothelial cells and nascent vessels are critical for the earliest stages of organogenesis, prior to blood vessel function.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Matsumoto, K -- Yoshitomi, H -- Rossant, J -- Zaret, K S -- CA06297/CA/NCI NIH HHS/ -- GM36477/GM/NIGMS NIH HHS/ -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2001 Oct 19;294(5542):559-63. Epub 2001 Sep 27.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Cell and Developmental Biology Program, Fox Chase Cancer Center, 7701 Burholme Avenue, Philadelphia, PA 19111, USA.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/11577199" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Animals ; Blood Vessels/cytology/embryology/physiology ; Culture Techniques ; *Embryonic Induction ; Endoderm/*physiology ; Endothelium, Vascular/cytology/embryology/*physiology ; Female ; Hepatocyte Growth Factor/antagonists & inhibitors/metabolism/pharmacology ; Hepatocytes/physiology ; Liver/blood supply/cytology/drug effects/*embryology ; Male ; Mesoderm/physiology ; Mice ; Mice, Inbred C3H ; *Mitogens ; Morphogenesis ; Mutation ; Neovascularization, Physiologic ; Receptor Protein-Tyrosine Kinases/genetics/physiology ; Receptors, Growth Factor/genetics/physiology ; Receptors, Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor ; Signal Transduction/drug effects
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    Plant physiology. Philodendrons like it hot and heavy (2001)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2001-04-18
    Description: 〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Dayton, L -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2001 Apr 13;292(5515):186.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/11305294" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Angiosperms/*metabolism ; Diffusion ; Energy Metabolism ; Mitochondria/metabolism ; Oxidation-Reduction ; *Oxygen Consumption ; Plant Structures/metabolism ; Temperature
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    Climate change. Early birds may miss the worms (2001)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2001-04-05
    Description: 〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Pennisi, E -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2001 Mar 30;291(5513):2532.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/11286261" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Adaptation, Physiological ; Animals ; *Climate ; *Energy Metabolism ; Female ; *Food ; France ; Male ; Nesting Behavior ; *Reproduction ; Seasons ; Songbirds/*physiology
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    Recolonizing carnivores and naive prey: conservation lessons from Pleistocene extinctions (2001)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2001-02-13
    Description: The current extinction of many of Earth's large terrestrial carnivores has left some extant prey species lacking knowledge about contemporary predators, a situation roughly parallel to that 10,000 to 50,000 years ago, when naive animals first encountered colonizing human hunters. Along present-day carnivore recolonization fronts, brown (also called grizzly) bears killed predator-naive adult moose at disproportionately high rates in Scandinavia, and moose mothers who lost juveniles to recolonizing wolves in North America's Yellowstone region developed hypersensitivity to wolf howls. Although prey that had been unfamiliar with dangerous predators for as few as 50 to 130 years were highly vulnerable to initial encounters, behavioral adjustments to reduce predation transpired within a single generation. The fact that at least one prey species quickly learns to be wary of restored carnivores should negate fears about localized prey extinction.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Berger, J -- Swenson, J E -- Persson, I L -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2001 Feb 9;291(5506):1036-9.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Program in Ecology, Evolution, and Conservation Biology, University of Nevada, Reno, NV 89512, USA. berger@unr.edu〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/11161215" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Alaska ; Animals ; Arousal ; *Behavior, Animal ; *Carnivora ; *Conservation of Natural Resources ; Cues ; *Deer ; *Ecosystem ; Female ; Male ; Odors ; *Predatory Behavior ; Scandinavian and Nordic Countries ; Ursidae ; Vocalization, Animal ; Wolves ; Wyoming
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    Expectation and dopamine release: mechanism of the placebo effect in Parkinson's disease (2001)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2001-08-11
    Description: The power of placebos has long been recognized for improving numerous medical conditions such as Parkinson's disease (PD). Little is known, however, about the mechanism underlying the placebo effect. Using the ability of endogenous dopamine to compete for [11C]raclopride binding as measured by positron emission tomography, we provide in vivo evidence for substantial release of endogenous dopamine in the striatum of PD patients in response to placebo. Our findings indicate that the placebo effect in PD is powerful and is mediated through activation of the damaged nigrostriatal dopamine system.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉de la Fuente-Fernandez, R -- Ruth, T J -- Sossi, V -- Schulzer, M -- Calne, D B -- Stoessl, A J -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2001 Aug 10;293(5532):1164-6.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Neurodegenerative Disorders Centre, TRIUMF, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada V6T 2B5.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/11498597" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Aged ; Antiparkinson Agents/administration & dosage/*therapeutic use ; Apomorphine/administration & dosage/*therapeutic use ; Corpus Striatum/*metabolism/radionuclide imaging ; Dopamine/*metabolism ; Female ; Humans ; Male ; Middle Aged ; Parkinson Disease/*drug therapy/metabolism ; *Placebo Effect ; Placebos/administration & dosage ; Raclopride/metabolism ; Synapses/metabolism ; Tomography, Emission-Computed
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    Ecology. Birds weigh risk before protecting their young (2001)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2001-05-02
    Description: 〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Pennisi, E -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2001 Apr 20;292(5516):414-5.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/11330277" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Animals ; Argentina ; Arizona ; *Birds/physiology ; Female ; Male ; *Maternal Behavior ; *Nesting Behavior ; *Paternal Behavior ; Predatory Behavior ; Reproduction ; Risk ; Songbirds/physiology
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    Tracking the sexes by their genes (2001)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2001-03-16
    Description: 〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Pennisi, E -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2001 Mar 2;291(5509):1733-4.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/11249817" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Continental Population Groups/genetics ; Culture ; DNA, Mitochondrial/*genetics ; *Emigration and Immigration ; Ethnic Groups/genetics ; Female ; Genetic Markers ; *Genetics, Population ; Humans ; Male ; Mutation ; Sex Characteristics ; Y Chromosome/*genetics
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    Endangered right whales on the southeastern Bering Sea shelf (2001)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2001-12-01
    Description: 〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Tynan, C T -- DeMaster, D P -- Peterson, W T -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2001 Nov 30;294(5548):1894.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Northwest Fisheries Science Center (NWFSC), National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA), Seattle, WA 98112, USA. Cynthia.Tynan@noaa.gov〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/11729308" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Animal Migration ; Animals ; *Ecosystem ; *Environment ; Food Chain ; *Geography ; Pacific Ocean ; Seawater ; Survival Rate ; Temperature ; Time Factors ; Whales/*physiology
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    Haplotype diversity and linkage disequilibrium at human G6PD: recent origin of alleles that confer malarial resistance (2001)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2001-06-26
    Description: The frequencies of low-activity alleles of glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase in humans are highly correlated with the prevalence of malaria. These "deficiency" alleles are thought to provide reduced risk from infection by the Plasmodium parasite and are maintained at high frequency despite the hemopathologies that they cause. Haplotype analysis of "A-" and "Med" mutations at this locus indicates that they have evolved independently and have increased in frequency at a rate that is too rapid to be explained by random genetic drift. Statistical modeling indicates that the A- allele arose within the past 3840 to 11,760 years and the Med allele arose within the past 1600 to 6640 years. These results support the hypothesis that malaria has had a major impact on humans only since the introduction of agriculture within the past 10,000 years and provide a striking example of the signature of selection on the human genome.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Tishkoff, S A -- Varkonyi, R -- Cahinhinan, N -- Abbes, S -- Argyropoulos, G -- Destro-Bisol, G -- Drousiotou, A -- Dangerfield, B -- Lefranc, G -- Loiselet, J -- Piro, A -- Stoneking, M -- Tagarelli, A -- Tagarelli, G -- Touma, E H -- Williams, S M -- Clark, A G -- G12-RR03032/RR/NCRR NIH HHS/ -- HL03321/HL/NHLBI NIH HHS/ -- T37-TW00043/TW/FIC NIH HHS/ -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2001 Jul 20;293(5529):455-62. Epub 2001 Jun 21.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Department of Biology, Biology/Psychology Building, University of Maryland, College Park, MD 20742, USA. st130@umail.umd.edu〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/11423617" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Africa/epidemiology ; Agriculture ; Alleles ; Animals ; Endemic Diseases ; Evolution, Molecular ; Female ; *Genetic Variation ; Glucosephosphate Dehydrogenase/*genetics ; Glucosephosphate Dehydrogenase Deficiency/epidemiology/*genetics ; *Haplotypes ; Humans ; Immunity, Innate/genetics ; *Linkage Disequilibrium ; Malaria/enzymology/epidemiology/*genetics ; Malaria, Falciparum/enzymology/epidemiology/genetics ; Male ; Mediterranean Region/epidemiology ; Mutation ; Plasmodium falciparum/genetics ; Polymorphism, Restriction Fragment Length ; Selection, Genetic ; Time
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    Triallelic inheritance in Bardet-Biedl syndrome, a Mendelian recessive disorder (2001)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
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    Publication Date: 2001-09-22
    Description: Bardet-Biedl syndrome (BBS) is a genetically heterogeneous disorder characterized by multiple clinical features that include pigmentary retinal dystrophy, polydactyly, obesity, developmental delay, and renal defects. BBS is considered an autosomal recessive disorder, and recent positional cloning efforts have identified two BBS genes (BBS2 and BBS6). We screened our cohort of 163 BBS families for mutations in both BBS2 and BBS6 and report the presence of three mutant alleles in affected individuals in four pedigrees. In addition, we detected unaffected individuals in two pedigrees who carry two BBS2 mutations but not a BBS6 mutation. We therefore propose that BBS may not be a single-gene recessive disease but a complex trait requiring three mutant alleles to manifest the phenotype. This triallelic model of disease transmission may be important in the study of both Mendelian and multifactorial disorders.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Katsanis, N -- Ansley, S J -- Badano, J L -- Eichers, E R -- Lewis, R A -- Hoskins, B E -- Scambler, P J -- Davidson, W S -- Beales, P L -- Lupski, J R -- EY12666/EY/NEI NIH HHS/ -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2001 Sep 21;293(5538):2256-9.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Department of Molecular and Human Genetics, The Texas Children's Hospital, Baylor College of Medicine, One Baylor Plaza, Houston, TX 77030, USA.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/11567139" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: *Alleles ; Bardet-Biedl Syndrome/*genetics ; Cohort Studies ; Female ; Genes, Recessive ; Haplotypes ; Humans ; Male ; Microsatellite Repeats ; *Multifactorial Inheritance ; Mutation ; Open Reading Frames ; Pedigree
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    Archaeology. New trips through the back alleys of agriculture (2001)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2001-05-02
    Description: 〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Brown, K -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2001 Apr 27;292(5517):631-3.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/11330315" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Agriculture/*history ; Animals ; *Animals, Domestic/genetics ; Cattle/genetics ; *Crops, Agricultural ; DNA, Mitochondrial/genetics ; Female ; *Fossils ; Goats ; History, Ancient ; Humans ; Male ; Zea mays
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    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Computer Science , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
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    Transcription factor IID--not so basal after all (2001)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2001-09-15
    Description: 〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Verrijzer, C P -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2001 Sep 14;293(5537):2010-1.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Department of Molecular and Cell Biology, MGC, Centre for Biomedical Genetics, Leiden University Medical Centre, Leiden, Netherlands. verrijzer@lumc.nl〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/11557865" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Animals ; DNA-Binding Proteins/genetics/*metabolism ; Drosophila ; Drosophila Proteins ; Female ; *Gene Expression Regulation, Developmental ; Humans ; Male ; Mice ; Oligonucleotide Array Sequence Analysis ; Oogenesis ; Organ Specificity ; Ovarian Follicle/cytology/physiology ; Promoter Regions, Genetic ; Spermatogenesis ; *TATA-Binding Protein Associated Factors ; TATA-Box Binding Protein ; Telomeric Repeat Binding Protein 2 ; Transcription Factor TFIID ; Transcription Factors/genetics/*metabolism ; Transcription Factors, TFII/genetics/*metabolism ; *Transcription, Genetic
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    AIDS research. HIV inhibitor blocks virus from cell (2001)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2001-03-20
    Description: 〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Helmuth, L -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2001 Jan 12;291(5502):229.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/11253826" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: AIDS Vaccines ; Anti-HIV Agents/chemistry/*metabolism ; Antigens, CD4/metabolism ; CD4-Positive T-Lymphocytes/metabolism/virology ; Carrier Proteins/chemistry/*metabolism ; Drug Design ; HIV/*metabolism ; HIV Envelope Protein gp41/chemistry/*metabolism ; Humans ; *Membrane Fusion ; *Peptides ; Protein Conformation ; Protein Engineering ; Protein Folding
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    Widespread origins of domestic horse lineages (2001)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2001-02-13
    Description: Domestication entails control of wild species and is generally regarded as a complex process confined to a restricted area and culture. Previous DNA sequence analyses of several domestic species have suggested only a limited number of origination events. We analyzed mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) control region sequences of 191 domestic horses and found a high diversity of matrilines. Sequence analysis of equids from archaeological sites and late Pleistocene deposits showed that this diversity was not due to an accelerated mutation rate or an ancient domestication event. Consequently, high mtDNA sequence diversity of horses implies an unprecedented and widespread integration of matrilines and an extensive utilization and taming of wild horses. However, genetic variation at nuclear markers is partitioned among horse breeds and may reflect sex-biased dispersal and breeding.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Vila, C -- Leonard, J A -- Gotherstrom, A -- Marklund, S -- Sandberg, K -- Liden, K -- Wayne, R K -- Ellegren, H -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2001 Jan 19;291(5503):474-7.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Department of Evolutionary Biology, Uppsala University, Norbyvagen 18D, S-75236 Uppsala, Sweden. carles.vila@ebc.uu.se〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/11161199" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Alleles ; Animal Husbandry ; Animals ; Animals, Domestic/*genetics ; Animals, Wild/genetics ; Biological Evolution ; Breeding ; DNA, Mitochondrial/*genetics ; Female ; *Fossils ; *Genetic Variation ; Genetics, Population ; Haplotypes ; Horses/*genetics ; Male ; Microsatellite Repeats ; Pedigree
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    Endangered species. Cloned gaur a short-lived success (2001)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2001-03-03
    Description: 〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Vogel, G -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2001 Jan 19;291(5503):409.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/11228123" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Animals ; Cattle ; *Cloning, Organism ; Clostridium Infections/*veterinary ; *Clostridium perfringens ; Diarrhea/microbiology/*veterinary ; Female ; Male ; *Ruminants
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    Structural basis for selective recognition of oligosaccharides by DC-SIGN and DC-SIGNR (2001)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2001-12-12
    Description: Dendritic cell specific intracellular adhesion molecule-3 (ICAM-3) grabbing nonintegrin (DC-SIGN), a C-type lectin present on the surface of dendritic cells, mediates the initial interaction of dendritic cells with T cells by binding to ICAM-3. DC-SIGN and DC-SIGNR, a related receptor found on the endothelium of liver sinusoids, placental capillaries, and lymph nodes, bind to oligosaccharides that are present on the envelope of human immunodeficiency virus (HIV), an interaction that strongly promotes viral infection of T cells. Crystal structures of carbohydrate-recognition domains of DC-SIGN and of DC-SIGNR bound to oligosaccharide, in combination with binding studies, reveal that these receptors selectively recognize endogenous high-mannose oligosaccharides and may represent a new avenue for developing HIV prophylactics.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Feinberg, H -- Mitchell, D A -- Drickamer, K -- Weis, W I -- GM50565/GM/NIGMS NIH HHS/ -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2001 Dec 7;294(5549):2163-6.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Department of Structural Biology, University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305, USA.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/11739956" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Acetylglucosamine/chemistry/metabolism ; Calcium/metabolism ; Carbohydrate Conformation ; Carbohydrate Sequence ; Carrier Proteins/chemistry/metabolism ; *Cell Adhesion Molecules ; Collectins ; Crystallization ; Crystallography, X-Ray ; Glycoproteins/chemistry/metabolism ; HIV Envelope Protein gp120/chemistry/metabolism ; Humans ; Hydrogen Bonding ; Lectins/*chemistry/*metabolism ; *Lectins, C-Type ; Ligands ; Mannose/chemistry/metabolism ; Models, Molecular ; Molecular Sequence Data ; Oligosaccharides/chemistry/*metabolism ; Protein Conformation ; Protein Folding ; Protein Structure, Secondary ; Receptors, Cell Surface/*chemistry/*metabolism
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    Evolution. Nota bene. Wolbachia and wasp evolution (2001)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2001-03-17
    Description: 〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Smith, O -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2001 Mar 2;291(5509):1719.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/11253199" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Animals ; *Biological Evolution ; Female ; Fertility ; Male ; Reproduction ; Species Specificity ; *Symbiosis ; Wasps/*microbiology/*physiology ; Wolbachia/*physiology
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    Biogenic carbon cycling in the upper ocean: effects of microbial respiration (2001)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2001-03-27
    Description: Food-web processes are important controls of oceanic biogenic carbon flux and ocean-atmosphere carbon dioxide exchange. Two key controlling parameters are the growth efficiencies of the principal trophic components and the rate of carbon remineralization. We report that bacterial growth efficiency is an inverse function of temperature. This relationship permits bacterial respiration in the euphotic zone to be computed from temperature and bacterial production. Using the temperature-growth efficiency relationship, we show that bacterial respiration generally accounts for most community respiration. This implies that a larger fraction of assimilated carbon is respired at low than at high latitudes, so a greater proportion of production can be exported in polar than in tropical regions. Because bacterial production is also a function of temperature, it should be possible to compute euphotic zone heterotrophic respiration at large scales using remotely sensed information.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Rivkin, R B -- Legendre, L -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2001 Mar 23;291(5512):2398-400.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Ocean Sciences Centre, Memorial University of Newfoundland, St. John's, Newfoundland A1C 5S7, Canada. rrivkin@mun.ca〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/11264533" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Atmosphere ; Bacteria/*growth & development/*metabolism ; Biomass ; Carbon/*metabolism ; Carbon Dioxide/*metabolism ; Ecosystem ; Food Chain ; Oceans and Seas ; Oxygen Consumption ; Seawater/*microbiology ; Temperature
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    Chemistry. Nota bene: know thine enemy (2001)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2001-11-10
    Description: 〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Smith, O -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2001 Nov 9;294(5545):1298.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/11701920" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: *Antigens, Bacterial ; *Bacillus anthracis ; Bacterial Toxins/chemistry/*metabolism ; Crystallography, X-Ray ; Endocytosis ; Hydrogen-Ion Concentration ; Macrophages/metabolism/microbiology ; Mitogen-Activated Protein Kinase Kinases/metabolism ; Phagocytosis ; Protein Conformation ; Protein Structure, Tertiary ; Receptors, Cell Surface/chemistry/*metabolism ; Receptors, Peptide/chemistry/*metabolism
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    Nuclear cloning and epigenetic reprogramming of the genome (2001)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2001-08-11
    Description: Cloning of mammals by nuclear transfer (NT) results in gestational or neonatal failure with at most a few percent of manipulated embryos resulting in live births. Many of those that survive to term succumb to a variety of abnormalities that are likely due to inappropriate epigenetic reprogramming. Cloned embryos derived from donors, such as embryonic stem cells, that may require little or no reprogramming of early developmental genes develop substantially better beyond implantation than NT clones derived from somatic cells. Although recent experiments have demonstrated normal reprogramming of telomere length and X chromosome inactivation, epigenetic information established during gametogenesis, such as gametic imprints, cannot be restored after nuclear transfer. Survival of cloned animals to birth and beyond, despite substantial transcriptional dysregulation, is consistent with mammalian development being rather tolerant to epigenetic abnormalities, with lethality resulting only beyond a threshold of faulty gene reprogramming encompassing multiple loci.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Rideout , W M 3rd -- Eggan, K -- Jaenisch, R -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2001 Aug 10;293(5532):1093-8.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Whitehead Institute for Biomedical Research and, Department of Biology, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 9 Cambridge Center, Cambridge, MA 02142, USA.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/11498580" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Animals ; Cell Differentiation ; Cell Nucleus/*genetics/metabolism ; *Cloning, Organism ; DNA Methylation ; Dosage Compensation, Genetic ; Embryo, Mammalian/cytology/*physiology ; *Embryo, Nonmammalian ; *Embryonic and Fetal Development ; Female ; Gametogenesis ; *Gene Expression Regulation, Developmental ; Genomic Imprinting ; Germ Cells/cytology/physiology ; Male ; Nuclear Transfer Techniques ; Phenotype ; Stem Cells/cytology/physiology ; Telomere/physiology/ultrastructure
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    General contentment masks gender gap in first AAAS salary and job survey (2001)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2001-10-13
    Description: 〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Holden, C -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2001 Oct 12;294(5541):396-411.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/11598304" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Academic Medical Centers ; *Biological Science Disciplines ; Career Choice ; Career Mobility ; Education, Graduate ; *Employment ; Faculty ; Female ; Humans ; *Job Satisfaction ; Male ; Private Sector ; Public Sector ; Research ; *Research Personnel/economics ; *Salaries and Fringe Benefits ; *Surveys and Questionnaires ; Teaching ; United States ; Universities ; Women, Working
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    Crystal structure of an initiation factor bound to the 30S ribosomal subunit (2001)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2001-03-03
    Description: Initiation of translation at the correct position on messenger RNA is essential for accurate protein synthesis. In prokaryotes, this process requires three initiation factors: IF1, IF2, and IF3. Here we report the crystal structure of a complex of IF1 and the 30S ribosomal subunit. Binding of IF1 occludes the ribosomal A site and flips out the functionally important bases A1492 and A1493 from helix 44 of 16S RNA, burying them in pockets in IF1. The binding of IF1 causes long-range changes in the conformation of H44 and leads to movement of the domains of 30S with respect to each other. The structure explains how localized changes at the ribosomal A site lead to global alterations in the conformation of the 30S subunit.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Carter, A P -- Clemons, W M Jr -- Brodersen, D E -- Morgan-Warren, R J -- Hartsch, T -- Wimberly, B T -- Ramakrishnan, V -- GM 44973/GM/NIGMS NIH HHS/ -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2001 Jan 19;291(5503):498-501.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Medical Research Council Laboratory of Molecular Biology, Hills Road, Cambridge CB2 2QH, UK.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/11228145" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Base Pairing ; Binding Sites ; Crystallography, X-Ray ; Eukaryotic Initiation Factor-1/*chemistry/metabolism ; Hydrogen Bonding ; Models, Molecular ; Nucleic Acid Conformation ; Protein Conformation ; Protein Structure, Secondary ; RNA, Ribosomal, 16S/*chemistry/metabolism ; RNA, Transfer/metabolism ; Ribosomal Proteins/*chemistry/metabolism ; Ribosomes/*chemistry/metabolism ; Thermus thermophilus/*chemistry
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    Neuroanatomy of magnetoreception: the superior colliculus involved in magnetic orientation in a mammal (2001)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2001-10-13
    Description: The neural substrate subserving magnetic orientation is largely unknown in vertebrates and unstudied in mammals. We combined a behavioral test for magnetic compass orientation in mole rats and immunocytochemical visualization of the transcription factor c-Fos as a marker of neuronal activity. We found that the superior colliculus of the Zambian mole rat (Cryptomys anselli) contains neurons that are responsive to magnetic stimuli. These neurons are directionally selective and organized within a discrete sublayer. Our results constitute evidence for the involvement of a specific mammalian brain structure in magnetoreception.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Nemec, P -- Altmann, J -- Marhold, S -- Burda, H -- Oelschlager, H H -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2001 Oct 12;294(5541):366-8.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Department of Zoology, Charles University, CZ-128 44 Prague, Czech Republic. pgnemec@natur.cuni.cz〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/11598299" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Animals ; *Behavior, Animal ; Brain Mapping ; Efferent Pathways ; Female ; Immunohistochemistry ; *Magnetics ; Male ; Mole Rats/anatomy & histology/*physiology ; Nesting Behavior ; Neurons/metabolism/*physiology ; *Orientation ; Proto-Oncogene Proteins c-fos/metabolism ; Superior Colliculi/cytology/metabolism/*physiology
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    Neurobiology. Learning how a fruit fly forgets (2001)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2001-08-18
    Description: 〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Waddell, S -- Quinn, W G -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2001 Aug 17;293(5533):1271-2.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Department of Brain and Cognitive Sciences, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA. waddell@mit.edu〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/11509718" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Afferent Pathways/physiology ; Animals ; Brain/physiology ; Cyclic AMP/metabolism ; Drosophila/genetics/*physiology ; *Drosophila Proteins ; Dynamins ; Electroshock ; GTP Phosphohydrolases/genetics/physiology ; Genes, Insect ; Learning/*physiology ; Memory/*physiology ; Mental Recall/physiology ; Models, Neurological ; Neurons/*physiology ; Neuropeptides/genetics/physiology ; Odors ; Presynaptic Terminals/physiology ; Second Messenger Systems ; Signal Transduction ; *Synaptic Transmission ; Temperature ; Transgenes
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    Paleoclimate. Dating--vive la difference (2001)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2001-12-01
    Description: 〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Adkins, J -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2001 Nov 30;294(5548):1844-5.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA 91125, USA. jess@gps.caltech.edu〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/11729292" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Animals ; Atlantic Ocean ; *Atmosphere ; Calibration ; Carbon/metabolism ; Carbon Dioxide/metabolism ; Carbon Radioisotopes/metabolism ; Cold Climate ; Cosmic Radiation ; Geologic Sediments/*analysis/chemistry/parasitology ; Greenland ; Half-Life ; Ice ; Plankton/metabolism ; *Seawater ; Temperature ; Time Factors ; Volcanic Eruptions
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    Structure of a Bag/Hsc70 complex: convergent functional evolution of Hsp70 nucleotide exchange factors (2001)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2001-02-27
    Description: Bag (Bcl2-associated athanogene) domains occur in a class of cofactors of the eukaryotic chaperone 70-kilodalton heat shock protein (Hsp70) family. Binding of the Bag domain to the Hsp70 adenosine triphosphatase (ATPase) domain promotes adenosine 5'-triphosphate-dependent release of substrate from Hsp70 in vitro. In a 1.9 angstrom crystal structure of a complex with the ATPase of the 70-kilodalton heat shock cognate protein (Hsc70), the Bag domain forms a three-helix bundle, inducing a conformational switch in the ATPase that is incompatible with nucleotide binding. The same switch is observed in the bacterial Hsp70 homolog DnaK upon binding of the structurally unrelated nucleotide exchange factor GrpE. Thus, functional convergence has allowed proteins with different architectures to trigger a conserved conformational shift in Hsp70 that leads to nucleotide exchange.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Sondermann, H -- Scheufler, C -- Schneider, C -- Hohfeld, J -- Hartl, F U -- Moarefi, I -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2001 Feb 23;291(5508):1553-7.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Department of Cellular Biochemistry, Max-Planck-Institut fur Biochemie, D-82152 Martinsried, Germany.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/11222862" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Adenosine Diphosphate/metabolism ; Adenosine Triphosphatases/*chemistry/*metabolism ; Adenosine Triphosphate/metabolism ; Amino Acid Sequence ; Animals ; Bacterial Proteins/chemistry/metabolism ; Carrier Proteins/*chemistry/*metabolism ; Cattle ; Crystallography, X-Ray ; DNA-Binding Proteins ; *Escherichia coli Proteins ; Evolution, Molecular ; HSC70 Heat-Shock Proteins ; HSP70 Heat-Shock Proteins/*chemistry/*metabolism ; Heat-Shock Proteins/chemistry/metabolism ; Humans ; Hydrolysis ; Models, Molecular ; Molecular Sequence Data ; Protein Conformation ; Protein Isoforms ; Protein Structure, Secondary ; Protein Structure, Tertiary ; Transcription Factors
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    Structural biology. A marvellous machine for making messages (2001)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2001-06-09
    Description: 〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Klug, A -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2001 Jun 8;292(5523):1844-6.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉MRC Laboratory of Molecular Biology, Cambridge CB2 2QH, UK.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/11397933" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Binding Sites ; Crystallization ; Crystallography, X-Ray ; DNA, Fungal/chemistry/metabolism ; Gene Expression Regulation, Fungal ; Promoter Regions, Genetic ; Protein Conformation ; Protein Folding ; Protein Structure, Quaternary ; Protein Structure, Secondary ; Protein Structure, Tertiary ; Protein Subunits ; RNA Polymerase II/*chemistry/*metabolism ; RNA, Fungal/biosynthesis/chemistry/metabolism ; RNA, Messenger/biosynthesis/chemistry/metabolism ; Saccharomyces cerevisiae/*enzymology/genetics ; Transcription Factors/isolation & purification/metabolism ; *Transcription, Genetic
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    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Computer Science , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
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    Differentiation of embryonic stem cell lines generated from adult somatic cells by nuclear transfer (2001)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2001-04-28
    Description: Embryonic stem (ES) cells are fully pluripotent in that they can differentiate into all cell types, including gametes. We have derived 35 ES cell lines via nuclear transfer (ntES cell lines) from adult mouse somatic cells of inbred, hybrid, and mutant strains. ntES cells contributed to an extensive variety of cell types, including dopaminergic and serotonergic neurons in vitro and germ cells in vivo. Cloning by transfer of ntES cell nuclei could result in normal development of fertile adults. These studies demonstrate the full pluripotency of ntES cells.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Wakayama, T -- Tabar, V -- Rodriguez, I -- Perry, A C -- Studer, L -- Mombaerts, P -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2001 Apr 27;292(5517):740-3.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉The Rockefeller University, New York, NY 10021, USA. teru@advancedcell.com〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/11326103" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Animals ; Blastocyst/*cytology ; *Cell Differentiation ; Cell Line ; Cell Lineage ; Chimera ; Cloning, Organism ; Crosses, Genetic ; Dopamine/metabolism ; Embryo Transfer ; Female ; Germ Cells/*cytology ; Male ; Mice ; Mice, Inbred C57BL ; Mice, Inbred DBA ; Mice, Inbred ICR ; Mice, Nude ; Neurons/*cytology ; *Nuclear Transfer Techniques ; Serotonin/metabolism ; Stem Cells/*cytology
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    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Computer Science , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
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    Physiology. A one-domain voltage-gated sodium channel in bacteria (2001)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2001-12-18
    Description: 〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Catterall, W A -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2001 Dec 14;294(5550):2306-8.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Department of Pharmacology, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195, USA. wcatt@u.washington.edu〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/11743190" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Amino Acid Motifs ; Amino Acid Sequence ; Bacillus/*chemistry/metabolism ; Bacterial Proteins/antagonists & inhibitors/chemistry/*metabolism ; Calcium Channels/chemistry/metabolism ; Ion Channel Gating ; Ion Transport ; Membrane Potentials ; Potassium Channel Blockers ; Potassium Channels/chemistry/metabolism ; Protein Conformation ; Protein Structure, Secondary ; Protein Structure, Tertiary ; Sodium/*metabolism ; Sodium Channel Blockers ; Sodium Channels/*chemistry/*metabolism ; Static Electricity
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    Imprinting and the epigenetic asymmetry between parental genomes (2001)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2001-08-11
    Description: Genomic imprinting confers a developmental asymmetry on the parental genomes, through epigenetic modifications in the germ line and embryo. These heritable modifications regulate the monoallelic activity of parental alleles resulting in their functional differences during development. Specific cis-acting regulatory elements associated with imprinted genes carry modifications involving chromatin structural changes and DNA methylation. Some of these modifications are initiated in the germ line. Comparative genomic analysis at imprinted domains is emerging as a powerful tool for the identification of conserved elements amenable to more detailed functional analysis, and for providing insight into the emergence of imprinting during the evolution of mammalian species. Genomic imprinting therefore provides a model system for the analysis of the epigenetic control of genome function.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Ferguson-Smith, A C -- Surani, M A -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2001 Aug 10;293(5532):1086-9.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Department of Anatomy, University of Cambridge, Downing Street, Cambridge, CB2 3DY, UK. afsmith@mole.bio.cam.ac.uk〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/11498578" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Alleles ; DNA Methylation ; Embryonic and Fetal Development ; Evolution, Molecular ; Female ; Gametogenesis ; *Gene Expression Regulation, Developmental ; Gene Silencing ; *Genomic Imprinting ; Germ Cells/*metabolism ; Humans ; Male ; Oocytes/metabolism ; RNA, Antisense/genetics ; Regulatory Sequences, Nucleic Acid ; Zygote/metabolism
    Print ISSN: 0036-8075
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    A role for the RNase III enzyme DCR-1 in RNA interference and germ line development in Caenorhabditis elegans (2001)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2001-08-04
    Description: An early event in RNA interference (RNAi) is the cleavage of the initiating double-stranded RNA (dsRNA) to short pieces, 21 to 23 nucleotides in length. Here we describe a null mutation in dicer-1 (dcr-1), a gene proposed to encode the enzyme that generates these short RNAs. We find that dcr-1(-/-) animals have defects in RNAi under some, but not all, conditions. Mutant animals have germ line defects that lead to sterility, suggesting that cleavage of dsRNA to short pieces is a requisite event in normal development.〈br /〉〈br /〉〈a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1855227/" target="_blank"〉〈img src="https://static.pubmed.gov/portal/portal3rc.fcgi/4089621/img/3977009" border="0"〉〈/a〉   〈a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1855227/" target="_blank"〉This paper as free author manuscript - peer-reviewed and accepted for publication〈/a〉〈br /〉〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Knight, S W -- Bass, B L -- R01 GM044073/GM/NIGMS NIH HHS/ -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2001 Sep 21;293(5538):2269-71. Epub 2001 Aug 2.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Department of Biochemistry and Howard Hughes Medical Institute, University of Utah, 50 North Medical Drive, Room 211, Salt Lake City, UT 84132, USA.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/11486053" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Animals ; Animals, Genetically Modified ; Caenorhabditis elegans/cytology/*enzymology/*genetics/growth & development ; Cell Differentiation ; Disorders of Sex Development ; Endoribonucleases/genetics/*metabolism ; Female ; *Gene Silencing ; Genes, Helminth ; Germ Cells/*cytology/metabolism ; Male ; Mutation ; Oocytes/cytology ; Phenotype ; RNA, Double-Stranded/*genetics/*metabolism ; RNA, Helminth/genetics/metabolism ; RNA, Messenger/genetics/metabolism ; Reverse Transcriptase Polymerase Chain Reaction ; Ribonuclease III ; Sequence Deletion
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    Ecology. Coral reef biodiversity--habitat size matters (2001)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2001-05-31
    Description: 〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Knowlton, N -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2001 May 25;292(5521):1493-5.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Marine Biology Research Division, Scripps Institution of Oceanography, University of California-San Diego, San Diego, CA 92093-0202, USA. nknowlton@ucsd.edu〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/11379628" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Animals ; *Cnidaria/physiology ; Conservation of Natural Resources ; *Ecosystem ; *Fishes/physiology ; Indian Ocean ; Pacific Ocean ; Temperature
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    China's census. National count reveals major societal changes (2001)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2001-06-09
    Description: 〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Walfish, D -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2001 Jun 8;292(5523):1823.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/11397927" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Aging ; *Censuses ; China ; Family Characteristics ; Female ; Humans ; Male ; *Population Density ; *Population Dynamics ; Rural Population ; Sex Ratio ; Urban Population
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    UDP-glucose dehydrogenase required for cardiac valve formation in zebrafish (2001)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2001-09-05
    Description: Cardiac valve formation is a complex process that involves cell signaling events between the myocardial and endocardial layers of the heart across an elaborate extracellular matrix. These signals lead to marked morphogenetic movements and transdifferentiation of the endocardial cells at chamber boundaries. Here we identify the genetic defect in zebrafish jekyll mutants, which are deficient in the initiation of heart valve formation. The jekyll mutation disrupts a homolog of Drosophila Sugarless, a uridine 5'-diphosphate (UDP)-glucose dehydrogenase required for heparan sulfate, chondroitin sulfate, and hyaluronic acid production. The atrioventricular border cells do not differentiate from their neighbors in jekyll mutants, suggesting that Jekyll is required in a cell signaling event that establishes a boundary between the atrium and ventricle.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Walsh, E C -- Stainier, D Y -- HL54737/HL/NHLBI NIH HHS/ -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2001 Aug 31;293(5535):1670-3.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics, Programs in Developmental Biology, Genetics and Human Genetics, University of California, San Francisco, CA 94143-0448, USA.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/11533493" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Amino Acid Sequence ; Animals ; Antisense Elements (Genetics) ; Body Patterning ; Bone Morphogenetic Proteins/genetics ; Endocardium/embryology/metabolism ; Female ; Gene Expression ; Glycosaminoglycans/metabolism ; Heart/*embryology ; Heart Valves/cytology/*embryology/enzymology/metabolism ; Male ; Molecular Sequence Data ; Morphogenesis ; Mutation ; Myocardium/cytology/metabolism ; Phenotype ; Physical Chromosome Mapping ; Signal Transduction ; Uridine Diphosphate Glucose Dehydrogenase/*genetics/*metabolism ; Zebrafish/*embryology/genetics
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    Parent-offspring coadaptation and the dual genetic control of maternal care (2001)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2001-06-02
    Description: In many animal species, the amount of care provided by parents is determined through a complex interaction of offspring signals and responses by parents to those signals. As predicted by honest signaling theory, we show that in the burrower bug, Sehirus cinctus, maternal provisioning responds to experimental manipulations of offspring condition. Despite this predicted environmental influence, we find evidence from two cross-foster experiments that variation in maternal care also stems from two distinct genetic sources: variation among offspring in their ability to elicit care and variation among parents in their response to offspring signals. Furthermore, as predicted by maternal-offspring coadaptation theory, offspring signaling is negatively genetically correlated with maternal provisioning.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Agrawal, A F -- Brodie, E D 3rd -- Brown, J -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2001 Jun 1;292(5522):1710-2.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Department of Biology and Center for the Integrative Study of Animal Behavior, Indiana University, Bloomington, IN 47405-3700, USA. aagrawal@bio.indiana.edu〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/11387474" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: *Adaptation, Physiological ; Animals ; Biological Evolution ; Cues ; Feeding Behavior ; Female ; *Genetic Variation ; Hemiptera/*genetics/*physiology ; *Maternal Behavior ; Phenotype
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    Behavioral genetics. Study suggests pitch perception is inherited (2001)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2001-03-14
    Description: 〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Holden, C -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2001 Mar 9;291(5510):1879.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/11245179" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Brain/*physiology ; Female ; *Genes ; Humans ; Pitch Discrimination ; *Pitch Perception ; Twin Studies as Topic ; Twins, Dizygotic ; Twins, Monozygotic
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    Crystal structure of the free radical intermediate of pyruvate:ferredoxin oxidoreductase (2001)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2001-12-26
    Description: In anaerobic organisms, the decarboxylation of pyruvate, a crucial component of intermediary metabolism, is catalyzed by the metalloenzyme pyruvate: ferredoxin oxidoreductase (PFOR) resulting in the generation of low potential electrons and the subsequent acetylation of coenzyme A (CoA). PFOR is the only enzyme for which a stable acetyl thiamine diphosphate (ThDP)-based free radical reaction intermediate has been identified. The 1.87 A-resolution structure of the radical form of PFOR from Desulfovibrio africanus shows that, despite currently accepted ideas, the thiazole ring of the ThDP cofactor is markedly bent, indicating a drastic reduction of its aromaticity. In addition, the bond connecting the acetyl group to ThDP is unusually long, probably of the one-electron type already described for several cation radicals but not yet found in a biological system. Taken together, our data, along with evidence from the literature, suggest that acetyl-CoA synthesis by PFOR proceeds via a condensation mechanism involving acetyl (PFOR-based) and thiyl (CoA-based) radicals.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Chabriere, E -- Vernede, X -- Guigliarelli, B -- Charon, M H -- Hatchikian, E C -- Fontecilla-Camps, J C -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2001 Dec 21;294(5551):2559-63.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Laboratoire de Cristallographie et Cristallogenese des Proteines, Institut de Biologie Structurale Jean-Pierre Ebel, Commissariat a l'Energie Atomique, Universite Joseph Fourier, CNRS, 41, rue Jules Horowitz, 38027 Grenoble Cedex 1, France.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/11752578" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Acetyl Coenzyme A/metabolism ; Anaerobiosis ; Binding Sites ; Carbon Dioxide/metabolism ; Catalysis ; Chemistry, Physical ; Coenzymes/*chemistry/metabolism ; Crystallization ; Crystallography, X-Ray ; Desulfovibrio/*enzymology ; Dimerization ; Electron Spin Resonance Spectroscopy ; *Free Radicals/chemistry/metabolism ; Ketone Oxidoreductases/*chemistry/metabolism ; Molecular Conformation ; Molecular Structure ; Oxidation-Reduction ; Physicochemical Phenomena ; Protein Conformation ; Pyruvate Synthase ; Pyruvic Acid/metabolism ; Thiamine Pyrophosphate/*chemistry/metabolism
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    On the dynamic origins of allosteric activation (2001)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2001-08-25
    Description: 〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Wand, A J -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2001 Aug 24;293(5534):1395.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉The Johnson Research Foundation and Department of Biochemistry & Biophysics, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104-6059, USA. wand@mail.med.upenn.edu〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/11520951" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Allosteric Regulation ; *Bacterial Proteins ; Calcium/metabolism ; Calmodulin/chemistry/metabolism ; DNA-Binding Proteins/*chemistry/genetics/*metabolism ; Motion ; Mutation ; Nuclear Magnetic Resonance, Biomolecular ; PII Nitrogen Regulatory Proteins ; Phosphorylation ; Protein Conformation ; Thermodynamics ; *Trans-Activators ; *Transcription Factors
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    Transgenic monkeys produced by retroviral gene transfer into mature oocytes (2001)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2001-02-24
    Description: Transgenic rhesus monkeys carrying the green fluorescent protein (GFP) gene were produced by injecting pseudotyped replication-defective retroviral vector into the perivitelline space of 224 mature rhesus oocytes, later fertilized by intracytoplasmic sperm injection. Of the three males born from 20 embryo transfers, one was transgenic when accessible tissues were assayed for transgene DNA and messenger RNA. All tissues that were studied from a fraternal set of twins, miscarried at 73 days, carried the transgene, as confirmed by Southern analyses, and the GFP transgene reporter was detected by both direct and indirect fluorescence imaging.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Chan, A W -- Chong, K Y -- Martinovich, C -- Simerly, C -- Schatten, G -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2001 Jan 12;291(5502):309-12.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Oregon Regional Primate Research Center, Center for Women's Health, and Departments of Cell-Developmental Biology and Obstetrics-Gynecology, Oregon Health Sciences University, 505 NW 185th Avenue, Beaverton, OR 97006, USA.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/11209082" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Animals ; *Animals, Genetically Modified ; Animals, Newborn ; Blotting, Southern ; Embryo Transfer ; Embryonic and Fetal Development ; Female ; Fluorescent Antibody Technique ; Gene Expression ; *Gene Transfer Techniques ; *Gene Transfer, Horizontal ; Genetic Vectors ; Green Fluorescent Proteins ; Luminescent Proteins/*genetics ; Macaca mulatta/*genetics ; Male ; Moloney murine leukemia virus/genetics ; Oocytes ; Polymerase Chain Reaction ; Pregnancy ; Pregnancy Outcome ; Sperm Injections, Intracytoplasmic ; Transgenes
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    Genetic evidence for two species of elephant in Africa (2001)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2001-08-25
    Description: Elephants from the tropical forests of Africa are morphologically distinct from savannah or bush elephants. Dart-biopsy samples from 195 free-ranging African elephants in 21 populations were examined for DNA sequence variation in four nuclear genes (1732 base pairs). Phylogenetic distinctions between African forest elephant and savannah elephant populations corresponded to 58% of the difference in the same genes between elephant genera Loxodonta (African) and Elephas (Asian). Large genetic distance, multiple genetically fixed nucleotide site differences, morphological and habitat distinctions, and extremely limited hybridization of gene flow between forest and savannah elephants support the recognition and conservation management of two African species: Loxodonta africana and Loxodonta cyclotis.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Roca, A L -- Georgiadis, N -- Pecon-Slattery, J -- O'Brien, S J -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2001 Aug 24;293(5534):1473-7.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Laboratory of Genomic Diversity, National Cancer Institute, Frederick, MD 21702, USA.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/11520983" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Africa ; Animals ; Biological Evolution ; Cell Nucleus/genetics ; Conservation of Natural Resources ; Elephants/anatomy & histology/*classification/*genetics ; Environment ; Exons ; Female ; Founder Effect ; *Genetic Variation ; Genetics, Population ; Genotype ; Haplotypes ; Hybridization, Genetic ; Introns ; Male ; Phylogeny ; Sequence Analysis, DNA ; Terminology as Topic ; Trees
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    Evolutionary genomics. The ups and downs of evolution (2001)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2001-12-18
    Description: 〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Normile, D -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2001 Dec 14;294(5550):2281-2.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/11743182" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Animals ; *Biological Evolution ; Breast Neoplasms/genetics ; Cichlids/genetics/physiology ; DNA Replication/genetics ; Female ; Genes, BRCA1 ; Genetic Predisposition to Disease ; *Genomics ; Humans ; Mutation ; Polymorphism, Genetic ; Rod Opsins/genetics ; Selection, Genetic
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    Essays on science and society. Is a new eugenics afoot? (2001)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2001-10-06
    Description: 〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Allen, G E -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2001 Oct 5;294(5540):59-61.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Department of Biology, Washington University, St. Louis, MO 63130, USA. allen@biology.wustl.edu〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/11588239" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Eugenics/*history/legislation & jurisprudence ; Female ; Genetics, Medical/*history ; History, 19th Century ; History, 20th Century ; History, 21st Century ; Humans ; Male ; Pedigree ; Reproduction ; Social Problems/*history ; Western World
    Print ISSN: 0036-8075
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    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Computer Science , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
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    Climate change. Experts urge speedup to mine 'archives' (2001)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2001-07-07
    Description: 〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Koenig, R -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2001 Jul 6;293(5527):31.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/11441159" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Animals ; *Climate ; Cnidaria/physiology ; Conservation of Natural Resources ; Greenhouse Effect ; Humans ; Ice ; International Cooperation ; Oceans and Seas ; Specimen Handling/*methods ; Temperature ; Time Factors ; Trees/growth & development/physiology
    Print ISSN: 0036-8075
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    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Computer Science , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
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    Protein design of an HIV-1 entry inhibitor (2001)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2001-03-07
    Description: Human immunodeficiency virus type-1 (HIV-1) membrane fusion is promoted by the formation of a trimer-of-hairpins structure that brings the amino- and carboxyl-terminal regions of the gp41 envelope glycoprotein ectodomain into close proximity. Peptides derived from the carboxyl-terminal region (called C-peptides) potently inhibit HIV-1 entry by binding to the gp41 amino-terminal region. To test the converse of this inhibitory strategy, we designed a small protein, denoted 5-Helix, that binds the C-peptide region of gp41. The 5-Helix protein displays potent (nanomolar) inhibitory activity against diverse HIV-1 variants and may serve as the basis for a new class of antiviral agents. The inhibitory activity of 5-Helix also suggests a strategy for generating an HIV-1 neutralizing antibody response that targets the carboxyl-terminal region of the gp41 ectodomain.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Root, M J -- Kay, M S -- Kim, P S -- P01 GM56552/GM/NIGMS NIH HHS/ -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2001 Feb 2;291(5505):884-8.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Whitehead Institute for Biomedical Research, Department of Biology, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02142, USA. kimadmin@wi.mit.edu〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/11229405" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Amino Acid Sequence ; *Anti-HIV Agents/chemistry/immunology/metabolism/pharmacology ; Carrier Proteins/*chemistry/metabolism/*pharmacology ; Cell Line ; *Drug Design ; Giant Cells/drug effects ; HIV Antibodies/immunology ; HIV Envelope Protein gp41/chemistry/*metabolism ; HIV-1/*drug effects/physiology ; Humans ; Membrane Fusion/*drug effects ; Molecular Sequence Data ; Neutralization Tests ; Peptide Fragments/chemistry/immunology/metabolism ; *Peptides ; Protein Conformation ; Protein Folding ; Protein Structure, Secondary ; Tumor Cells, Cultured
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    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Computer Science , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
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    Population ecology. Not all sheep are equal (2001)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2001-05-31
    Description: 〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Gaillard, J M -- Festa-Bianchet, M -- Yoccoz, N G -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2001 May 25;292(5521):1499-500.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Unite Mixte de Recherche No. 5558 "Biometrie et Biologie Evolutive," University of Lyon, Villeurbanne Cedex, France. gaillard@biomserv.univ-lyon1.fr〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/11379631" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Aging ; Animals ; *Ecosystem ; Female ; Hebrides ; Male ; Population Density ; Population Dynamics ; Reproduction ; Sex Characteristics ; *Sheep/physiology ; Weather
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  • 83
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    Extension of life-span by loss of CHICO, a Drosophila insulin receptor substrate protein (2001)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2001-04-09
    Description: The Drosophila melanogaster gene chico encodes an insulin receptor substrate that functions in an insulin/insulin-like growth factor (IGF) signaling pathway. In the nematode Caenorhabditis elegans, insulin/IGF signaling regulates adult longevity. We found that mutation of chico extends fruit fly median life-span by up to 48% in homozygotes and 36% in heterozygotes. Extension of life-span was not a result of impaired oogenesis in chico females, nor was it consistently correlated with increased stress resistance. The dwarf phenotype of chico homozygotes was also unnecessary for extension of life-span. The role of insulin/IGF signaling in regulating animal aging is therefore evolutionarily conserved.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Clancy, D J -- Gems, D -- Harshman, L G -- Oldham, S -- Stocker, H -- Hafen, E -- Leevers, S J -- Partridge, L -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2001 Apr 6;292(5514):104-6.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Department of Biology, University College London, Wolfson House, 4 Stephenson Way, London NW1 2HE, UK.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/11292874" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Aging/*physiology ; Alleles ; Animals ; Body Constitution ; Carrier Proteins/genetics/metabolism ; Crosses, Genetic ; *Drosophila Proteins ; Drosophila melanogaster/genetics/*physiology ; Female ; Fertility ; Genes, Insect ; Heterozygote ; Hot Temperature ; Insect Proteins/*genetics/*metabolism ; Insulin/metabolism ; Insulin Receptor Substrate Proteins ; *Intracellular Signaling Peptides and Proteins ; Longevity/*physiology ; Male ; Mutation ; Oxidative Stress ; Protein-Tyrosine Kinases/genetics/metabolism ; *Receptor Protein-Tyrosine Kinases ; Receptor, Insulin/*metabolism ; Reproduction ; Signal Transduction ; Somatomedins/metabolism ; Starvation ; Superoxide Dismutase
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    Marine biology. Interest blooms in growing jellyfish boom (2001)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2001-07-07
    Description: 〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Malakoff, D -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2001 Jul 6;293(5527):29.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/11441157" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Animals ; Climate ; *Ecosystem ; Fishes/physiology ; Oceans and Seas ; Population Density ; Scyphozoa/*physiology ; Temperature
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    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Computer Science , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
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    Archaeology. Unwrapping a modern mummy mystery (2001)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2001-06-30
    Description: 〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Koenig, R -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2001 Jun 29;292(5526):2417.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/11431545" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Carbon Radioisotopes ; Female ; *Forensic Anthropology ; *Fraud ; Homicide ; Humans ; Iran ; Mass Spectrometry ; *Mummies ; Pakistan
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    A global paleoclimate observing system (2001)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2001-07-11
    Description: 〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Alverson, K -- Bradley, R -- Briffa, K -- Cole, J -- Hughes, M -- Larocque, I -- Pedersen, T -- Thompson, L -- Tudhope, S -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2001 Jul 6;293(5527):47-8.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/11444288" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Animals ; Carbon Dioxide/metabolism ; *Climate ; Cnidaria/physiology ; Conservation of Natural Resources ; Greenhouse Effect ; Humans ; Ice ; Oceans and Seas ; Rain ; Seawater/analysis/chemistry ; Specimen Handling/*methods ; Temperature ; Time Factors ; Trees/growth & development/physiology
    Print ISSN: 0036-8075
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    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Computer Science , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
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  • 87
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    Paleoclimate. Hydrological changes in Africa (2001)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2001-06-26
    Description: 〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Gasse, F -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2001 Jun 22;292(5525):2259-60.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Centre Europeen de Recherche et d'Enseignement de Geosciences de l'Environnement (CEREGE), BP 80, F-13454, Aix-en-Provence Cedex 4, France. gasse@cerege.fr〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/11423639" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Africa ; Diatoms/*chemistry ; Fossils ; Geologic Sediments/*chemistry ; Kenya ; Oxygen Isotopes/analysis ; Rain ; Temperature ; Time ; *Tropical Climate
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  • 88
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    Role of nonimmune IgG bound to PfEMP1 in placental malaria (2001)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2001-09-15
    Description: Infections with Plasmodium falciparum during pregnancy lead to the accumulation of parasitized red blood cells (infected erythrocytes, IEs) in the placenta. IEs of P. falciparum isolates that infect the human placenta were found to bind immunoglobulin G (IgG). A strain of P. falciparum cloned for IgG binding adhered massively to placental syncytiotrophoblasts in a pattern similar to that of natural infections. Adherence was inhibited by IgG-binding proteins, but not by glycosaminoglycans or enzymatic digestion of chondroitin sulfate A or hyaluronic acid. Normal, nonimmune IgG that is bound to a duffy binding-like domain beta of the P. falciparum erythrocyte membrane protein 1 (PfEMP1) might at the IE surface act as a bridge to neonatal Fc receptors of the placenta.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Flick, K -- Scholander, C -- Chen, Q -- Fernandez, V -- Pouvelle, B -- Gysin, J -- Wahlgren, M -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2001 Sep 14;293(5537):2098-100.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Microbiology and Tumor Biology Center (MTC), Karolinska Institutet and Swedish Institute for Infectious Disease Control, Box 280, S-171 77 Stockholm, Sweden.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/11557894" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Animals ; Cell Adhesion ; Chondroitin ABC Lyase/metabolism ; Chondroitin Sulfates/metabolism/pharmacology ; Cloning, Molecular ; Erythrocytes/metabolism/*parasitology ; Female ; Humans ; Hyaluronic Acid/pharmacology ; Hyaluronoglucosaminidase/metabolism ; Immunoglobulin G/immunology/*metabolism ; Malaria, Falciparum/immunology/*parasitology ; Placenta/blood supply/immunology/*parasitology ; Placenta Diseases/immunology/parasitology ; Plasmodium falciparum/genetics/immunology/metabolism ; Pregnancy ; Pregnancy Complications, Parasitic/immunology/*parasitology ; Protein Structure, Tertiary ; Protozoan Proteins/chemistry/immunology/*metabolism ; Receptors, Fc/*metabolism ; Recombinant Fusion Proteins ; Staphylococcal Protein A/metabolism/pharmacology ; Trophoblasts/immunology/parasitology
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  • 89
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    Linearly polarized emission from colloidal semiconductor quantum rods (2001)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2001-05-05
    Description: Colloidal quantum rods of cadmium selenide (CdSe) exhibit linearly polarized emission. Empirical pseudopotential calculations predict that slightly elongated CdSe nanocrystals have polarized emission along the long axis, unlike spherical dots, which emit plane-polarized light. Single-molecule luminescence spectroscopy measurements on CdSe quantum rods with an aspect ratio between 1 and 30 confirm a sharp transition from nonpolarized to purely linearly polarized emission at an aspect ratio of 2. Linearly polarized luminescent chromophores are highly desirable in a variety of applications.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Hu, J -- Li Ls -- Yang, W -- Manna, L -- Wang Lw -- Alivisatos, A P -- 1 R01 RR-14891-01/RR/NCRR NIH HHS/ -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2001 Jun 15;292(5524):2060-3. Epub 2001 May 3.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Department of Chemistry, University of California at Berkeley, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/11337589" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: *Cadmium Compounds/chemistry ; Chemistry, Physical ; Colloids ; Crystallization ; Lasers ; Light ; *Luminescence ; Microscopy, Confocal ; Microscopy, Electron ; Microscopy, Fluorescence ; Physicochemical Phenomena ; *Selenium Compounds/chemistry ; *Semiconductors ; Spectrum Analysis ; Temperature
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    Antibody catalysis of the oxidation of water (2001)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2001-09-08
    Description: Recently we reported that antibodies can generate hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) from singlet molecular oxygen (1O2*). We now show that this process is catalytic, and we identify the electron source for a quasi-unlimited generation of H2O2. Antibodies produce up to 500 mole equivalents of H2O2 from 1O2*, without a reduction in rate, and we have excluded metals or Cl- as the electron source. On the basis of isotope incorporation experiments and kinetic data, we propose that antibodies use H2O as an electron source, facilitating its addition to 1O2* to form H2O3 as the first intermediate in a reaction cascade that eventually leads to H2O2. X-ray crystallographic studies with xenon point to putative conserved oxygen binding sites within the antibody fold where this chemistry could be initiated. Our findings suggest a protective function of immunoglobulins against 1O2* and raise the question of whether the need to detoxify 1O2* has played a decisive role in the evolution of the immunoglobulin fold.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Wentworth , P Jr -- Jones, L H -- Wentworth, A D -- Zhu, X -- Larsen, N A -- Wilson, I A -- Xu, X -- Goddard , W A 3rd -- Janda, K D -- Eschenmoser, A -- Lerner, R A -- CA27489/CA/NCI NIH HHS/ -- GM43858/GM/NIGMS NIH HHS/ -- HD 36385/HD/NICHD NIH HHS/ -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2001 Sep 7;293(5536):1806-11.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Department of Chemistry, Scripps Research Institute, 10550 North Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/11546867" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Animals ; Antibodies, Catalytic/chemistry/*metabolism ; Binding Sites ; Catalysis ; Conserved Sequence ; Crystallography, X-Ray ; Humans ; Hydrogen Peroxide/*metabolism ; Kinetics ; Models, Molecular ; Oxidants/chemistry/*metabolism ; Oxidation-Reduction ; Oxygen/*metabolism ; Protein Conformation ; Singlet Oxygen ; Spectrometry, Mass, Electrospray Ionization ; Thermodynamics ; Tryptophan/metabolism ; Ultraviolet Rays ; Water/*chemistry/*metabolism ; Xenon/metabolism
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    Paleobotanical evidence for near present-day levels of atmospheric Co2 during part of the tertiary (2001)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2001-06-26
    Description: Understanding the link between the greenhouse gas carbon dioxide (CO(2)) and Earth's temperature underpins much of paleoclimatology and our predictions of future global warming. Here, we use the inverse relationship between leaf stomatal indices and the partial pressure of CO(2) in modern Ginkgo biloba and Metasequoia glyptostroboides to develop a CO(2) reconstruction based on fossil Ginkgo and Metasequoia cuticles for the middle Paleocene to early Eocene and middle Miocene. Our reconstruction indicates that CO(2) remained between 300 and 450 parts per million by volume for these intervals with the exception of a single high estimate near the Paleocene/Eocene boundary. These results suggest that factors in addition to CO(2) are required to explain these past intervals of global warmth.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Royer, D L -- Wing, S L -- Beerling, D J -- Jolley, D W -- Koch, P L -- Hickey, L J -- Berner, R A -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2001 Jun 22;292(5525):2310-3.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Department of Geology and Geophysics, Yale University, Post Office Box 208109, New Haven, CT 06520-8109, USA. dana.royer@yale.edu〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/11423657" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: *Atmosphere ; *Carbon Dioxide ; Climate ; *Fossils ; Ginkgo biloba ; Gymnosperms/*cytology ; Partial Pressure ; Plant Leaves/cytology ; Plants, Medicinal ; Temperature ; Time
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  • 92
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    Climate change as the dominant control on glacial-interglacial variations in C3 and C4 plant abundance (2001)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2001-09-05
    Description: Although C4 plant expansions have been recognized in the late Miocene, identification of the underlying causes is complicated by the uncertainties associated with estimates of ancient precipitation, temperature, and partial pressure of atmospheric carbon dioxide (PCO2). Here we report the carbon isotopic compositions of leaf wax n-alkanes in lake sediment cores from two sites in Mesoamerica that have experienced contrasting moisture variations since the last glacial maximum. Opposite isotopic trends obtained from these two sites indicate that regional climate exerts a strong control on the relative abundance of C3 and C4 plants and that in the absence of favorable moisture and temperature conditions, low PCO2 alone is insufficient to drive an expansion of C4 plants.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Huang, Y -- Street-Perrott, F A -- Metcalfe, S E -- Brenner, M -- Moreland, M -- Freeman, K H -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2001 Aug 31;293(5535):1647-51.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Department of Geological Sciences, Brown University, Providence, RI 02912, USA.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/11533488" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Alkanes/analysis ; Atmosphere ; Carbon Dioxide ; Carbon Isotopes/analysis ; *Climate ; *Ecosystem ; Fossils ; Fresh Water ; Geologic Sediments/*chemistry ; Guatemala ; Mexico ; Photosynthesis ; *Plant Development ; Plant Leaves/chemistry ; Plants/metabolism ; Poaceae/*growth & development/metabolism ; Pollen ; Rain ; Seasons ; Temperature ; Trees/growth & development ; Weather
    Print ISSN: 0036-8075
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    Demography. Sardinia's mysterious male Methuselahs (2001)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2001-03-21
    Description: 〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Koenig, R -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2001 Mar 16;291(5511):2074-6.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/11256398" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Consanguinity ; DNA, Mitochondrial/genetics ; Female ; Genetic Variation ; Genetics, Population ; Humans ; Immunity, Innate ; Italy ; Life Style ; *Longevity/genetics/immunology ; Male ; Polymorphism, Genetic ; Y Chromosome/genetics
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    Requirement of tissue-selective TBP-associated factor TAFII105 in ovarian development (2001)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2001-09-15
    Description: Transcription factor TFIID, composed of TBP and TAFII subunits, is a central component of the RNA polymerase II machinery. Here, we report that the tissue-selective TAFII105 subunit of TFIID is essential for proper development and function of the mouse ovary. Female mice lacking TAFII105 are viable but infertile because of a defect in folliculogenesis correlating with restricted expression of TAFII105 in the granulosa cells of the ovarian follicle. Gene expression profiling has uncovered a defective inhibin-activin signaling pathway in TAFII105-deficient ovaries. Together, these studies suggest that TAFII105 mediates the transcription of a subset of genes required for proper folliculogenesis in the ovary and establishes TAFII105 as a cell type-specific component of the mammalian transcriptional machinery.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Freiman, R N -- Albright, S R -- Zheng, S -- Sha, W C -- Hammer, R E -- Tjian, R -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2001 Sep 14;293(5537):2084-7.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Department of Molecular and Cell Biology, Howard Hughes Medical Institute, University of California at Berkeley, Berkeley, CA 94720-3204, USA.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/11557891" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Animals ; DNA-Binding Proteins/genetics/*metabolism ; Down-Regulation ; Female ; Gene Expression Profiling ; Gene Expression Regulation, Developmental ; Granulosa Cells/metabolism/*physiology ; In Situ Hybridization ; Infertility, Female ; Male ; Mice ; Mice, Knockout ; Oligonucleotide Array Sequence Analysis ; Organ Size ; Organ Specificity ; Ovarian Follicle/*growth & development ; Ovary/cytology/growth & development/metabolism/*physiology ; Ovulation ; Protein Subunits ; Signal Transduction ; *TATA-Binding Protein Associated Factors ; Transcription Factor TFIID ; Transcription Factors/genetics/*metabolism ; Transcription Factors, TFII/metabolism ; *Transcription, Genetic
    Print ISSN: 0036-8075
    Electronic ISSN: 1095-9203
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Computer Science , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
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  • 95
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    Epigenetic instability in ES cells and cloned mice (2001)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2001-07-07
    Description: Cloning by nuclear transfer (NT) is an inefficient process in which most clones die before birth and survivors often display growth abnormalities. In an effort to correlate gene expression with survival and fetal overgrowth, we have examined imprinted gene expression in both mice cloned by nuclear transfer and in the embryonic stem (ES) cell donor populations from which they were derived. The epigenetic state of the ES cell genome was found to be extremely unstable. Similarly, variation in imprinted gene expression was observed in most cloned mice, even in those derived from ES cells of the same subclone. Many of the animals survived to adulthood despite widespread gene dysregulation, indicating that mammalian development may be rather tolerant to epigenetic aberrations of the genome. These data imply that even apparently normal cloned animals may have subtle abnormalities in gene expression.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Humpherys, D -- Eggan, K -- Akutsu, H -- Hochedlinger, K -- Rideout , W M 3rd -- Biniszkiewicz, D -- Yanagimachi, R -- Jaenisch, R -- 5-R35-CA44339/CA/NCI NIH HHS/ -- R01-CA84198/CA/NCI NIH HHS/ -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2001 Jul 6;293(5527):95-7.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Whitehead Institute for Biomedical Research, Department of Biology, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 9 Cambridge Center, Cambridge MA 02142, USA.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/11441181" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Animals ; Animals, Newborn ; Birth Weight ; Cell Nucleus/*genetics ; Cesarean Section ; *Cloning, Organism/methods ; Congenital Abnormalities/genetics ; DNA Methylation ; Embryo Loss/genetics ; Embryo Transfer ; Embryo, Mammalian/*cytology/metabolism ; Female ; Fetal Death/genetics ; *Gene Expression Regulation, Developmental ; Gene Silencing ; Genomic Imprinting/*genetics ; Mice ; Oocytes/metabolism ; Placenta/metabolism ; Placentation ; Polyploidy ; Pregnancy ; RNA, Messenger/genetics/metabolism ; Respiration ; Stem Cells/*cytology/*metabolism ; Survival Rate
    Print ISSN: 0036-8075
    Electronic ISSN: 1095-9203
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Computer Science , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
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  • 96
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    Structure. An anthropomorphic integrin (2001)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2001-10-13
    Description: 〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Humphries, M J -- Mould, A P -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2001 Oct 12;294(5541):316-7.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Wellcome Trust Centre for Cell-Matrix Research, School of Biological Sciences, University of Manchester, M13 9PT, UK. martin.humphries@man.ac.uk〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/11598288" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Binding Sites ; Calcium/metabolism ; Crystallization ; Crystallography, X-Ray ; Dimerization ; Drug Design ; Humans ; Ligands ; Metals/metabolism ; Models, Molecular ; Protein Binding ; Protein Conformation ; Protein Folding ; Protein Structure, Quaternary ; Protein Structure, Secondary ; Protein Structure, Tertiary ; Protein Subunits ; Receptors, Vitronectin/*chemistry/metabolism
    Print ISSN: 0036-8075
    Electronic ISSN: 1095-9203
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Computer Science , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
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  • 97
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    Entrainment of the circadian clock in the liver by feeding (2001)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2001-02-13
    Description: Circadian rhythms of behavior are driven by oscillators in the brain that are coupled to the environmental light cycle. Circadian rhythms of gene expression occur widely in peripheral organs. It is unclear how these multiple rhythms are coupled together to form a coherent system. To study such coupling, we investigated the effects of cycles of food availability (which exert powerful entraining effects on behavior) on the rhythms of gene expression in the liver, lung, and suprachiasmatic nucleus (SCN). We used a transgenic rat model whose tissues express luciferase in vitro. Although rhythmicity in the SCN remained phase-locked to the light-dark cycle, restricted feeding rapidly entrained the liver, shifting its rhythm by 10 hours within 2 days. Our results demonstrate that feeding cycles can entrain the liver independently of the SCN and the light cycle, and they suggest the need to reexamine the mammalian circadian hierarchy. They also raise the possibility that peripheral circadian oscillators like those in the liver may be coupled to the SCN primarily through rhythmic behavior, such as feeding.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Stokkan, K A -- Yamazaki, S -- Tei, H -- Sakaki, Y -- Menaker, M -- MH 56647/MH/NIMH NIH HHS/ -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2001 Jan 19;291(5503):490-3.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉National Science Foundation Center for Biological Timing and Department of Biology, University of Virginia, P.O. Box 400328, Charlottesville, VA 22904-4328, USA. mm7e@virginia.edu〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/11161204" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Animals ; Animals, Genetically Modified ; *Circadian Rhythm ; Corticosterone/blood/pharmacology ; Culture Techniques ; Eating ; Female ; *Food ; *Gene Expression Regulation ; Genes, Reporter ; Liver/*physiology ; Luciferases/genetics ; Lung/physiology ; Male ; Motor Activity ; Organ Specificity ; Rats ; Suprachiasmatic Nucleus/physiology
    Print ISSN: 0036-8075
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    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Computer Science , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
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  • 98
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    Insulin resistance and a diabetes mellitus-like syndrome in mice lacking the protein kinase Akt2 (PKB beta) (2001)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2001-06-02
    Description: Glucose homeostasis depends on insulin responsiveness in target tissues, most importantly, muscle and liver. The critical initial steps in insulin action include phosphorylation of scaffolding proteins and activation of phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase. These early events lead to activation of the serine-threonine protein kinase Akt, also known as protein kinase B. We show that mice deficient in Akt2 are impaired in the ability of insulin to lower blood glucose because of defects in the action of the hormone on liver and skeletal muscle. These data establish Akt2 as an essential gene in the maintenance of normal glucose homeostasis.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Cho, H -- Mu, J -- Kim, J K -- Thorvaldsen, J L -- Chu, Q -- Crenshaw, E B 3rd -- Kaestner, K H -- Bartolomei, M S -- Shulman, G I -- Birnbaum, M J -- GM07229/GM/NIGMS NIH HHS/ -- P30 19525/PHS HHS/ -- P30 DK50306/DK/NIDDK NIH HHS/ -- R01 DK040936/DK/NIDDK NIH HHS/ -- R01 DK56886/DK/NIDDK NIH HHS/ -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2001 Jun 1;292(5522):1728-31.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Department of Biology, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/11387480" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Animals ; Blood Glucose/metabolism ; Deoxyglucose/metabolism ; Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2/*metabolism ; Female ; Gene Targeting ; Glucose/*metabolism ; Glucose Clamp Technique ; Glucose Tolerance Test ; Homeostasis ; Insulin/administration & dosage/blood/*metabolism ; *Insulin Resistance/genetics/physiology ; Islets of Langerhans/cytology/physiology ; Liver/metabolism ; Male ; Mice ; Mice, Inbred C57BL ; Mice, Transgenic ; Muscle, Skeletal/enzymology/metabolism ; *Protein-Serine-Threonine Kinases ; Proto-Oncogene Proteins/*genetics/*metabolism ; Proto-Oncogene Proteins c-akt ; Signal Transduction
    Print ISSN: 0036-8075
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    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Computer Science , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
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  • 99
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    astray, a zebrafish roundabout homolog required for retinal axon guidance (2001)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2001-04-21
    Description: As growing retinotectal axons navigate from the eye to the tectum, they sense guidance molecules distributed along the optic pathway. Mutations in the zebrafish astray gene severely disrupt retinal axon guidance, causing anterior-posterior pathfinding defects, excessive midline crossing, and defasciculation of the retinal projection. Eye transplantation experiments show that astray function is required in the eye. We identify astray as zebrafish robo2, a member of the Roundabout family of axon guidance receptors. Retinal ganglion cells express robo2 as they extend axons. Thus, robo2 is required for multiple axon guidance decisions during establishment of the vertebrate visual projection.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Fricke, C -- Lee, J S -- Geiger-Rudolph, S -- Bonhoeffer, F -- Chien, C B -- R01-EY12873/EY/NEI NIH HHS/ -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2001 Apr 20;292(5516):507-10.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Department of Neurobiology and Anatomy, University of Utah Medical Center, 50 North Medical Drive, Salt Lake City, UT 84132, USA.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/11313496" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Alleles ; Animals ; Axons/*physiology ; Body Patterning ; Chromosome Mapping ; Crosses, Genetic ; Eye/embryology/transplantation ; Female ; Gene Expression Regulation, Developmental ; Genes ; In Situ Hybridization ; Male ; Mutation ; Nerve Tissue Proteins/*genetics/physiology ; Phenotype ; Receptors, Immunologic/*genetics/*physiology ; Retina/embryology/metabolism ; Retinal Ganglion Cells/metabolism/*physiology ; Superior Colliculi/cytology/*embryology ; Visual Pathways/embryology ; Zebrafish/embryology/genetics ; Zebrafish Proteins
    Print ISSN: 0036-8075
    Electronic ISSN: 1095-9203
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Computer Science , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
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  • 100
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    Structure of an extracellular gp130 cytokine receptor signaling complex (2001)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2001-03-17
    Description: The activation of gp130, a shared signal-transducing receptor for a family of cytokines, is initiated by recognition of ligand followed by oligomerization into a higher order signaling complex. Kaposi's sarcoma-associated herpesvirus encodes a functional homolog of human interleukin-6 (IL-6) that activates human gp130. In the 2.4 angstrom crystal structure of the extracellular signaling assembly between viral IL-6 and human gp130, two complexes are cross-linked into a tetramer through direct interactions between the immunoglobulin domain of gp130 and site III of viral IL-6, which is necessary for receptor activation. Unlike human IL-6 (which uses many hydrophilic residues), the viral cytokine largely uses hydrophobic amino acids to contact gp130, which enhances the complementarity of the viral IL-6-gp130 binding interfaces. The cross-reactivity of gp130 is apparently due to a chemical plasticity evident in the amphipathic gp130 cytokine-binding sites.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Chow , D -- He , X -- Snow, A L -- Rose-John, S -- Garcia, K C -- R01-AI-48540-01/AI/NIAID NIH HHS/ -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2001 Mar 16;291(5511):2150-5.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Fairchild D319, 299 Campus Drive, Stanford, CA 94305, USA.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/11251120" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Antigens, CD/*chemistry/*metabolism ; Binding Sites ; Crystallization ; Crystallography, X-Ray ; Cytokine Receptor gp130 ; Epitopes ; Humans ; Hydrogen Bonding ; Interleukin-6/*chemistry/immunology/*metabolism ; Membrane Glycoproteins/*chemistry/*metabolism ; Models, Molecular ; Molecular Mimicry ; Protein Conformation ; Protein Structure, Quaternary ; Protein Structure, Secondary ; Protein Structure, Tertiary ; Signal Transduction ; Viral Proteins/*chemistry/immunology/*metabolism
    Print ISSN: 0036-8075
    Electronic ISSN: 1095-9203
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Computer Science , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
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