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  • 1
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    Braincase and inner ear of Euparkeria (2016)
    Royal Society
    Details
    Publication Date: 2016-07-15
    Description: Since its discovery, Euparkeria capensis has been a key taxon for understanding the early evolution of archosaurs. The braincase of Euparkeria was described based on a single specimen, but much uncertainty remained. For the first time, all available braincase material of Euparkeria is re-examined using micro-computed tomography scanning. Contrary to previous work, the parabasisphenoid does not form the posterior border of the fenestra ovalis in lateral view, but it does bear a dorsal projection that forms the anteroventral half of the fenestra. No bone pneumatization was found, but the lateral depression of the parabasisphenoid may have been pneumatic. We propose that the lateral depression likely corresponds to the anterior tympanic recess present in crown archosaurs. The presence of a laterosphenoid is confirmed for Euparkeria . It largely conforms to the crocodilian condition, but shows some features which make it more similar to the avemetatarsalian laterosphenoid. The cochlea of Euparkeria is elongated, forming a deep cochlear recess. In comparison with other basal archosauromorphs, the metotic foramen is much enlarged and regionalized into vagus and recessus scalae tympani areas, indicating an increase in its pressure-relief mechanism. The anterior semicircular canal is extended and corresponds to an enlarged floccular fossa. These aspects of the braincase morphology may be related to the development of a more upright posture and active lifestyle. They also indicate further adaptations of the hearing system of Euparkeria to terrestriality.
    Keywords: palaeontology, evolution
    Electronic ISSN: 2054-5703
    Topics: Natural Sciences in General
    Published by Royal Society
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  • 2
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    Rescue of dopamine by NSCs in PD rats [Neuroscience] (2014)
    National Academy of Sciences
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    Publication Date: 2014-11-05
    Description: Embryonic stem cell-based therapies exhibit great potential for the treatment of Parkinson’s disease (PD) because they can significantly rescue PD-like behaviors. However, whether the transplanted cells themselves release dopamine in vivo remains elusive. We and others have recently induced human embryonic stem cells into primitive neural stem cells (pNSCs) that...
    Print ISSN: 0027-8424
    Electronic ISSN: 1091-6490
    Topics: Biology , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General
    Published by National Academy of Sciences
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  • 3
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    YB-1 binds to CAUC motifs and stimulates exon inclusion by enhancing the recruitment of U2AF to weak polypyrimidine tracts (2012)
    Oxford University Press
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    Publication Date: 2012-09-27
    Description: The human Y box-binding protein-1 (YB-1) is a deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA)/ribonucleic acid (RNA)-binding protein with pleiotropic functions. Besides its roles in the regulation of transcription and translation, several recent studies indicate that YB-1 is a spliceosome-associated protein and is involved in alternative splicing, but the underlying mechanism has remained elusive. Here, we define both CAUC and CACC as high-affinity binding motifs for YB-1 by systematic evolution of ligands by exponential enrichment (SELEX) and demonstrate that these newly defined motifs function as splicing enhancers. Interestingly, on the endogenous CD44 gene, YB-1 appears to mediate a network interaction to activate exon v5 inclusion via multiple CAUC motifs in both the alternative exon and its upstream polypyrimidine tract. We provide evidence that YB-1 activates splicing by facilitating the recruitment of U2AF65 to weak polypyrimidine tracts through direct protein–protein interactions. Together, these findings suggest a vital role of YB-1 in activating a subset of weak 3' splice sites in mammalian cells.
    Print ISSN: 0305-1048
    Electronic ISSN: 1362-4962
    Topics: Biology
    Published by Oxford University Press
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  • 4
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    In-cell thermodynamics [Biophysics and Computational Biology] (2015)
    National Academy of Sciences
    Details
    Publication Date: 2015-10-07
    Description: Although protein folding and stability have been well explored under simplified conditions in vitro, it is yet unclear how these basic self-organization events are modulated by the crowded interior of live cells. To find out, we use here in-cell NMR to follow at atomic resolution the thermal unfolding of a...
    Print ISSN: 0027-8424
    Electronic ISSN: 1091-6490
    Topics: Biology , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General
    Published by National Academy of Sciences
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  • 5
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    Vertical segregation of two cell-cycle phases of the calcifying freshwater phytoflagellate Phacotus lenticularis (Chlorophyta) (2016)
    Oxford University Press
    Details
    Publication Date: 2016-01-23
    Description: Specific responses of cells from different cell-cycle phases to environmental variations strongly impact their ecology and productivity. We quantified responses of both the motile, calcified growing cell phase (G1 phase) and the calcite shell forming, non-motile mitotic phase (S, G2 and M phase) of the freshwater phytoflagellate Phacotus lenticularis to changes in depth-specific physicochemical parameters and meteorological parameters over two growing seasons. Growing (GCs) and mitotic cells (MCs) segregated vertically during peak development. GCs accumulated within the thermocline, whereas MCs aggregated in the epilimnion down to 4 m depth, which corresponded to the maximum depth of mixing. GCs and MCs differed in their preference with respect to pH and water temperature, but not to water density. Interestingly, pH and temperature variations in the epilimnion, where MCs aggregate and calcify, explained up to 83% of the variance of GC density at a time lag of one and more days in a daily sampling campaign. Among the meteorological variables we tested, rainfall and air temperature had an additional positive effect on GC density. The results suggest that Phacotus cells migrate upwards prior to loss of motility to layers that reduce sinking but likely enhance calcification rates, which translates into a response of GC density.
    Print ISSN: 0142-7873
    Electronic ISSN: 1464-3774
    Topics: Biology
    Published by Oxford University Press
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  • 6
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    Erratum: “Hydriding and dehydriding kinetics in magnetocaloric La(Fe,Si)13 compounds” [J. Appl. Phys. 115, 143903 (2014)] (2015)
    American Institute of Physics (AIP)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2015-01-15
    Print ISSN: 0021-8979
    Electronic ISSN: 1089-7550
    Topics: Physics
    Published by American Institute of Physics (AIP)
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  • 7
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    Star formation in the vicinity of nuclear black holes: young stellar objects close to Sgr A (2014)
    Oxford University Press
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    Publication Date: 2014-08-29
    Description: It is often assumed that the strong gravitational field of a super-massive black hole disrupts an adjacent molecular cloud preventing classical star formation in the deep potential well of the black hole. Yet, young stars have been observed across the entire nuclear star cluster of the Milky Way including the region close (〈0.5 pc) to the central black hole, Sgr A*. Here, we focus particularly on small groups of young stars, such as IRS 13N located 0.1 pc away from Sgr A*, which is suggested to contain about five embedded massive young stellar objects (〈1 Myr). We perform three-dimensional hydrodynamical simulations to follow the evolution of molecular clumps orbiting about a 4 10 6 M black hole, to constrain the formation and the physical conditions of such groups. The molecular clumps in our models are assumed to be isothermal containing 100 M in 〈0.2 pc radius. Such molecular clumps exist in the circumnuclear disc of the Galaxy. In our highly eccentrically orbiting clump, the strong orbital compression of the clump along the orbital radius vector and perpendicular to the orbital plane causes the gas densities to increase to values higher than the tidal density of Sgr A*, which are required for star formation. Additionally, we speculate that the infrared excess source G2/DSO approaching Sgr A* on a highly eccentric orbit could be associated with a dust-enshrouded star that may have been formed recently through the mechanism supported by our models.
    Print ISSN: 0035-8711
    Electronic ISSN: 1365-2966
    Topics: Physics
    Published by Oxford University Press
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  • 8
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    Rapid depletion of muscle progenitor cells in dystrophic mdx/utrophin-/- mice (2014)
    Oxford University Press
    Details
    Publication Date: 2014-08-22
    Description: Duchenne muscular dystrophy (DMD) patients lack dystrophin from birth; however, muscle weakness becomes apparent only at 3–5 years of age, which happens to coincide with the depletion of the muscle progenitor cell (MPC) pools. Indeed, MPCs isolated from older DMD patients demonstrate impairments in myogenic potential. To determine whether the progression of muscular dystrophy is a consequence of the decline in functional MPCs, we investigated two animal models of DMD: (i) dystrophin-deficient mdx mice, the most commonly utilized model of DMD, which has a relatively mild dystrophic phenotype and (ii) dystrophin/utrophin double knock-out (dKO) mice, which display a similar histopathologic phenotype to DMD patients. In contrast to age-matched mdx mice, we observed that both the number and regeneration potential of dKO MPCs rapidly declines during disease progression. This occurred in MPCs at both early and late stages of myogenic commitment. In fact, early MPCs isolated from 6-week-old dKO mice have reductions in proliferation, resistance to oxidative stress and multilineage differentiation capacities compared with age-matched mdx MPCs. This effect may potentially be mediated by fibroblast growth factor overexpression and/or a reduction in telomerase activity. Our results demonstrate that the rapid disease progression in the dKO model is associated, at least in part, with MPC depletion. Therefore, alleviating MPC depletion could represent an approach to delay the onset of the histopathologies associated with DMD patients.
    Print ISSN: 0964-6906
    Electronic ISSN: 1460-2083
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Published by Oxford University Press
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  • 9
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    Insulin resistance and a diabetes mellitus-like syndrome in mice lacking the protein kinase Akt2 (PKB beta) (2001)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2001-06-02
    Description: Glucose homeostasis depends on insulin responsiveness in target tissues, most importantly, muscle and liver. The critical initial steps in insulin action include phosphorylation of scaffolding proteins and activation of phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase. These early events lead to activation of the serine-threonine protein kinase Akt, also known as protein kinase B. We show that mice deficient in Akt2 are impaired in the ability of insulin to lower blood glucose because of defects in the action of the hormone on liver and skeletal muscle. These data establish Akt2 as an essential gene in the maintenance of normal glucose homeostasis.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Cho, H -- Mu, J -- Kim, J K -- Thorvaldsen, J L -- Chu, Q -- Crenshaw, E B 3rd -- Kaestner, K H -- Bartolomei, M S -- Shulman, G I -- Birnbaum, M J -- GM07229/GM/NIGMS NIH HHS/ -- P30 19525/PHS HHS/ -- P30 DK50306/DK/NIDDK NIH HHS/ -- R01 DK040936/DK/NIDDK NIH HHS/ -- R01 DK56886/DK/NIDDK NIH HHS/ -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2001 Jun 1;292(5522):1728-31.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Department of Biology, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/11387480" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Animals ; Blood Glucose/metabolism ; Deoxyglucose/metabolism ; Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2/*metabolism ; Female ; Gene Targeting ; Glucose/*metabolism ; Glucose Clamp Technique ; Glucose Tolerance Test ; Homeostasis ; Insulin/administration & dosage/blood/*metabolism ; *Insulin Resistance/genetics/physiology ; Islets of Langerhans/cytology/physiology ; Liver/metabolism ; Male ; Mice ; Mice, Inbred C57BL ; Mice, Transgenic ; Muscle, Skeletal/enzymology/metabolism ; *Protein-Serine-Threonine Kinases ; Proto-Oncogene Proteins/*genetics/*metabolism ; Proto-Oncogene Proteins c-akt ; Signal Transduction
    Print ISSN: 0036-8075
    Electronic ISSN: 1095-9203
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Computer Science , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
    Published by American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
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  • 10
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    Anisotropy and corotation of galactic cosmic rays (2006)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2006-10-21
    Description: The intensity of Galactic cosmic rays is nearly isotropic because of the influence of magnetic fields in the Milky Way. Here, we present two-dimensional high-precision anisotropy measurement for energies from a few to several hundred teraelectronvolts (TeV), using the large data sample of the Tibet Air Shower Arrays. Besides revealing finer details of the known anisotropies, a new component of Galactic cosmic ray anisotropy in sidereal time is uncovered around the Cygnus region direction. For cosmic-ray energies up to a few hundred TeV, all components of anisotropies fade away, showing a corotation of Galactic cosmic rays with the local Galactic magnetic environment. These results have broad implications for a comprehensive understanding of cosmic rays, supernovae, magnetic fields, and heliospheric and Galactic dynamic environments.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Amenomori, M -- Ayabe, S -- Bi, X J -- Chen, D -- Cui, S W -- Danzengluobu -- Ding, L K -- Ding, X H -- Feng, C F -- Feng, Zhaoyang -- Feng, Z Y -- Gao, X Y -- Geng, Q X -- Guo, H W -- He, H H -- He, M -- Hibino, K -- Hotta, N -- Hu, Haibing -- Hu, H B -- Huang, J -- Huang, Q -- Jia, H Y -- Kajino, F -- Kasahara, K -- Katayose, Y -- Kato, C -- Kawata, K -- Labaciren -- Le, G M -- Li, A F -- Li, J Y -- Lou, Y-Q -- Lu, H -- Lu, S L -- Meng, X R -- Mizutani, K -- Mu, J -- Munakata, K -- Nagai, A -- Nanjo, H -- Nishizawa, M -- Ohnishi, M -- Ohta, I -- Onuma, H -- Ouchi, T -- Ozawa, S -- Ren, J R -- Saito, T -- Saito, T Y -- Sakata, M -- Sako, T K -- Sasaki, T -- Shibata, M -- Shiomi, A -- Shirai, T -- Sugimoto, H -- Takita, M -- Tan, Y H -- Tateyama, N -- Torii, S -- Tsuchiya, H -- Udo, S -- Wang, B -- Wang, H -- Wang, X -- Wang, Y G -- Wu, H R -- Xue, L -- Yamamoto, Y -- Yan, C T -- Yang, X C -- Yasue, S -- Ye, Z H -- Yu, G C -- Yuan, A F -- Yuda, T -- Zhang, H M -- Zhang, J L -- Zhang, N J -- Zhang, X Y -- Zhang, Y -- Zhang, Yi -- Zhaxisangzhu -- Zhou, X X -- Tibet ASgamma Collaboration -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2006 Oct 20;314(5798):439-43.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Department of Physics, Hirosaki University, Hirosaki 036-8561, Japan.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17053141" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Print ISSN: 0036-8075
    Electronic ISSN: 1095-9203
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Computer Science , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
    Published by American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
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