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  • Crystallography, X-Ray  (123)
  • Nature Publishing Group (NPG)  (123)
  • Springer Nature
  • Essen : Verl. Glückauf
  • Krefeld : Geologischer Dienst Nordhein-Westfalen
  • 2005-2009  (123)
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  • 1
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    Crystal structure of DNA-PKcs reveals a large open-ring cradle comprised of HEAT repeats (2009)
    Nature Publishing Group (NPG)
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    Publication Date: 2009-12-22
    Description: Broken chromosomes arising from DNA double-strand breaks result from endogenous events such as the production of reactive oxygen species during cellular metabolism, as well as from exogenous sources such as ionizing radiation. Left unrepaired or incorrectly repaired they can lead to genomic changes that may result in cell death or cancer. DNA-dependent protein kinase (DNA-PK), a holoenzyme that comprises the DNA-PK catalytic subunit (DNA-PKcs) and the heterodimer Ku70/Ku80, has a major role in non-homologous end joining-the main pathway in mammals used to repair double-strand breaks. DNA-PKcs is a serine/threonine protein kinase comprising a single polypeptide chain of 4,128 amino acids and belonging to the phosphatidylinositol-3-OH kinase (PI(3)K)-related protein family. DNA-PKcs is involved in the sensing and transmission of DNA damage signals to proteins such as p53, setting off events that lead to cell cycle arrest. It phosphorylates a wide range of substrates in vitro, including Ku70/Ku80, which is translocated along DNA. Here we present the crystal structure of human DNA-PKcs at 6.6 A resolution, in which the overall fold is clearly visible, to our knowledge, for the first time. The many alpha-helical HEAT repeats (helix-turn-helix motifs) facilitate bending and allow the polypeptide chain to fold into a hollow circular structure. The carboxy-terminal kinase domain is located on top of this structure, and a small HEAT repeat domain that probably binds DNA is inside. The structure provides a flexible cradle to promote DNA double-strand-break repair.〈br /〉〈br /〉〈a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2811870/" target="_blank"〉〈img src="https://static.pubmed.gov/portal/portal3rc.fcgi/4089621/img/3977009" border="0"〉〈/a〉   〈a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2811870/" target="_blank"〉This paper as free author manuscript - peer-reviewed and accepted for publication〈/a〉〈br /〉〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Sibanda, Bancinyane L -- Chirgadze, Dimitri Y -- Blundell, Tom L -- 079281/Wellcome Trust/United Kingdom -- A3846/Cancer Research UK/United Kingdom -- Wellcome Trust/United Kingdom -- England -- Nature. 2010 Jan 7;463(7277):118-21. doi: 10.1038/nature08648. Epub 2009 Dec 20.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Department of Biochemistry, University of Cambridge, Old Addenbrooke's site, 80 Tennis Court Road, Cambridge CB2 1GA, UK. lynn@cryst.bioc.cam.ac.uk〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20023628" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Antigens, Nuclear/chemistry ; Catalytic Domain ; Crystallography, X-Ray ; DNA/metabolism ; DNA Breaks, Double-Stranded ; DNA-Activated Protein Kinase/*chemistry/metabolism ; DNA-Binding Proteins/chemistry ; HeLa Cells ; *Helix-Turn-Helix Motifs ; Humans ; Models, Molecular ; Nuclear Proteins/*chemistry/metabolism ; Protein Folding ; Protein Structure, Secondary
    Print ISSN: 0028-0836
    Electronic ISSN: 1476-4687
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
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  • 2
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    Cancer-associated IDH1 mutations produce 2-hydroxyglutarate (2009)
    Nature Publishing Group (NPG)
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    Publication Date: 2009-11-26
    Description: Mutations in the enzyme cytosolic isocitrate dehydrogenase 1 (IDH1) are a common feature of a major subset of primary human brain cancers. These mutations occur at a single amino acid residue of the IDH1 active site, resulting in loss of the enzyme's ability to catalyse conversion of isocitrate to alpha-ketoglutarate. However, only a single copy of the gene is mutated in tumours, raising the possibility that the mutations do not result in a simple loss of function. Here we show that cancer-associated IDH1 mutations result in a new ability of the enzyme to catalyse the NADPH-dependent reduction of alpha-ketoglutarate to R(-)-2-hydroxyglutarate (2HG). Structural studies demonstrate that when arginine 132 is mutated to histidine, residues in the active site are shifted to produce structural changes consistent with reduced oxidative decarboxylation of isocitrate and acquisition of the ability to convert alpha-ketoglutarate to 2HG. Excess accumulation of 2HG has been shown to lead to an elevated risk of malignant brain tumours in patients with inborn errors of 2HG metabolism. Similarly, in human malignant gliomas harbouring IDH1 mutations, we find markedly elevated levels of 2HG. These data demonstrate that the IDH1 mutations result in production of the onco-metabolite 2HG, and indicate that the excess 2HG which accumulates in vivo contributes to the formation and malignant progression of gliomas.〈br /〉〈br /〉〈a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2818760/" target="_blank"〉〈img src="https://static.pubmed.gov/portal/portal3rc.fcgi/4089621/img/3977009" border="0"〉〈/a〉   〈a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2818760/" target="_blank"〉This paper as free author manuscript - peer-reviewed and accepted for publication〈/a〉〈br /〉〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Dang, Lenny -- White, David W -- Gross, Stefan -- Bennett, Bryson D -- Bittinger, Mark A -- Driggers, Edward M -- Fantin, Valeria R -- Jang, Hyun Gyung -- Jin, Shengfang -- Keenan, Marie C -- Marks, Kevin M -- Prins, Robert M -- Ward, Patrick S -- Yen, Katharine E -- Liau, Linda M -- Rabinowitz, Joshua D -- Cantley, Lewis C -- Thompson, Craig B -- Vander Heiden, Matthew G -- Su, Shinsan M -- P01 CA104838/CA/NCI NIH HHS/ -- P01 CA104838-05/CA/NCI NIH HHS/ -- P30 EB009998/EB/NIBIB NIH HHS/ -- R01 CA105463/CA/NCI NIH HHS/ -- R01 CA105463-06/CA/NCI NIH HHS/ -- R21 CA128620/CA/NCI NIH HHS/ -- England -- Nature. 2009 Dec 10;462(7274):739-44. doi: 10.1038/nature08617. Epub .〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Agios Pharmaceuticals, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, USA.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19935646" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Arginine/genetics ; Brain Neoplasms/*genetics/*metabolism/pathology ; Catalytic Domain ; Cell Line ; Crystallography, X-Ray ; Disease Progression ; Enzyme Assays ; Glioma/genetics/metabolism/pathology ; Glutarates/*metabolism ; Histidine/genetics/metabolism ; Humans ; Isocitrate Dehydrogenase/*genetics/*metabolism ; Ketoglutaric Acids/metabolism ; Models, Molecular ; Mutant Proteins/*genetics/*metabolism ; Mutation/genetics ; Protein Conformation
    Print ISSN: 0028-0836
    Electronic ISSN: 1476-4687
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
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  • 3
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    Crystal structure of the ATP-gated P2X(4) ion channel in the closed state (2009)
    Nature Publishing Group (NPG)
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    Publication Date: 2009-07-31
    Description: P2X receptors are cation-selective ion channels gated by extracellular ATP, and are implicated in diverse physiological processes, from synaptic transmission to inflammation to the sensing of taste and pain. Because P2X receptors are not related to other ion channel proteins of known structure, there is at present no molecular foundation for mechanisms of ligand-gating, allosteric modulation and ion permeation. Here we present crystal structures of the zebrafish P2X(4) receptor in its closed, resting state. The chalice-shaped, trimeric receptor is knit together by subunit-subunit contacts implicated in ion channel gating and receptor assembly. Extracellular domains, rich in beta-strands, have large acidic patches that may attract cations, through fenestrations, to vestibules near the ion channel. In the transmembrane pore, the 'gate' is defined by an approximately 8 A slab of protein. We define the location of three non-canonical, intersubunit ATP-binding sites, and suggest that ATP binding promotes subunit rearrangement and ion channel opening.〈br /〉〈br /〉〈a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2720809/" target="_blank"〉〈img src="https://static.pubmed.gov/portal/portal3rc.fcgi/4089621/img/3977009" border="0"〉〈/a〉   〈a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2720809/" target="_blank"〉This paper as free author manuscript - peer-reviewed and accepted for publication〈/a〉〈br /〉〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Kawate, Toshimitsu -- Michel, Jennifer Carlisle -- Birdsong, William T -- Gouaux, Eric -- U54 GM075026/GM/NIGMS NIH HHS/ -- U54 GM075026-04/GM/NIGMS NIH HHS/ -- Howard Hughes Medical Institute/ -- England -- Nature. 2009 Jul 30;460(7255):592-8. doi: 10.1038/nature08198.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Vollum Institute, Oregon Health and Science University, 3181 Southwest Sam Jackson Park Road, Oregon 97239, USA.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19641588" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Adenosine Triphosphate/metabolism ; Animals ; Binding Sites ; Cell Line ; Crystallography, X-Ray ; Gadolinium/metabolism ; Humans ; Ion Channels/antagonists & inhibitors/*chemistry ; Membrane Proteins/chemistry ; *Models, Molecular ; Protein Binding ; Protein Folding ; Protein Structure, Tertiary ; Purinergic P2 Receptor Antagonists ; Receptors, Purinergic P2/*chemistry ; Receptors, Purinergic P2X4 ; Zebrafish/*physiology ; Zebrafish Proteins/antagonists & inhibitors/*chemistry
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    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
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  • 4
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    Molecular basis of transport and regulation in the Na(+)/betaine symporter BetP (2009)
    Nature Publishing Group (NPG)
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    Publication Date: 2009-03-06
    Description: Osmoregulated transporters sense intracellular osmotic pressure and respond to hyperosmotic stress by accumulation of osmolytes to restore normal hydration levels. Here we report the determination of the X-ray structure of a member of the family of betaine/choline/carnitine transporters, the Na(+)-coupled symporter BetP from Corynebacterium glutamicum, which is a highly effective osmoregulated uptake system for glycine betaine. Glycine betaine is bound in a tryptophan box occluded from both sides of the membrane with aromatic side chains lining the transport pathway. BetP has the same overall fold as three unrelated Na(+)-coupled symporters. Whereas these are crystallized in either the outward-facing or the inward-facing conformation, the BetP structure reveals a unique intermediate conformation in the Na(+)-coupled transport cycle. The trimeric architecture of BetP and the break in three-fold symmetry by the osmosensing C-terminal helices suggest a regulatory mechanism of Na(+)-coupled osmolyte transport to counteract osmotic stress.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Ressl, Susanne -- Terwisscha van Scheltinga, Anke C -- Vonrhein, Clemens -- Ott, Vera -- Ziegler, Christine -- England -- Nature. 2009 Mar 5;458(7234):47-52. doi: 10.1038/nature07819.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Max Planck Institute of Biophysics, Department of Structural Biology, 60438 Frankfurt am Main, Germany.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19262666" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Bacterial Proteins/*chemistry/genetics/*metabolism ; Betaine/*metabolism ; Binding Sites ; Carrier Proteins/*chemistry/genetics/*metabolism ; Corynebacterium glutamicum/*chemistry/genetics ; Crystallography, X-Ray ; Ion Transport ; Models, Molecular ; Protein Binding ; Protein Structure, Quaternary ; Protein Structure, Tertiary ; Sodium/*metabolism ; Structure-Activity Relationship
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  • 5
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    Transport mechanism of a bacterial homologue of glutamate transporters (2009)
    Nature Publishing Group (NPG)
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    Publication Date: 2009-11-20
    Description: Glutamate transporters are integral membrane proteins that catalyse a thermodynamically uphill uptake of the neurotransmitter glutamate from the synaptic cleft into the cytoplasm of glia and neuronal cells by harnessing the energy of pre-existing electrochemical gradients of ions. Crucial to the reaction is the conformational transition of the transporters between outward and inward facing states, in which the substrate binding sites are accessible from the extracellular space and the cytoplasm, respectively. Here we describe the crystal structure of a double cysteine mutant of a glutamate transporter homologue from Pyrococcus horikoshii, Glt(Ph), which is trapped in the inward facing state by cysteine crosslinking. Together with the previously determined crystal structures of Glt(Ph) in the outward facing state, the structure of the crosslinked mutant allows us to propose a molecular mechanism by which Glt(Ph) and, by analogy, mammalian glutamate transporters mediate sodium-coupled substrate uptake.〈br /〉〈br /〉〈a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2934767/" target="_blank"〉〈img src="https://static.pubmed.gov/portal/portal3rc.fcgi/4089621/img/3977009" border="0"〉〈/a〉   〈a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2934767/" target="_blank"〉This paper as free author manuscript - peer-reviewed and accepted for publication〈/a〉〈br /〉〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Reyes, Nicolas -- Ginter, Christopher -- Boudker, Olga -- R01 NS064357/NS/NINDS NIH HHS/ -- R01 NS064357-01A1/NS/NINDS NIH HHS/ -- England -- Nature. 2009 Dec 17;462(7275):880-5. doi: 10.1038/nature08616. Epub 2009 Nov 18.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Department of Physiology and Biophysics, Weill Cornell Medical College, 1300 York Avenue, Box 75, New York, New York 10065, USA.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19924125" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Amino Acid Transport System X-AG/*chemistry/genetics/*metabolism ; Binding Sites ; Biological Transport ; Cross-Linking Reagents ; Crystallography, X-Ray ; Cysteine/genetics/metabolism ; Models, Molecular ; Movement ; Mutant Proteins/chemistry/genetics/metabolism ; Protein Structure, Tertiary ; Pyrococcus horikoshii/*chemistry ; Sodium/metabolism ; Structure-Activity Relationship
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  • 6
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    Crystal structure of an avian influenza polymerase PA(N) reveals an endonuclease active site (2009)
    Nature Publishing Group (NPG)
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    Publication Date: 2009-02-06
    Description: The heterotrimeric influenza virus polymerase, containing the PA, PB1 and PB2 proteins, catalyses viral RNA replication and transcription in the nucleus of infected cells. PB1 holds the polymerase active site and reportedly harbours endonuclease activity, whereas PB2 is responsible for cap binding. The PA amino terminus is understood to be the major functional part of the PA protein and has been implicated in several roles, including endonuclease and protease activities as well as viral RNA/complementary RNA promoter binding. Here we report the 2.2 angstrom (A) crystal structure of the N-terminal 197 residues of PA, termed PA(N), from an avian influenza H5N1 virus. The PA(N) structure has an alpha/beta architecture and reveals a bound magnesium ion coordinated by a motif similar to the (P)DX(N)(D/E)XK motif characteristic of many endonucleases. Structural comparisons and mutagenesis analysis of the motif identified in PA(N) provide further evidence that PA(N) holds an endonuclease active site. Furthermore, functional analysis with in vivo ribonucleoprotein reconstitution and direct in vitro endonuclease assays strongly suggest that PA(N) holds the endonuclease active site and has critical roles in endonuclease activity of the influenza virus polymerase, rather than PB1. The high conservation of this endonuclease active site among influenza strains indicates that PA(N) is an important target for the design of new anti-influenza therapeutics.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Yuan, Puwei -- Bartlam, Mark -- Lou, Zhiyong -- Chen, Shoudeng -- Zhou, Jie -- He, Xiaojing -- Lv, Zongyang -- Ge, Ruowen -- Li, Xuemei -- Deng, Tao -- Fodor, Ervin -- Rao, Zihe -- Liu, Yingfang -- G0700848/Medical Research Council/United Kingdom -- England -- Nature. 2009 Apr 16;458(7240):909-13. doi: 10.1038/nature07720. Epub 2009 Feb 4.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉National Laboratory of Biomacromolecules, Institute of Biophysics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19194458" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Animals ; Birds/virology ; Catalytic Domain ; Crystallography, X-Ray ; Endonucleases/*chemistry/genetics/*metabolism ; Influenza A Virus, H5N1 Subtype/*enzymology ; Influenza in Birds/*virology ; Models, Molecular ; Protein Subunits/chemistry/genetics/metabolism ; RNA Replicase/*chemistry/genetics/*metabolism ; Viral Proteins/*chemistry/genetics/*metabolism
    Print ISSN: 0028-0836
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    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
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  • 7
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    Structural biology: Molecular coin slots for urea (2009)
    Nature Publishing Group (NPG)
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    Publication Date: 2009-12-17
    Description: 〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Knepper, Mark A -- Mindell, Joseph A -- England -- Nature. 2009 Dec 10;462(7274):733-4. doi: 10.1038/462733a.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20010678" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Crystallography, X-Ray ; Desulfovibrio vulgaris/*chemistry ; Humans ; Kidney/metabolism ; Membrane Transport Proteins/*chemistry/*metabolism ; Protein Structure, Quaternary ; Structure-Activity Relationship ; Urea/chemistry/*metabolism
    Print ISSN: 0028-0836
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    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
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  • 8
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    From molecular to macroscopic via the rational design of a self-assembled 3D DNA crystal (2009)
    Nature Publishing Group (NPG)
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    Publication Date: 2009-09-04
    Description: We live in a macroscopic three-dimensional (3D) world, but our best description of the structure of matter is at the atomic and molecular scale. Understanding the relationship between the two scales requires a bridge from the molecular world to the macroscopic world. Connecting these two domains with atomic precision is a central goal of the natural sciences, but it requires high spatial control of the 3D structure of matter. The simplest practical route to producing precisely designed 3D macroscopic objects is to form a crystalline arrangement by self-assembly, because such a periodic array has only conceptually simple requirements: a motif that has a robust 3D structure, dominant affinity interactions between parts of the motif when it self-associates, and predictable structures for these affinity interactions. Fulfilling these three criteria to produce a 3D periodic system is not easy, but should readily be achieved with well-structured branched DNA motifs tailed by sticky ends. Complementary sticky ends associate with each other preferentially and assume the well-known B-DNA structure when they do so; the helically repeating nature of DNA facilitates the construction of a periodic array. It is essential that the directions of propagation associated with the sticky ends do not share the same plane, but extend to form a 3D arrangement of matter. Here we report the crystal structure at 4 A resolution of a designed, self-assembled, 3D crystal based on the DNA tensegrity triangle. The data demonstrate clearly that it is possible to design and self-assemble a well-ordered macromolecular 3D crystalline lattice with precise control.〈br /〉〈br /〉〈a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2764300/" target="_blank"〉〈img src="https://static.pubmed.gov/portal/portal3rc.fcgi/4089621/img/3977009" border="0"〉〈/a〉   〈a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2764300/" target="_blank"〉This paper as free author manuscript - peer-reviewed and accepted for publication〈/a〉〈br /〉〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Zheng, Jianping -- Birktoft, Jens J -- Chen, Yi -- Wang, Tong -- Sha, Ruojie -- Constantinou, Pamela E -- Ginell, Stephan L -- Mao, Chengde -- Seeman, Nadrian C -- 1R21EB007472/EB/NIBIB NIH HHS/ -- R21 EB007472/EB/NIBIB NIH HHS/ -- R21 EB007472-03/EB/NIBIB NIH HHS/ -- England -- Nature. 2009 Sep 3;461(7260):74-7. doi: 10.1038/nature08274.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Department of Chemistry, New York University, New York 10003, USA.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19727196" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Base Sequence ; Crystallization ; Crystallography, X-Ray ; DNA/*chemistry/genetics ; *Drug Design ; Molecular Sequence Data ; *Nucleic Acid Conformation
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  • 9
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    An unusual mechanism of thymidylate biosynthesis in organisms containing the thyX gene (2009)
    Nature Publishing Group (NPG)
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    Publication Date: 2009-04-17
    Description: Biosynthesis of the DNA base thymine depends on activity of the enzyme thymidylate synthase to catalyse the methylation of the uracil moiety of 2'-deoxyuridine-5'-monophosphate. All known thymidylate synthases rely on an active site residue of the enzyme to activate 2'-deoxyuridine-5'-monophosphate. This functionality has been demonstrated for classical thymidylate synthases, including human thymidylate synthase, and is instrumental in mechanism-based inhibition of these enzymes. Here we report an example of thymidylate biosynthesis that occurs without an enzymatic nucleophile. This unusual biosynthetic pathway occurs in organisms containing the thyX gene, which codes for a flavin-dependent thymidylate synthase (FDTS), and is present in several human pathogens. Our findings indicate that the putative active site nucleophile is not required for FDTS catalysis, and no alternative nucleophilic residues capable of serving this function can be identified. Instead, our findings suggest that a hydride equivalent (that is, a proton and two electrons) is transferred from the reduced flavin cofactor directly to the uracil ring, followed by an isomerization of the intermediate to form the product, 2'-deoxythymidine-5'-monophosphate. These observations indicate a very different chemical cascade than that of classical thymidylate synthases or any other known biological methylation. The findings and chemical mechanism proposed here, together with available structural data, suggest that selective inhibition of FDTSs, with little effect on human thymine biosynthesis, should be feasible. Because several human pathogens depend on FDTS for DNA biosynthesis, its unique mechanism makes it an attractive target for antibiotic drugs.〈br /〉〈br /〉〈a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2759699/" target="_blank"〉〈img src="https://static.pubmed.gov/portal/portal3rc.fcgi/4089621/img/3977009" border="0"〉〈/a〉   〈a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2759699/" target="_blank"〉This paper as free author manuscript - peer-reviewed and accepted for publication〈/a〉〈br /〉〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Koehn, Eric M -- Fleischmann, Todd -- Conrad, John A -- Palfey, Bruce A -- Lesley, Scott A -- Mathews, Irimpan I -- Kohen, Amnon -- GM08270/GM/NIGMS NIH HHS/ -- R01 GM065368/GM/NIGMS NIH HHS/ -- R01 GM065368-05/GM/NIGMS NIH HHS/ -- R01 GM61087/GM/NIGMS NIH HHS/ -- U54GM074898/GM/NIGMS NIH HHS/ -- England -- Nature. 2009 Apr 16;458(7240):919-23. doi: 10.1038/nature07973.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Department of Chemistry, University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa 52242, USA.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19370033" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Biocatalysis ; Catalytic Domain ; Crystallography, X-Ray ; Deoxyuracil Nucleotides/chemistry/metabolism ; Deuterium/metabolism ; Electrons ; Flavin-Adenine Dinucleotide/chemistry/metabolism ; Flavins/chemistry/*metabolism ; Helicobacter pylori/enzymology ; Humans ; Magnetic Resonance Spectroscopy ; Methylation ; Models, Molecular ; Mycobacterium tuberculosis/enzymology ; Protons ; Thermotoga maritima/*enzymology/*metabolism ; Thymidine/analogs & derivatives/metabolism ; Thymidine Monophosphate/*biosynthesis ; Thymidylate Synthase/antagonists & inhibitors/*genetics/*metabolism ; Uracil/metabolism
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  • 10
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    Cooperative binding of two acetylation marks on a histone tail by a single bromodomain (2009)
    Nature Publishing Group (NPG)
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    Publication Date: 2009-10-02
    Description: A key step in many chromatin-related processes is the recognition of histone post-translational modifications by effector modules such as bromodomains and chromo-like domains of the Royal family. Whereas effector-mediated recognition of single post-translational modifications is well characterized, how the cell achieves combinatorial readout of histones bearing multiple modifications is poorly understood. One mechanism involves multivalent binding by linked effector modules. For example, the tandem bromodomains of human TATA-binding protein-associated factor-1 (TAF1) bind better to a diacetylated histone H4 tail than to monoacetylated tails, a cooperative effect attributed to each bromodomain engaging one acetyl-lysine mark. Here we report a distinct mechanism of combinatorial readout for the mouse TAF1 homologue Brdt, a testis-specific member of the BET protein family. Brdt associates with hyperacetylated histone H4 (ref. 7) and is implicated in the marked chromatin remodelling that follows histone hyperacetylation during spermiogenesis, the stage of spermatogenesis in which post-meiotic germ cells mature into fully differentiated sperm. Notably, we find that a single bromodomain (BD1) of Brdt is responsible for selectively recognizing histone H4 tails bearing two or more acetylation marks. The crystal structure of BD1 bound to a diacetylated H4 tail shows how two acetyl-lysine residues cooperate to interact with one binding pocket. Structure-based mutagenesis that reduces the selectivity of BD1 towards diacetylated tails destabilizes the association of Brdt with acetylated chromatin in vivo. Structural analysis suggests that other chromatin-associated proteins may be capable of a similar mode of ligand recognition, including yeast Bdf1, human TAF1 and human CBP/p300 (also known as CREBBP and EP300, respectively). Our findings describe a new mechanism for the combinatorial readout of histone modifications in which a single effector module engages two marks on a histone tail as a composite binding epitope.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Moriniere, Jeanne -- Rousseaux, Sophie -- Steuerwald, Ulrich -- Soler-Lopez, Montserrat -- Curtet, Sandrine -- Vitte, Anne-Laure -- Govin, Jerome -- Gaucher, Jonathan -- Sadoul, Karin -- Hart, Darren J -- Krijgsveld, Jeroen -- Khochbin, Saadi -- Muller, Christoph W -- Petosa, Carlo -- England -- Nature. 2009 Oct 1;461(7264):664-8. doi: 10.1038/nature08397.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉European Molecular Biology Laboratory, Grenoble Outstation, 6 rue Jules Horowitz, BP 181, 38042 Grenoble Cedex 9, France.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19794495" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Acetylation ; Allosteric Regulation ; Animals ; Binding Sites ; COS Cells ; Cercopithecus aethiops ; Chromatin/chemistry/metabolism ; Crystallography, X-Ray ; Histones/*chemistry/*metabolism ; Lysine/metabolism ; Mice ; Models, Molecular ; Nuclear Proteins/*chemistry/genetics/*metabolism ; Protein Binding ; Protein Conformation ; Protein Structure, Tertiary ; Substrate Specificity
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    The structure of a cytolytic alpha-helical toxin pore reveals its assembly mechanism (2009)
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    Publication Date: 2009-05-08
    Description: Pore-forming toxins (PFTs) are a class of potent virulence factors that convert from a soluble form to a membrane-integrated pore. They exhibit their toxic effect either by destruction of the membrane permeability barrier or by delivery of toxic components through the pores. Among the group of bacterial PFTs are some of the most dangerous toxins, such as diphtheria and anthrax toxin. Examples of eukaryotic PFTs are perforin and the membrane-attack complex, proteins of the immune system. PFTs can be subdivided into two classes, alpha-PFTs and beta-PFTs, depending on the suspected mode of membrane integration, either by alpha-helical or beta-sheet elements. The only high-resolution structure of a transmembrane PFT pore is available for a beta-PFT--alpha-haemolysin from Staphylococcus aureus. Cytolysin A (ClyA, also known as HlyE), an alpha-PFT, is a cytolytic -helical toxin responsible for the haemolytic phenotype of several Escherichia coli and Salmonella enterica strains. ClyA is cytotoxic towards cultured mammalian cells, induces apoptosis of macrophages and promotes tissue pervasion. Electron microscopic reconstructions demonstrated that the soluble monomer of ClyA must undergo large conformational changes to form the transmembrane pore. Here we report the 3.3 A crystal structure of the 400 kDa dodecameric transmembrane pore formed by ClyA. The tertiary structure of ClyA protomers in the pore is substantially different from that in the soluble monomer. The conversion involves more than half of all residues. It results in large rearrangements, up to 140 A, of parts of the monomer, reorganization of the hydrophobic core, and transitions of -sheets and loop regions to -helices. The large extent of interdependent conformational changes indicates a sequential mechanism for membrane insertion and pore formation.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Mueller, Marcus -- Grauschopf, Ulla -- Maier, Timm -- Glockshuber, Rudi -- Ban, Nenad -- England -- Nature. 2009 Jun 4;459(7247):726-30. doi: 10.1038/nature08026.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Institute of Molecular Biology and Biophysics, ETH Zurich, 8093 Zurich, Switzerland.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19421192" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Cell Membrane/chemistry ; Crystallography, X-Ray ; Escherichia coli K12/*chemistry ; Escherichia coli Proteins/*chemistry ; Hemolysin Proteins/*chemistry ; Membrane Proteins/*chemistry ; *Models, Molecular ; *Protein Folding ; Protein Structure, Tertiary
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    Structural basis for leucine-rich nuclear export signal recognition by CRM1 (2009)
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    Publication Date: 2009-04-03
    Description: CRM1 (also known as XPO1 and exportin 1) mediates nuclear export of hundreds of proteins through the recognition of the leucine-rich nuclear export signal (LR-NES). Here we present the 2.9 A structure of CRM1 bound to snurportin 1 (SNUPN). Snurportin 1 binds CRM1 in a bipartite manner by means of an amino-terminal LR-NES and its nucleotide-binding domain. The LR-NES is a combined alpha-helical-extended structure that occupies a hydrophobic groove between two CRM1 outer helices. The LR-NES interface explains the consensus hydrophobic pattern, preference for intervening electronegative residues and inhibition by leptomycin B. The second nuclear export signal epitope is a basic surface on the snurportin 1 nucleotide-binding domain, which binds an acidic patch on CRM1 adjacent to the LR-NES site. Multipartite recognition of individually weak nuclear export signal epitopes may be common to CRM1 substrates, enhancing CRM1 binding beyond the generally low affinity LR-NES. Similar energetic construction is also used in multipartite nuclear localization signals to provide broad substrate specificity and rapid evolution in nuclear transport.〈br /〉〈br /〉〈a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3437623/" target="_blank"〉〈img src="https://static.pubmed.gov/portal/portal3rc.fcgi/4089621/img/3977009" border="0"〉〈/a〉   〈a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3437623/" target="_blank"〉This paper as free author manuscript - peer-reviewed and accepted for publication〈/a〉〈br /〉〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Dong, Xiuhua -- Biswas, Anindita -- Suel, Katherine E -- Jackson, Laurie K -- Martinez, Rita -- Gu, Hongmei -- Chook, Yuh Min -- 5-T32-GM008297/GM/NIGMS NIH HHS/ -- R01 GM069909/GM/NIGMS NIH HHS/ -- R01GM069909/GM/NIGMS NIH HHS/ -- R01GM069909-03S1/GM/NIGMS NIH HHS/ -- England -- Nature. 2009 Apr 30;458(7242):1136-41. doi: 10.1038/nature07975. Epub 2009 Apr 1.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Department of Pharmacology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center at Dallas, 6001 Forest Park, Dallas, Texas 75390-9041, USA.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19339969" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Active Transport, Cell Nucleus ; Crystallography, X-Ray ; Epitopes ; Fatty Acids, Unsaturated/pharmacology ; Humans ; Hydrophobic and Hydrophilic Interactions ; Karyopherins/*chemistry/*metabolism ; Leucine/*metabolism ; Models, Molecular ; Nuclear Export Signals/*physiology ; Protein Binding/drug effects ; Protein Conformation ; Receptors, Cytoplasmic and Nuclear/*chemistry/*metabolism ; Structure-Activity Relationship ; Substrate Specificity ; snRNP Core Proteins/chemistry/metabolism
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    Structural basis for translational fidelity ensured by transfer RNA lysidine synthetase (2009)
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    Publication Date: 2009-10-23
    Description: Maturation of precursor transfer RNA (pre-tRNA) includes excision of the 5' leader and 3' trailer sequences, removal of introns and addition of the CCA terminus. Nucleotide modifications are incorporated at different stages of tRNA processing, after the RNA molecule adopts the proper conformation. In bacteria, tRNA(Ile2) lysidine synthetase (TilS) modifies cytidine into lysidine (L; 2-lysyl-cytidine) at the first anticodon of tRNA(Ile2) (refs 4-9). This modification switches tRNA(Ile2) from a methionine-specific to an isoleucine-specific tRNA. However, the aminoacylation of tRNA(Ile2) by methionyl-tRNA synthetase (MetRS), before the modification by TilS, might lead to the misincorporation of methionine in response to isoleucine codons. The mechanism used by bacteria to avoid this pitfall is unknown. Here we show that the TilS enzyme specifically recognizes and modifies tRNA(Ile2) in its precursor form, thereby avoiding translation errors. We identified the lysidine modification in pre-tRNA(Ile2) isolated from RNase-E-deficient Escherichia coli and did not detect mature tRNA(Ile2) lacking this modification. Our kinetic analyses revealed that TilS can modify both types of RNA molecule with comparable efficiencies. X-ray crystallography and mutational analyses revealed that TilS specifically recognizes the entire L-shape structure in pre-tRNA(Ile2) through extensive interactions coupled with sequential domain movements. Our results demonstrate how TilS prevents the recognition of tRNA(Ile2) by MetRS and achieves high specificity for its substrate. These two key points form the basis for maintaining the fidelity of isoleucine codon translation in bacteria. Our findings also provide a rationale for the necessity of incorporating specific modifications at the precursor level during tRNA biogenesis.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Nakanishi, Kotaro -- Bonnefond, Luc -- Kimura, Satoshi -- Suzuki, Tsutomu -- Ishitani, Ryuichiro -- Nureki, Osamu -- England -- Nature. 2009 Oct 22;461(7267):1144-8. doi: 10.1038/nature08474.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Department of Biological Information, Graduate School of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Tokyo Institute of Technology, Yokohama, Kanagawa 225-8501, Japan.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19847269" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Amino Acyl-tRNA Synthetases/*chemistry/genetics/*metabolism ; Apoproteins/genetics/metabolism ; Bacillus subtilis ; Bacterial Proteins/*chemistry/genetics/*metabolism ; Base Sequence ; Catalytic Domain ; Crystallography, X-Ray ; Escherichia coli ; Geobacillus ; Kinetics ; Lysine/analogs & derivatives/metabolism ; Mass Spectrometry ; Models, Molecular ; Molecular Sequence Data ; *Protein Biosynthesis ; Pyrimidine Nucleosides/metabolism ; RNA, Transfer, Ile/genetics/metabolism ; Substrate Specificity
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    Flipping of alkylated DNA damage bridges base and nucleotide excision repair (2009)
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    Publication Date: 2009-06-12
    Description: Alkyltransferase-like proteins (ATLs) share functional motifs with the cancer chemotherapy target O(6)-alkylguanine-DNA alkyltransferase (AGT) and paradoxically protect cells from the biological effects of DNA alkylation damage, despite lacking the reactive cysteine and alkyltransferase activity of AGT. Here we determine Schizosaccharomyces pombe ATL structures without and with damaged DNA containing the endogenous lesion O(6)-methylguanine or cigarette-smoke-derived O(6)-4-(3-pyridyl)-4-oxobutylguanine. These results reveal non-enzymatic DNA nucleotide flipping plus increased DNA distortion and binding pocket size compared to AGT. Our analysis of lesion-binding site conservation identifies new ATLs in sea anemone and ancestral archaea, indicating that ATL interactions are ancestral to present-day repair pathways in all domains of life. Genetic connections to mammalian XPG (also known as ERCC5) and ERCC1 in S. pombe homologues Rad13 and Swi10 and biochemical interactions with Escherichia coli UvrA and UvrC combined with structural results reveal that ATLs sculpt alkylated DNA to create a genetic and structural intersection of base damage processing with nucleotide excision repair.〈br /〉〈br /〉〈a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2729916/" target="_blank"〉〈img src="https://static.pubmed.gov/portal/portal3rc.fcgi/4089621/img/3977009" border="0"〉〈/a〉   〈a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2729916/" target="_blank"〉This paper as free author manuscript - peer-reviewed and accepted for publication〈/a〉〈br /〉〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Tubbs, Julie L -- Latypov, Vitaly -- Kanugula, Sreenivas -- Butt, Amna -- Melikishvili, Manana -- Kraehenbuehl, Rolf -- Fleck, Oliver -- Marriott, Andrew -- Watson, Amanda J -- Verbeek, Barbara -- McGown, Gail -- Thorncroft, Mary -- Santibanez-Koref, Mauro F -- Millington, Christopher -- Arvai, Andrew S -- Kroeger, Matthew D -- Peterson, Lisa A -- Williams, David M -- Fried, Michael G -- Margison, Geoffrey P -- Pegg, Anthony E -- Tainer, John A -- CA018137/CA/NCI NIH HHS/ -- CA097209/CA/NCI NIH HHS/ -- CA59887/CA/NCI NIH HHS/ -- GM070662/GM/NIGMS NIH HHS/ -- R01 CA059887/CA/NCI NIH HHS/ -- R01 CA059887-12/CA/NCI NIH HHS/ -- R01 CA059887-13/CA/NCI NIH HHS/ -- R01 GM070662/GM/NIGMS NIH HHS/ -- R01 GM070662-01/GM/NIGMS NIH HHS/ -- R01 GM070662-02/GM/NIGMS NIH HHS/ -- R01 GM070662-03/GM/NIGMS NIH HHS/ -- R01 GM070662-04/GM/NIGMS NIH HHS/ -- R01 GM070662-05/GM/NIGMS NIH HHS/ -- R01 GM070662-06/GM/NIGMS NIH HHS/ -- Cancer Research UK/United Kingdom -- England -- Nature. 2009 Jun 11;459(7248):808-13. doi: 10.1038/nature08076.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Skaggs Institute for Chemical Biology and Department of Molecular Biology, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, California 92037, USA.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19516334" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Alkyl and Aryl Transferases/*chemistry/*metabolism ; Alkylation ; Binding Sites ; Crystallography, X-Ray ; DNA/chemistry/metabolism ; *DNA Damage ; *DNA Repair ; Guanine/analogs & derivatives/chemistry/metabolism ; Humans ; Models, Molecular ; Protein Binding ; Protein Conformation
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    Cell biology: How to combat stress (2009)
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    Publication Date: 2009-02-06
    Description: 〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Nicchitta, Christopher V -- England -- Nature. 2009 Feb 5;457(7230):668-9. doi: 10.1038/457668a.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19194438" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Basic-Leucine Zipper Transcription Factors/*genetics ; Crystallography, X-Ray ; Endoplasmic Reticulum/*metabolism ; Membrane Glycoproteins/chemistry/*metabolism ; Protein Biosynthesis ; Protein-Serine-Threonine Kinases/chemistry/*metabolism ; RNA, Fungal/genetics/metabolism ; RNA, Messenger/genetics/*metabolism ; Repressor Proteins/*genetics ; Saccharomyces cerevisiae/*cytology/*genetics ; Saccharomyces cerevisiae Proteins/chemistry/*genetics/*metabolism ; *Stress, Physiological/genetics
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    ErbB2 resembles an autoinhibited invertebrate epidermal growth factor receptor (2009)
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    Publication Date: 2009-09-01
    Description: The orphan receptor tyrosine kinase ErbB2 (also known as HER2 or Neu) transforms cells when overexpressed, and it is an important therapeutic target in human cancer. Structural studies have suggested that the oncogenic (and ligand-independent) signalling properties of ErbB2 result from the absence of a key intramolecular 'tether' in the extracellular region that autoinhibits other human ErbB receptors, including the epidermal growth factor (EGF) receptor. Although ErbB2 is unique among the four human ErbB receptors, here we show that it is the closest structural relative of the single EGF receptor family member in Drosophila melanogaster (dEGFR). Genetic and biochemical data show that dEGFR is tightly regulated by growth factor ligands, yet a crystal structure shows that it, too, lacks the intramolecular tether seen in human EGFR, ErbB3 and ErbB4. Instead, a distinct set of autoinhibitory interdomain interactions hold unliganded dEGFR in an inactive state. All of these interactions are maintained (and even extended) in ErbB2, arguing against the suggestion that ErbB2 lacks autoinhibition. We therefore suggest that normal and pathogenic ErbB2 signalling may be regulated by ligands in the same way as dEGFR. Our findings have important implications for ErbB2 regulation in human cancer, and for developing therapeutic approaches that target novel aspects of this orphan receptor.〈br /〉〈br /〉〈a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2762480/" target="_blank"〉〈img src="https://static.pubmed.gov/portal/portal3rc.fcgi/4089621/img/3977009" border="0"〉〈/a〉   〈a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2762480/" target="_blank"〉This paper as free author manuscript - peer-reviewed and accepted for publication〈/a〉〈br /〉〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Alvarado, Diego -- Klein, Daryl E -- Lemmon, Mark A -- R01 CA079992/CA/NCI NIH HHS/ -- R01 CA079992-09/CA/NCI NIH HHS/ -- R01 CA079992-10/CA/NCI NIH HHS/ -- R01 CA125432/CA/NCI NIH HHS/ -- R01 CA125432-01A1/CA/NCI NIH HHS/ -- R01 CA125432-02/CA/NCI NIH HHS/ -- R01 CA125432-03/CA/NCI NIH HHS/ -- England -- Nature. 2009 Sep 10;461(7261):287-91. doi: 10.1038/nature08297. Epub 2009 Aug 30.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics, University of Pennsylvania School of Medicine, 809C Stellar-Chance Laboratories, 422 Curie Boulevard, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104-6059, USA.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19718021" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Animals ; Cell Line ; Crystallography, X-Ray ; Drosophila Proteins/*antagonists & inhibitors/chemistry/genetics/*metabolism ; Drosophila melanogaster/chemistry/*metabolism ; Enzyme Activation ; Humans ; Ligands ; Models, Molecular ; Protein Structure, Tertiary ; Receptor, Epidermal Growth Factor/*antagonists & ; inhibitors/chemistry/genetics/*metabolism ; Receptor, ErbB-2/antagonists & inhibitors/*chemistry/*metabolism ; Receptors, Invertebrate Peptide/*antagonists & ; inhibitors/chemistry/genetics/*metabolism ; Scattering, Small Angle ; Solubility ; X-Ray Diffraction
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    Structure of a prokaryotic virtual proton pump at 3.2 A resolution (2009)
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    Publication Date: 2009-07-07
    Description: To reach the mammalian gut, enteric bacteria must pass through the stomach. Many such organisms survive exposure to the harsh gastric environment (pH 1.5-4) by mounting extreme acid-resistance responses, one of which, the arginine-dependent system of Escherichia coli, has been studied at levels of cellular physiology, molecular genetics and protein biochemistry. This multiprotein system keeps the cytoplasm above pH 5 during acid challenge by continually pumping protons out of the cell using the free energy of arginine decarboxylation. At the heart of the process is a 'virtual proton pump' in the inner membrane, called AdiC, that imports L-arginine from the gastric juice and exports its decarboxylation product agmatine. AdiC belongs to the APC superfamily of membrane proteins, which transports amino acids, polyamines and organic cations in a multitude of biological roles, including delivery of arginine for nitric oxide synthesis, facilitation of insulin release from pancreatic beta-cells, and, when inappropriately overexpressed, provisioning of certain fast-growing neoplastic cells with amino acids. High-resolution structures and detailed transport mechanisms of APC transporters are currently unknown. Here we describe a crystal structure of AdiC at 3.2 A resolution. The protein is captured in an outward-open, substrate-free conformation with transmembrane architecture remarkably similar to that seen in four other families of apparently unrelated transport proteins.〈br /〉〈br /〉〈a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2745212/" target="_blank"〉〈img src="https://static.pubmed.gov/portal/portal3rc.fcgi/4089621/img/3977009" border="0"〉〈/a〉   〈a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2745212/" target="_blank"〉This paper as free author manuscript - peer-reviewed and accepted for publication〈/a〉〈br /〉〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Fang, Yiling -- Jayaram, Hariharan -- Shane, Tania -- Kolmakova-Partensky, Ludmila -- Wu, Fang -- Williams, Carole -- Xiong, Yong -- Miller, Christopher -- P30 EB009998/EB/NIBIB NIH HHS/ -- R01 GM031768/GM/NIGMS NIH HHS/ -- R01 GM031768-26/GM/NIGMS NIH HHS/ -- R01 GM089688/GM/NIGMS NIH HHS/ -- T32 NS 07292/NS/NINDS NIH HHS/ -- Howard Hughes Medical Institute/ -- England -- Nature. 2009 Aug 20;460(7258):1040-3. doi: 10.1038/nature08201. Epub 2009 Jul 5.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Department of Biochemistry, Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Brandeis University, Waltham, Massachusetts 02454, USA.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19578361" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Amino Acid Sequence ; Amino Acid Transport Systems/*chemistry/metabolism ; Antiporters/*chemistry/metabolism ; Bacterial Proteins/*chemistry ; Crystallography, X-Ray ; Escherichia coli/*chemistry ; Escherichia coli Proteins/*chemistry/metabolism ; Models, Molecular ; Molecular Sequence Data ; Multigene Family ; Protein Conformation ; Salmonella typhi/*chemistry ; Structural Homology, Protein
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    Structural basis of inter-protein electron transfer for nitrite reduction in denitrification (2009)
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    Publication Date: 2009-11-06
    Description: Recent earth science studies have pointed out that massive acceleration of the global nitrogen cycle by anthropogenic addition of bio-available nitrogen has led to a host of environmental problems. Nitrous oxide (N(2)O) is a greenhouse gas that is an intermediate during the biological process known as denitrification. Copper-containing nitrite reductase (CuNIR) is a key enzyme in the process; it produces a precursor for N(2)O by catalysing the one-electron reduction of nitrite (NO2-) to nitric oxide (NO). The reduction step is performed by an efficient electron-transfer reaction with a redox-partner protein. However, details of the mechanism during the electron-transfer reaction are still unknown. Here we show the high-resolution crystal structure of the electron-transfer complex for CuNIR with its cognate cytochrome c as the electron donor. The hydrophobic electron-transfer path is formed at the docking interface by desolvation owing to close contact between the two proteins. Structural analysis of the interface highlights an essential role for the loop region with a hydrophobic patch for protein-protein recognition; it also shows how interface construction allows the variation in atomic components to achieve diverse biological electron transfers.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Nojiri, Masaki -- Koteishi, Hiroyasu -- Nakagami, Takuya -- Kobayashi, Kazuo -- Inoue, Tsuyoshi -- Yamaguchi, Kazuya -- Suzuki, Shinnichiro -- England -- Nature. 2009 Nov 5;462(7269):117-20. doi: 10.1038/nature08507.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Department of Chemistry, Graduate School of Science, Osaka University, Toyonaka, Osaka 560-0043, Japan. nojiri@ch.wani.osaka-u.ac.jp〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19890332" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Achromobacter denitrificans/*enzymology ; Crystallography, X-Ray ; Cytochromes c/chemistry/metabolism ; Electron Transport ; Hydrophobic and Hydrophilic Interactions ; Models, Molecular ; Nitric Oxide/metabolism ; Nitrite Reductases/*chemistry/*metabolism ; Nitrites/metabolism ; Nitrous Oxide/metabolism ; Protein Conformation ; Structure-Activity Relationship
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    Transmembrane passage of hydrophobic compounds through a protein channel wall (2009)
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    Publication Date: 2009-02-03
    Description: Membrane proteins that transport hydrophobic compounds have important roles in multi-drug resistance and can cause a number of diseases, underscoring the importance of protein-mediated transport of hydrophobic compounds. Hydrophobic compounds readily partition into regular membrane lipid bilayers, and their transport through an aqueous protein channel is energetically unfavourable. Alternative transport models involving acquisition from the lipid bilayer by lateral diffusion have been proposed for hydrophobic substrates. So far, all transport proteins for which a lateral diffusion mechanism has been proposed function as efflux pumps. Here we present the first example of a lateral diffusion mechanism for the uptake of hydrophobic substrates by the Escherichia coli outer membrane long-chain fatty acid transporter FadL. A FadL mutant in which a lateral opening in the barrel wall is constricted, but which is otherwise structurally identical to wild-type FadL, does not transport substrates. A crystal structure of FadL from Pseudomonas aeruginosa shows that the opening in the wall of the beta-barrel is conserved and delineates a long, hydrophobic tunnel that could mediate substrate passage from the extracellular environment, through the polar lipopolysaccharide layer and, by means of the lateral opening in the barrel wall, into the lipid bilayer from where the substrate can diffuse into the periplasm. Because FadL homologues are found in pathogenic and biodegrading bacteria, our results have implications for combating bacterial infections and bioremediating xenobiotics in the environment.〈br /〉〈br /〉〈a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2658730/" target="_blank"〉〈img src="https://static.pubmed.gov/portal/portal3rc.fcgi/4089621/img/3977009" border="0"〉〈/a〉   〈a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2658730/" target="_blank"〉This paper as free author manuscript - peer-reviewed and accepted for publication〈/a〉〈br /〉〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Hearn, Elizabeth M -- Patel, Dimki R -- Lepore, Bryan W -- Indic, Mridhu -- van den Berg, Bert -- 1R01GM074824/GM/NIGMS NIH HHS/ -- F32 GM079820-01/GM/NIGMS NIH HHS/ -- F32 GM079820-02/GM/NIGMS NIH HHS/ -- P30 EB009998/EB/NIBIB NIH HHS/ -- R01 GM074824/GM/NIGMS NIH HHS/ -- R01 GM074824-01/GM/NIGMS NIH HHS/ -- R01 GM074824-02/GM/NIGMS NIH HHS/ -- R01 GM074824-03/GM/NIGMS NIH HHS/ -- R01 GM074824-04/GM/NIGMS NIH HHS/ -- England -- Nature. 2009 Mar 19;458(7236):367-70. doi: 10.1038/nature07678. Epub 2009 Feb 1.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Program in Molecular Medicine, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, Massachusetts 01605, USA.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19182779" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Bacterial Outer Membrane Proteins/*chemistry/genetics/*metabolism ; Cloning, Molecular ; Crystallography, X-Ray ; Diffusion ; Escherichia coli/*chemistry/genetics ; Escherichia coli Proteins/*chemistry/genetics/*metabolism ; Fatty Acid Transport Proteins/*chemistry/genetics/*metabolism ; Hydrophobic and Hydrophilic Interactions ; Lipid Bilayers/metabolism ; Models, Molecular ; Pseudomonas aeruginosa/*chemistry/genetics
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    Characterization of two classes of small molecule inhibitors of Arp2/3 complex (2009)
    Nature Publishing Group (NPG)
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    Publication Date: 2009-08-04
    Description: Polymerization of actin filaments directed by the actin-related protein (Arp)2/3 complex supports many types of cellular movements. However, questions remain regarding the relative contributions of Arp2/3 complex versus other mechanisms of actin filament nucleation to processes such as path finding by neuronal growth cones; this is because of the lack of simple methods to inhibit Arp2/3 complex reversibly in living cells. Here we describe two classes of small molecules that bind to different sites on the Arp2/3 complex and inhibit its ability to nucleate actin filaments. CK-0944636 binds between Arp2 and Arp3, where it appears to block movement of Arp2 and Arp3 into their active conformation. CK-0993548 inserts into the hydrophobic core of Arp3 and alters its conformation. Both classes of compounds inhibit formation of actin filament comet tails by Listeria and podosomes by monocytes. Two inhibitors with different mechanisms of action provide a powerful approach for studying the Arp2/3 complex in living cells.〈br /〉〈br /〉〈a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2780427/" target="_blank"〉〈img src="https://static.pubmed.gov/portal/portal3rc.fcgi/4089621/img/3977009" border="0"〉〈/a〉   〈a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2780427/" target="_blank"〉This paper as free author manuscript - peer-reviewed and accepted for publication〈/a〉〈br /〉〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Nolen, B J -- Tomasevic, N -- Russell, A -- Pierce, D W -- Jia, Z -- McCormick, C D -- Hartman, J -- Sakowicz, R -- Pollard, T D -- F32 GM074374-02/GM/NIGMS NIH HHS/ -- GM-066311/GM/NIGMS NIH HHS/ -- GM074374-02/GM/NIGMS NIH HHS/ -- P01 GM066311/GM/NIGMS NIH HHS/ -- P01 GM066311-01A1/GM/NIGMS NIH HHS/ -- P30 EB009998/EB/NIBIB NIH HHS/ -- England -- Nature. 2009 Aug 20;460(7258):1031-4. doi: 10.1038/nature08231. Epub 2009 Aug 2.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Department of Molecular Cellular and Developmental Biology, Yale University, New Haven, Connecticut 06520, USA.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19648907" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Actin Cytoskeleton/drug effects/metabolism ; Actin-Related Protein 2/antagonists & inhibitors/chemistry/metabolism ; Actin-Related Protein 2-3 Complex/*antagonists & inhibitors/chemistry/metabolism ; Actin-Related Protein 3/antagonists & inhibitors/chemistry/metabolism ; Actins/chemistry/metabolism ; Animals ; Biopolymers/chemistry/metabolism ; Cattle ; Cell Line ; Crystallography, X-Ray ; Humans ; Hydrophobic and Hydrophilic Interactions ; Indoles/classification/metabolism/pharmacology ; Listeria/physiology ; Models, Molecular ; Monocytes/immunology ; Protein Conformation/drug effects ; Schizosaccharomyces ; Thiazoles/chemistry/classification/metabolism/pharmacology ; Thiophenes/classification/metabolism/pharmacology
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    Structural biology: Highly charged meetings (2009)
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    Publication Date: 2009-11-27
    Description: 〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Lee, Anthony G -- England -- Nature. 2009 Nov 26;462(7272):420-1. doi: 10.1038/462420a.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19940907" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Crystallography, X-Ray ; Hydrogen Bonding ; Hydrophobic and Hydrophilic Interactions ; Lipid Bilayers/*chemistry/*metabolism ; Models, Molecular ; Molecular Dynamics Simulation ; Neutron Diffraction ; Potassium Channels, Voltage-Gated/*chemistry/*metabolism ; Protein Structure, Tertiary ; Static Electricity
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    Structural biology: A channel with a twist (2009)
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    Publication Date: 2009-09-04
    Description: 〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Vasquez, Valeria -- Perozo, Eduardo -- England -- Nature. 2009 Sep 3;461(7260):47-9. doi: 10.1038/461047a.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19727188" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Bacterial Proteins/*chemistry/*metabolism ; Crystallography, X-Ray ; Ion Channel Gating/*physiology ; Ion Channels/*chemistry/*metabolism ; Models, Biological ; Models, Molecular ; Mycobacterium tuberculosis/chemistry ; Pressure ; Protein Structure, Quaternary ; Staphylococcus aureus/*chemistry
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    Pyrrolysyl-tRNA synthetase-tRNA(Pyl) structure reveals the molecular basis of orthogonality (2009)
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    Publication Date: 2009-01-02
    Description: Pyrrolysine (Pyl), the 22nd natural amino acid, is genetically encoded by UAG and inserted into proteins by the unique suppressor tRNA(Pyl) (ref. 1). The Methanosarcinaceae produce Pyl and express Pyl-containing methyltransferases that allow growth on methylamines. Homologous methyltransferases and the Pyl biosynthetic and coding machinery are also found in two bacterial species. Pyl coding is maintained by pyrrolysyl-tRNA synthetase (PylRS), which catalyses the formation of Pyl-tRNA(Pyl) (refs 4, 5). Pyl is not a recent addition to the genetic code. PylRS was already present in the last universal common ancestor; it then persisted in organisms that utilize methylamines as energy sources. Recent protein engineering efforts added non-canonical amino acids to the genetic code. This technology relies on the directed evolution of an 'orthogonal' tRNA synthetase-tRNA pair in which an engineered aminoacyl-tRNA synthetase (aaRS) specifically and exclusively acylates the orthogonal tRNA with a non-canonical amino acid. For Pyl the natural evolutionary process developed such a system some 3 billion years ago. When transformed into Escherichia coli, Methanosarcina barkeri PylRS and tRNA(Pyl) function as an orthogonal pair in vivo. Here we show that Desulfitobacterium hafniense PylRS-tRNA(Pyl) is an orthogonal pair in vitro and in vivo, and present the crystal structure of this orthogonal pair. The ancient emergence of PylRS-tRNA(Pyl) allowed the evolution of unique structural features in both the protein and the tRNA. These structural elements manifest an intricate, specialized aaRS-tRNA interaction surface that is highly distinct from those observed in any other known aaRS-tRNA complex; it is this general property that underlies the molecular basis of orthogonality.〈br /〉〈br /〉〈a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2648862/" target="_blank"〉〈img src="https://static.pubmed.gov/portal/portal3rc.fcgi/4089621/img/3977009" border="0"〉〈/a〉   〈a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2648862/" target="_blank"〉This paper as free author manuscript - peer-reviewed and accepted for publication〈/a〉〈br /〉〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Nozawa, Kayo -- O'Donoghue, Patrick -- Gundllapalli, Sarath -- Araiso, Yuhei -- Ishitani, Ryuichiro -- Umehara, Takuya -- Soll, Dieter -- Nureki, Osamu -- R01 GM022854/GM/NIGMS NIH HHS/ -- R01 GM022854-33/GM/NIGMS NIH HHS/ -- England -- Nature. 2009 Feb 26;457(7233):1163-7. doi: 10.1038/nature07611. Epub 2008 Dec 31.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Department of Biological Information, Graduate School of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Tokyo Institute of Technology, B34 4259 Nagatsuta-cho, Midori-ku, Yokohama-shi, Kanagawa 226-8501, Japan.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19118381" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Amino Acyl-tRNA Synthetases/*chemistry/genetics/*metabolism ; Aminoacylation ; Crystallography, X-Ray ; Desulfitobacterium/*enzymology/genetics ; Escherichia coli/genetics ; Lysine/*analogs & derivatives/biosynthesis/genetics/metabolism ; Methanosarcina barkeri/enzymology/genetics ; Models, Molecular ; RNA, Transfer, Amino Acid-Specific/genetics/metabolism ; Structural Homology, Protein
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    Neisseria meningitidis recruits factor H using protein mimicry of host carbohydrates (2009)
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    Publication Date: 2009-02-20
    Description: The complement system is an essential component of the innate and acquired immune system, and consists of a series of proteolytic cascades that are initiated by the presence of microorganisms. In health, activation of complement is precisely controlled through membrane-bound and soluble plasma-regulatory proteins including complement factor H (fH; ref. 2), a 155 kDa protein composed of 20 domains (termed complement control protein repeats). Many pathogens have evolved the ability to avoid immune-killing by recruiting host complement regulators and several pathogens have adapted to avoid complement-mediated killing by sequestering fH to their surface. Here we present the structure of a complement regulator in complex with its pathogen surface-protein ligand. This reveals how the important human pathogen Neisseria meningitidis subverts immune responses by mimicking the host, using protein instead of charged-carbohydrate chemistry to recruit the host complement regulator, fH. The structure also indicates the molecular basis of the host-specificity of the interaction between fH and the meningococcus, and informs attempts to develop novel therapeutics and vaccines.〈br /〉〈br /〉〈a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2670278/" target="_blank"〉〈img src="https://static.pubmed.gov/portal/portal3rc.fcgi/4089621/img/3977009" border="0"〉〈/a〉   〈a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2670278/" target="_blank"〉This paper as free author manuscript - peer-reviewed and accepted for publication〈/a〉〈br /〉〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Schneider, Muriel C -- Prosser, Beverly E -- Caesar, Joseph J E -- Kugelberg, Elisabeth -- Li, Su -- Zhang, Qian -- Quoraishi, Sadik -- Lovett, Janet E -- Deane, Janet E -- Sim, Robert B -- Roversi, Pietro -- Johnson, Steven -- Tang, Christoph M -- Lea, Susan M -- 083599/Wellcome Trust/United Kingdom -- G0400775/Medical Research Council/United Kingdom -- G0400775(71657)/Medical Research Council/United Kingdom -- G0500367/Medical Research Council/United Kingdom -- G0601195/Medical Research Council/United Kingdom -- G0601195(79743)/Medical Research Council/United Kingdom -- Medical Research Council/United Kingdom -- Wellcome Trust/United Kingdom -- England -- Nature. 2009 Apr 16;458(7240):890-3. doi: 10.1038/nature07769. Epub 2009 Feb 18.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Centre for Molecular Microbiology and Infection, Imperial College, London SW7 2AZ, UK.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19225461" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Antigens, Bacterial/*chemistry/*metabolism ; Bacterial Proteins/*chemistry/*metabolism ; Binding Sites ; Carbohydrates/*chemistry ; Complement Factor H/*chemistry/immunology/*metabolism ; Crystallography, X-Ray ; Ligands ; Models, Molecular ; *Molecular Mimicry ; Neisseria meningitidis/chemistry/immunology/*metabolism ; Nuclear Magnetic Resonance, Biomolecular ; Protein Binding ; Protein Conformation ; Structure-Activity Relationship ; Substrate Specificity
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    An unusual carbon-carbon bond cleavage reaction during phosphinothricin biosynthesis (2009)
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    Publication Date: 2009-06-12
    Description: Natural products containing phosphorus-carbon bonds have found widespread use in medicine and agriculture. One such compound, phosphinothricin tripeptide, contains the unusual amino acid phosphinothricin attached to two alanine residues. Synthetic phosphinothricin (glufosinate) is a component of two top-selling herbicides (Basta and Liberty), and is widely used with resistant transgenic crops including corn, cotton and canola. Recent genetic and biochemical studies showed that during phosphinothricin tripeptide biosynthesis 2-hydroxyethylphosphonate (HEP) is converted to hydroxymethylphosphonate (HMP). Here we report the in vitro reconstitution of this unprecedented C(sp(3))-C(sp(3)) bond cleavage reaction and X-ray crystal structures of the enzyme. The protein is a mononuclear non-haem iron(ii)-dependent dioxygenase that converts HEP to HMP and formate. In contrast to most other members of this family, the oxidative consumption of HEP does not require additional cofactors or the input of exogenous electrons. The current study expands the scope of reactions catalysed by the 2-His-1-carboxylate mononuclear non-haem iron family of enzymes.〈br /〉〈br /〉〈a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2874955/" target="_blank"〉〈img src="https://static.pubmed.gov/portal/portal3rc.fcgi/4089621/img/3977009" border="0"〉〈/a〉   〈a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2874955/" target="_blank"〉This paper as free author manuscript - peer-reviewed and accepted for publication〈/a〉〈br /〉〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Cicchillo, Robert M -- Zhang, Houjin -- Blodgett, Joshua A V -- Whitteck, John T -- Li, Gongyong -- Nair, Satish K -- van der Donk, Wilfred A -- Metcalf, William W -- P01 GM077596/GM/NIGMS NIH HHS/ -- P01 GM077596-03/GM/NIGMS NIH HHS/ -- R01 GM059334/GM/NIGMS NIH HHS/ -- R01 GM059334-09/GM/NIGMS NIH HHS/ -- R01 GM59334/GM/NIGMS NIH HHS/ -- England -- Nature. 2009 Jun 11;459(7248):871-4. doi: 10.1038/nature07972.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Department of Chemistry, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, Illinois 61801, USA.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19516340" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Aminobutyrates/*chemistry/*metabolism ; Biocatalysis ; Crystallography, X-Ray ; Dioxygenases/chemistry/genetics/*metabolism ; Escherichia coli ; Formates/metabolism ; Magnetic Resonance Spectroscopy ; Mass Spectrometry ; Models, Biological ; Models, Molecular ; Molecular Conformation ; Organophosphonates/metabolism
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    Crystal structure of a bacterial homologue of the kidney urea transporter (2009)
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    Publication Date: 2009-10-30
    Description: Urea is highly concentrated in the mammalian kidney to produce the osmotic gradient necessary for water re-absorption. Free diffusion of urea across cell membranes is slow owing to its high polarity, and specialized urea transporters have evolved to achieve rapid and selective urea permeation. Here we present the 2.3 A structure of a functional urea transporter from the bacterium Desulfovibrio vulgaris. The transporter is a homotrimer, and each subunit contains a continuous membrane-spanning pore formed by the two homologous halves of the protein. The pore contains a constricted selectivity filter that can accommodate several dehydrated urea molecules in single file. Backbone and side-chain oxygen atoms provide continuous coordination of urea as it progresses through the filter, and well-placed alpha-helix dipoles provide further compensation for dehydration energy. These results establish that the urea transporter operates by a channel-like mechanism and reveal the physical and chemical basis of urea selectivity.〈br /〉〈br /〉〈a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2871279/" target="_blank"〉〈img src="https://static.pubmed.gov/portal/portal3rc.fcgi/4089621/img/3977009" border="0"〉〈/a〉   〈a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2871279/" target="_blank"〉This paper as free author manuscript - peer-reviewed and accepted for publication〈/a〉〈br /〉〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Levin, Elena J -- Quick, Matthias -- Zhou, Ming -- GM075026/GM/NIGMS NIH HHS/ -- HL086392/HL/NHLBI NIH HHS/ -- P30 EB009998/EB/NIBIB NIH HHS/ -- R01 DK088057/DK/NIDDK NIH HHS/ -- R01 HL086392/HL/NHLBI NIH HHS/ -- R01 HL086392-04/HL/NHLBI NIH HHS/ -- R01 HL086392-04S1/HL/NHLBI NIH HHS/ -- R01 HL086392-05/HL/NHLBI NIH HHS/ -- T32 HL087745/HL/NHLBI NIH HHS/ -- T32 HL087745-03/HL/NHLBI NIH HHS/ -- T32HL087745/HL/NHLBI NIH HHS/ -- U54 GM075026/GM/NIGMS NIH HHS/ -- U54 GM075026-040007/GM/NIGMS NIH HHS/ -- U54 GM075026-050007/GM/NIGMS NIH HHS/ -- England -- Nature. 2009 Dec 10;462(7274):757-61. doi: 10.1038/nature08558. Epub .〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Department of Physiology & Cellular Biophysics, College of Physicians and Surgeons, Columbia University, 630 West 168th Street, New York, New York 10032, USA.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19865084" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Animals ; Binding Sites ; Crystallography, X-Ray ; Desulfovibrio vulgaris/*chemistry ; Humans ; Kidney/*chemistry ; Membrane Transport Proteins/*chemistry/*metabolism ; Models, Molecular ; Oocytes/metabolism ; Protein Folding ; Protein Structure, Quaternary ; Protein Subunits/chemistry/metabolism ; Structure-Activity Relationship ; Urea/metabolism ; Xenopus laevis
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    The origin of the electrostatic perturbation in acetoacetate decarboxylase (2009)
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    Publication Date: 2009-05-22
    Description: Acetoacetate decarboxylase (AADase) has long been cited as the prototypical example of the marked shifts in the pK(a) values of ionizable groups that can occur in an enzyme active site. In 1966, it was hypothesized that in AADase the origin of the large pK(a) perturbation (-4.5 log units) observed in the nucleophilic Lys 115 results from the proximity of Lys 116, marking the first proposal of microenvironment effects in enzymology. The electrostatic perturbation hypothesis has been demonstrated in a number of enzymes, but never for the enzyme that inspired its conception, owing to the lack of a three-dimensional structure. Here we present the X-ray crystal structures of AADase and of the enamine adduct with the substrate analogue 2,4-pentanedione. Surprisingly, the shift of the pK(a) of Lys 115 is not due to the proximity of Lys 116, the side chain of which is oriented away from the active site. Instead, Lys 116 participates in the structural anchoring of Lys 115 in a long, hydrophobic funnel provided by the novel fold of the enzyme. Thus, AADase perturbs the pK(a) of the nucleophile by means of a desolvation effect by placement of the side chain into the protein core while enforcing the proximity of polar residues, which facilitate decarboxylation through electrostatic and steric effects.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Ho, Meng-Chiao -- Menetret, Jean-Francois -- Tsuruta, Hiro -- Allen, Karen N -- England -- Nature. 2009 May 21;459(7245):393-7. doi: 10.1038/nature07938.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Department of Physiology and Biophysics, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, Massachusetts 02118-2394, USA.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19458715" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Biocatalysis ; Carboxy-Lyases/*chemistry ; Catalytic Domain ; Chromobacterium/*enzymology ; Clostridium acetobutylicum/*enzymology ; Crystallography, X-Ray ; Decarboxylation ; Hydrophobic and Hydrophilic Interactions ; Lysine/chemistry/metabolism ; Models, Molecular ; Pentanones/metabolism ; Protein Structure, Quaternary ; Protein Structure, Tertiary ; Static Electricity
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    The Fas-FADD death domain complex structure unravels signalling by receptor clustering (2009)
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    Publication Date: 2009-01-02
    Description: The death inducing signalling complex (DISC) formed by Fas receptor, FADD (Fas-associated death domain protein) and caspase 8 is a pivotal trigger of apoptosis. The Fas-FADD DISC represents a receptor platform, which once assembled initiates the induction of programmed cell death. A highly oligomeric network of homotypic protein interactions comprised of the death domains of Fas and FADD is at the centre of DISC formation. Thus, characterizing the mechanistic basis for the Fas-FADD interaction is crucial for understanding DISC signalling but has remained unclear largely because of a lack of structural data. We have successfully formed and isolated the human Fas-FADD death domain complex and report the 2.7 A crystal structure. The complex shows a tetrameric arrangement of four FADD death domains bound to four Fas death domains. We show that an opening of the Fas death domain exposes the FADD binding site and simultaneously generates a Fas-Fas bridge. The result is a regulatory Fas-FADD complex bridge governed by weak protein-protein interactions revealing a model where the complex itself functions as a mechanistic switch. This switch prevents accidental DISC assembly, yet allows for highly processive DISC formation and clustering upon a sufficient stimulus. In addition to depicting a previously unknown mode of death domain interactions, these results further uncover a mechanism for receptor signalling solely by oligomerization and clustering events.〈br /〉〈br /〉〈a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2661029/" target="_blank"〉〈img src="https://static.pubmed.gov/portal/portal3rc.fcgi/4089621/img/3977009" border="0"〉〈/a〉   〈a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2661029/" target="_blank"〉This paper as free author manuscript - peer-reviewed and accepted for publication〈/a〉〈br /〉〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Scott, Fiona L -- Stec, Boguslaw -- Pop, Cristina -- Dobaczewska, Malgorzata K -- Lee, JeongEun J -- Monosov, Edward -- Robinson, Howard -- Salvesen, Guy S -- Schwarzenbacher, Robert -- Riedl, Stefan J -- P01 CA069381/CA/NCI NIH HHS/ -- P01 CA069381-130009/CA/NCI NIH HHS/ -- P01CA69381/CA/NCI NIH HHS/ -- P30 CA030199/CA/NCI NIH HHS/ -- P30 EB009998/EB/NIBIB NIH HHS/ -- R01AA017238/AA/NIAAA NIH HHS/ -- England -- Nature. 2009 Feb 19;457(7232):1019-22. doi: 10.1038/nature07606. Epub 2008 Dec 31.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Program in Apoptosis and Cell Death Research, The Burnham Institute for Medical Research, La Jolla, California 92037, USA.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19118384" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Antigens, CD95/*chemistry/*metabolism ; Crystallography, X-Ray ; Death Domain Receptor Signaling Adaptor Proteins/chemistry/metabolism ; Fas-Associated Death Domain Protein/*chemistry/*metabolism ; Humans ; Models, Molecular ; Multiprotein Complexes/chemistry/metabolism ; *Receptor Aggregation ; *Signal Transduction
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    Structure and mechanism of a bacterial light-regulated cyclic nucleotide phosphodiesterase (2009)
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    Publication Date: 2009-06-19
    Description: The ability to respond to light is crucial for most organisms. BLUF is a recently identified photoreceptor protein domain that senses blue light using a FAD chromophore. BLUF domains are present in various proteins from the Bacteria, Euglenozoa and Fungi. Although structures of single-domain BLUF proteins have been determined, none are available for a BLUF protein containing a functional output domain; the mechanism of light activation in this new class of photoreceptors has thus remained poorly understood. Here we report the biochemical, structural and mechanistic characterization of a full-length, active photoreceptor, BlrP1 (also known as KPN_01598), from Klebsiella pneumoniae. BlrP1 consists of a BLUF sensor domain and a phosphodiesterase EAL output domain which hydrolyses cyclic dimeric GMP (c-di-GMP). This ubiquitous second messenger controls motility, biofilm formation, virulence and antibiotic resistance in the Bacteria. Crystal structures of BlrP1 complexed with its substrate and metal ions involved in catalysis or in enzyme inhibition provide a detailed understanding of the mechanism of the EAL-domain c-di-GMP phosphodiesterases. These structures also sketch out a path of light activation of the phosphodiesterase output activity. Photon absorption by the BLUF domain of one subunit of the antiparallel BlrP1 homodimer activates the EAL domain of the second subunit through allosteric communication transmitted through conserved domain-domain interfaces.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Barends, Thomas R M -- Hartmann, Elisabeth -- Griese, Julia J -- Beitlich, Thorsten -- Kirienko, Natalia V -- Ryjenkov, Dmitri A -- Reinstein, Jochen -- Shoeman, Robert L -- Gomelsky, Mark -- Schlichting, Ilme -- England -- Nature. 2009 Jun 18;459(7249):1015-8. doi: 10.1038/nature07966.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Max Planck Institute for Medical Research, Department of Biomolecular Mechanisms, Jahnstrasse 29, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19536266" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: 3',5'-Cyclic-GMP Phosphodiesterases/*chemistry/metabolism/*radiation effects ; Allosteric Regulation/radiation effects ; Biocatalysis/radiation effects ; Catalytic Domain ; Crystallography, X-Ray ; Cyclic GMP/analogs & derivatives/metabolism ; Klebsiella pneumoniae/*enzymology ; *Light ; Metals/metabolism ; Models, Molecular ; Phosphorus/metabolism ; Photons ; Photoreceptors, Microbial/*chemistry/metabolism/*radiation effects ; Protein Multimerization ; Protein Structure, Quaternary ; Protein Structure, Tertiary
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    The structural basis of lipopolysaccharide recognition by the TLR4-MD-2 complex (2009)
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    Publication Date: 2009-03-03
    Description: The lipopolysaccharide (LPS) of Gram negative bacteria is a well-known inducer of the innate immune response. Toll-like receptor (TLR) 4 and myeloid differentiation factor 2 (MD-2) form a heterodimer that recognizes a common 'pattern' in structurally diverse LPS molecules. To understand the ligand specificity and receptor activation mechanism of the TLR4-MD-2-LPS complex we determined its crystal structure. LPS binding induced the formation of an m-shaped receptor multimer composed of two copies of the TLR4-MD-2-LPS complex arranged symmetrically. LPS interacts with a large hydrophobic pocket in MD-2 and directly bridges the two components of the multimer. Five of the six lipid chains of LPS are buried deep inside the pocket and the remaining chain is exposed to the surface of MD-2, forming a hydrophobic interaction with the conserved phenylalanines of TLR4. The F126 loop of MD-2 undergoes localized structural change and supports this core hydrophobic interface by making hydrophilic interactions with TLR4. Comparison with the structures of tetra-acylated antagonists bound to MD-2 indicates that two other lipid chains in LPS displace the phosphorylated glucosamine backbone by approximately 5 A towards the solvent area. This structural shift allows phosphate groups of LPS to contribute to receptor multimerization by forming ionic interactions with a cluster of positively charged residues in TLR4 and MD-2. The TLR4-MD-2-LPS structure illustrates the remarkable versatility of the ligand recognition mechanisms employed by the TLR family, which is essential for defence against diverse microbial infection.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Park, Beom Seok -- Song, Dong Hyun -- Kim, Ho Min -- Choi, Byong-Seok -- Lee, Hayyoung -- Lee, Jie-Oh -- England -- Nature. 2009 Apr 30;458(7242):1191-5. doi: 10.1038/nature07830. Epub 2009 Mar 1.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Department of Chemistry, KAIST, Daejeon, 305-701, Korea.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19252480" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Binding Sites ; Crystallography, X-Ray ; Escherichia coli/chemistry ; Humans ; Hydrophobic and Hydrophilic Interactions ; Lipopolysaccharides/*chemistry/*immunology ; Lymphocyte Antigen 96/*chemistry/*immunology ; Models, Molecular ; Protein Binding ; Protein Multimerization ; Structure-Activity Relationship ; Toll-Like Receptor 4/*chemistry/*immunology
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    Chemical biology: Caught in the activation (2009)
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    Publication Date: 2009-09-26
    Description: 〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Liu, Yi -- England -- Nature. 2009 Sep 24;461(7263):484-5. doi: 10.1038/461484a.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19779441" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Catalytic Domain ; Crystallography, X-Ray ; Enzyme Activation/drug effects ; Humans ; Phosphorylation/drug effects ; Protein Kinase Inhibitors/pharmacology/therapeutic use ; Protein-Serine-Threonine Kinases/*chemistry/*metabolism
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    Structure of a tetrameric MscL in an expanded intermediate state (2009)
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    Publication Date: 2009-08-25
    Description: The ability of cells to sense and respond to mechanical force underlies diverse processes such as touch and hearing in animals, gravitropism in plants, and bacterial osmoregulation. In bacteria, mechanosensation is mediated by the mechanosensitive channels of large (MscL), small (MscS), potassium-dependent (MscK) and mini (MscM) conductances. These channels act as 'emergency relief valves' protecting bacteria from lysis upon acute osmotic down-shock. Among them, MscL has been intensively studied since the original identification and characterization 15 years ago. MscL is reversibly and directly gated by changes in membrane tension. In the open state, MscL forms a non-selective 3 nS conductance channel which gates at tensions close to the lytic limit of the bacterial membrane. An earlier crystal structure at 3.5 A resolution of a pentameric MscL from Mycobacterium tuberculosis represents a closed-state or non-conducting conformation. MscL has a complex gating behaviour; it exhibits several intermediates between the closed and open states, including one putative non-conductive expanded state and at least three sub-conducting states. Although our understanding of the closed and open states of MscL has been increasing, little is known about the structures of the intermediate states despite their importance in elucidating the complete gating process of MscL. Here we present the crystal structure of a carboxy-terminal truncation mutant (Delta95-120) of MscL from Staphylococcus aureus (SaMscL(CDelta26)) at 3.8 A resolution. Notably, SaMscL(CDelta26) forms a tetrameric channel with both transmembrane helices tilted away from the membrane normal at angles close to that inferred for the open state, probably corresponding to a non-conductive but partially expanded intermediate state.〈br /〉〈br /〉〈a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2737600/" target="_blank"〉〈img src="https://static.pubmed.gov/portal/portal3rc.fcgi/4089621/img/3977009" border="0"〉〈/a〉   〈a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2737600/" target="_blank"〉This paper as free author manuscript - peer-reviewed and accepted for publication〈/a〉〈br /〉〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Liu, Zhenfeng -- Gandhi, Chris S -- Rees, Douglas C -- GM084211/GM/NIGMS NIH HHS/ -- R01 GM084211/GM/NIGMS NIH HHS/ -- R01 GM084211-01/GM/NIGMS NIH HHS/ -- Howard Hughes Medical Institute/ -- England -- Nature. 2009 Sep 3;461(7260):120-4. doi: 10.1038/nature08277. Epub 2009 Aug 23.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Division of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, California 91125, USA.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19701184" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Amino Acid Sequence ; Bacterial Proteins/*chemistry/metabolism ; Crystallography, X-Ray ; Ion Channel Gating ; Ion Channels/*chemistry/metabolism ; Models, Biological ; Models, Molecular ; Molecular Sequence Data ; Mycobacterium tuberculosis/chemistry/metabolism ; Pressure ; Protein Structure, Quaternary ; Staphylococcus aureus/*chemistry ; Structural Homology, Protein
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    Structural insights into mechanisms of the small RNA methyltransferase HEN1 (2009)
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    Publication Date: 2009-10-09
    Description: RNA silencing is a conserved regulatory mechanism in fungi, plants and animals that regulates gene expression and defence against viruses and transgenes. Small silencing RNAs of approximately 20-30 nucleotides and their associated effector proteins, the Argonaute family proteins, are the central components in RNA silencing. A subset of small RNAs, such as microRNAs and small interfering RNAs (siRNAs) in plants, Piwi-interacting RNAs in animals and siRNAs in Drosophila, requires an additional crucial step for their maturation; that is, 2'-O-methylation on the 3' terminal nucleotide. A conserved S-adenosyl-l-methionine-dependent RNA methyltransferase, HUA ENHANCER 1 (HEN1), and its homologues are responsible for this specific modification. Here we report the 3.1 A crystal structure of full-length HEN1 from Arabidopsis in complex with a 22-nucleotide small RNA duplex and cofactor product S-adenosyl-l-homocysteine. Highly cooperative recognition of the small RNA substrate by multiple RNA binding domains and the methyltransferase domain in HEN1 measures the length of the RNA duplex and determines the substrate specificity. Metal ion coordination by both 2' and 3' hydroxyls on the 3'-terminal nucleotide and four invariant residues in the active site of the methyltransferase domain suggests a novel Mg(2+)-dependent 2'-O-methylation mechanism.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Huang, Ying -- Ji, Lijuan -- Huang, Qichen -- Vassylyev, Dmitry G -- Chen, Xuemei -- Ma, Jin-Biao -- GM074252/GM/NIGMS NIH HHS/ -- R01 GM074840/GM/NIGMS NIH HHS/ -- England -- Nature. 2009 Oct 8;461(7265):823-7. doi: 10.1038/nature08433.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Genetics, Schools of Medicine and Dentistry, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama 35294, USA.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19812675" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Allosteric Regulation ; Arabidopsis/*enzymology/genetics ; Arabidopsis Proteins/*chemistry/genetics/*metabolism ; Biocatalysis ; Catalytic Domain ; Crystallography, X-Ray ; Magnesium/metabolism ; Methylation ; Methyltransferases/*chemistry/*metabolism ; Models, Biological ; Models, Molecular ; Protein Structure, Tertiary ; RNA/genetics/*metabolism ; RNA-Binding Proteins/chemistry/metabolism ; S-Adenosylhomocysteine/chemistry/metabolism ; Structure-Activity Relationship ; Substrate Specificity
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    Biochemistry: Enzyme's black box cracked open (2009)
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    Publication Date: 2009-10-23
    Description: 〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Sherman, David H -- England -- Nature. 2009 Oct 22;461(7267):1068-9. doi: 10.1038/4611068a.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19847256" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Aflatoxin B1/biosynthesis ; Aspergillus/*enzymology ; Catalytic Domain ; Crystallography, X-Ray ; Cyclization ; Pantetheine/analogs & derivatives/metabolism ; Polyketide Synthases/*chemistry/*metabolism ; Protein Structure, Tertiary ; Structure-Activity Relationship
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    Structures of the tRNA export factor in the nuclear and cytosolic states (2009)
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    Publication Date: 2009-08-15
    Description: Transfer RNAs are among the most ubiquitous molecules in cells, central to decoding information from messenger RNAs on translating ribosomes. In eukaryotic cells, tRNAs are actively transported from their site of synthesis in the nucleus to their site of function in the cytosol. This is mediated by a dedicated nucleo-cytoplasmic transport factor of the karyopherin-beta family (Xpot, also known as Los1 in Saccharomyces cerevisiae). Here we report the 3.2 A resolution structure of Schizosaccharomyces pombe Xpot in complex with tRNA and RanGTP, and the 3.1 A structure of unbound Xpot, revealing both nuclear and cytosolic snapshots of this transport factor. Xpot undergoes a large conformational change on binding cargo, wrapping around the tRNA and, in particular, binding to the tRNA 5' and 3' ends. The binding mode explains how Xpot can recognize all mature tRNAs in the cell and yet distinguish them from those that have not been properly processed, thus coupling tRNA export to quality control.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Cook, Atlanta G -- Fukuhara, Noemi -- Jinek, Martin -- Conti, Elena -- England -- Nature. 2009 Sep 3;461(7260):60-5. doi: 10.1038/nature08394.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Structural Cell Biology, MPI for Biochemistry, Am Klopferspitz 18, 82152 Martinsried, Germany.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19680239" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Binding Sites ; Cell Nucleus/*metabolism ; Crystallography, X-Ray ; Cytosol/*metabolism ; GTPase-Activating Proteins/chemistry/metabolism ; Models, Molecular ; Nuclear Pore Complex Proteins/*chemistry/*metabolism ; Protein Binding ; Protein Conformation ; *RNA Transport ; RNA, Fungal/chemistry/genetics/metabolism ; RNA, Transfer/chemistry/genetics/*metabolism ; RNA, Transfer, Phe/chemistry/genetics/metabolism ; Saccharomyces cerevisiae Proteins/chemistry/metabolism ; Schizosaccharomyces pombe Proteins/*chemistry/*metabolism ; Substrate Specificity ; ran GTP-Binding Protein/chemistry/metabolism
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    Crystal structure of the sodium-potassium pump at 2.4 A resolution (2009)
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    Publication Date: 2009-05-22
    Description: Sodium-potassium ATPase is an ATP-powered ion pump that establishes concentration gradients for Na(+) and K(+) ions across the plasma membrane in all animal cells by pumping Na(+) from the cytoplasm and K(+) from the extracellular medium. Such gradients are used in many essential processes, notably for generating action potentials. Na(+), K(+)-ATPase is a member of the P-type ATPases, which include sarcoplasmic reticulum Ca(2+)-ATPase and gastric H(+), K(+)-ATPase, among others, and is the target of cardiac glycosides. Here we describe a crystal structure of this important ion pump, from shark rectal glands, consisting of alpha- and beta-subunits and a regulatory FXYD protein, all of which are highly homologous to human ones. The ATPase was fixed in a state analogous to E2.2K(+).P(i), in which the ATPase has a high affinity for K(+) and still binds P(i), as in the first crystal structure of pig kidney enzyme at 3.5 A resolution. Clearly visualized now at 2.4 A resolution are coordination of K(+) and associated water molecules in the transmembrane binding sites and a phosphate analogue (MgF(4)(2-)) in the phosphorylation site. The crystal structure shows that the beta-subunit has a critical role in K(+) binding (although its involvement has previously been suggested) and explains, at least partially, why the homologous Ca(2+)-ATPase counter-transports H(+) rather than K(+), despite the coordinating residues being almost identical.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Shinoda, Takehiro -- Ogawa, Haruo -- Cornelius, Flemming -- Toyoshima, Chikashi -- England -- Nature. 2009 May 21;459(7245):446-50. doi: 10.1038/nature07939.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Institute of Molecular and Cellular Biosciences, The University of Tokyo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-0032, Japan.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19458722" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Animals ; Binding Sites ; Calcium-Transporting ATPases/chemistry/metabolism ; Crystallography, X-Ray ; Fluorides/metabolism ; Humans ; Magnesium Compounds/metabolism ; Membrane Proteins/chemistry/metabolism ; Models, Molecular ; Phosphoproteins/chemistry/metabolism ; Phosphorylation ; Potassium/metabolism ; Protein Conformation ; Protein Subunits/chemistry/metabolism ; Salt Gland/enzymology ; Sharks ; Sodium-Potassium-Exchanging ATPase/*chemistry/metabolism ; Swine
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    Biochemistry: Anchors away (2009)
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    Publication Date: 2009-04-17
    Description: 〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Costi, Maria Paola -- Ferrari, Stefania -- England -- Nature. 2009 Apr 16;458(7240):840-1. doi: 10.1038/458840a.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19370021" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Biocatalysis ; Catalytic Domain ; Crystallography, X-Ray ; Deoxyuracil Nucleotides/chemistry/metabolism ; Flavin-Adenine Dinucleotide/analogs & derivatives/chemistry/metabolism ; Flavins/chemistry/*metabolism ; Helicobacter pylori/enzymology/genetics ; Humans ; Thermotoga maritima/*enzymology/genetics/*metabolism ; Thymidine Monophosphate/*biosynthesis ; Thymidylate Synthase/antagonists & inhibitors/*genetics/*metabolism ; Uracil/metabolism
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    Protein structures: Structures of desire (2009)
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    Publication Date: 2009-05-09
    Description: 〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Bhattacharya, Ananyo -- England -- Nature. 2009 May 7;459(7243):24-7. doi: 10.1038/459024a.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19424134" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Animals ; Bacteria/chemistry ; Crystallography, X-Ray ; Eukaryotic Cells/chemistry ; Humans ; *Models, Molecular ; Nuclear Pore/chemistry ; Proteins/*chemistry ; Receptor, Epidermal Growth Factor/chemistry ; Ribosomes/chemistry ; Spliceosomes/chemistry
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    Structure of the formate transporter FocA reveals a pentameric aquaporin-like channel (2009)
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    Publication Date: 2009-11-27
    Description: FocA is a representative member of the formate-nitrite transporter family, which transports short-chain acids in bacteria, archaea, fungi, algae and parasites. The structure and transport mechanism of the formate-nitrite transporter family remain unknown. Here we report the crystal structure of Escherichia coli FocA at 2.25 A resolution. FocA forms a symmetric pentamer, with each protomer consisting of six transmembrane segments. Despite a lack of sequence homology, the overall structure of the FocA protomer closely resembles that of aquaporin and strongly argues that FocA is a channel, rather than a transporter. Structural analysis identifies potentially important channel residues, defines the channel path and reveals two constriction sites. Unlike aquaporin, FocA is impermeable to water but allows the passage of formate. A structural and biochemical investigation provides mechanistic insights into the channel activity of FocA.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Wang, Yi -- Huang, Yongjian -- Wang, Jiawei -- Cheng, Chao -- Huang, Weijiao -- Lu, Peilong -- Xu, Ya-Nan -- Wang, Pengye -- Yan, Nieng -- Shi, Yigong -- England -- Nature. 2009 Nov 26;462(7272):467-72. doi: 10.1038/nature08610.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Ministry of Education Protein Science Laboratory, Center for Structural Biology, School of Life Sciences and School of Medicine, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19940917" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Aquaporins/*chemistry/metabolism ; Crystallography, X-Ray ; Escherichia coli/chemistry/genetics/metabolism ; Escherichia coli Proteins/*chemistry/genetics/metabolism ; Formates/metabolism ; Liposomes/chemistry/metabolism ; Membrane Transport Proteins/*chemistry/genetics/metabolism ; Models, Molecular ; Molecular Mimicry ; Mutation ; Permeability ; Protein Structure, Quaternary ; Structure-Activity Relationship ; Water/analysis/metabolism
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    Nucleation, propagation and cleavage of target RNAs in Ago silencing complexes (2009)
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    Publication Date: 2009-10-09
    Description: The slicer activity of the RNA-induced silencing complex resides within its Argonaute (Ago) component, in which the PIWI domain provides the catalytic residues governing guide-strand mediated site-specific cleavage of target RNA. Here we report on structures of ternary complexes of Thermus thermophilus Ago catalytic mutants with 5'-phosphorylated 21-nucleotide guide DNA and complementary target RNAs of 12, 15 and 19 nucleotides in length, which define the molecular basis for Mg(2+)-facilitated site-specific cleavage of the target. We observe pivot-like domain movements within the Ago scaffold on proceeding from nucleation to propagation steps of guide-target duplex formation, with duplex zippering beyond one turn of the helix requiring the release of the 3'-end of the guide from the PAZ pocket. Cleavage assays on targets of various lengths supported this model, and sugar-phosphate-backbone-modified target strands showed the importance of structural and catalytic divalent metal ions observed in the crystal structures.〈br /〉〈br /〉〈a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2880917/" target="_blank"〉〈img src="https://static.pubmed.gov/portal/portal3rc.fcgi/4089621/img/3977009" border="0"〉〈/a〉   〈a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2880917/" target="_blank"〉This paper as free author manuscript - peer-reviewed and accepted for publication〈/a〉〈br /〉〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Wang, Yanli -- Juranek, Stefan -- Li, Haitao -- Sheng, Gang -- Wardle, Greg S -- Tuschl, Thomas -- Patel, Dinshaw J -- P30 EB009998/EB/NIBIB NIH HHS/ -- R01 AI068776/AI/NIAID NIH HHS/ -- R01 AI068776-04/AI/NIAID NIH HHS/ -- R01 AI068776-05/AI/NIAID NIH HHS/ -- R01 GM068476/GM/NIGMS NIH HHS/ -- R01 GM068476-05/GM/NIGMS NIH HHS/ -- Howard Hughes Medical Institute/ -- England -- Nature. 2009 Oct 8;461(7265):754-61. doi: 10.1038/nature08434.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Structural Biology Program, Memorial-Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, New York 10065, USA.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19812667" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Base Pairing ; Biocatalysis ; Catalytic Domain/genetics ; Cations, Divalent/metabolism ; Crystallography, X-Ray ; DNA/chemistry/genetics/metabolism ; *Gene Silencing ; Magnesium/metabolism ; Models, Molecular ; Phosphorylation ; RNA/chemistry/genetics/*metabolism ; RNA-Induced Silencing Complex/*chemistry/genetics/*metabolism ; Structure-Activity Relationship ; Substrate Specificity ; Thermus thermophilus/*enzymology/genetics
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    Structural basis for biosynthetic programming of fungal aromatic polyketide cyclization (2009)
    Nature Publishing Group (NPG)
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    Publication Date: 2009-10-23
    Description: Polyketides are a class of natural products with diverse structures and biological activities. The structural variability of aromatic products of fungal nonreducing, multidomain iterative polyketide synthases (NR-PKS group of IPKSs) results from regiospecific cyclizations of reactive poly-beta-keto intermediates. How poly-beta-keto species are synthesized and stabilized, how their chain lengths are determined, and, in particular, how specific cyclization patterns are controlled have been largely inaccessible and functionally unknown until recently. A product template (PT) domain is responsible for controlling specific aldol cyclization and aromatization of these mature polyketide precursors, but the mechanistic basis is unknown. Here we present the 1.8 A crystal structure and mutational studies of a dissected PT monodomain from PksA, the NR-PKS that initiates the biosynthesis of the potent hepatocarcinogen aflatoxin B(1) in Aspergillus parasiticus. Despite having minimal sequence similarity to known enzymes, the structure displays a distinct 'double hot dog' (DHD) fold. Co-crystal structures with palmitate or a bicyclic substrate mimic illustrate that PT can bind both linear and bicyclic polyketides. Docking and mutagenesis studies reveal residues important for substrate binding and catalysis, and identify a phosphopantetheine localization channel and a deep two-part interior binding pocket and reaction chamber. Sequence similarity and extensive conservation of active site residues in PT domains suggest that the mechanistic insights gleaned from these studies will prove general for this class of IPKSs, and lay a foundation for defining the molecular rules controlling NR-PKS cyclization specificity.〈br /〉〈br /〉〈a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2872118/" target="_blank"〉〈img src="https://static.pubmed.gov/portal/portal3rc.fcgi/4089621/img/3977009" border="0"〉〈/a〉   〈a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2872118/" target="_blank"〉This paper as free author manuscript - peer-reviewed and accepted for publication〈/a〉〈br /〉〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Crawford, Jason M -- Korman, Tyler P -- Labonte, Jason W -- Vagstad, Anna L -- Hill, Eric A -- Kamari-Bidkorpeh, Oliver -- Tsai, Shiou-Chuan -- Townsend, Craig A -- ES001670/ES/NIEHS NIH HHS/ -- R01 GM076330/GM/NIGMS NIH HHS/ -- R01 GM076330-01A2/GM/NIGMS NIH HHS/ -- R01 GM076330-02/GM/NIGMS NIH HHS/ -- R01 GM076330-03/GM/NIGMS NIH HHS/ -- R01 GM100305/GM/NIGMS NIH HHS/ -- R37 AI014937/AI/NIAID NIH HHS/ -- R37 AI014937-31/AI/NIAID NIH HHS/ -- England -- Nature. 2009 Oct 22;461(7267):1139-43. doi: 10.1038/nature08475.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Department of Chemistry, Johns Hopkins University, Maryland 21218, USA.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19847268" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Aflatoxin B1/biosynthesis ; Anthracenes/metabolism ; Anthraquinones/metabolism ; Aspergillus/*enzymology ; Catalytic Domain ; Crystallography, X-Ray ; Cyclization ; Models, Molecular ; Oxidation-Reduction ; Palmitic Acid/metabolism ; Polyketide Synthases/*chemistry/*metabolism ; Protein Structure, Tertiary ; Structure-Activity Relationship
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    Structural biology: Anticancer drug target pictured (2009)
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    Publication Date: 2009-01-09
    Description: 〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Waterman, Michael R -- England -- Nature. 2009 Jan 8;457(7226):159-60. doi: 10.1038/457159a.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19129840" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Aromatase/*chemistry/*metabolism ; Aromatase Inhibitors/*pharmacology/therapeutic use ; Breast Neoplasms/*drug therapy/*enzymology/metabolism ; Catalytic Domain ; Crystallography, X-Ray ; Estrogens/*biosynthesis ; Female ; Humans
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    An unexpected twist in viral capsid maturation (2009)
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    Publication Date: 2009-02-11
    Description: Lambda-like double-stranded (ds) DNA bacteriophage undergo massive conformational changes in their capsid shell during the packaging of their viral genomes. Capsid shells are complex organizations of hundreds of protein subunits that assemble into intricate quaternary complexes that ultimately are able to withstand over 50 atm of pressure during genome packaging. The extensive integration between subunits in capsids requires the formation of an intermediate complex, termed a procapsid, from which individual subunits can undergo the necessary refolding and structural rearrangements needed to transition to the more stable capsid. Although various mature capsids have been characterized at atomic resolution, no such procapsid structure is available for a dsDNA virus or bacteriophage. Here we present a procapsid X-ray structure at 3.65 A resolution, termed prohead II, of the lambda-like bacteriophage HK97, the mature capsid structure of which was previously solved to 3.44 A (ref. 2). A comparison of the two largely different capsid forms has unveiled an unprecedented expansion mechanism that describes the transition. Crystallographic and hydrogen/deuterium exchange data presented here demonstrate that the subunit tertiary structures are significantly different between the two states, with twisting and bending motions occurring in both helical and beta-sheet regions. We also identified subunit interactions at each three-fold axis of the capsid that are maintained throughout maturation. The interactions sustain capsid integrity during subunit refolding and provide a fixed hinge from which subunits undergo rotational and translational motions during maturation. Previously published calorimetric data of a closely related bacteriophage, P22, showed that capsid maturation was an exothermic process that resulted in a release of 90 kJ mol(-1) of energy. We propose that the major tertiary changes presented in this study reveal a structural basis for an exothermic maturation process probably present in many dsDNA bacteriophage and possibly viruses such as herpesvirus, which share the HK97 subunit fold.〈br /〉〈br /〉〈a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2765791/" target="_blank"〉〈img src="https://static.pubmed.gov/portal/portal3rc.fcgi/4089621/img/3977009" border="0"〉〈/a〉   〈a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2765791/" target="_blank"〉This paper as free author manuscript - peer-reviewed and accepted for publication〈/a〉〈br /〉〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Gertsman, Ilya -- Gan, Lu -- Guttman, Miklos -- Lee, Kelly -- Speir, Jeffrey A -- Duda, Robert L -- Hendrix, Roger W -- Komives, Elizabeth A -- Johnson, John E -- GM08326/GM/NIGMS NIH HHS/ -- R01 AI040101/AI/NIAID NIH HHS/ -- R01 AI040101-04/AI/NIAID NIH HHS/ -- R01 AI040101-14/AI/NIAID NIH HHS/ -- R01 AI40101/AI/NIAID NIH HHS/ -- R01 GM47795/GM/NIGMS NIH HHS/ -- England -- Nature. 2009 Apr 2;458(7238):646-50. doi: 10.1038/nature07686. Epub 2009 Feb 8.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Department of Molecular Biology, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, California 92037, USA.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19204733" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Capsid/*chemistry/*metabolism ; Capsid Proteins/chemistry/genetics/metabolism ; Crystallography, X-Ray ; Deuterium Exchange Measurement ; Models, Molecular ; Movement ; Protein Conformation ; Protein Folding ; Protein Multimerization ; Protein Subunits/chemistry/metabolism ; Siphoviridae/*chemistry/genetics/*growth & development ; Thermodynamics ; *Virus Assembly
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    Structural basis for androgen specificity and oestrogen synthesis in human aromatase (2009)
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    Publication Date: 2009-01-09
    Description: Aromatase cytochrome P450 is the only enzyme in vertebrates known to catalyse the biosynthesis of all oestrogens from androgens. Aromatase inhibitors therefore constitute a frontline therapy for oestrogen-dependent breast cancer. In a three-step process, each step requiring 1 mol of O(2), 1 mol of NADPH, and coupling with its redox partner cytochrome P450 reductase, aromatase converts androstenedione, testosterone and 16alpha-hydroxytestosterone to oestrone, 17beta-oestradiol and 17beta,16alpha-oestriol, respectively. The first two steps are C19-methyl hydroxylation steps, and the third involves the aromatization of the steroid A-ring, unique to aromatase. Whereas most P450s are not highly substrate selective, it is the hallmark androgenic specificity that sets aromatase apart. The structure of this enzyme of the endoplasmic reticulum membrane has remained unknown for decades, hindering elucidation of the biochemical mechanism. Here we present the crystal structure of human placental aromatase, the only natural mammalian, full-length P450 and P450 in hormone biosynthetic pathways to be crystallized so far. Unlike the active sites of many microsomal P450s that metabolize drugs and xenobiotics, aromatase has an androgen-specific cleft that binds the androstenedione molecule snugly. Hydrophobic and polar residues exquisitely complement the steroid backbone. The locations of catalytically important residues shed light on the reaction mechanism. The relative juxtaposition of the hydrophobic amino-terminal region and the opening to the catalytic cleft shows why membrane anchoring is necessary for the lipophilic substrates to gain access to the active site. The molecular basis for the enzyme's androgenic specificity and unique catalytic mechanism can be used for developing next-generation aromatase inhibitors.〈br /〉〈br /〉〈a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2820300/" target="_blank"〉〈img src="https://static.pubmed.gov/portal/portal3rc.fcgi/4089621/img/3977009" border="0"〉〈/a〉   〈a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2820300/" target="_blank"〉This paper as free author manuscript - peer-reviewed and accepted for publication〈/a〉〈br /〉〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Ghosh, Debashis -- Griswold, Jennifer -- Erman, Mary -- Pangborn, Walter -- GM59450/GM/NIGMS NIH HHS/ -- GM62794/GM/NIGMS NIH HHS/ -- R01 GM062794/GM/NIGMS NIH HHS/ -- R01 GM062794-01A1/GM/NIGMS NIH HHS/ -- R01 GM062794-02/GM/NIGMS NIH HHS/ -- R01 GM062794-03/GM/NIGMS NIH HHS/ -- R01 GM062794-04/GM/NIGMS NIH HHS/ -- R01 GM086893/GM/NIGMS NIH HHS/ -- R01 GM086893-01A1/GM/NIGMS NIH HHS/ -- R21 GM059450/GM/NIGMS NIH HHS/ -- R21 GM059450-01/GM/NIGMS NIH HHS/ -- R21 GM059450-02/GM/NIGMS NIH HHS/ -- England -- Nature. 2009 Jan 8;457(7226):219-23. doi: 10.1038/nature07614.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Structural Biology, Hauptman-Woodward Medical Research Institute, 700 Ellicott Street, Buffalo, New York 14203, USA. ghosh@hwi.buffalo.edu〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19129847" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Androgens/*metabolism ; Aromatase/*chemistry/*metabolism ; Catalytic Domain ; Crystallography, X-Ray ; Estrogens/*biosynthesis ; Female ; Humans ; Lipid Bilayers/metabolism ; Models, Molecular ; Placenta/enzymology ; Protein Binding ; Protein Conformation ; Substrate Specificity
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    Structure of the connexin 26 gap junction channel at 3.5 A resolution (2009)
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    Publication Date: 2009-04-03
    Description: Gap junctions consist of arrays of intercellular channels between adjacent cells that permit the exchange of ions and small molecules. Here we report the crystal structure of the gap junction channel formed by human connexin 26 (Cx26, also known as GJB2) at 3.5 A resolution, and discuss structural determinants of solute transport through the channel. The density map showed the two membrane-spanning hemichannels and the arrangement of the four transmembrane helices of the six protomers forming each hemichannel. The hemichannels feature a positively charged cytoplasmic entrance, a funnel, a negatively charged transmembrane pathway, and an extracellular cavity. The pore is narrowed at the funnel, which is formed by the six amino-terminal helices lining the wall of the channel, which thus determines the molecular size restriction at the channel entrance. The structure of the Cx26 gap junction channel also has implications for the gating of the channel by the transjunctional voltage.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Maeda, Shoji -- Nakagawa, So -- Suga, Michihiro -- Yamashita, Eiki -- Oshima, Atsunori -- Fujiyoshi, Yoshinori -- Tsukihara, Tomitake -- England -- Nature. 2009 Apr 2;458(7238):597-602. doi: 10.1038/nature07869.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Institute for Protein Research, Osaka University, OLABB, 6-2-3, Furuedai, Suita, Osaka 565-0874, Japan.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19340074" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Animals ; Cell Line ; Connexins/*chemistry/genetics ; Crystallography, X-Ray ; Gap Junctions/*chemistry ; Humans ; Ion Channel Gating ; Models, Molecular ; Protein Multimerization ; Protein Structure, Quaternary ; Spodoptera/virology
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    Crystal structure of human spliceosomal U1 snRNP at 5.5 A resolution (2009)
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    Publication Date: 2009-03-28
    Description: Human spliceosomal U1 small nuclear ribonucleoprotein particles (snRNPs), which consist of U1 small nuclear RNA and ten proteins, recognize the 5' splice site within precursor messenger RNAs and initiate the assembly of the spliceosome for intron excision. An electron density map of the functional core of U1 snRNP at 5.5 A resolution has enabled us to build the RNA and, in conjunction with site-specific labelling of individual proteins, to place the seven Sm proteins, U1-C and U1-70K into the map. Here we present the detailed structure of a spliceosomal snRNP, revealing a hierarchical network of intricate interactions between subunits. A striking feature is the amino (N)-terminal polypeptide of U1-70K, which extends over a distance of 180 A from its RNA binding domain, wraps around the core domain consisting of the seven Sm proteins and finally contacts U1-C, which is crucial for 5'-splice-site recognition. The structure of U1 snRNP provides insights into U1 snRNP assembly and suggests a possible mechanism of 5'-splice-site recognition.〈br /〉〈br /〉〈a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2673513/" target="_blank"〉〈img src="https://static.pubmed.gov/portal/portal3rc.fcgi/4089621/img/3977009" border="0"〉〈/a〉   〈a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2673513/" target="_blank"〉This paper as free author manuscript - peer-reviewed and accepted for publication〈/a〉〈br /〉〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Pomeranz Krummel, Daniel A -- Oubridge, Chris -- Leung, Adelaine K W -- Li, Jade -- Nagai, Kiyoshi -- MC_U105184330/Medical Research Council/United Kingdom -- U.1051.04.016(78933)/Medical Research Council/United Kingdom -- Medical Research Council/United Kingdom -- England -- Nature. 2009 Mar 26;458(7237):475-80. doi: 10.1038/nature07851.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉MRC Laboratory of Molecular Biology, Hills Road, Cambridge CB2 0QH, UK.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19325628" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Crystallography, X-Ray ; Humans ; Models, Biological ; Models, Molecular ; Nucleic Acid Conformation ; Protein Folding ; Protein Structure, Tertiary ; RNA Splice Sites ; RNA Splicing ; RNA, Small Nuclear/chemistry ; Ribonucleoprotein, U1 Small Nuclear/*chemistry/metabolism ; Spliceosomes/*chemistry ; Zinc Fingers
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    X-ray structure, symmetry and mechanism of an AMPA-subtype glutamate receptor (2009)
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    Publication Date: 2009-12-01
    Description: Ionotropic glutamate receptors mediate most excitatory neurotransmission in the central nervous system and function by opening a transmembrane ion channel upon binding of glutamate. Despite their crucial role in neurobiology, the architecture and atomic structure of an intact ionotropic glutamate receptor are unknown. Here we report the crystal structure of the alpha-amino-3-hydroxy-5-methyl-4-isoxazole propionic acid (AMPA)-sensitive, homotetrameric, rat GluA2 receptor at 3.6 A resolution in complex with a competitive antagonist. The receptor harbours an overall axis of two-fold symmetry with the extracellular domains organized as pairs of local dimers and with the ion channel domain exhibiting four-fold symmetry. A symmetry mismatch between the extracellular and ion channel domains is mediated by two pairs of conformationally distinct subunits, A/C and B/D. Therefore, the stereochemical manner in which the A/C subunits are coupled to the ion channel gate is different from the B/D subunits. Guided by the GluA2 structure and site-directed cysteine mutagenesis, we suggest that GluN1 and GluN2A NMDA (N-methyl-d-aspartate) receptors have a similar architecture, with subunits arranged in a 1-2-1-2 pattern. We exploit the GluA2 structure to develop mechanisms of ion channel activation, desensitization and inhibition by non-competitive antagonists and pore blockers.〈br /〉〈br /〉〈a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2861655/" target="_blank"〉〈img src="https://static.pubmed.gov/portal/portal3rc.fcgi/4089621/img/3977009" border="0"〉〈/a〉   〈a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2861655/" target="_blank"〉This paper as free author manuscript - peer-reviewed and accepted for publication〈/a〉〈br /〉〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Sobolevsky, Alexander I -- Rosconi, Michael P -- Gouaux, Eric -- F32 NS049767-05/NS/NINDS NIH HHS/ -- R01 NS038631/NS/NINDS NIH HHS/ -- R01 NS038631-06/NS/NINDS NIH HHS/ -- Howard Hughes Medical Institute/ -- England -- Nature. 2009 Dec 10;462(7274):745-56. doi: 10.1038/nature08624. Epub .〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Vollum Institute, Oregon Health and Science University, 3181 SW Sam Jackson Park Road, Portland, Oregon 97239, USA.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19946266" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Animals ; Cell Line ; Crystallization ; Crystallography, X-Ray ; Ion Channel Gating ; Models, Molecular ; Potassium Channels/chemistry/metabolism ; Protein Conformation ; Protein Subunits/chemistry/metabolism ; Rats ; Receptors, AMPA/antagonists & inhibitors/*chemistry/*metabolism ; alpha-Amino-3-hydroxy-5-methyl-4-isoxazolepropionic Acid/metabolism
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    Role of the polycomb protein EED in the propagation of repressive histone marks (2009)
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    Publication Date: 2009-09-22
    Description: Polycomb group proteins have an essential role in the epigenetic maintenance of repressive chromatin states. The gene-silencing activity of the Polycomb repressive complex 2 (PRC2) depends on its ability to trimethylate lysine 27 of histone H3 (H3K27) by the catalytic SET domain of the EZH2 subunit, and at least two other subunits of the complex: SUZ12 and EED. Here we show that the carboxy-terminal domain of EED specifically binds to histone tails carrying trimethyl-lysine residues associated with repressive chromatin marks, and that this leads to the allosteric activation of the methyltransferase activity of PRC2. Mutations in EED that prevent it from recognizing repressive trimethyl-lysine marks abolish the activation of PRC2 in vitro and, in Drosophila, reduce global methylation and disrupt development. These findings suggest a model for the propagation of the H3K27me3 mark that accounts for the maintenance of repressive chromatin domains and for the transmission of a histone modification from mother to daughter cells.〈br /〉〈br /〉〈a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3772642/" target="_blank"〉〈img src="https://static.pubmed.gov/portal/portal3rc.fcgi/4089621/img/3977009" border="0"〉〈/a〉   〈a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3772642/" target="_blank"〉This paper as free author manuscript - peer-reviewed and accepted for publication〈/a〉〈br /〉〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Margueron, Raphael -- Justin, Neil -- Ohno, Katsuhito -- Sharpe, Miriam L -- Son, Jinsook -- Drury, William J 3rd -- Voigt, Philipp -- Martin, Stephen R -- Taylor, William R -- De Marco, Valeria -- Pirrotta, Vincenzo -- Reinberg, Danny -- Gamblin, Steven J -- GM064844/GM/NIGMS NIH HHS/ -- GM37120/GM/NIGMS NIH HHS/ -- MC_U117584222/Medical Research Council/United Kingdom -- R01 GM064844/GM/NIGMS NIH HHS/ -- R01 GM064844-08/GM/NIGMS NIH HHS/ -- Howard Hughes Medical Institute/ -- Medical Research Council/United Kingdom -- England -- Nature. 2009 Oct 8;461(7265):762-7. doi: 10.1038/nature08398. Epub 2009 Sep 20.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Howard Hughes Medical Institute and Department of Biochemistry, New York University Medical School, 522 First Avenue, New York, New York 10016, USA.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19767730" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Allosteric Regulation ; Animals ; Cell Line ; Chromatin/chemistry/*genetics/metabolism ; Crystallography, X-Ray ; Drosophila Proteins/chemistry/genetics/*metabolism ; Drosophila melanogaster/*genetics/growth & development/*metabolism ; Enzyme Activation ; *Gene Silencing ; Histone-Lysine N-Methyltransferase/chemistry/metabolism ; Histones/*chemistry/*metabolism ; Lysine/analogs & derivatives/metabolism ; Methylation ; Models, Biological ; Models, Molecular ; Nuclear Proteins/metabolism ; Nucleosomes/chemistry/genetics/metabolism ; Polycomb Repressive Complex 2 ; Protein Binding ; Protein Structure, Tertiary ; Repressor Proteins/chemistry/genetics/*metabolism ; Substrate Specificity
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    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
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    Structural biology: Tracing Argonaute binding (2009)
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    Publication Date: 2009-10-09
    Description: 〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Bouasker, Samir -- Simard, Martin J -- England -- Nature. 2009 Oct 8;461(7265):743-4. doi: 10.1038/461743a.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19812664" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Animals ; Catalytic Domain/genetics ; Crystallography, X-Ray ; DNA/metabolism ; *Gene Silencing ; Magnesium/metabolism ; RNA/*metabolism ; RNA-Induced Silencing Complex/*chemistry/*metabolism ; Thermus thermophilus/*enzymology
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    Encounter and extrusion of an intrahelical lesion by a DNA repair enzyme (2009)
    Nature Publishing Group (NPG)
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    Publication Date: 2009-12-17
    Description: How living systems detect the presence of genotoxic damage embedded in a million-fold excess of undamaged DNA is an unresolved question in biology. Here we have captured and structurally elucidated a base-excision DNA repair enzyme, MutM, at the stage of initial encounter with a damaged nucleobase, 8-oxoguanine (oxoG), nested within a DNA duplex. Three structures of intrahelical oxoG-encounter complexes are compared with sequence-matched structures containing a normal G base in place of an oxoG lesion. Although the protein-DNA interfaces in the matched complexes differ by only two atoms-those that distinguish oxoG from G-their pronounced structural differences indicate that MutM can detect a lesion in DNA even at the earliest stages of encounter. All-atom computer simulations show the pathway by which encounter of the enzyme with the lesion causes extrusion from the DNA duplex, and they elucidate the critical free energy difference between oxoG and G along the extrusion pathway.〈br /〉〈br /〉〈a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2951314/" target="_blank"〉〈img src="https://static.pubmed.gov/portal/portal3rc.fcgi/4089621/img/3977009" border="0"〉〈/a〉   〈a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2951314/" target="_blank"〉This paper as free author manuscript - peer-reviewed and accepted for publication〈/a〉〈br /〉〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Qi, Yan -- Spong, Marie C -- Nam, Kwangho -- Banerjee, Anirban -- Jiralerspong, Sao -- Karplus, Martin -- Verdine, Gregory L -- CA100742/CA/NCI NIH HHS/ -- GM030804/GM/NIGMS NIH HHS/ -- GM044853/GM/NIGMS NIH HHS/ -- GM047467/GM/NIGMS NIH HHS/ -- P01 GM047467/GM/NIGMS NIH HHS/ -- P01 GM047467-100006/GM/NIGMS NIH HHS/ -- P30 EB009998/EB/NIBIB NIH HHS/ -- R01 CA100742/CA/NCI NIH HHS/ -- R01 CA100742-06A1/CA/NCI NIH HHS/ -- R01 GM044853/GM/NIGMS NIH HHS/ -- R01 GM044853-18/GM/NIGMS NIH HHS/ -- Howard Hughes Medical Institute/ -- England -- Nature. 2009 Dec 10;462(7274):762-6. doi: 10.1038/nature08561.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Graduate Program in Biophysics, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, USA.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20010681" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Biocatalysis ; Computer Simulation ; Crystallography, X-Ray ; *DNA Damage ; *DNA Repair ; DNA-Formamidopyrimidine Glycosylase/genetics/*metabolism ; Genome, Bacterial/genetics ; Geobacillus stearothermophilus/*enzymology/genetics ; Guanine/*analogs & derivatives/metabolism ; Models, Biological ; Models, Molecular ; Molecular Dynamics Simulation ; Mutation/genetics ; Thermodynamics
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    An epistatic ratchet constrains the direction of glucocorticoid receptor evolution (2009)
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    Publication Date: 2009-09-26
    Description: The extent to which evolution is reversible has long fascinated biologists. Most previous work on the reversibility of morphological and life-history evolution has been indecisive, because of uncertainty and bias in the methods used to infer ancestral states for such characters. Further, despite theoretical work on the factors that could contribute to irreversibility, there is little empirical evidence on its causes, because sufficient understanding of the mechanistic basis for the evolution of new or ancestral phenotypes is seldom available. By studying the reversibility of evolutionary changes in protein structure and function, these limitations can be overcome. Here we show, using the evolution of hormone specificity in the vertebrate glucocorticoid receptor as a case-study, that the evolutionary path by which this protein acquired its new function soon became inaccessible to reverse exploration. Using ancestral gene reconstruction, protein engineering and X-ray crystallography, we demonstrate that five subsequent 'restrictive' mutations, which optimized the new specificity of the glucocorticoid receptor, also destabilized elements of the protein structure that were required to support the ancestral conformation. Unless these ratchet-like epistatic substitutions are restored to their ancestral states, reversing the key function-switching mutations yields a non-functional protein. Reversing the restrictive substitutions first, however, does nothing to enhance the ancestral function. Our findings indicate that even if selection for the ancestral function were imposed, direct reversal would be extremely unlikely, suggesting an important role for historical contingency in protein evolution.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Bridgham, Jamie T -- Ortlund, Eric A -- Thornton, Joseph W -- F32-GM074398/GM/NIGMS NIH HHS/ -- R01 GM081592/GM/NIGMS NIH HHS/ -- R01-GM081592/GM/NIGMS NIH HHS/ -- Howard Hughes Medical Institute/ -- England -- Nature. 2009 Sep 24;461(7263):515-9. doi: 10.1038/nature08249.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Center for Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, University of Oregon, Eugene, Oregon 97403, USA.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19779450" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Animals ; CHO Cells ; Cricetinae ; Cricetulus ; Crystallography, X-Ray ; Epistasis, Genetic ; *Evolution, Molecular ; Hormones/metabolism ; *Models, Biological ; Models, Molecular ; Mutation/genetics ; Protein Engineering ; Receptors, Glucocorticoid/*chemistry/*genetics/metabolism ; Sequence Alignment ; Substrate Specificity
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    Neuroscience: Excitatory view of a receptor (2009)
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    Publication Date: 2009-12-17
    Description: 〈br /〉〈br /〉〈a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3225193/" target="_blank"〉〈img src="https://static.pubmed.gov/portal/portal3rc.fcgi/4089621/img/3977009" border="0"〉〈/a〉   〈a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3225193/" target="_blank"〉This paper as free author manuscript - peer-reviewed and accepted for publication〈/a〉〈br /〉〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Wollmuth, Lonnie P -- Traynelis, Stephen F -- R01 MH066892/MH/NIMH NIH HHS/ -- R01 MH066892-08/MH/NIMH NIH HHS/ -- England -- Nature. 2009 Dec 10;462(7274):729-31. doi: 10.1038/462729a.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20010675" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Animals ; Crystallography, X-Ray ; Ion Channel Gating ; Models, Molecular ; Protein Conformation ; Protein Subunits/chemistry/metabolism ; Rats ; Receptors, AMPA/antagonists & inhibitors/*chemistry/*metabolism ; Receptors, N-Methyl-D-Aspartate/chemistry/metabolism
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    Rationally tuning the reduction potential of a single cupredoxin beyond the natural range (2009)
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    Publication Date: 2009-11-06
    Description: Redox processes are at the heart of numerous functions in chemistry and biology, from long-range electron transfer in photosynthesis and respiration to catalysis in industrial and fuel cell research. These functions are accomplished in nature by only a limited number of redox-active agents. A long-standing issue in these fields is how redox potentials are fine-tuned over a broad range with little change to the redox-active site or electron-transfer properties. Resolving this issue will not only advance our fundamental understanding of the roles of long-range, non-covalent interactions in redox processes, but also allow for design of redox-active proteins having tailor-made redox potentials for applications such as artificial photosynthetic centres or fuel cell catalysts for energy conversion. Here we show that two important secondary coordination sphere interactions, hydrophobicity and hydrogen-bonding, are capable of tuning the reduction potential of the cupredoxin azurin over a 700 mV range, surpassing the highest and lowest reduction potentials reported for any mononuclear cupredoxin, without perturbing the metal binding site beyond what is typical for the cupredoxin family of proteins. We also demonstrate that the effects of individual structural features are additive and that redox potential tuning of azurin is now predictable across the full range of cupredoxin potentials.〈br /〉〈br /〉〈a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4149807/" target="_blank"〉〈img src="https://static.pubmed.gov/portal/portal3rc.fcgi/4089621/img/3977009" border="0"〉〈/a〉   〈a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4149807/" target="_blank"〉This paper as free author manuscript - peer-reviewed and accepted for publication〈/a〉〈br /〉〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Marshall, Nicholas M -- Garner, Dewain K -- Wilson, Tiffany D -- Gao, Yi-Gui -- Robinson, Howard -- Nilges, Mark J -- Lu, Yi -- 5 T32 GM070421/GM/NIGMS NIH HHS/ -- T32 GM070421/GM/NIGMS NIH HHS/ -- England -- Nature. 2009 Nov 5;462(7269):113-6. doi: 10.1038/nature08551.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Department of Chemistry, University of Illinois, Urbana-Champaign, Illinois 61801, USA.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19890331" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Azurin/*chemistry/genetics/*metabolism ; Binding Sites ; Copper/metabolism ; Crystallography, X-Ray ; Hydrogen Bonding ; Hydrophobic and Hydrophilic Interactions ; Models, Molecular ; Mutant Proteins/chemistry/genetics/metabolism ; Mutation ; Oxidation-Reduction ; Protein Conformation
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    Helical extension of the neuronal SNARE complex into the membrane (2009)
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    Publication Date: 2009-07-03
    Description: Neurotransmission relies on synaptic vesicles fusing with the membrane of nerve cells to release their neurotransmitter content into the synaptic cleft, a process requiring the assembly of several members of the SNARE (soluble N-ethylmaleimide-sensitive factor attachment protein receptor) family. SNAREs represent an evolutionarily conserved protein family that mediates membrane fusion in the secretory and endocytic pathways of eukaryotic cells. On membrane contact, these proteins assemble in trans between the membranes as a bundle of four alpha-helices, with the energy released during assembly being thought to drive fusion. However, it is unclear how the energy is transferred to the membranes and whether assembly is conformationally linked to fusion. Here, we report the X-ray structure of the neuronal SNARE complex, consisting of rat syntaxin 1A, SNAP-25 and synaptobrevin 2, with the carboxy-terminal linkers and transmembrane regions at 3.4 A resolution. The structure shows that assembly proceeds beyond the already known core SNARE complex, resulting in a continuous helical bundle that is further stabilized by side-chain interactions in the linker region. Our results suggest that the final phase of SNARE assembly is directly coupled to membrane merger.〈br /〉〈br /〉〈a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3108252/" target="_blank"〉〈img src="https://static.pubmed.gov/portal/portal3rc.fcgi/4089621/img/3977009" border="0"〉〈/a〉   〈a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3108252/" target="_blank"〉This paper as free author manuscript - peer-reviewed and accepted for publication〈/a〉〈br /〉〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Stein, Alexander -- Weber, Gert -- Wahl, Markus C -- Jahn, Reinhard -- P01 GM072694/GM/NIGMS NIH HHS/ -- P01 GM072694-01/GM/NIGMS NIH HHS/ -- England -- Nature. 2009 Jul 23;460(7254):525-8. doi: 10.1038/nature08156. Epub 2009 Jul 1.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Department of Neurobiology, Max Planck Institute for Biophysical Chemistry, 37077 Gottingen, Germany.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19571812" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Animals ; Crystallography, X-Ray ; Membrane Proteins/*chemistry ; Mice ; *Models, Molecular ; Neurons/*metabolism ; Protein Stability ; Protein Structure, Quaternary ; Rats ; SNARE Proteins/*chemistry/*metabolism ; Synapses/metabolism ; Syntaxin 1/chemistry ; Transition Temperature ; Vesicle-Associated Membrane Protein 2/chemistry
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    Structural biology: Spliceosome subunit revealed (2009)
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    Publication Date: 2009-03-28
    Description: 〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Query, Charles C -- R01 GM057829/GM/NIGMS NIH HHS/ -- England -- Nature. 2009 Mar 26;458(7237):418-9. doi: 10.1038/458418a.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19325619" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Crystallography, X-Ray ; Humans ; Introns/genetics ; Protein Structure, Tertiary ; RNA Splicing ; RNA, Small Nuclear/chemistry ; Ribonucleoprotein, U1 Small Nuclear/*chemistry/genetics/metabolism ; Spliceosomes/*chemistry/genetics/metabolism
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    A genetically encoded photoactivatable Rac controls the motility of living cells (2009)
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    Publication Date: 2009-08-21
    Description: The precise spatio-temporal dynamics of protein activity are often critical in determining cell behaviour, yet for most proteins they remain poorly understood; it remains difficult to manipulate protein activity at precise times and places within living cells. Protein activity has been controlled by light, through protein derivatization with photocleavable moieties or using photoreactive small-molecule ligands. However, this requires use of toxic ultraviolet wavelengths, activation is irreversible, and/or cell loading is accomplished via disruption of the cell membrane (for example, through microinjection). Here we have developed a new approach to produce genetically encoded photoactivatable derivatives of Rac1, a key GTPase regulating actin cytoskeletal dynamics in metazoan cells. Rac1 mutants were fused to the photoreactive LOV (light oxygen voltage) domain from phototropin, sterically blocking Rac1 interactions until irradiation unwound a helix linking LOV to Rac1. Photoactivatable Rac1 (PA-Rac1) could be reversibly and repeatedly activated using 458- or 473-nm light to generate precisely localized cell protrusions and ruffling. Localized Rac activation or inactivation was sufficient to produce cell motility and control the direction of cell movement. Myosin was involved in Rac control of directionality but not in Rac-induced protrusion, whereas PAK was required for Rac-induced protrusion. PA-Rac1 was used to elucidate Rac regulation of RhoA in cell motility. Rac and Rho coordinate cytoskeletal behaviours with seconds and submicrometre precision. Their mutual regulation remains controversial, with data indicating that Rac inhibits and/or activates Rho. Rac was shown to inhibit RhoA in mouse embryonic fibroblasts, with inhibition modulated at protrusions and ruffles. A PA-Rac crystal structure and modelling revealed LOV-Rac interactions that will facilitate extension of this photoactivation approach to other proteins.〈br /〉〈br /〉〈a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2766670/" target="_blank"〉〈img src="https://static.pubmed.gov/portal/portal3rc.fcgi/4089621/img/3977009" border="0"〉〈/a〉   〈a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2766670/" target="_blank"〉This paper as free author manuscript - peer-reviewed and accepted for publication〈/a〉〈br /〉〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Wu, Yi I -- Frey, Daniel -- Lungu, Oana I -- Jaehrig, Angelika -- Schlichting, Ilme -- Kuhlman, Brian -- Hahn, Klaus M -- GM057464/GM/NIGMS NIH HHS/ -- GM64346/GM/NIGMS NIH HHS/ -- R01 GM057464/GM/NIGMS NIH HHS/ -- R01 GM057464-09/GM/NIGMS NIH HHS/ -- U54 GM064346/GM/NIGMS NIH HHS/ -- U54 GM064346-089026/GM/NIGMS NIH HHS/ -- England -- Nature. 2009 Sep 3;461(7260):104-8. doi: 10.1038/nature08241. Epub 2009 Aug 19.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Department of Pharmacology, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, North Carolina 27599, USA. yiwu@med.unc.edu〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19693014" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Animals ; Avena/genetics ; Cell Line ; *Cell Movement/radiation effects ; Cell Surface Extensions ; Cell Survival ; Cryptochromes ; Crystallization ; Crystallography, X-Ray ; Embryo, Mammalian/cytology ; Enzyme Activation/radiation effects ; Fibroblasts ; Flavoproteins/chemistry/genetics/metabolism ; Fluorescence Recovery After Photobleaching ; Genetic Engineering/*methods ; HeLa Cells ; Humans ; Mice ; Models, Molecular ; Myosins/metabolism ; Protein Conformation ; rac1 GTP-Binding Protein/chemistry/*genetics/*metabolism/radiation effects ; rho GTP-Binding Proteins/antagonists & inhibitors/metabolism
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    The structural basis of tail-anchored membrane protein recognition by Get3 (2009)
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    Publication Date: 2009-08-14
    Description: Targeting of newly synthesized membrane proteins to the endoplasmic reticulum is an essential cellular process. Most membrane proteins are recognized and targeted co-translationally by the signal recognition particle. However, nearly 5% of membrane proteins are 'tail-anchored' by a single carboxy-terminal transmembrane domain that cannot access the co-translational pathway. Instead, tail-anchored proteins are targeted post-translationally by a conserved ATPase termed Get3. The mechanistic basis for tail-anchored protein recognition or targeting by Get3 is not known. Here we present crystal structures of yeast Get3 in 'open' (nucleotide-free) and 'closed' (ADP.AlF(4)(-)-bound) dimer states. In the closed state, the dimer interface of Get3 contains an enormous hydrophobic groove implicated by mutational analyses in tail-anchored protein binding. In the open state, Get3 undergoes a striking rearrangement that disrupts the groove and shields its hydrophobic surfaces. These data provide a molecular mechanism for nucleotide-regulated binding and release of tail-anchored proteins during their membrane targeting by Get3.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Mateja, Agnieszka -- Szlachcic, Anna -- Downing, Maureen E -- Dobosz, Malgorzata -- Mariappan, Malaiyalam -- Hegde, Ramanujan S -- Keenan, Robert J -- MC_UP_A022_1007/Medical Research Council/United Kingdom -- Intramural NIH HHS/ -- England -- Nature. 2009 Sep 17;461(7262):361-6. doi: 10.1038/nature08319. Epub 2009 Aug 12.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Department of Biochemistry & Molecular Biology, The University of Chicago, Gordon Center for Integrative Science, Room W238, 929 East 57th Street, Chicago, Illinois 60637, USA.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19675567" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Adenosine Diphosphate/metabolism ; Adenosine Triphosphatases/*chemistry/*metabolism ; Adenosine Triphosphate/metabolism ; Aluminum Compounds/chemistry/metabolism ; Crystallography, X-Ray ; Fluorides/chemistry/metabolism ; Guanine Nucleotide Exchange Factors/*chemistry/*metabolism ; Hydrophobic and Hydrophilic Interactions ; Membrane Proteins/chemistry/*metabolism ; Methanococcus ; Models, Molecular ; Protein Binding ; Protein Conformation ; Protein Multimerization ; Saccharomyces cerevisiae/*chemistry ; Saccharomyces cerevisiae Proteins/*chemistry/*metabolism ; Structure-Activity Relationship
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    Structural recognition and functional activation of FcgammaR by innate pentraxins (2008)
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    Publication Date: 2008-11-18
    Description: Pentraxins are a family of ancient innate immune mediators conserved throughout evolution. The classical pentraxins include serum amyloid P component (SAP) and C-reactive protein, which are two of the acute-phase proteins synthesized in response to infection. Both recognize microbial pathogens and activate the classical complement pathway through C1q (refs 3 and 4). More recently, members of the pentraxin family were found to interact with cell-surface Fcgamma receptors (FcgammaR) and activate leukocyte-mediated phagocytosis. Here we describe the structural mechanism for pentraxin's binding to FcgammaR and its functional activation of FcgammaR-mediated phagocytosis and cytokine secretion. The complex structure between human SAP and FcgammaRIIa reveals a diagonally bound receptor on each SAP pentamer with both D1 and D2 domains of the receptor contacting the ridge helices from two SAP subunits. The 1:1 stoichiometry between SAP and FcgammaRIIa infers the requirement for multivalent pathogen binding for receptor aggregation. Mutational and binding studies show that pentraxins are diverse in their binding specificity for FcgammaR isoforms but conserved in their recognition structure. The shared binding site for SAP and IgG results in competition for FcgammaR binding and the inhibition of immune-complex-mediated phagocytosis by soluble pentraxins. These results establish antibody-like functions for pentraxins in the FcgammaR pathway, suggest an evolutionary overlap between the innate and adaptive immune systems, and have new therapeutic implications for autoimmune diseases.〈br /〉〈br /〉〈a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2688732/" target="_blank"〉〈img src="https://static.pubmed.gov/portal/portal3rc.fcgi/4089621/img/3977009" border="0"〉〈/a〉   〈a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2688732/" target="_blank"〉This paper as free author manuscript - peer-reviewed and accepted for publication〈/a〉〈br /〉〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Lu, Jinghua -- Marnell, Lorraine L -- Marjon, Kristopher D -- Mold, Carolyn -- Du Clos, Terry W -- Sun, Peter D -- R01 AI28358/AI/NIAID NIH HHS/ -- T32 AI007538/AI/NIAID NIH HHS/ -- Z01 AI000853-09/Intramural NIH HHS/ -- England -- Nature. 2008 Dec 18;456(7224):989-92. doi: 10.1038/nature07468. Epub 2008 Nov 16.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Structural Immunology Section, Laboratory of Immunogenetics, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Rockville, Maryland 20852, USA.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19011614" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Binding Sites ; Binding, Competitive ; C-Reactive Protein/chemistry/*immunology/*metabolism ; Crystallography, X-Ray ; Cytokines/immunology/secretion ; Humans ; Immunity, Innate/*immunology ; Immunoglobulin G/immunology/metabolism ; Macrophages/cytology/immunology ; Models, Molecular ; Phagocytosis ; Protein Conformation ; Receptors, IgG/chemistry/*immunology/*metabolism ; Serum Amyloid P-Component/chemistry/*immunology/*metabolism
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    Structural basis for gibberellin recognition by its receptor GID1 (2008)
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    Publication Date: 2008-11-28
    Description: Gibberellins (GAs) are phytohormones essential for many developmental processes in plants. A nuclear GA receptor, GIBBERELLIN INSENSITIVE DWARF1 (GID1), has a primary structure similar to that of the hormone-sensitive lipases (HSLs). Here we analyse the crystal structure of Oryza sativa GID1 (OsGID1) bound with GA(4) and GA(3) at 1.9 A resolution. The overall structure of both complexes shows an alpha/beta-hydrolase fold similar to that of HSLs except for an amino-terminal lid. The GA-binding pocket corresponds to the substrate-binding site of HSLs. On the basis of the OsGID1 structure, we mutagenized important residues for GA binding and examined their binding activities. Almost all of them showed very little or no activity, confirming that the residues revealed by structural analysis are important for GA binding. The replacement of Ile 133 with Leu or Val-residues corresponding to those of the lycophyte Selaginella moellendorffii GID1s-caused an increase in the binding affinity for GA(34), a 2beta-hydroxylated GA(4). These observations indicate that GID1 originated from HSL and was further modified to have higher affinity and more strict selectivity for bioactive GAs by adapting the amino acids involved in GA binding in the course of plant evolution.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Shimada, Asako -- Ueguchi-Tanaka, Miyako -- Nakatsu, Toru -- Nakajima, Masatoshi -- Naoe, Youichi -- Ohmiya, Hiroko -- Kato, Hiroaki -- Matsuoka, Makoto -- England -- Nature. 2008 Nov 27;456(7221):520-3. doi: 10.1038/nature07546.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Bioscience and Biotechnology Center, Nagoya University, Nagoya, Aichi 464-8601, Japan.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19037316" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Binding Sites ; Crystallography, X-Ray ; Gibberellins/*chemistry/*metabolism ; Hydrolases/chemistry/metabolism ; Hydroxylation ; Models, Molecular ; Oryza/*chemistry/genetics/metabolism ; Plant Growth Regulators/*chemistry/*metabolism ; Plant Proteins/*chemistry/genetics/*metabolism ; Protein Binding ; Protein Conformation ; Substrate Specificity ; Two-Hybrid System Techniques
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    Crystal structures of oseltamivir-resistant influenza virus neuraminidase mutants (2008)
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    Publication Date: 2008-05-16
    Description: The potential impact of pandemic influenza makes effective measures to limit the spread and morbidity of virus infection a public health priority. Antiviral drugs are seen as essential requirements for control of initial influenza outbreaks caused by a new virus, and in pre-pandemic plans there is a heavy reliance on drug stockpiles. The principal target for these drugs is a virus surface glycoprotein, neuraminidase, which facilitates the release of nascent virus and thus the spread of infection. Oseltamivir (Tamiflu) and zanamivir (Relenza) are two currently used neuraminidase inhibitors that were developed using knowledge of the enzyme structure. It has been proposed that the closer such inhibitors resemble the natural substrate, the less likely they are to select drug-resistant mutant viruses that retain viability. However, there have been reports of drug-resistant mutant selection in vitro and from infected humans. We report here the enzymatic properties and crystal structures of neuraminidase mutants from H5N1-infected patients that explain the molecular basis of resistance. Our results show that these mutants are resistant to oseltamivir but still strongly inhibited by zanamivir owing to an altered hydrophobic pocket in the active site of the enzyme required for oseltamivir binding. Together with recent reports of the viability and pathogenesis of H5N1 (ref. 7) and H1N1 (ref. 8) viruses with neuraminidases carrying these mutations, our results indicate that it would be prudent for pandemic stockpiles of oseltamivir to be augmented by additional antiviral drugs, including zanamivir.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Collins, Patrick J -- Haire, Lesley F -- Lin, Yi Pu -- Liu, Junfeng -- Russell, Rupert J -- Walker, Philip A -- Skehel, John J -- Martin, Stephen R -- Hay, Alan J -- Gamblin, Steven J -- MC_U117512711/Medical Research Council/United Kingdom -- MC_U117512723/Medical Research Council/United Kingdom -- MC_U117570592/Medical Research Council/United Kingdom -- MC_U117584222/Medical Research Council/United Kingdom -- Medical Research Council/United Kingdom -- England -- Nature. 2008 Jun 26;453(7199):1258-61. doi: 10.1038/nature06956. Epub 2008 May 14.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉MRC-National Institute for Medical Research, Mill Hill, London NW7 1AA, UK.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18480754" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Binding Sites ; Crystallography, X-Ray ; *Drug Resistance, Viral ; Enzyme Inhibitors/chemistry/metabolism/pharmacology ; Humans ; Influenza A Virus, H1N1 Subtype/drug effects/enzymology/genetics ; Influenza A Virus, H5N1 Subtype/*drug effects/*enzymology/genetics ; Influenza, Human/virology ; Kinetics ; Models, Molecular ; Molecular Conformation ; Mutation/*genetics ; Neuraminidase/antagonists & inhibitors/*chemistry/*genetics/metabolism ; Oseltamivir/chemistry/metabolism/*pharmacology ; Protein Binding ; Zanamivir/pharmacology
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    Structure of the 30S translation initiation complex (2008)
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    Publication Date: 2008-09-02
    Description: Translation initiation, the rate-limiting step of the universal process of protein synthesis, proceeds through sequential, tightly regulated steps. In bacteria, the correct messenger RNA start site and the reading frame are selected when, with the help of initiation factors IF1, IF2 and IF3, the initiation codon is decoded in the peptidyl site of the 30S ribosomal subunit by the fMet-tRNA(fMet) anticodon. This yields a 30S initiation complex (30SIC) that is an intermediate in the formation of the 70S initiation complex (70SIC) that occurs on joining of the 50S ribosomal subunit to the 30SIC and release of the initiation factors. The localization of IF2 in the 30SIC has proved to be difficult so far using biochemical approaches, but could now be addressed using cryo-electron microscopy and advanced particle separation techniques on the basis of three-dimensional statistical analysis. Here we report the direct visualization of a 30SIC containing mRNA, fMet-tRNA(fMet) and initiation factors IF1 and GTP-bound IF2. We demonstrate that the fMet-tRNA(fMet) is held in a characteristic and precise position and conformation by two interactions that contribute to the formation of a stable complex: one involves the transfer RNA decoding stem which is buried in the 30S peptidyl site, and the other occurs between the carboxy-terminal domain of IF2 and the tRNA acceptor end. The structure provides insights into the mechanism of 70SIC assembly and rationalizes the rapid activation of GTP hydrolysis triggered on 30SIC-50S joining by showing that the GTP-binding domain of IF2 would directly face the GTPase-activated centre of the 50S subunit.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Simonetti, Angelita -- Marzi, Stefano -- Myasnikov, Alexander G -- Fabbretti, Attilio -- Yusupov, Marat -- Gualerzi, Claudio O -- Klaholz, Bruno P -- England -- Nature. 2008 Sep 18;455(7211):416-20. doi: 10.1038/nature07192. Epub 2008 Aug 31.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Institute of Genetics and of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Department of Structural Biology and Genomics, Illkirch F-67404, France.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18758445" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Cryoelectron Microscopy ; Crystallography, X-Ray ; Guanosine Triphosphate/chemistry/metabolism ; Models, Molecular ; Multiprotein Complexes/*chemistry/genetics/metabolism/*ultrastructure ; *Peptide Chain Initiation, Translational ; Prokaryotic Initiation Factor-1/chemistry/genetics/metabolism/ultrastructure ; Prokaryotic Initiation Factor-2/chemistry/genetics/metabolism/ultrastructure ; Protein Conformation ; RNA, Messenger/chemistry/genetics/metabolism ; RNA, Transfer, Met/chemistry/genetics/metabolism/ultrastructure ; Ribosome Subunits/chemistry/metabolism/ultrastructure ; Ribosomes/chemistry/*metabolism/*ultrastructure ; Thermus thermophilus/*enzymology/genetics/*ultrastructure
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    Structure of an argonaute silencing complex with a seed-containing guide DNA and target RNA duplex (2008)
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    Publication Date: 2008-12-19
    Description: Here we report on a 3.0 A crystal structure of a ternary complex of wild-type Thermus thermophilus argonaute bound to a 5'-phosphorylated 21-nucleotide guide DNA and a 20-nucleotide target RNA containing cleavage-preventing mismatches at the 10-11 step. The seed segment (positions 2 to 8) adopts an A-helical-like Watson-Crick paired duplex, with both ends of the guide strand anchored in the complex. An arginine, inserted between guide-strand bases 10 and 11 in the binary complex, locking it in an inactive conformation, is released on ternary complex formation. The nucleic-acid-binding channel between the PAZ- and PIWI-containing lobes of argonaute widens on formation of a more open ternary complex. The relationship of structure to function was established by determining cleavage activity of ternary complexes containing position-dependent base mismatch, bulge and 2'-O-methyl modifications. Consistent with the geometry of the ternary complex, bulges residing in the seed segments of the target, but not the guide strand, were better accommodated and their complexes were catalytically active.〈br /〉〈br /〉〈a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2765400/" target="_blank"〉〈img src="https://static.pubmed.gov/portal/portal3rc.fcgi/4089621/img/3977009" border="0"〉〈/a〉   〈a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2765400/" target="_blank"〉This paper as free author manuscript - peer-reviewed and accepted for publication〈/a〉〈br /〉〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Wang, Yanli -- Juranek, Stefan -- Li, Haitao -- Sheng, Gang -- Tuschl, Thomas -- Patel, Dinshaw J -- R01 AI068776/AI/NIAID NIH HHS/ -- R01 AI068776-02/AI/NIAID NIH HHS/ -- England -- Nature. 2008 Dec 18;456(7224):921-6. doi: 10.1038/nature07666.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Structural Biology Program, Memorial-Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, New York 10065, USA.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19092929" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Bacterial Proteins/*chemistry/genetics/*metabolism ; Base Pair Mismatch ; Base Pairing ; Base Sequence ; Crystallography, X-Ray ; DNA/chemistry/genetics/*metabolism ; Methylation ; Models, Molecular ; Phosphorylation ; Protein Conformation ; RNA/chemistry/genetics/*metabolism ; RNA Interference ; RNA-Induced Silencing Complex/*chemistry/genetics/*metabolism ; Substrate Specificity ; Thermus thermophilus/*chemistry
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    Structure of the guide-strand-containing argonaute silencing complex (2008)
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    Publication Date: 2008-08-30
    Description: The slicer activity of the RNA-induced silencing complex is associated with argonaute, the RNase H-like PIWI domain of which catalyses guide-strand-mediated sequence-specific cleavage of target messenger RNA. Here we report on the crystal structure of Thermus thermophilus argonaute bound to a 5'-phosphorylated 21-base DNA guide strand, thereby identifying the nucleic-acid-binding channel positioned between the PAZ- and PIWI-containing lobes, as well as the pivot-like conformational changes associated with complex formation. The bound guide strand is anchored at both of its ends, with the solvent-exposed Watson-Crick edges of stacked bases 2 to 6 positioned for nucleation with the mRNA target, whereas two critically positioned arginines lock bases 10 and 11 at the cleavage site into an unanticipated orthogonal alignment. Biochemical studies indicate that key amino acid residues at the active site and those lining the 5'-phosphate-binding pocket made up of the Mid domain are critical for cleavage activity, whereas alterations of residues lining the 2-nucleotide 3'-end-binding pocket made up of the PAZ domain show little effect.〈br /〉〈br /〉〈a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4689319/" target="_blank"〉〈img src="https://static.pubmed.gov/portal/portal3rc.fcgi/4089621/img/3977009" border="0"〉〈/a〉   〈a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4689319/" target="_blank"〉This paper as free author manuscript - peer-reviewed and accepted for publication〈/a〉〈br /〉〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Wang, Yanli -- Sheng, Gang -- Juranek, Stefan -- Tuschl, Thomas -- Patel, Dinshaw J -- P30 CA008748/CA/NCI NIH HHS/ -- R01 AI068776/AI/NIAID NIH HHS/ -- Howard Hughes Medical Institute/ -- England -- Nature. 2008 Nov 13;456(7219):209-13. doi: 10.1038/nature07315. Epub 2008 Aug 27.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Structural Biology Program, Memorial Sloan-Kettering Cancer Center, New York, New York 10065, USA.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18754009" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Aptamers, Nucleotide/metabolism ; Bacterial Proteins/*chemistry/metabolism ; Crystallography, X-Ray ; *Gene Silencing ; Hydrogen Bonding ; *Models, Molecular ; Mutation ; Protein Structure, Tertiary ; RNA/metabolism ; Thermus thermophilus/*chemistry/genetics
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    Structure of the Tribolium castaneum telomerase catalytic subunit TERT (2008)
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    Publication Date: 2008-09-02
    Description: A common hallmark of human cancers is the overexpression of telomerase, a ribonucleoprotein complex that is responsible for maintaining the length and integrity of chromosome ends. Telomere length deregulation and telomerase activation is an early, and perhaps necessary, step in cancer cell evolution. Here we present the high-resolution structure of the Tribolium castaneum catalytic subunit of telomerase, TERT. The protein consists of three highly conserved domains, organized into a ring-like structure that shares common features with retroviral reverse transcriptases, viral RNA polymerases and B-family DNA polymerases. Domain organization places motifs implicated in substrate binding and catalysis in the interior of the ring, which can accommodate seven to eight bases of double-stranded nucleic acid. Modelling of an RNA-DNA heteroduplex in the interior of this ring demonstrates a perfect fit between the protein and the nucleic acid substrate, and positions the 3'-end of the DNA primer at the active site of the enzyme, providing evidence for the formation of an active telomerase elongation complex.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Gillis, Andrew J -- Schuller, Anthony P -- Skordalakes, Emmanuel -- England -- Nature. 2008 Oct 2;455(7213):633-7. doi: 10.1038/nature07283. Epub 2008 Aug 31.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Gene Expression and Regulation Program, The Wistar Institute, 3601 Spruce Street, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104, USA.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18758444" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Amino Acid Motifs ; Animals ; Binding Sites ; Catalysis ; Catalytic Domain ; Conserved Sequence ; Crystallization ; Crystallography, X-Ray ; Humans ; Models, Molecular ; Nucleotides/metabolism ; Protein Structure, Tertiary ; Telomerase/*chemistry/metabolism ; Tribolium/*enzymology
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    Structure of a beta1-adrenergic G-protein-coupled receptor (2008)
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    Publication Date: 2008-07-03
    Description: G-protein-coupled receptors have a major role in transmembrane signalling in most eukaryotes and many are important drug targets. Here we report the 2.7 A resolution crystal structure of a beta(1)-adrenergic receptor in complex with the high-affinity antagonist cyanopindolol. The modified turkey (Meleagris gallopavo) receptor was selected to be in its antagonist conformation and its thermostability improved by earlier limited mutagenesis. The ligand-binding pocket comprises 15 side chains from amino acid residues in 4 transmembrane alpha-helices and extracellular loop 2. This loop defines the entrance of the ligand-binding pocket and is stabilized by two disulphide bonds and a sodium ion. Binding of cyanopindolol to the beta(1)-adrenergic receptor and binding of carazolol to the beta(2)-adrenergic receptor involve similar interactions. A short well-defined helix in cytoplasmic loop 2, not observed in either rhodopsin or the beta(2)-adrenergic receptor, directly interacts by means of a tyrosine with the highly conserved DRY motif at the end of helix 3 that is essential for receptor activation.〈br /〉〈br /〉〈a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2923055/" target="_blank"〉〈img src="https://static.pubmed.gov/portal/portal3rc.fcgi/4089621/img/3977009" border="0"〉〈/a〉   〈a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2923055/" target="_blank"〉This paper as free author manuscript - peer-reviewed and accepted for publication〈/a〉〈br /〉〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Warne, Tony -- Serrano-Vega, Maria J -- Baker, Jillian G -- Moukhametzianov, Rouslan -- Edwards, Patricia C -- Henderson, Richard -- Leslie, Andrew G W -- Tate, Christopher G -- Schertler, Gebhard F X -- MC_U105178937/Medical Research Council/United Kingdom -- MC_U105184322/Medical Research Council/United Kingdom -- MC_U105184325/Medical Research Council/United Kingdom -- MC_U105197215/Medical Research Council/United Kingdom -- U.1051.04.020(78937)/Medical Research Council/United Kingdom -- Wellcome Trust/United Kingdom -- England -- Nature. 2008 Jul 24;454(7203):486-91. doi: 10.1038/nature07101. Epub 2008 Jun 25.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉MRC Laboratory of Molecular Biology, Hills Road, Cambridge CB2 0QH, UK.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18594507" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Adrenergic beta-1 Receptor Agonists ; Adrenergic beta-1 Receptor Antagonists ; Adrenergic beta-Antagonists/chemistry/metabolism ; Amino Acid Motifs ; Animals ; Binding Sites ; Crystallization ; Crystallography, X-Ray ; Ligands ; Models, Molecular ; Mutant Proteins/chemistry/genetics/metabolism ; Mutation ; Pindolol/analogs & derivatives/chemistry/metabolism ; Propanolamines/chemistry/metabolism ; Protein Conformation ; Receptors, Adrenergic, beta-1/*chemistry/metabolism ; Thermodynamics ; Turkeys
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    Fertilization: Welcome to the fold (2008)
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    Publication Date: 2008-12-05
    Description: 〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Wassarman, Paul M -- England -- Nature. 2008 Dec 4;456(7222):586-7. doi: 10.1038/456586a.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19052615" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Animals ; Conserved Sequence ; Crystallography, X-Ray ; Egg Proteins/*chemistry/genetics/*metabolism ; Female ; Fertilization/physiology ; Male ; Membrane Glycoproteins/*chemistry/genetics/*metabolism ; Mice ; Ovum/*chemistry/*metabolism ; Protein Folding ; Protein Structure, Secondary ; Protein Structure, Tertiary ; Receptors, Cell Surface/*chemistry/genetics/*metabolism ; Spermatozoa/metabolism
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    Modest stabilization by most hydrogen-bonded side-chain interactions in membrane proteins (2008)
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    Publication Date: 2008-05-27
    Description: Understanding the energetics of molecular interactions is fundamental to all of the central quests of structural biology including structure prediction and design, mapping evolutionary pathways, learning how mutations cause disease, drug design, and relating structure to function. Hydrogen-bonding is widely regarded as an important force in a membrane environment because of the low dielectric constant of membranes and a lack of competition from water. Indeed, polar residue substitutions are the most common disease-causing mutations in membrane proteins. Because of limited structural information and technical challenges, however, there have been few quantitative tests of hydrogen-bond strength in the context of large membrane proteins. Here we show, by using a double-mutant cycle analysis, that the average contribution of eight interhelical side-chain hydrogen-bonding interactions throughout bacteriorhodopsin is only 0.6 kcal mol(-1). In agreement with these experiments, we find that 4% of polar atoms in the non-polar core regions of membrane proteins have no hydrogen-bond partner and the lengths of buried hydrogen bonds in soluble proteins and membrane protein transmembrane regions are statistically identical. Our results indicate that most hydrogen-bond interactions in membrane proteins are only modestly stabilizing. Weak hydrogen-bonding should be reflected in considerations of membrane protein folding, dynamics, design, evolution and function.〈br /〉〈br /〉〈a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2734483/" target="_blank"〉〈img src="https://static.pubmed.gov/portal/portal3rc.fcgi/4089621/img/3977009" border="0"〉〈/a〉   〈a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2734483/" target="_blank"〉This paper as free author manuscript - peer-reviewed and accepted for publication〈/a〉〈br /〉〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Joh, Nathan Hyunjoong -- Min, Andrew -- Faham, Salem -- Whitelegge, Julian P -- Yang, Duan -- Woods, Virgil L -- Bowie, James U -- R01 CA081000/CA/NCI NIH HHS/ -- R01 CA081000-07/CA/NCI NIH HHS/ -- R01 CA081000-08/CA/NCI NIH HHS/ -- R01 CA081000-09/CA/NCI NIH HHS/ -- R01 GM063919/GM/NIGMS NIH HHS/ -- R01 GM063919-06/GM/NIGMS NIH HHS/ -- R01 GM063919-07/GM/NIGMS NIH HHS/ -- R01 GM063919-08/GM/NIGMS NIH HHS/ -- England -- Nature. 2008 Jun 26;453(7199):1266-70. doi: 10.1038/nature06977. Epub 2008 May 25.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, UCLA-DOE Center for Genomics and Proteomics, Molecular Biology Institute, USA.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18500332" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Bacteriorhodopsins/chemistry/genetics/metabolism ; Crystallography, X-Ray ; Deuterium Exchange Measurement ; Hydrogen Bonding ; Membrane Proteins/*chemistry/genetics/*metabolism ; Models, Molecular ; Mutation/genetics ; Protein Folding ; Solubility ; Thermodynamics
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    Structure of the sulphiredoxin-peroxiredoxin complex reveals an essential repair embrace (2008)
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    Publication Date: 2008-01-04
    Description: Typical 2-Cys peroxiredoxins (Prxs) have an important role in regulating hydrogen peroxide-mediated cell signalling. In this process, Prxs can become inactivated through the hyperoxidation of an active site Cys residue to Cys sulphinic acid. The unique repair of this moiety by sulphiredoxin (Srx) restores peroxidase activity and terminates the signal. The hyperoxidized form of Prx exists as a stable decameric structure with each active site buried. Therefore, it is unclear how Srx can access the sulphinic acid moiety. Here we present the 2.6 A crystal structure of the human Srx-PrxI complex. This complex reveals the complete unfolding of the carboxy terminus of Prx, and its unexpected packing onto the backside of Srx away from the Srx active site. Binding studies and activity analyses of site-directed mutants at this interface show that the interaction is required for repair to occur. Moreover, rearrangements in the Prx active site lead to a juxtaposition of the Prx Gly-Gly-Leu-Gly and Srx ATP-binding motifs, providing a structural basis for the first step of the catalytic mechanism. The results also suggest that the observed interactions may represent a common mode for other proteins to bind to Prxs.〈br /〉〈br /〉〈a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2646140/" target="_blank"〉〈img src="https://static.pubmed.gov/portal/portal3rc.fcgi/4089621/img/3977009" border="0"〉〈/a〉   〈a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2646140/" target="_blank"〉This paper as free author manuscript - peer-reviewed and accepted for publication〈/a〉〈br /〉〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Jonsson, Thomas J -- Johnson, Lynnette C -- Lowther, W Todd -- R01 GM072866/GM/NIGMS NIH HHS/ -- R01 GM072866-03/GM/NIGMS NIH HHS/ -- England -- Nature. 2008 Jan 3;451(7174):98-101. doi: 10.1038/nature06415.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Center for Structural Biology and Department of Biochemistry, Wake Forest University School of Medicine, Medical Center Boulevard, Winston-Salem, North Carolina 27157, USA.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18172504" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Binding Sites/genetics ; Catalysis ; Crystallography, X-Ray ; Humans ; Models, Molecular ; Multiprotein Complexes/chemistry/genetics/metabolism ; Mutagenesis, Site-Directed ; Oxidation-Reduction ; Oxidoreductases/*chemistry/genetics/*metabolism ; Oxidoreductases Acting on Sulfur Group Donors ; Peroxiredoxins/*chemistry/genetics/*metabolism ; Protein Structure, Quaternary ; Structure-Activity Relationship
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    A peptide deformylase-ribosome complex reveals mechanism of nascent chain processing (2008)
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    Publication Date: 2008-02-22
    Description: Messenger-RNA-directed protein synthesis is accomplished by the ribosome. In eubacteria, this complex process is initiated by a specialized transfer RNA charged with formylmethionine (tRNA(fMet)). The amino-terminal formylated methionine of all bacterial nascent polypeptides blocks the reactive amino group to prevent unfavourable side-reactions and to enhance the efficiency of translation initiation. The first enzymatic factor that processes nascent chains is peptide deformylase (PDF); it removes this formyl group as polypeptides emerge from the ribosomal tunnel and before the newly synthesized proteins can adopt their native fold, which may bury the N terminus. Next, the N-terminal methionine is excised by methionine aminopeptidase. Bacterial PDFs are metalloproteases sharing a conserved N-terminal catalytic domain. All Gram-negative bacteria, including Escherichia coli, possess class-1 PDFs characterized by a carboxy-terminal alpha-helical extension. Studies focusing on PDF as a target for antibacterial drugs have not revealed the mechanism of its co-translational mode of action despite indications in early work that it co-purifies with ribosomes. Here we provide biochemical evidence that E. coli PDF interacts directly with the ribosome via its C-terminal extension. Crystallographic analysis of the complex between the ribosome-interacting helix of PDF and the ribosome at 3.7 A resolution reveals that the enzyme orients its active site towards the ribosomal tunnel exit for efficient co-translational processing of emerging nascent chains. Furthermore, we have found that the interaction of PDF with the ribosome enhances cell viability. These results provide the structural basis for understanding the coupling between protein synthesis and enzymatic processing of nascent chains, and offer insights into the interplay of PDF with the ribosome-associated chaperone trigger factor.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Bingel-Erlenmeyer, Rouven -- Kohler, Rebecca -- Kramer, Gunter -- Sandikci, Arzu -- Antolic, Snjezana -- Maier, Timm -- Schaffitzel, Christiane -- Wiedmann, Brigitte -- Bukau, Bernd -- Ban, Nenad -- England -- Nature. 2008 Mar 6;452(7183):108-11. doi: 10.1038/nature06683. Epub 2008 Feb 20.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Institute of Molecular Biology and Biophysics, ETH Zurich, 8093 Zurich, Switzerland.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18288106" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Amidohydrolases/*chemistry/deficiency/genetics/*metabolism ; Amino Acid Sequence ; Arabinose/metabolism ; Binding Sites ; Crystallography, X-Ray ; Escherichia coli/*enzymology/genetics/growth & development/metabolism ; Genetic Complementation Test ; Models, Biological ; Models, Molecular ; Molecular Sequence Data ; N-Formylmethionine/metabolism ; Peptidylprolyl Isomerase/metabolism ; Protein Binding ; *Protein Biosynthesis ; *Protein Processing, Post-Translational ; Protein Structure, Secondary ; RNA, Transfer, Met/genetics/metabolism ; Ribosome Subunits/chemistry/metabolism ; Ribosomes/*chemistry/*metabolism
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    Structural biology: Serpins' mystery solved (2008)
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    Publication Date: 2008-10-31
    Description: 〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Whisstock, James C -- Bottomley, Stephen P -- England -- Nature. 2008 Oct 30;455(7217):1189-90. doi: 10.1038/4551189a.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18972012" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Amyloid/chemistry/metabolism ; Animals ; Antithrombin III/*chemistry/*metabolism ; Biopolymers/chemistry/metabolism ; Crystallography, X-Ray ; Dimerization ; Humans ; Models, Molecular ; Protein Conformation ; Protein Folding
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    Crystal structure of the neurotrophin-3 and p75NTR symmetrical complex (2008)
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    Publication Date: 2008-07-04
    Description: Neurotrophins (NTs) are important regulators for the survival, differentiation and maintenance of different peripheral and central neurons. NTs bind to two distinct classes of glycosylated receptor: the p75 neurotrophin receptor (p75(NTR)) and tyrosine kinase receptors (Trks). Whereas p75(NTR) binds to all NTs, the Trk subtypes are specific for each NT. The question of whether NTs stimulate p75(NTR) by inducing receptor homodimerization is still under debate. Here we report the 2.6-A resolution crystal structure of neurotrophin-3 (NT-3) complexed to the ectodomain of glycosylated p75(NTR). In contrast to the previously reported asymmetric complex structure, which contains a dimer of nerve growth factor (NGF) bound to a single ectodomain of deglycosylated p75(NTR) (ref. 3), we show that NT-3 forms a central homodimer around which two glycosylated p75(NTR) molecules bind symmetrically. Symmetrical binding occurs along the NT-3 interfaces, resulting in a 2:2 ligand-receptor cluster. A comparison of the symmetrical and asymmetric structures reveals significant differences in ligand-receptor interactions and p75(NTR) conformations. Biochemical experiments indicate that both NT-3 and NGF bind to p75(NTR) with 2:2 stoichiometry in solution, whereas the 2:1 complexes are the result of artificial deglycosylation. We therefore propose that the symmetrical 2:2 complex reflects a native state of p75(NTR) activation at the cell surface. These results provide a model for NTs-p75(NTR) recognition and signal generation, as well as insights into coordination between p75(NTR) and Trks.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Gong, Yong -- Cao, Peng -- Yu, Hong-jun -- Jiang, Tao -- England -- Nature. 2008 Aug 7;454(7205):789-93. doi: 10.1038/nature07089. Epub 2008 Jul 2.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉National Key Laboratory of Biomacromolecules, Institute of Biophysics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 15 Datun Road, Chaoyang District, Beijing 100101, China.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18596692" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Animals ; Cell Line ; Crystallography, X-Ray ; Dimerization ; Glycosylation ; Humans ; Ligands ; Models, Molecular ; Neurotrophin 3/*chemistry/genetics/*metabolism ; Protein Binding ; Protein Structure, Tertiary ; Rats ; Receptor, Nerve Growth Factor/*chemistry/genetics/*metabolism ; Spodoptera
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    Crystal structure of the lambda repressor and a model for pairwise cooperative operator binding (2008)
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    Publication Date: 2008-04-25
    Description: Bacteriophage lambda has for many years been a model system for understanding mechanisms of gene regulation. A 'genetic switch' enables the phage to transition from lysogenic growth to lytic development when triggered by specific environmental conditions. The key component of the switch is the cI repressor, which binds to two sets of three operator sites on the lambda chromosome that are separated by about 2,400 base pairs (bp). A hallmark of the lambda system is the pairwise cooperativity of repressor binding. In the absence of detailed structural information, it has been difficult to understand fully how repressor molecules establish the cooperativity complex. Here we present the X-ray crystal structure of the intact lambda cI repressor dimer bound to a DNA operator site. The structure of the repressor, determined by multiple isomorphous replacement methods, reveals an unusual overall architecture that allows it to adopt a conformation that appears to facilitate pairwise cooperative binding to adjacent operator sites.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Stayrook, Steven -- Jaru-Ampornpan, Peera -- Ni, Jenny -- Hochschild, Ann -- Lewis, Mitchell -- R01 GM044025/GM/NIGMS NIH HHS/ -- England -- Nature. 2008 Apr 24;452(7190):1022-5. doi: 10.1038/nature06831.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics, University of Pennsylvania School of Medicine, 37th and Hamilton Walk, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19102-6059, USA.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18432246" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Allosteric Regulation ; Allosteric Site ; Bacteriophage lambda/*chemistry/genetics ; Crystallography, X-Ray ; DNA-Binding Proteins/*chemistry/*metabolism ; Dimerization ; Models, Biological ; *Models, Molecular ; Operator Regions, Genetic/*genetics ; Protein Conformation ; Repressor Proteins/*chemistry/*metabolism ; Structure-Activity Relationship ; Viral Regulatory and Accessory Proteins/*chemistry/*metabolism
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    Structural basis for the function and inhibition of an influenza virus proton channel (2008)
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    Publication Date: 2008-02-01
    Description: The M2 protein from influenza A virus is a pH-activated proton channel that mediates acidification of the interior of viral particles entrapped in endosomes. M2 is the target of the anti-influenza drugs amantadine and rimantadine; recently, resistance to these drugs in humans, birds and pigs has reached more than 90% (ref. 1). Here we describe the crystal structure of the transmembrane-spanning region of the homotetrameric protein in the presence and absence of the channel-blocking drug amantadine. pH-dependent structural changes occur near a set of conserved His and Trp residues that are involved in proton gating. The drug-binding site is lined by residues that are mutated in amantadine-resistant viruses. Binding of amantadine physically occludes the pore, and might also perturb the pK(a) of the critical His residue. The structure provides a starting point for solving the problem of resistance to M2-channel blockers.〈br /〉〈br /〉〈a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3889492/" target="_blank"〉〈img src="https://static.pubmed.gov/portal/portal3rc.fcgi/4089621/img/3977009" border="0"〉〈/a〉   〈a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3889492/" target="_blank"〉This paper as free author manuscript - peer-reviewed and accepted for publication〈/a〉〈br /〉〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Stouffer, Amanda L -- Acharya, Rudresh -- Salom, David -- Levine, Anna S -- Di Costanzo, Luigi -- Soto, Cinque S -- Tereshko, Valentina -- Nanda, Vikas -- Stayrook, Steven -- DeGrado, William F -- R37 GM054616/GM/NIGMS NIH HHS/ -- T32 GM008275/GM/NIGMS NIH HHS/ -- England -- Nature. 2008 Jan 31;451(7178):596-9. doi: 10.1038/nature06528.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics, School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104, USA.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18235504" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Amantadine/chemistry/metabolism/pharmacology ; Crystallography, X-Ray ; Drug Resistance, Viral/genetics ; Histidine/metabolism ; Hydrogen-Ion Concentration ; Influenza A virus/*chemistry/genetics/metabolism ; Ion Channel Gating/drug effects ; Models, Molecular ; Protein Structure, Quaternary ; Protons ; Structure-Activity Relationship ; Tryptophan/metabolism ; Viral Matrix Proteins/*antagonists & inhibitors/*chemistry/genetics/metabolism
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    X-ray structure of NS1 from a highly pathogenic H5N1 influenza virus (2008)
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    Publication Date: 2008-11-07
    Description: The recent emergence of highly pathogenic avian (H5N1) influenza viruses, their epizootic and panzootic nature, and their association with lethal human infections have raised significant global health concerns. Several studies have underlined the importance of non-structural protein NS1 in the increased pathogenicity and virulence of these strains. NS1, which consists of two domains-a double-stranded RNA (dsRNA) binding domain and the effector domain, separated through a linker-is an antagonist of antiviral type-I interferon response in the host. Here we report the X-ray structure of the full-length NS1 from an H5N1 strain (A/Vietnam/1203/2004) that was associated with 60% of human deaths in an outbreak in Vietnam. Compared to the individually determined structures of the RNA binding domain and the effector domain from non-H5N1 strains, the RNA binding domain within H5N1 NS1 exhibits modest structural changes, while the H5N1 effector domain shows significant alteration, particularly in the dimeric interface. Although both domains in the full-length NS1 individually participate in dimeric interactions, an unexpected finding is that these interactions result in the formation of a chain of NS1 molecules instead of distinct dimeric units. Three such chains in the crystal interact with one another extensively to form a tubular organization of similar dimensions to that observed in the cryo-electron microscopy images of NS1 in the presence of dsRNA. The tubular oligomeric organization of NS1, in which residues implicated in dsRNA binding face a 20-A-wide central tunnel, provides a plausible mechanism for how NS1 sequesters varying lengths of dsRNA, to counter cellular antiviral dsRNA response pathways, while simultaneously interacting with other cellular ligands during an infection.〈br /〉〈br /〉〈a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2798118/" target="_blank"〉〈img src="https://static.pubmed.gov/portal/portal3rc.fcgi/4089621/img/3977009" border="0"〉〈/a〉   〈a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2798118/" target="_blank"〉This paper as free author manuscript - peer-reviewed and accepted for publication〈/a〉〈br /〉〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Bornholdt, Zachary A -- Prasad, B V Venkataram -- AI36040/AI/NIAID NIH HHS/ -- R37 AI036040/AI/NIAID NIH HHS/ -- R37 AI036040-21/AI/NIAID NIH HHS/ -- RR002250/RR/NCRR NIH HHS/ -- England -- Nature. 2008 Dec 18;456(7224):985-8. doi: 10.1038/nature07444. Epub 2008 Nov 5.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Department of Molecular Virology and Microbiology, Baylor College of Medicine, One Baylor Plaza, Houston, Texas 77030, USA.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18987632" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Binding Sites ; Cryoelectron Microscopy ; Crystallography, X-Ray ; Humans ; Influenza A Virus, H5N1 Subtype/*chemistry/*pathogenicity ; Influenza, Human/epidemiology/virology ; Models, Molecular ; Protein Multimerization ; Protein Structure, Tertiary ; Vietnam/epidemiology ; Viral Nonstructural Proteins/*chemistry/ultrastructure ; Virulence ; Virulence Factors
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    The mode of Hedgehog binding to Ihog homologues is not conserved across different phyla (2008)
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    Publication Date: 2008-09-17
    Description: Hedgehog (Hh) proteins specify tissue pattern in metazoan embryos by forming gradients that emanate from discrete sites of expression and elicit concentration-dependent cellular differentiation or proliferation responses. Cellular responses to Hh and the movement of Hh through tissues are both precisely regulated, and abnormal Hh signalling has been implicated in human birth defects and cancer. Hh signalling is mediated by its amino-terminal domain (HhN), which is dually lipidated and secreted as part of a multivalent lipoprotein particle. Reception of the HhN signal is modulated by several cell-surface proteins on responding cells, including Patched (Ptc), Smoothened (Smo), Ihog (known as CDO or CDON in mammals) and the vertebrate-specific proteins Hip (also known as Hhip) and Gas1 (ref. 11). Drosophila Ihog and its vertebrate homologues CDO and BOC contain multiple immunoglobulin and fibronectin type III (FNIII) repeats, and the first FNIII repeat of Ihog binds Drosophila HhN in a heparin-dependent manner. Surprisingly, pull-down experiments suggest that a mammalian Sonic hedgehog N-terminal domain (ShhN) binds a non-orthologous FNIII repeat of CDO. Here we report biochemical, biophysical and X-ray structural studies of a complex between ShhN and the third FNIII repeat of CDO. We show that the ShhN-CDO interaction is completely unlike the HhN-Ihog interaction and requires calcium, which binds at a previously undetected site on ShhN. This site is conserved in nearly all Hh proteins and is a hotspot for mediating interactions between ShhN and CDO, Ptc, Hip and Gas1. Mutations in vertebrate Hh proteins causing holoprosencephaly and brachydactyly type A1 map to this calcium-binding site and disrupt interactions with these partners.〈br /〉〈br /〉〈a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2679680/" target="_blank"〉〈img src="https://static.pubmed.gov/portal/portal3rc.fcgi/4089621/img/3977009" border="0"〉〈/a〉   〈a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2679680/" target="_blank"〉This paper as free author manuscript - peer-reviewed and accepted for publication〈/a〉〈br /〉〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉McLellan, Jason S -- Zheng, Xiaoyan -- Hauk, Glenn -- Ghirlando, Rodolfo -- Beachy, Philip A -- Leahy, Daniel J -- R01 HD055545/HD/NICHD NIH HHS/ -- Z99 DK999999/Intramural NIH HHS/ -- Howard Hughes Medical Institute/ -- England -- Nature. 2008 Oct 16;455(7215):979-83. doi: 10.1038/nature07358. Epub 2008 Sep 14.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Department of Biophysics and Biophysical Chemistry, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland 21205, USA.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18794898" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Animals ; Binding Sites ; Calcium/metabolism ; Cell Adhesion Molecules/chemistry/metabolism ; Cell Cycle Proteins/chemistry/metabolism ; Cell Line ; *Conserved Sequence ; Crystallography, X-Ray ; Drosophila Proteins/*chemistry/*metabolism ; Drosophila melanogaster/chemistry ; Fibronectins/chemistry ; GPI-Linked Proteins ; Hedgehog Proteins/*chemistry/genetics/*metabolism ; Humans ; Immunoglobulin G/chemistry/metabolism ; Membrane Glycoproteins/*chemistry/*metabolism ; Membrane Proteins/chemistry/metabolism ; Mice ; Models, Molecular ; Protein Binding/genetics ; Protein Structure, Tertiary ; Receptors, Cell Surface/*chemistry/*metabolism ; *Sequence Homology, Amino Acid ; Signal Transduction ; Tumor Suppressor Proteins/chemistry/metabolism
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    Molecular basis of xeroderma pigmentosum group C DNA recognition by engineered meganucleases (2008)
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    Publication Date: 2008-11-07
    Description: Xeroderma pigmentosum is a monogenic disease characterized by hypersensitivity to ultraviolet light. The cells of xeroderma pigmentosum patients are defective in nucleotide excision repair, limiting their capacity to eliminate ultraviolet-induced DNA damage, and resulting in a strong predisposition to develop skin cancers. The use of rare cutting DNA endonucleases-such as homing endonucleases, also known as meganucleases-constitutes one possible strategy for repairing DNA lesions. Homing endonucleases have emerged as highly specific molecular scalpels that recognize and cleave DNA sites, promoting efficient homologous gene targeting through double-strand-break-induced homologous recombination. Here we describe two engineered heterodimeric derivatives of the homing endonuclease I-CreI, produced by a semi-rational approach. These two molecules-Amel3-Amel4 and Ini3-Ini4-cleave DNA from the human XPC gene (xeroderma pigmentosum group C), in vitro and in vivo. Crystal structures of the I-CreI variants complexed with intact and cleaved XPC target DNA suggest that the mechanism of DNA recognition and cleavage by the engineered homing endonucleases is similar to that of the wild-type I-CreI. Furthermore, these derivatives induced high levels of specific gene targeting in mammalian cells while displaying no obvious genotoxicity. Thus, homing endonucleases can be designed to recognize and cleave the DNA sequences of specific genes, opening up new possibilities for genome engineering and gene therapy in xeroderma pigmentosum patients whose illness can be treated ex vivo.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Redondo, Pilar -- Prieto, Jesus -- Munoz, Ines G -- Alibes, Andreu -- Stricher, Francois -- Serrano, Luis -- Cabaniols, Jean-Pierre -- Daboussi, Fayza -- Arnould, Sylvain -- Perez, Christophe -- Duchateau, Philippe -- Paques, Frederic -- Blanco, Francisco J -- Montoya, Guillermo -- England -- Nature. 2008 Nov 6;456(7218):107-11. doi: 10.1038/nature07343.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Macromolecular Crystallography Group, Spanish National Cancer Research Centre (CNIO), c/Melchor Fdez. Almagro 3, 28029 Madrid, Spain.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18987743" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Animals ; CHO Cells ; Cell Line ; Cricetinae ; Cricetulus ; Crystallography, X-Ray ; DNA/chemistry/*genetics/*metabolism ; DNA Repair ; DNA Restriction Enzymes/*chemistry/genetics/*metabolism/toxicity ; DNA-Binding Proteins/*genetics ; Enzyme Stability ; *Genetic Engineering ; Humans ; Models, Molecular ; Phosphorylation ; Protein Multimerization ; Substrate Specificity ; Xeroderma Pigmentosum/*genetics
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    Structure of Epac2 in complex with a cyclic AMP analogue and RAP1B (2008)
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    Publication Date: 2008-07-29
    Description: Epac proteins are activated by binding of the second messenger cAMP and then act as guanine nucleotide exchange factors for Rap proteins. The Epac proteins are involved in the regulation of cell adhesion and insulin secretion. Here we have determined the structure of Epac2 in complex with a cAMP analogue (Sp-cAMPS) and RAP1B by X-ray crystallography and single particle electron microscopy. The structure represents the cAMP activated state of the Epac2 protein with the RAP1B protein trapped in the course of the exchange reaction. Comparison with the inactive conformation reveals that cAMP binding causes conformational changes that allow the cyclic nucleotide binding domain to swing from a position blocking the Rap binding site towards a docking site at the Ras exchange motif domain.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Rehmann, Holger -- Arias-Palomo, Ernesto -- Hadders, Michael A -- Schwede, Frank -- Llorca, Oscar -- Bos, Johannes L -- England -- Nature. 2008 Sep 4;455(7209):124-7. doi: 10.1038/nature07187. Epub 2008 Jul 27.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Department of Physiological Chemistry, Centre for Biomedical Genetics and Cancer Genomics Centre, University Medical Center, Universiteitsweg 100, 3584 CG Utrecht, The Netherlands. h.rehmann@UMCutrecht.nl〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18660803" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Amino Acid Motifs ; Animals ; Binding Sites ; Carrier Proteins/*chemistry/*metabolism/ultrastructure ; Crystallography, X-Ray ; Cyclic AMP/*analogs & derivatives/chemistry/metabolism ; Enzyme Activation ; Guanine Nucleotide Exchange Factors/*chemistry/*metabolism/ultrastructure ; Humans ; Mice ; Microscopy, Electron ; Models, Molecular ; Protein Binding ; Protein Conformation ; Thionucleotides/*chemistry/*metabolism ; rap GTP-Binding Proteins/chemistry/*metabolism/ultrastructure
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    Structure and metal exchange in the cadmium carbonic anhydrase of marine diatoms (2008)
    Nature Publishing Group (NPG)
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    Publication Date: 2008-03-07
    Description: Carbonic anhydrase, a zinc enzyme found in organisms from all kingdoms, catalyses the reversible hydration of carbon dioxide and is used for inorganic carbon acquisition by phytoplankton. In the oceans, where zinc is nearly depleted, diatoms use cadmium as a catalytic metal atom in cadmium carbonic anhydrase (CDCA). Here we report the crystal structures of CDCA in four distinct forms: cadmium-bound, zinc-bound, metal-free and acetate-bound. Despite lack of sequence homology, CDCA is a structural mimic of a functional beta-carbonic anhydrase dimer, with striking similarity in the spatial organization of the active site residues. CDCA readily exchanges cadmium and zinc at its active site--an apparently unique adaptation to oceanic life that is explained by a stable opening of the metal coordinating site in the absence of metal. Given the central role of diatoms in exporting carbon to the deep sea, their use of cadmium in an enzyme critical for carbon acquisition establishes a remarkable link between the global cycles of cadmium and carbon.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Xu, Yan -- Feng, Liang -- Jeffrey, Philip D -- Shi, Yigong -- Morel, Francois M M -- England -- Nature. 2008 Mar 6;452(7183):56-61. doi: 10.1038/nature06636.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, Princeton University, New Jersey 08544, USA.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18322527" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Acetates/metabolism ; Binding Sites ; Cadmium/*metabolism ; Carbonic Anhydrases/*chemistry/*metabolism ; Catalysis ; Crystallography, X-Ray ; Diatoms/*enzymology ; Dimerization ; Kinetics ; Marine Biology ; Models, Molecular ; Molecular Mimicry ; Protein Structure, Secondary ; Seawater/*microbiology ; Zinc/*metabolism
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    Structural biology: Enzyme knocked for a loop (2008)
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    Publication Date: 2008-11-21
    Description: 〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Mellgren, Ronald L -- England -- Nature. 2008 Nov 20;456(7220):337-8. doi: 10.1038/456337a.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19020611" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Animals ; Biocatalysis ; Calcium/metabolism ; Calcium-Binding Proteins/*chemistry/*metabolism ; Calpain/*antagonists & inhibitors/chemistry/*metabolism ; *Catalytic Domain ; Crystallography, X-Ray ; Models, Molecular ; Peptide Fragments/chemistry/metabolism ; Protein Binding ; Protein Multimerization ; Rats
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    Crystal structure of a stable dimer reveals the molecular basis of serpin polymerization (2008)
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    Publication Date: 2008-10-17
    Description: Repeating intermolecular protein association by means of beta-sheet expansion is the mechanism underlying a multitude of diseases including Alzheimer's, Huntington's and Parkinson's and the prion encephalopathies. A family of proteins, known as the serpins, also forms large stable multimers by ordered beta-sheet linkages leading to intracellular accretion and disease. These 'serpinopathies' include early-onset dementia caused by mutations in neuroserpin, liver cirrhosis and emphysema caused by mutations in alpha(1)-antitrypsin (alpha(1)AT), and thrombosis caused by mutations in antithrombin. Serpin structure and function are quite well understood, and the family has therefore become a model system for understanding the beta-sheet expansion disorders collectively known as the conformational diseases. To develop strategies to prevent and reverse these disorders, it is necessary to determine the structural basis of the intermolecular linkage and of the pathogenic monomeric state. Here we report the crystallographic structure of a stable serpin dimer which reveals a domain swap of more than 50 residues, including two long antiparallel beta-strands inserting in the centre of the principal beta-sheet of the neighbouring monomer. This structure explains the extreme stability of serpin polymers, the molecular basis of their rapid propagation, and provides critical new insights into the structural changes which initiate irreversible beta-sheet expansion.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Yamasaki, Masayuki -- Li, Wei -- Johnson, Daniel J D -- Huntington, James A -- G0801899/Medical Research Council/United Kingdom -- England -- Nature. 2008 Oct 30;455(7217):1255-8. doi: 10.1038/nature07394. Epub 2008 Oct 15.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉University of Cambridge, Department of Haematology, Cambridge Institute for Medical Research, Wellcome Trust/MRC Building, Hills Road, Cambridge CB2 0XY, UK.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18923394" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Antithrombin III/*chemistry/*metabolism ; Biopolymers/chemistry/metabolism ; Crystallography, X-Ray ; Dimerization ; Humans ; Models, Molecular ; Protein Conformation
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    Crystal structures of DNA/RNA repair enzymes AlkB and ABH2 bound to dsDNA (2008)
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    Publication Date: 2008-04-25
    Description: Escherichia coli AlkB and its human homologues ABH2 and ABH3 repair DNA/RNA base lesions by using a direct oxidative dealkylation mechanism. ABH2 has the primary role of guarding mammalian genomes against 1-meA damage by repairing this lesion in double-stranded DNA (dsDNA), whereas AlkB and ABH3 preferentially repair single-stranded DNA (ssDNA) lesions and can repair damaged bases in RNA. Here we show the first crystal structures of AlkB-dsDNA and ABH2-dsDNA complexes, stabilized by a chemical cross-linking strategy. This study reveals that AlkB uses an unprecedented base-flipping mechanism to access the damaged base: it squeezes together the two bases flanking the flipped-out one to maintain the base stack, explaining the preference of AlkB for repairing ssDNA lesions over dsDNA ones. In addition, the first crystal structure of ABH2, presented here, provides a structural basis for designing inhibitors of this human DNA repair protein.〈br /〉〈br /〉〈a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2587245/" target="_blank"〉〈img src="https://static.pubmed.gov/portal/portal3rc.fcgi/4089621/img/3977009" border="0"〉〈/a〉   〈a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2587245/" target="_blank"〉This paper as free author manuscript - peer-reviewed and accepted for publication〈/a〉〈br /〉〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Yang, Cai-Guang -- Yi, Chengqi -- Duguid, Erica M -- Sullivan, Christopher T -- Jian, Xing -- Rice, Phoebe A -- He, Chuan -- GM071440/GM/NIGMS NIH HHS/ -- R01 GM071440/GM/NIGMS NIH HHS/ -- R01 GM071440-03/GM/NIGMS NIH HHS/ -- England -- Nature. 2008 Apr 24;452(7190):961-5. doi: 10.1038/nature06889.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Department of Chemistry, The University of Chicago, 929 East 57th Street, Chicago, Illinois 60637, USA.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18432238" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Adenine/analogs & derivatives/metabolism ; Binding Sites ; Cross-Linking Reagents/chemistry ; Crystallography, X-Ray ; DNA/chemistry/*metabolism ; DNA Damage ; DNA Repair ; DNA Repair Enzymes/*chemistry/metabolism ; DNA-Binding Proteins/chemistry/metabolism ; Dioxygenases/*chemistry/*metabolism ; Escherichia coli Proteins/*chemistry/*metabolism ; Humans ; Mixed Function Oxygenases/*chemistry/*metabolism ; Models, Molecular ; Protein Binding ; RNA/*metabolism
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    Structural basis for EGFR ligand sequestration by Argos (2008)
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    Publication Date: 2008-05-27
    Description: Members of the epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) or ErbB/HER family and their activating ligands are essential regulators of diverse developmental processes. Inappropriate activation of these receptors is a key feature of many human cancers, and its reversal is an important clinical goal. A natural secreted antagonist of EGFR signalling, called Argos, was identified in Drosophila. We showed previously that Argos functions by directly binding (and sequestering) growth factor ligands that activate EGFR. Here we describe the 1.6-A resolution crystal structure of Argos bound to an EGFR ligand. Contrary to expectations, Argos contains no EGF-like domain. Instead, a trio of closely related domains (resembling a three-finger toxin fold) form a clamp-like structure around the bound EGF ligand. Although structurally unrelated to the receptor, Argos mimics EGFR by using a bipartite binding surface to entrap EGF. The individual Argos domains share unexpected structural similarities with the extracellular ligand-binding regions of transforming growth factor-beta family receptors. The three-domain clamp of Argos also resembles the urokinase-type plasminogen activator (uPA) receptor, which uses a similar mechanism to engulf the EGF-like module of uPA. Our results indicate that undiscovered mammalian counterparts of Argos may exist among other poorly characterized structural homologues. In addition, the structures presented here define requirements for the design of artificial EGF-sequestering proteins that would be valuable anti-cancer therapeutics.〈br /〉〈br /〉〈a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2526102/" target="_blank"〉〈img src="https://static.pubmed.gov/portal/portal3rc.fcgi/4089621/img/3977009" border="0"〉〈/a〉   〈a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2526102/" target="_blank"〉This paper as free author manuscript - peer-reviewed and accepted for publication〈/a〉〈br /〉〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Klein, Daryl E -- Stayrook, Steven E -- Shi, Fumin -- Narayan, Kartik -- Lemmon, Mark A -- R01 CA079992/CA/NCI NIH HHS/ -- R01 CA079992-10/CA/NCI NIH HHS/ -- R01 CA125432/CA/NCI NIH HHS/ -- R01 CA125432-01A1/CA/NCI NIH HHS/ -- England -- Nature. 2008 Jun 26;453(7199):1271-5. doi: 10.1038/nature06978. Epub 2008 May 25.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics, University of Pennsylvania School of Medicine, 809C Stellar-Chance Laboratories, 422 Curie Boulevard, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104-6059, USA.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18500331" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Animals ; Binding Sites ; Cell Line ; Crystallography, X-Ray ; Drosophila Proteins/*chemistry/*metabolism ; Drosophila melanogaster/*chemistry/cytology ; Epidermal Growth Factor/*chemistry/*metabolism ; Eye Proteins/*chemistry/*metabolism ; Humans ; Ligands ; Membrane Proteins/*chemistry/*metabolism ; Models, Molecular ; Nerve Tissue Proteins/*chemistry/*metabolism ; Protein Structure, Tertiary ; Receptor, Epidermal Growth Factor/antagonists & inhibitors/chemistry/*metabolism ; Receptors, Transforming Growth Factor beta/chemistry/metabolism ; Spodoptera
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    Ion channels: coughing up flu's proton channels (2008)
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    Publication Date: 2008-02-01
    Description: 〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Miller, Christopher -- England -- Nature. 2008 Jan 31;451(7178):532-3. doi: 10.1038/451532a.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18235492" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Amantadine/chemistry/metabolism/pharmacology ; Animals ; Crystallography, X-Ray ; Humans ; Hydrogen-Ion Concentration ; Influenza A virus/*chemistry/genetics/pathogenicity/physiology ; Ion Channel Gating/drug effects ; Nuclear Magnetic Resonance, Biomolecular ; Protein Structure, Quaternary ; Protons ; Viral Matrix Proteins/antagonists & inhibitors/*chemistry/metabolism
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    Structural biology: snapshots of DNA repair (2008)
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    Publication Date: 2008-05-24
    Description: 〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Kowalczykowski, Stephen C -- R01 GM062653/GM/NIGMS NIH HHS/ -- R37 GM062653/GM/NIGMS NIH HHS/ -- England -- Nature. 2008 May 22;453(7194):463-6. doi: 10.1038/453463a.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18497811" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Crystallography, X-Ray ; DNA/*chemistry/genetics/*metabolism ; *DNA Repair ; Models, Molecular ; Molecular Conformation ; Rec A Recombinases/*chemistry/*metabolism ; *Recombination, Genetic/genetics ; *Sequence Homology, Nucleic Acid
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    Concerted multi-pronged attack by calpastatin to occlude the catalytic cleft of heterodimeric calpains (2008)
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    Publication Date: 2008-11-21
    Description: The Ca(2+)-dependent cysteine proteases, calpains, regulate cell migration, cell death, insulin secretion, synaptic function and muscle homeostasis. Their endogenous inhibitor, calpastatin, consists of four inhibitory repeats, each of which neutralizes an activated calpain with exquisite specificity and potency. Despite the physiological importance of this interaction, the structural basis of calpain inhibition by calpastatin is unknown. Here we report the 3.0 A structure of Ca(2+)-bound m-calpain in complex with the first calpastatin repeat, both from rat, revealing the mechanism of exclusive specificity. The structure highlights the complexity of calpain activation by Ca(2+), illustrating key residues in a peripheral domain that serve to stabilize the protease core on Ca(2+) binding. Fully activated calpain binds ten Ca(2+) atoms, resulting in several conformational changes allowing recognition by calpastatin. Calpain inhibition is mediated by the intimate contact with three critical regions of calpastatin. Two regions target the penta-EF-hand domains of calpain and the third occupies the substrate-binding cleft, projecting a loop around the active site thiol to evade proteolysis.〈br /〉〈br /〉〈a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2847431/" target="_blank"〉〈img src="https://static.pubmed.gov/portal/portal3rc.fcgi/4089621/img/3977009" border="0"〉〈/a〉   〈a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2847431/" target="_blank"〉This paper as free author manuscript - peer-reviewed and accepted for publication〈/a〉〈br /〉〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Moldoveanu, Tudor -- Gehring, Kalle -- Green, Douglas R -- P01 CA069381/CA/NCI NIH HHS/ -- P01 CA069381-140010/CA/NCI NIH HHS/ -- P30 EB009998/EB/NIBIB NIH HHS/ -- R01 AI040646/AI/NIAID NIH HHS/ -- R01 AI040646-14/AI/NIAID NIH HHS/ -- R01 AI044828/AI/NIAID NIH HHS/ -- R01 AI044828-12/AI/NIAID NIH HHS/ -- R01 AI047891/AI/NIAID NIH HHS/ -- R01 AI047891-12/AI/NIAID NIH HHS/ -- R37 GM052735/GM/NIGMS NIH HHS/ -- R37 GM052735-19/GM/NIGMS NIH HHS/ -- England -- Nature. 2008 Nov 20;456(7220):404-8. doi: 10.1038/nature07353.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Department of Immunology, St Jude Children's Research Hospital, 332 N Lauderdale, Memphis, Tennessee 38105, USA.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19020622" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Animals ; Biocatalysis ; Calcium/metabolism ; Calcium-Binding Proteins/*chemistry/genetics/*metabolism ; Calpain/antagonists & inhibitors/*chemistry/*metabolism ; *Catalytic Domain ; Crystallography, X-Ray ; EF Hand Motifs ; Enzyme Activation ; Protein Binding ; Protein Multimerization ; Protein Processing, Post-Translational ; Rats ; Structure-Activity Relationship ; Substrate Specificity
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    Structural analysis of the essential self-cleaving type III secretion proteins EscU and SpaS (2008)
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    Publication Date: 2008-05-03
    Description: During infection by Gram-negative pathogenic bacteria, the type III secretion system (T3SS) is assembled to allow for the direct transmission of bacterial virulence effectors into the host cell. The T3SS system is characterized by a series of prominent multi-component rings in the inner and outer bacterial membranes, as well as a translocation pore in the host cell membrane. These are all connected by a series of polymerized tubes that act as the direct conduit for the T3SS proteins to pass through to the host cell. During assembly of the T3SS, as well as the evolutionarily related flagellar apparatus, a post-translational cleavage event within the inner membrane proteins EscU/FlhB is required to promote a secretion-competent state. These proteins have long been proposed to act as a part of a molecular switch, which would regulate the appropriate chronological secretion of the various T3SS apparatus components during assembly and subsequently the transported virulence effectors. Here we show that a surface type II beta-turn in the Escherichia coli protein EscU undergoes auto-cleavage by a mechanism involving cyclization of a strictly conserved asparagine residue. Structural and in vivo analysis of point and deletion mutations illustrates the subtle conformational effects of auto-cleavage in modulating the molecular features of a highly conserved surface region of EscU, a potential point of interaction with other T3SS components at the inner membrane. In addition, this work provides new structural insight into the distinct conformational requirements for a large class of self-cleaving reactions involving asparagine cyclization.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Zarivach, Raz -- Deng, Wanyin -- Vuckovic, Marija -- Felise, Heather B -- Nguyen, Hai V -- Miller, Samuel I -- Finlay, B Brett -- Strynadka, Natalie C J -- 5R01 AI030479/AI/NIAID NIH HHS/ -- R01 AI030479/AI/NIAID NIH HHS/ -- U54 AI057141/AI/NIAID NIH HHS/ -- England -- Nature. 2008 May 1;453(7191):124-7. doi: 10.1038/nature06832.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, and the Center for Blood Research, University of British Columbia, 2350 Health Sciences Mall, Vancouver, British Columbia V6T 1Z3, Canada.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18451864" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Asparagine/chemistry/metabolism ; Circular Dichroism ; Crystallography, X-Ray ; Cyclization ; Enteropathogenic Escherichia coli/*chemistry/*metabolism/pathogenicity ; Escherichia coli Proteins/*chemistry/genetics/*metabolism ; Models, Chemical ; Models, Molecular ; Protein Structure, Tertiary ; Salmonella typhimurium/genetics/metabolism ; Virulence Factors/metabolism
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    Crystal structure of the ZP-N domain of ZP3 reveals the core fold of animal egg coats (2008)
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    Publication Date: 2008-12-05
    Description: Species-specific recognition between the egg extracellular matrix (zona pellucida) and sperm is the first, crucial step of mammalian fertilization. Zona pellucida filament components ZP3 and ZP2 act as sperm receptors, and mice lacking either of the corresponding genes produce oocytes without a zona pellucida and are completely infertile. Like their counterparts in the vitelline envelope of non-mammalian eggs and many other secreted eukaryotic proteins, zona pellucida subunits polymerize using a 'zona pellucida (ZP) domain' module, whose conserved amino-terminal part (ZP-N) was suggested to constitute a domain of its own. No atomic structure has been reported for ZP domain proteins, and there is no structural information on any conserved vertebrate protein that is essential for fertilization and directly involved in egg-sperm binding. Here we describe the 2.3 angstrom (A) resolution structure of the ZP-N fragment of mouse primary sperm receptor ZP3. The ZP-N fold defines a new immunoglobulin superfamily subtype with a beta-sheet extension characterized by an E' strand and an invariant tyrosine residue implicated in polymerization. The structure strongly supports the presence of ZP-N repeats within the N-terminal region of ZP2 and other vertebrate zona pellucida/vitelline envelope proteins, with implications for overall egg coat architecture, the post-fertilization block to polyspermy and speciation. Moreover, it provides an important framework for understanding human diseases caused by mutations in ZP domain proteins and developing new methods of non-hormonal contraception.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Monne, Magnus -- Han, Ling -- Schwend, Thomas -- Burendahl, Sofia -- Jovine, Luca -- G0500367/Medical Research Council/United Kingdom -- England -- Nature. 2008 Dec 4;456(7222):653-7. doi: 10.1038/nature07599.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Karolinska Institutet, Department of Biosciences and Nutrition, Halsovagen 7, SE-141 57 Huddinge, Sweden.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19052627" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Amino Acid Sequence ; Animals ; Binding Sites ; CHO Cells ; Conserved Sequence ; Cricetinae ; Cricetulus ; Crystallization ; Crystallography, X-Ray ; Egg Proteins/*chemistry/genetics/*metabolism ; Female ; Male ; Membrane Glycoproteins/*chemistry/genetics/*metabolism ; Mice ; Models, Molecular ; Molecular Sequence Data ; Ovum/*chemistry/*metabolism ; Peptide Fragments/chemistry/genetics/metabolism ; Protein Folding ; Protein Structure, Secondary ; Protein Structure, Tertiary ; Receptors, Cell Surface/*chemistry/genetics/*metabolism ; Repetitive Sequences, Amino Acid ; Spermatozoa/metabolism
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    Kemp elimination catalysts by computational enzyme design (2008)
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    Publication Date: 2008-03-21
    Description: The design of new enzymes for reactions not catalysed by naturally occurring biocatalysts is a challenge for protein engineering and is a critical test of our understanding of enzyme catalysis. Here we describe the computational design of eight enzymes that use two different catalytic motifs to catalyse the Kemp elimination-a model reaction for proton transfer from carbon-with measured rate enhancements of up to 10(5) and multiple turnovers. Mutational analysis confirms that catalysis depends on the computationally designed active sites, and a high-resolution crystal structure suggests that the designs have close to atomic accuracy. Application of in vitro evolution to enhance the computational designs produced a 〉200-fold increase in k(cat)/K(m) (k(cat)/K(m) of 2,600 M(-1)s(-1) and k(cat)/k(uncat) of 〉10(6)). These results demonstrate the power of combining computational protein design with directed evolution for creating new enzymes, and we anticipate the creation of a wide range of useful new catalysts in the future.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Rothlisberger, Daniela -- Khersonsky, Olga -- Wollacott, Andrew M -- Jiang, Lin -- DeChancie, Jason -- Betker, Jamie -- Gallaher, Jasmine L -- Althoff, Eric A -- Zanghellini, Alexandre -- Dym, Orly -- Albeck, Shira -- Houk, Kendall N -- Tawfik, Dan S -- Baker, David -- Howard Hughes Medical Institute/ -- England -- Nature. 2008 May 8;453(7192):190-5. doi: 10.1038/nature06879. Epub 2008 Mar 19.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Department of Biochemistry, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington 98195, USA.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18354394" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Algorithms ; Amino Acid Motifs ; Binding Sites/genetics ; Catalysis ; Computational Biology ; *Computer Simulation ; Crystallography, X-Ray ; Directed Molecular Evolution/*methods ; Drug Design ; Drug Evaluation, Preclinical ; Enzymes/*chemistry/genetics/*metabolism ; Kinetics ; Models, Chemical ; Models, Molecular ; Protein Engineering/*methods ; Quantum Theory ; Sensitivity and Specificity
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    Structural basis for the regulated protease and chaperone function of DegP (2008)
    Nature Publishing Group (NPG)
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    Publication Date: 2008-05-23
    Description: All organisms have to monitor the folding state of cellular proteins precisely. The heat-shock protein DegP is a protein quality control factor in the bacterial envelope that is involved in eliminating misfolded proteins and in the biogenesis of outer-membrane proteins. Here we describe the molecular mechanisms underlying the regulated protease and chaperone function of DegP from Escherichia coli. We show that binding of misfolded proteins transforms hexameric DegP into large, catalytically active 12-meric and 24-meric multimers. A structural analysis of these particles revealed that DegP represents a protein packaging device whose central compartment is adaptable to the size and concentration of substrate. Moreover, the inner cavity serves antagonistic functions. Whereas the encapsulation of folded protomers of outer-membrane proteins is protective and might allow safe transit through the periplasm, misfolded proteins are eliminated in the molecular reaction chamber. Oligomer reassembly and concomitant activation on substrate binding may also be critical in regulating other HtrA proteases implicated in protein-folding diseases.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Krojer, Tobias -- Sawa, Justyna -- Schafer, Eva -- Saibil, Helen R -- Ehrmann, Michael -- Clausen, Tim -- 070776/Wellcome Trust/United Kingdom -- 079605/Wellcome Trust/United Kingdom -- BB/C516144/1/Biotechnology and Biological Sciences Research Council/United Kingdom -- BB/C516179/1/Biotechnology and Biological Sciences Research Council/United Kingdom -- BB/F010281/1/Biotechnology and Biological Sciences Research Council/United Kingdom -- BBS/B/03955/Biotechnology and Biological Sciences Research Council/United Kingdom -- Biotechnology and Biological Sciences Research Council/United Kingdom -- England -- Nature. 2008 Jun 12;453(7197):885-90. doi: 10.1038/nature07004. Epub 2008 May 21.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Research Institute for Molecular Pathology - IMP, Dr Bohrgasse 7, A-1030 Vienna, Austria.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18496527" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Bacterial Outer Membrane ; Proteins/biosynthesis/chemistry/metabolism/ultrastructure ; Cell Membrane/metabolism ; Cryoelectron Microscopy ; Crystallography, X-Ray ; Escherichia coli/*enzymology ; Heat-Shock Proteins/*chemistry/*metabolism/ultrastructure ; Models, Molecular ; Molecular Chaperones/*chemistry/*metabolism/ultrastructure ; Periplasmic Proteins/*chemistry/*metabolism/ultrastructure ; Protein Folding ; Protein Structure, Quaternary ; Serine Endopeptidases/*chemistry/*metabolism/ultrastructure ; Structure-Activity Relationship
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    Cell biology: two hands for degradation (2008)
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    Publication Date: 2008-05-24
    Description: 〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Saeki, Yasushi -- Tanaka, Keiji -- England -- Nature. 2008 May 22;453(7194):460-1. doi: 10.1038/453460a.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18497808" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Animals ; Crystallography, X-Ray ; Humans ; Nuclear Magnetic Resonance, Biomolecular ; Proteasome Endopeptidase Complex/*chemistry/genetics/*metabolism ; Protein Binding ; Protein Structure, Tertiary ; Protein Subunits/*chemistry/genetics/*metabolism ; Saccharomyces cerevisiae ; Ubiquitin/chemistry/*metabolism
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    Structure of a complex of the ATPase SecA and the protein-translocation channel (2008)
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    Publication Date: 2008-10-17
    Description: Most proteins are secreted from bacteria by the interaction of the cytoplasmic SecA ATPase with a membrane channel, formed by the heterotrimeric SecY complex. Here we report the crystal structure of SecA bound to the SecY complex, with a maximum resolution of 4.5 angstrom (A), obtained for components from Thermotoga maritima. One copy of SecA in an intermediate state of ATP hydrolysis is bound to one molecule of the SecY complex. Both partners undergo important conformational changes on interaction. The polypeptide-cross-linking domain of SecA makes a large conformational change that could capture the translocation substrate in a 'clamp'. Polypeptide movement through the SecY channel could be achieved by the motion of a 'two-helix finger' of SecA inside the cytoplasmic funnel of SecY, and by the coordinated tightening and widening of SecA's clamp above the SecY pore. SecA binding generates a 'window' at the lateral gate of the SecY channel and it displaces the plug domain, preparing the channel for signal sequence binding and channel opening.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Zimmer, Jochen -- Nam, Yunsun -- Rapoport, Tom A -- Howard Hughes Medical Institute/ -- England -- Nature. 2008 Oct 16;455(7215):936-43. doi: 10.1038/nature07335.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Howard Hughes Medical Institute and Department of Cell Biology, Harvard Medical School, 240 Longwood Avenue, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, USA.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18923516" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Adenosine Triphosphatases/*chemistry/*metabolism ; Adenosine Triphosphate/metabolism ; Bacillus subtilis/chemistry ; Bacterial Proteins/*chemistry/*metabolism ; Crystallography, X-Ray ; Hydrolysis ; Membrane Transport Proteins/*chemistry/*metabolism ; Models, Biological ; Models, Molecular ; Movement ; Multiprotein Complexes/chemistry/metabolism ; Protein Binding ; Protein Conformation ; Protein Sorting Signals/physiology ; Protein Transport ; Structure-Activity Relationship ; Thermotoga maritima/*chemistry
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    Crystal structure of squid rhodopsin (2008)
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    Publication Date: 2008-05-16
    Description: Invertebrate phototransduction uses an inositol-1,4,5-trisphosphate signalling cascade in which photoactivated rhodopsin stimulates a G(q)-type G protein, that is, a class of G protein that stimulates membrane-bound phospholipase Cbeta. The same cascade is used by many G-protein-coupled receptors, indicating that invertebrate rhodopsin is a prototypical member. Here we report the crystal structure of squid (Todarodes pacificus) rhodopsin at 2.5 A resolution. Among seven transmembrane alpha-helices, helices V and VI extend into the cytoplasmic medium and, together with two cytoplasmic helices, they form a rigid protrusion from the membrane surface. This peculiar structure, which is not seen in bovine rhodopsin, seems to be crucial for the recognition of G(q)-type G proteins. The retinal Schiff base forms a hydrogen bond to Asn 87 or Tyr 111; it is far from the putative counterion Glu 180. In the crystal, a tight association is formed between the amino-terminal polypeptides of neighbouring monomers; this intermembrane dimerization may be responsible for the organization of hexagonally packed microvillar membranes in the photoreceptor rhabdom.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Murakami, Midori -- Kouyama, Tsutomu -- England -- Nature. 2008 May 15;453(7193):363-7. doi: 10.1038/nature06925.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Department of Physics, Graduate School of Science, Nagoya University, Nagoya 464-8602, Japan.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18480818" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Amino Acid Sequence ; Animals ; Crystallography, X-Ray ; Decapodiformes/*chemistry ; Dimerization ; Models, Molecular ; Molecular Sequence Data ; Protein Structure, Secondary ; Retinaldehyde/metabolism ; Rhodopsin/*chemistry/metabolism ; Schiff Bases ; Vision, Ocular/physiology ; Water/chemistry/metabolism
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    Gibberellin-induced DELLA recognition by the gibberellin receptor GID1 (2008)
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    Publication Date: 2008-11-28
    Description: Gibberellins control a range of growth and developmental processes in higher plants and have been widely used in the agricultural industry. By binding to a nuclear receptor, GIBBERELLIN INSENSITIVE DWARF1 (GID1), gibberellins regulate gene expression by promoting degradation of the transcriptional regulator DELLA proteins, including GIBBERELLIN INSENSITIVE (GAI). The precise manner in which GID1 discriminates and becomes activated by bioactive gibberellins for specific binding to DELLA proteins remains unclear. Here we present the crystal structure of a ternary complex of Arabidopsis thaliana GID1A, a bioactive gibberellin and the amino-terminal DELLA domain of GAI. In this complex, GID1A occludes gibberellin in a deep binding pocket covered by its N-terminal helical switch region, which in turn interacts with the DELLA domain containing DELLA, VHYNP and LExLE motifs. Our results establish a structural model of a plant hormone receptor that is distinct from the mechanism of the hormone perception and effector recognition of the known auxin receptors.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Murase, Kohji -- Hirano, Yoshinori -- Sun, Tai-ping -- Hakoshima, Toshio -- England -- Nature. 2008 Nov 27;456(7221):459-63. doi: 10.1038/nature07519.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Structural Biology Laboratory, Nara Institute of Science and Technology, 8916-5 Takayama, Ikoma, Nara 630-0192, Japan.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19037309" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Amino Acid Motifs ; Arabidopsis/*chemistry/metabolism ; Arabidopsis Proteins/*chemistry/genetics/*metabolism ; Circular Dichroism ; Crystallography, X-Ray ; Gibberellins/metabolism/*pharmacology ; Models, Biological ; Models, Molecular ; Plant Growth Regulators/metabolism/*pharmacology ; Protein Binding ; Protein Structure, Tertiary/drug effects ; Receptors, Cell Surface/*chemistry/genetics/*metabolism ; Substrate Specificity
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    Calcium-bound structure of calpain and its mechanism of inhibition by calpastatin (2008)
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    Publication Date: 2008-11-21
    Description: Calpains are non-lysosomal calcium-dependent cysteine proteinases that selectively cleave proteins in response to calcium signals and thereby control cellular functions such as cytoskeletal remodelling, cell cycle progression, gene expression and apoptotic cell death. In mammals, the two best-characterized members of the calpain family, calpain 1 and calpain 2 (micro-calpain and m-calpain, respectively), are ubiquitously expressed. The activity of calpains is tightly controlled by the endogenous inhibitor calpastatin, which is an intrinsically unstructured protein capable of reversibly binding and inhibiting four molecules of calpain, but only in the presence of calcium. To date, the mechanism of inhibition by calpastatin and the basis for its absolute specificity have remained speculative. It was not clear how this unstructured protein inhibits calpains without being cleaved itself, nor was it known how calcium induced changes that facilitated the binding of calpastatin to calpain. Here we report the 2.4-A-resolution crystal structure of the calcium-bound calpain 2 heterodimer bound by one of the four inhibitory domains of calpastatin. Calpastatin is seen to inhibit calpain by occupying both sides of the active site cleft. Although the inhibitor passes through the active site cleft it escapes cleavage in a novel manner by looping out and around the active site cysteine. The inhibitory domain of calpastatin recognizes multiple lower affinity sites present only in the calcium-bound form of the enzyme, resulting in an interaction that is tight, specific and calcium dependent. This crystal structure, and that of a related complex, also reveal the conformational changes that calpain undergoes on binding calcium, which include opening of the active site cleft and movement of the domains relative to each other to produce a more compact enzyme.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Hanna, Rachel A -- Campbell, Robert L -- Davies, Peter L -- England -- Nature. 2008 Nov 20;456(7220):409-12. doi: 10.1038/nature07451.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Department of Biochemistry, Queen's University, Kingston, Ontario, Canada K7L 3N6.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19020623" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Animals ; Calcium/*metabolism ; Calcium-Binding Proteins/*chemistry/*metabolism ; Calpain/*antagonists & inhibitors/*chemistry/metabolism ; Catalytic Domain ; Crystallography, X-Ray ; Models, Molecular ; Protein Binding ; Protein Multimerization ; Rats ; Structure-Activity Relationship
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    Structural basis for translation termination on the 70S ribosome (2008)
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    Publication Date: 2008-07-04
    Description: At termination of protein synthesis, type I release factors promote hydrolysis of the peptidyl-transfer RNA linkage in response to recognition of a stop codon. Here we describe the crystal structure of the Thermus thermophilus 70S ribosome in complex with the release factor RF1, tRNA and a messenger RNA containing a UAA stop codon, at 3.2 A resolution. The stop codon is recognized in a pocket formed by conserved elements of RF1, including its PxT recognition motif, and 16S ribosomal RNA. The codon and the 30S subunit A site undergo an induced fit that results in stabilization of a conformation of RF1 that promotes its interaction with the peptidyl transferase centre. Unexpectedly, the main-chain amide group of Gln 230 in the universally conserved GGQ motif of the factor is positioned to contribute directly to peptidyl-tRNA hydrolysis.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Laurberg, Martin -- Asahara, Haruichi -- Korostelev, Andrei -- Zhu, Jianyu -- Trakhanov, Sergei -- Noller, Harry F -- England -- Nature. 2008 Aug 14;454(7206):852-7. doi: 10.1038/nature07115. Epub 2008 Jul 2.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Department of Molecular, Cell and Developmental Biology and Center for Molecular Biology of RNA, University of California at Santa Cruz, Santa Cruz, California 95064, USA.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18596689" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Codon, Terminator/genetics/metabolism ; Crystallography, X-Ray ; Models, Molecular ; *Peptide Chain Termination, Translational ; Peptide Termination Factors/chemistry/metabolism ; Peptidyl Transferases/chemistry/metabolism ; Protein Binding ; Protein Structure, Tertiary ; RNA, Bacterial/metabolism ; RNA, Ribosomal, 23S/chemistry ; RNA, Transfer/chemistry/genetics/metabolism ; Ribosomes/*chemistry/*metabolism ; Thermus thermophilus/*chemistry/metabolism
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    Structural biology: Clamour for a kiss (2008)
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    Publication Date: 2008-10-17
    Description: 〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Economou, Anastassios -- England -- Nature. 2008 Oct 16;455(7215):879-80. doi: 10.1038/455879a.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18923500" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Adenosine Triphosphatases/*chemistry/*metabolism ; Adenosine Triphosphate/metabolism ; Bacteria/chemistry/cytology/metabolism ; Bacterial Proteins/*chemistry/*metabolism ; Cell Membrane/metabolism ; Crystallography, X-Ray ; Membrane Transport Proteins/*chemistry/*metabolism ; Molecular Motor Proteins/chemistry/metabolism ; Protein Conformation ; Protein Transport
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    Structural basis for specific cleavage of Lys 63-linked polyubiquitin chains (2008)
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    Publication Date: 2008-09-02
    Description: Deubiquitinating enzymes (DUBs) remove ubiquitin from conjugated substrates to regulate various cellular processes. The Zn(2+)-dependent DUBs AMSH and AMSH-LP regulate receptor trafficking by specifically cleaving Lys 63-linked polyubiquitin chains from internalized receptors. Here we report the crystal structures of the human AMSH-LP DUB domain alone and in complex with a Lys 63-linked di-ubiquitin at 1.2 A and 1.6 A resolutions, respectively. The AMSH-LP DUB domain consists of a Zn(2+)-coordinating catalytic core and two characteristic insertions, Ins-1 and Ins-2. The distal ubiquitin interacts with Ins-1 and the core, whereas the proximal ubiquitin interacts with Ins-2 and the core. The core and Ins-1 form a catalytic groove that accommodates the Lys 63 side chain of the proximal ubiquitin and the isopeptide-linked carboxy-terminal tail of the distal ubiquitin. This is the first reported structure of a DUB in complex with an isopeptide-linked ubiquitin chain, which reveals the mechanism for Lys 63-linkage-specific deubiquitination by AMSH family members.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Sato, Yusuke -- Yoshikawa, Azusa -- Yamagata, Atsushi -- Mimura, Hisatoshi -- Yamashita, Masami -- Ookata, Kayoko -- Nureki, Osamu -- Iwai, Kazuhiro -- Komada, Masayuki -- Fukai, Shuya -- England -- Nature. 2008 Sep 18;455(7211):358-62. doi: 10.1038/nature07254. Epub 2008 Aug 31.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Structural Biology Laboratory, Life Science Division, Synchrotron Radiation Research Organization and Institute of Molecular and Cellular Biosciences, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo 113-0032, Japan.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18758443" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Animals ; Catalysis ; Conserved Sequence ; Crystallography, X-Ray ; Endopeptidases/chemistry/metabolism ; Endosomal Sorting Complexes Required for Transport ; Humans ; Kinetics ; Lysine/*metabolism ; Mice ; Models, Molecular ; Polyubiquitin/*chemistry/genetics/*metabolism ; Protein Structure, Tertiary ; Saccharomyces cerevisiae Proteins/chemistry/metabolism ; Structure-Activity Relationship ; Substrate Specificity ; Ubiquitin Thiolesterase/*chemistry/genetics/*metabolism
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    Conformational transition of Sec machinery inferred from bacterial SecYE structures (2008)
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    Publication Date: 2008-10-17
    Description: Over 30% of proteins are secreted across or integrated into membranes. Their newly synthesized forms contain either cleavable signal sequences or non-cleavable membrane anchor sequences, which direct them to the evolutionarily conserved Sec translocon (SecYEG in prokaryotes and Sec61, comprising alpha-, gamma- and beta-subunits, in eukaryotes). The translocon then functions as a protein-conducting channel. These processes of protein localization occur either at or after translation. In bacteria, the SecA ATPase drives post-translational translocation. The only high-resolution structure of a translocon available so far is that for SecYEbeta from the archaeon Methanococcus jannaschii, which lacks SecA. Here we present the 3.2-A-resolution crystal structure of the SecYE translocon from a SecA-containing organism, Thermus thermophilus. The structure, solved as a complex with an anti-SecY Fab fragment, revealed a 'pre-open' state of SecYE, in which several transmembrane helices are shifted, as compared to the previous SecYEbeta structure, to create a hydrophobic crack open to the cytoplasm. Fab and SecA bind to a common site at the tip of the cytoplasmic domain of SecY. Molecular dynamics and disulphide mapping analyses suggest that the pre-open state might represent a SecYE conformational transition that is inducible by SecA binding. Moreover, we identified a SecA-SecYE interface that comprises SecA residues originally buried inside the protein, indicating that both the channel and the motor components of the Sec machinery undergo cooperative conformational changes on formation of the functional complex.〈br /〉〈br /〉〈a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2590585/" target="_blank"〉〈img src="https://static.pubmed.gov/portal/portal3rc.fcgi/4089621/img/3977009" border="0"〉〈/a〉   〈a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2590585/" target="_blank"〉This paper as free author manuscript - peer-reviewed and accepted for publication〈/a〉〈br /〉〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Tsukazaki, Tomoya -- Mori, Hiroyuki -- Fukai, Shuya -- Ishitani, Ryuichiro -- Mori, Takaharu -- Dohmae, Naoshi -- Perederina, Anna -- Sugita, Yuji -- Vassylyev, Dmitry G -- Ito, Koreaki -- Nureki, Osamu -- R01 GM074252/GM/NIGMS NIH HHS/ -- R01 GM074252-04/GM/NIGMS NIH HHS/ -- R01 GM074840/GM/NIGMS NIH HHS/ -- R01 GM074840-04/GM/NIGMS NIH HHS/ -- England -- Nature. 2008 Oct 16;455(7215):988-91. doi: 10.1038/nature07421.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Department of Biological Information, Graduate School of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Tokyo Institute of Technology, 4259 Nagatsuta-cho, Midori-ku, Yokohama-shi, Kanagawa 226-8501, Japan.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18923527" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Bacterial Proteins/*chemistry/genetics/immunology/*metabolism ; Binding Sites ; Crystallography, X-Ray ; Disulfides/chemistry/metabolism ; Hydrophobic and Hydrophilic Interactions ; Immunoglobulin Fab Fragments/chemistry/immunology ; Methanococcus/chemistry/enzymology ; Models, Biological ; Models, Molecular ; Protein Binding ; Protein Structure, Tertiary ; Thermus thermophilus/*chemistry/*enzymology/genetics
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    The SRA domain of UHRF1 flips 5-methylcytosine out of the DNA helix (2008)
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    Publication Date: 2008-09-06
    Description: Maintenance methylation of hemimethylated CpG dinucleotides at DNA replication forks is the key to faithful mitotic inheritance of genomic methylation patterns. UHRF1 (ubiquitin-like, containing PHD and RING finger domains 1) is required for maintenance methylation by interacting with DNA nucleotide methyltransferase 1 (DNMT1), the maintenance methyltransferase, and with hemimethylated CpG, the substrate for DNMT1 (refs 1 and 2). Here we present the crystal structure of the SET and RING-associated (SRA) domain of mouse UHRF1 in complex with DNA containing a hemimethylated CpG site. The DNA is contacted in both the major and minor grooves by two loops that penetrate into the middle of the DNA helix. The 5-methylcytosine has flipped completely out of the DNA helix and is positioned in a binding pocket with planar stacking contacts, Watson-Crick polar hydrogen bonds and van der Waals interactions specific for 5-methylcytosine. Hence, UHRF1 contains a previously unknown DNA-binding module and is the first example of a non-enzymatic, sequence-specific DNA-binding protein domain to use the base flipping mechanism to interact with DNA.〈br /〉〈br /〉〈a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2602803/" target="_blank"〉〈img src="https://static.pubmed.gov/portal/portal3rc.fcgi/4089621/img/3977009" border="0"〉〈/a〉   〈a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2602803/" target="_blank"〉This paper as free author manuscript - peer-reviewed and accepted for publication〈/a〉〈br /〉〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Hashimoto, Hideharu -- Horton, John R -- Zhang, Xing -- Bostick, Magnolia -- Jacobsen, Steven E -- Cheng, Xiaodong -- CA1263022/CA/NCI NIH HHS/ -- GM049245/GM/NIGMS NIH HHS/ -- GM060398/GM/NIGMS NIH HHS/ -- R01 GM049245/GM/NIGMS NIH HHS/ -- R01 GM049245-15/GM/NIGMS NIH HHS/ -- Howard Hughes Medical Institute/ -- England -- Nature. 2008 Oct 9;455(7214):826-9. doi: 10.1038/nature07280. Epub 2008 Sep 3.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Department of Biochemistry, Emory University School of Medicine, 1510 Clifton Road, Atlanta, Georgia 30322, USA.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18772888" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: 5-Methylcytosine/*metabolism ; Animals ; Base Sequence ; CpG Islands/genetics ; Crystallography, X-Ray ; DNA/*chemistry/genetics/*metabolism ; *DNA Methylation ; Hydrogen Bonding ; Hydrophobic and Hydrophilic Interactions ; Mice ; Models, Molecular ; Molecular Conformation ; Nuclear Proteins/*chemistry/*metabolism ; Protein Binding ; Protein Structure, Tertiary
    Print ISSN: 0028-0836
    Electronic ISSN: 1476-4687
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
    Published by Nature Publishing Group (NPG)
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    Incorporation of a non-human glycan mediates human susceptibility to a bacterial toxin (2008)
    Nature Publishing Group (NPG)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2008-10-31
    Description: AB(5) toxins comprise an A subunit that corrupts essential eukaryotic cell functions, and pentameric B subunits that direct target-cell uptake after binding surface glycans. Subtilase cytotoxin (SubAB) is an AB(5) toxin secreted by Shiga toxigenic Escherichia coli (STEC), which causes serious gastrointestinal disease in humans. SubAB causes haemolytic uraemic syndrome-like pathology in mice through SubA-mediated cleavage of BiP/GRP78, an essential endoplasmic reticulum chaperone. Here we show that SubB has a strong preference for glycans terminating in the sialic acid N-glycolylneuraminic acid (Neu5Gc), a monosaccharide not synthesized in humans. Structures of SubB-Neu5Gc complexes revealed the basis for this specificity, and mutagenesis of key SubB residues abrogated in vitro glycan recognition, cell binding and cytotoxicity. SubAB specificity for Neu5Gc was confirmed using mouse tissues with a human-like deficiency of Neu5Gc and human cell lines fed with Neu5Gc. Despite lack of Neu5Gc biosynthesis in humans, assimilation of dietary Neu5Gc creates high-affinity receptors on human gut epithelia and kidney vasculature. This, and the lack of Neu5Gc-containing body fluid competitors in humans, confers susceptibility to the gastrointestinal and systemic toxicities of SubAB. Ironically, foods rich in Neu5Gc are the most common source of STEC contamination. Thus a bacterial toxin's receptor is generated by metabolic incorporation of an exogenous factor derived from food.〈br /〉〈br /〉〈a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2723748/" target="_blank"〉〈img src="https://static.pubmed.gov/portal/portal3rc.fcgi/4089621/img/3977009" border="0"〉〈/a〉   〈a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2723748/" target="_blank"〉This paper as free author manuscript - peer-reviewed and accepted for publication〈/a〉〈br /〉〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Byres, Emma -- Paton, Adrienne W -- Paton, James C -- Lofling, Jonas C -- Smith, David F -- Wilce, Matthew C J -- Talbot, Ursula M -- Chong, Damien C -- Yu, Hai -- Huang, Shengshu -- Chen, Xi -- Varki, Nissi M -- Varki, Ajit -- Rossjohn, Jamie -- Beddoe, Travis -- R01 AI068715-01A1/AI/NIAID NIH HHS/ -- R01 AI068715-02/AI/NIAID NIH HHS/ -- England -- Nature. 2008 Dec 4;456(7222):648-52. doi: 10.1038/nature07428. Epub 2008 Oct 29.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Protein Crystallography Unit and ARC Centre of Excellence for Structural and Functional Microbial Genomics, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria 3800, Australia.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18971931" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Animals ; Bacterial Toxins/chemistry/genetics/*metabolism/*toxicity ; Cell Death/drug effects ; Cell Line ; Crystallography, X-Ray ; Escherichia coli Proteins/*chemistry/genetics/metabolism/*toxicity ; Humans ; Mice ; Microscopy, Fluorescence ; Models, Molecular ; Neuraminic Acids/administration & dosage/*metabolism/pharmacology ; Polysaccharides/*chemistry/*metabolism ; Protein Binding ; Protein Subunits ; Shiga-Toxigenic Escherichia coli/chemistry/pathogenicity ; Sialic Acids/chemistry/metabolism ; Species Specificity ; Substrate Specificity ; Subtilisins/*chemistry/genetics/metabolism/*toxicity ; Survival Analysis
    Print ISSN: 0028-0836
    Electronic ISSN: 1476-4687
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
    Published by Nature Publishing Group (NPG)
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