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  • Lepidoptera  (323)
  • Springer  (323)
  • Geological Society of America (GSA)
  • 1995-1999  (177)
  • 1980-1984  (146)
  • 1950-1954
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  • 1
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Fine-scale resolution of closely spaced pheromone and antagonist filaments by flying male Helicoverpa zea (1999)
    Springer
    Journal of comparative physiology 185 (1999), S. 131-141 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-1351
    Keywords: Key wordsHelicoverpa zea ; Noctuidae ; Lepidoptera ; Sex pheromone ; Antagonist
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Abstract The limits of a male moth's ability to resolve closely spaced odor filaments have been investigated. Male Helicoverpa zea normally respond to their conspecific sex pheromone blend by exhibiting an upwind flight, which culminates in source contact by at least 50% of the bioassayed individuals. When loaded onto the same filter paper source containing this hitherto attractive pheromone blend, or onto a separate filter paper and co-emitted from the same pipette source with pheromone, (Z)-11-hexadecenyl acetate severely reduced upwind flight and source contact by male H. zea. A similar level of upwind flight inhibition was recorded when the antagonist (Z)-11-hexadecenyl acetate was emitted from its own point source placed 1 mm upwind of the pheromone point source, both plumes being simultaneously emitted in a continuous mode to form a confluent strand. However, (Z)-11-hexadecenyl acetate was less effective in reducing upwind flight and source contact when it was isolated and pulsed from its own source, placed 1 mm either upwind, downwind or cross-wind of a pipette source from which pheromone was simultaneously being pulsed, such that both filaments were separated in time by 0.001–0. 003 s. These results suggest that male H. zea are able to distinguish between odor sources separated by as little as 1 mm in space and 0.001 s in time.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s003590050372
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  • 2
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Trichromatic colour vision in the hummingbird hawkmoth, Macroglossum stellatarum L. (1999)
    Springer
    Journal of comparative physiology 184 (1999), S. 535-541 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-1351
    Keywords: Key words Insects ; Lepidoptera ; Macroglossum stellatarum ; Colour vision ; Red receptor
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Abstract Hymenopterans have long been shown to choose colours by means of the spectral distribution and independently of the intensity (true colour vision). The same ability has only very recently been proven for two butterfly species. We present evidence for the existence of true colour vision in the European hummingbird hawkmoth, Macroglossum stellatarum. Moths were trained in dual-choice situations to spectral lights of a rewarding and an unrewarding wavelength. After training, unrewarded tests were performed during which the intensities of the lights were changed. The results confirm that the species has three spectral receptor types and uses true colour vision when learning the colour of a food source. If colour vision is not possible since only one receptor type is receiving input from both stimuli, the moths learn to associate some achromatic cue correlated to the receptor quantum catch, with the reward. The moths learn spectral cues rapidly and choose correctly after one to several rewarded visits even when trained to different colours in sequence.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s003590050353
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  • 3
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Evolutionary conservatism of oviposition preference in a widespread polyphagous insect herbivore, Papilio zelicaon (1997)
    Springer
    Oecologia 111 (1997), S. 209-215 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-1939
    Keywords: Key words Insect-plant interactions ; Lepidoptera ; Polyphagy ; Specialization ; Host plant
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract We analyzed geographic differentiation in oviposition preference in the anise swallowtail butterfly, Papilio zelicaon Lucas, which is one of the most widely distributed and polyphagous butterflies in western North America. Among 13 populations that span 1200 km of the range of P. zelicaon in the Pacific Northwest of North America, the overall oviposition preference hierarchy has not diverged significantly, even though these populations differ in the plant species they use in the field. The results indicate that differences in host availability and use have not favored major reorganizations in the preference hierarchy of ovipositing females. Instead, this butterfly has a conserved preference hierarchy that varies within a narrow range among populations. All populations ranked the four test plant species in the same overall relative order, even though these populations differ in the plant species they use in the field.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s004420050227
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  • 4
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Restructuring of Lepidoptera communities by introduced Vespula wasps in a New Zealand beech forest (1999)
    Springer
    Oecologia 119 (1999), S. 565-571 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-1939
    Keywords: Key wordsVespula ; Lepidoptera ; Phenology ; Shared predator ; Ecological impact
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Introduced social wasps (Vespula vulgaris) reach high densities in some New Zealand beech forests, because honeydew provides an abundant high-energy food source. We manipulated wasp density to estimate an “ecological damage threshold” for large, free-living Lepidoptera larvae. There will be a continuum of ecological damage thresholds for wasp density depending on the prey species or habitat. Experimentally placed small caterpillars had a significantly higher survival rate than large caterpillars, and the survival rate of both groups decreased with increasing wasp density. Spring-occurring caterpillars have a probability of surviving of 0.90–0.95, assuming wasps are the only source of mortality. However, at the peak of the wasp season we predict caterpillars would have virtually no chance (probability of 10−78 to 10−40) of surviving to adults. Wasp abundance must be reduced by at least 88% to conserve the more vulnerable species of free-living caterpillars at wasp densities similar to those observed in our study sites. This equates to a damage threshold of 2.7 wasps per Malaise trap per day. It was exceeded for about 5 months of the year in non-poisoned sites. There are currently no biological or chemical control techniques available in New Zealand that will reduce wasp abundance below this damage threshold throughout the year. Our models show that most Lepidoptera with spring caterpillars will be able to persist, but species with caterpillars occurring in the peak wasp season will be eliminated.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s004420050820
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  • 5
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Migration of moth species in a network of small islands (1996)
    Springer
    Oecologia 108 (1996), S. 643-651 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-1939
    Keywords: Migration rate ; Lepidoptera ; Mark-recapture study ; Population density ; Movement behaviour
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Rapidly increasing fragmentation of natural landscapes decreases the ability of many species to reach the smaller and more isolated patches of habitat in a metapopulation. The densities of local populations of several moth species and the butterfly Hipparchia semele in a network of small islands, and the rates of inter-island movement and movement patterns, were investigated, to determine the factors affecting the rate and pattern of movements. The estimated population densities ranged from 0.001 to 0.2 individuals/m2. The observed emigration and immigration rates depended on island isolation and various traits of the species, with great variability in migration rates among species. Thin-bodied, slow-flying species did not move among the islands, whereas many robust, fast-flying species moved among the islands relatively frequently. Migration rate increased significantly with body size and was significantly higher in oligophagous than in polyphagous species, suggesting that these factors are important determinants of the migration rate of the species. Migration rate was low when the surface temperature of the sea was low, and a greater proportion of individuals emigrated from small than large patches of habitat. The migration distances of female noctuids were shorter than those of males and those of both sexes of the butterfly H. semele. The observed movement patterns are consistent with a metapopulation structure in most of the moth species.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00329038
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  • 6
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Red receptors dominate the proximal tier of the retina in the butterfly Papilio xuthus (1996)
    Springer
    Journal of comparative physiology 178 (1996), S. 55-61 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-1351
    Keywords: Electrophysiology ; Lepidoptera ; Photoreceptor ; Spectral sensitivity ; Vision
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Abstract 1. The ommatidia of the butterfly Papilio have a fused and tiered rhabdom. The distal tier of the rhabdom is made up of four distal photoreceptors (R1–4), whereas the proximal tier is made up of four proximal (R5–8) and one basal photoreceptor cell (R9). 2. We first confirmed by light microscopy that the ommatidia of Papilio are not twisted, i.e. have the same spatial organization all about the longitudinal axis. The polarization method, previously applied to the distal tier, hence is applicable to identify the photoreceptor location from the peak angle of the polarization sensitivity. 3. We determined the polarization and spectral sensitivity of in total 109 proximal and basal photoreceptors in the lateral looking eye region. All of the photoreceptors were either green or red type, most of which fall into three classes as judged by the peak angles of the polarization sensitivity: around 40°, 150°, and 180° (= 0°) with respect to the dorso-ventral axis. The first two classes are formed by the proximal photoreceptors with straight microvilli oriented at the average angle of 39° (R6, 8) and 144° (R5, 7) respectively, and the third is formed by the basal photoreceptors R9 with straight microvilli oriented at 180° (= 0°). The mean polarization sensitivity (PS = maximal sensitivity/minimal sensitivity) was about 2. 4. 75% of the proximal and 48% of the basal photoreceptors were of the red type. 5. A single ommatidium of Papilio appears to contain two to four types of spectral receptors.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00189590
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  • 7
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Latencies of behavioral response to interception of filaments of sex pheromone and clean air influence flight track shape in Heliothis virescens (F.) males (1996)
    Springer
    Journal of comparative physiology 178 (1996), S. 831-847 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-1351
    Keywords: Heliothis ; Noctuidae ; Lepidoptera ; Plume structure ; Behavior
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Abstract 1) Male Heliothis virescens moths flew upwind to pulsed pheromone plumes. Upon truncation of the pulsed plume males flew into clean air, turning their tracks crosswind (〉 60° relative to directly upwind direction at 0°) within an average of 0.27 s, and were casting, perpendicular to the wind-line (90°), within 0.43 s. 2) The characteristic casting flight in clean air consisted of left-right crosswind reversals, continuing for many seconds without further pheromonal stimulation. Males intercepting a single strand of pheromone during casting flight responded by surging upwind (track angles 〈 60°). The phasic surge lasted only 0.38 s before reverting to crosswind flight (〉 60°). 3) Average templates of responses in two and three dimensions were created. Males controlled their vertical deviations very tightly when in contact with pheromone but upon entering clean air, lateral and vertical excursions became much greater. 4) Males failed to sustain upwind flight to repetitively pulsed plumes generated at 〈 4 filaments/s. At the threshold frequency of 4 pulses/s we show that upwind flights were composed of reiterated surges followed by crosswind casting. As the pulse frequency increased, the tracks became straighter and the single filament cast-surge-cast template could be viewed only sporadically when, for example, a male apparently failed to intercept filaments.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00225831
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  • 8
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Olfaction in Lepidoptera (1995)
    Springer
    Cellular and molecular life sciences 51 (1995), S. 1003-1027 
    Details
    ISSN: 1420-9071
    Keywords: Olfaction ; olfactory receptor neuron ; sensillum ; antenna ; antennal lobe ; glomerulus ; pheromone ; kairomone ; host odour ; Lepidoptera
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Abstract Odours play a very important role in the life of insects belonging to the order Lepidoptera. In the present paper, a review is given of the current knowledge of morphology, development and function of the olfactory system in larval and adult moths and butterflies. Research regarding both the antennal and accessory olfactory pathways, as well as both the pheromone and the host odour detecting systems, is reviewed.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01946910
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  • 9
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Cyclohexadienones-insect growth inhibitors from the foliar surface and tissue extracts ofSenecio cannabifolius (1996)
    Springer
    Cellular and molecular life sciences 52 (1996), S. 259-263 
    Details
    ISSN: 1420-9071
    Keywords: Senecio cannabifolius ; Compositae ; foliar surface chemistry ; tobacco cutworm ; Spodoptera litura ; Lepidoptera ; Noctuidae growth inhibition ; ethyl (1-hydroxy-4-oxocyclohexa-2,5-dien-1-yl) acetate ; methyl (1-hydroxy-4-oxocyclohexa-2,5-dien-1-yl) acetate
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Abstract Dewaxed leaf surface extracts of 12 plants from Hokkaido, prepared by dipping fresh leaves in chloroform for 3 min, were used in a choice leaf-disk bioassay against larvae of the tobacco cutwormSpodoptera litura. Activity was found only in the extract ofSenecio cannabifolius, a very successful weed in Hokkaido. Individual fractions of the extract, however, were not active. Incorporation of the individual fractions of the surface extracts as well as fractions of the methanolic extracts of the leaf residue into an artificial diet fed to neonateS. litura led to the isolation of ethyl (1-hydroxy-4-oxocyclohexa-2,5-dien-1-yl) acetate, the major surface compound, as the active principle. This compound was also present in the methanolic extract of the leaf residue together with methyl (1-hydroxy-4-oxocyclohexa-2,5-dien-1-yl) acetate, which had the same growth inhibitory effect on the larvae. The presence of these compounds in the foliar surface and tissue suggests a defensive role against herbivores.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01920719
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  • 10
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Mating attempts between the Scarlet Tiger Moth,Callimorpha dominula L., and the Cinnabar Moth,Tyria jacobaeae L. (Lepidoptera: Arctiidae), involve a common sex pheromone composition (1996)
    Springer
    Cellular and molecular life sciences 52 (1996), S. 636-638 
    Details
    ISSN: 1420-9071
    Keywords: Mating ; pheromone ; epoxyheneicosadiene ; enantiomer ; Arctiidae ; Callimorpha ; Tyria ; Lepidoptera
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Abstract It has been suggested that a common sex pheromone composition may account for interspecific sexual interactions observed with certain moths in the Arctiidae. In this study, it is demonstrated that the sex pheromones released by females of the Scarlet Tiger Moth,Callimorpha dominula L., and the Cinnabar Moth,Tyria jacobaeae L., have similar activities and elute at the same retention time on analysis by coupled gas chromatography (GC)-electrophysiology with males from each species. Peak enhancement on GC, chiral GC and coupled GC-mass spectrometry using authentic compounds show that the sex pheromone for bothC. dominula andT. jacobaeae is (3Z,6Z,9S,10R)-9,10-epoxyheneicosa-3,6-diene.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01969746
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  • 11
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Sex pheromones and attractants in the Eucosmini and Grapholitini (Lepidoptera, Tortricidae) (1996)
    Springer
    Chemoecology 7 (1996), S. 13-23 
    Details
    ISSN: 1423-0445
    Keywords: sex pheromone ; synergist ; antagonist ; mate recognition ; reproductive isolation ; chemotaxonomoy ; phylogeny ; evolution ; Lepidoptera ; Tortricidae
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Summary The geometric isomers (E,E)-, (E,Z)-, (Z,E)-, and (Z,Z)-8,10-dodecadien-1-yl acetate were identified as sex pheromone components or sex attractants in the tribes Eucosmini and Grapholitini of the tortricid subfamily Olethreutinae. Species belonging to the more ancestral Tortricinae were not attracted. Each one isomer was behaviourally active in males ofCydia andGrapholita (Grapholitini), either as main pheromone compound, attraction synergist or attraction inhibitor. Their reciprocal attractive/antagonistic activity in a number of species enables specific communication with these four compounds.Pammene, as well as otherGrapholita andCydia responded to the monoenic 8- or 10-dodecen-1-yl acetates. Of the tribes Olethreutini and Eucosmini,Hedya, Epiblema, Eucosma, andNotocelia trimaculana were also attracted to 8,10-dodecadien-1-yl acetates, but several otherNotocelia to 10,12-tetradecadien-1-yl acetates. The female sex pheromones ofC. fagiglandana, C. pyrivora, C. splendana, Epiblema foenella andNotocelia roborana were identified. (E,E)- and (E,Z)-8,10-dodecadien-1-yl acetate are producedvia a commonE9 desaturation pathway inC. splendana. CallingC. nigricana andC. fagiglandana females are attracted to wingfanning males.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01240633
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  • 12
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Neurons discovered in male Helicoverpa zea antennae that correlate with pheromone-mediated attraction and interspecific antagonism (1998)
    Springer
    Journal of comparative physiology 182 (1998), S. 585-594 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-1351
    Keywords: Key wordsHelicoverpa zea ; Noctuidae ; Lepidoptera ; Single-cell recordings ; Antennal neurons
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Abstract Responses of single receptor neurons in the antennae of male Helicoverpa zea to sex pheromone components and to behavioral antagonists were recorded using a cut-sensillum extracellular recording technique. Three types of sensilla were identified from sampling 325 male-specific sensilla trichodea located at the lateral edge of antennomeres. The majority of these sensilla (71%) contained a receptor neuron tuned to the principal sex pheromone component (Z)-11-hexadecenal. A second sensillar type (10%) contained a receptor neuron that responded only to (Z)-9-tetradecenal. A third sensillar type (19%) contained a large-spiking neuron tuned to the secondary pheromone component (Z)-9-hexadecenal, but this neuron also could be stimulated to equivalent spike frequencies by the same emitted amounts of (Z)-9-tetradecenal. A smaller-spiking neuron in this sensillar type responded to two compounds known to act only as behavioral antagonists, (Z)-11-hexadecen-1-ol and (Z)-11-hexadecenyl acetate, and to (Z)-9-tetradecenal. Cross-adaptation studies confirmed the presence of one large- and one small-spiking neuron in the third sensillar type. Dose-response studies correlated to collected stimuli amounts showed that the large-spiking neuron in the third sensillar type was equally tuned to (Z)-9-hexadecenal and (Z)-9-tetradecenal, whereas the smaller-spiking neuron was far more sensitive to (Z)-11-hexadecen-1-ol and to (Z)-11-hexadecenyl acetate than to (Z)-9-tetradecenal.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s003590050205
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  • 13
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Egg protein insolubility inLymantria dispar versus other forest Lepidoptera (1996)
    Springer
    Chemoecology 7 (1996), S. 74-84 
    Details
    ISSN: 1423-0445
    Keywords: protein solubility ; insect yolk protein ; buffering capacity ; phenolics ; Lepidoptera ; gypsy moth ; Lymantria dispar ; Malacosoma disstria ; Choristoneura rosaceana
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Summary A standard buffer (5 mM phosphate at pH 7) which is used to extract protein from insect eggs provided complete protein solubility for eggs from three of four tree-feeding lepidopteran species: obliquebanded leaf roller (Choristoneura rosaceana), forest tent caterpillar (Malacosoma disstria), and the eastern tent caterpillar (Malacosoma americanum). Under the same extraction protocol, egg proteins from the gypsy moth (Lymantria dispar), remained nearly insoluble. An array of methods typically used to solubilize insect egg proteins were tried and all but the most denaturing (2% SDS) were ineffective. Extraction buffers with typically high pH values were then evaluated. The results indicated that 1) solubility of gypsy moth egg proteins was pH dependent, and full solubility of most egg proteins required the extraction buffer to have a pH of 12 or more prior to the addition of eggs. We also determined that 2) the gypsy moth egg has a buffering capacity which must be surpassed for complete protein extraction, 3) low salt/high pH buffers gave slightly higher total protein values than did high salt/high pH buffers, 4) parental nutritional history (host species utilized) and egg developmental state (pre-embryonatedvs postembryonated/pre-hatch) were unrelated to the requirements for complete egg protein solubilization, and 5) the presence of soluble phenolics, compounds that have the potential to bind to protein and cause insolubility, was confirmed for the gypsy moth egg with 2-D paper chromatography and several other tests. Based on these results, we present a hypothesis about the cause of egg protein insolubility in the gypsy moth.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01239484
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  • 14
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Sex pheromone of the cone pyralid Dioryctria abietella (1983)
    Springer
    Entomologia experimentalis et applicata 34 (1983), S. 20-26 
    Details
    ISSN: 1570-7458
    Keywords: Dioryctria abietella ; Cone pyralid ; Lepidoptera ; Pyralidae ; Sex pheromone, (Z,E)-9,11-tetradecadienyl acetate ; Single sensillum recordings ; Electroantennography ; Gas chromatography ; Mass spectrometry
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Description / Table of Contents: Résumé L'analyse en chromatographie gazeuse associée à une détection électroantennographique a montré que l'acétate (Z,E)-9,11-tétradécadiényle (Z,E)-9,11–14:Ac est l'un des composants de la phéromone de Dioryctria abietella Schiff (Lepid.: Pyralidae). Couplage chromatographie en phase gazeuse spectrometrie de masse a montré la présence d'acétate tétradécadiényle avec un spectre de masse et un indice de rétention identiques au Z,E-9,11–14:Ac Un récepteur cellulaire sensible à la fois au Z,E-9,11–14:Ac et à un extrait de la femelle a été identifié sous l'antenne du mâle. Les analyses des antennogrammes et de la cellule isolée ont étayé la caractérisation du composant de la phéromone comme étant Z,E-9,11–14:Ac. Un récepteur cellulaire additionnel sensible à l'acétate (Z.)-9-tétradécadiényle et à l'acétate (Z.E.)-9,12-tétradécadiényle a été trouvé sur l'antenne du mâle, mais il n'était pas activé par l'extrait de la femelle. Sur le terrain Z,E-9,11–14:Ac, présenté seul, attirait des nombres importants de mâles de D. abietella. L'addition de l'acétate (Z)-9-tétradécényle a inhibé l'attraction des mâles par les pièges.
    Notes: Summary Gas chromatographic analyses coupled with electro-antennographic detection indicated that (Z,E)-9,11-tetradecadienyl acetate (Z,E-9, 11–14:Ac) is a pheromone component of the cone pyralid Dioryctria abietella. Gas chromatographic-mass spectrometric analyses confirmed the presence of a tetradecadienyl acetate with mass spectrum and retention index identical to Z,E-9,11–14:Ac. A receptor cell sensitive to both Z,E-9,11–14:Ac and the female extract was identified on the male antenna. An additional receptor cell sensitive to (Z)-9-tetradecenyl acetate and (Z,E)-9,12-tetradecadienyl acetate was found on the male antenna but was not activated by the female extract. In the field Z,E-9,11–14:Ac presented alone attracted significant numbers of male D. abietella. Addition of (Z)-9-tetradecenyl acetate inhibited the attraction of males to traps.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00300895
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  • 15
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Suitability of selected leguminous plants for development of Maruca testulalis larvae (1983)
    Springer
    Entomologia experimentalis et applicata 34 (1983), S. 174-178 
    Details
    ISSN: 1570-7458
    Keywords: Lepidoptera ; Pyralidae ; Maruca testulalis ; Pod borer ; Development ; Nutritional suitability ; Host plant ; Crotalaria ; Vigna unguiculata
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Description / Table of Contents: Résumé Les possibilités de développement larvaire de Maruca testulalis sur les fleurs de huit espèces végétales ont été examinées en laboratoire. La comparaison a porté sur Crotalaria retusa, C. juncea, C. saltiana, C. misereniensis, C. mucronata, C. amazonas, Cajanus cajan et l'hôte principal de cette chenille, Vigna unguiculata. En tenant compte de la mortalité larvaire et des indices de croissance (G.I.), ces plantes ont été divisées en trois catégories principales: 1 celles provoquant une mortalité larvaire de 0–30% et ayant des G.I. ≥60%, constituent les plantes hôtes convenables (Vigna unguiculata seule); 2 les plantes qui provoquent une mortalité larvaire de 30≤50% et ont des G.I. de 30 à 60% de la plante hôte principale (Cajanus cajan, Crotalaria amazonas, C. saltiana, C. mucronata; 3 les plantes qui causent 50–100% de mortalité larvaire et dont les G.I. sont inférieurs à 30% de la plante hôte principale (Crotalaria retusa, C. juncea, C. misereniensis). Les résultats déjà publiés sur les choix du lieu de ponte des femelles et l'utilisation de C. juncea comme plante piège, sont discutés à la lumière de ces données nouvelles.
    Notes: Abstract Flowers of eight plant species were evaluated under laboratory conditions for their suitability as larval growth media for the cowpea pod borer, Maruca testulalis. The plants tested were Crotalaria retusa, C. juncea, C. saltiana, C. misereniensis, C. amazonas, Cajanus cajan and the principal host of the borer, Vigna unguiculata (cowpea), was included for comparison. Based on the data obtained on larval mortality and growth indices (GI) the plants were divided into 3 categories namely: I: Those causing 0–30% mortality and having GI value ≥60% form suitable host plants. This group only included V. unguiculata. — II: Those plant species causing 30≤50% larval mortality and having GI value 30%≤60% of the principal host plant (Cajanus cajan, Crotalaria amazonas, C. saltiana, C. mucronata). This group of species is marginally suitable as hosts. — III: Plants causing 50–100% larval mortality and having GI value ≤30% of principal host plant (C. retusa, C. juncea and C. misereniensis). Previously published data on the oviposition preference of the adult moth are discussed in the light of the present findings and the use of C. juncea as a possible trap crop.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00338666
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    Food plant specialization and feeding efficiency in the tent caterpillars Malacosoma disstria and M. americanum (1981)
    Springer
    Entomologia experimentalis et applicata 30 (1981), S. 106-110 
    Details
    ISSN: 1570-7458
    Keywords: assimilation efficiency ; growth efficiency ; niche breadth ; specialization ; hostplant relations ; plant-insect interactions ; Malacosoma americanum ; Malacosoma disstria ; Lasiocampidae ; Lepidoptera
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Description / Table of Contents: Zusammenfassung Raupen von Malacosoma americanum, einer oligophagen Art, die sich vor allem auf Prunus und andern baumartigen Rosaceen. entwickelt, wurden mit Raupen der polyphageren Verwandten M. disstria in Hinblick auf die Verwertung der Blätter ihres gemeinsames Wirtes Prunus serotina verglichen. Wirerhielten ähnliche Werte wie sie früher für andere Lepidopteren publiziert worden waren und zwar in Bezug auf die üblichen Messwerte, Anteil verwertete Nahrung, Wachstum in Trockengewicht pro Einheit gefressene oder verwertete Nahrung. Zudem unterschieden sich die beiden Arten in keiner Masszahl für Effizienz. Unsere Resultate sind im Einklang mit der Folgerung, das spezialisierte phytophage Insekten ihre Wirtspflanzen nicht besser ausnützen als as polyphage Arten tun.
    Notes: Abstract Larvae of Malacosoma americanum (F.) an oligophagous species that feeds primarily on Prunus and other rosaceous trees, were compared to larvae of the more highly polyphagous congener M. disstria Hb., with respect to the efficiency of utilization of the foliage of a common host plant, Prunus serotina Ehrh. We obtained values similar to those reported for other Lepidoptera for the commonly used measures of the fraction of ingested food that was assimilated, and for the growth in dry weight per unit of food ingested or assimilated. Moreover, the two species did not differ in any measure of efficiency. Our results are compatible with the conclusion that specialized phytophagous insects do not use their host plants with greater physiological efficiency than do generalized insects.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00300873
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    Mutual inhibition of sex attractants for males ofRecarvaria nanella andR. leucatella (1995)
    Springer
    Entomologia experimentalis et applicata 77 (1995), S. 347-350 
    Details
    ISSN: 1570-7458
    Keywords: inhibition ; sex attractant ; Recurvaria nanella ; R. leucatella ; (3E)-3-tetradecenyl acetate ; (3E, 5Z)-3,5-tetradecadienyl acetate ; (5Z)-5-tetradecenyl acetate ; Lepidoptera ; Gelechiidae
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02383070
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    Induced food preferences in caterpillars: the need to identify mechanisms (1996)
    Springer
    Entomologia experimentalis et applicata 78 (1996), S. 1-8 
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    ISSN: 1570-7458
    Keywords: induction ; imprinting ; learning ; caterpillar ; Lepidoptera ; experience ; diet breadth
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract This review discusses the ambiguity of results obtained from dual-choice feeding tests, especially in relation to the study of effects of experience. Induced preference experiments done this way can be caused by up to nine potential changes in caterpillar behavior. In addition different physiological mechanisms that could lead to the process of induced preference are discussed. These include habituation to deterrents, the increased ability to process xenobiotics, the acquisition of specific positive responses, sensitization, and associative learning. These different processes might relate to function in different ways so that distinguishing them is important to progress in understanding the phenomenon. Suggestions for experimental designs that provide details on processes involved are indicated.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00304451
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    Interspecific competition between two parasitoids of Helicoverpa zea: Eucelatoria bryani and E. rubentis (1996)
    Springer
    Entomologia experimentalis et applicata 79 (1996), S. 227-234 
    Details
    ISSN: 1570-7458
    Keywords: Helicoverpa zea ; Lepidoptera ; Noctuidae ; Eucelatoria bryani ; Eucelatoria rubentis ; Diptera ; Tachinidae ; parasitoid competition ; host discrimination
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Multiple parasitism of Helicoverpa zea (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae) had differential effects on the gregarious endoparasitoids Eucelatoria bryani and E. rubentis (Diptera: Tachinidae). Both species were able to survive in multiparasitized hosts. However while the survival of E. bryani was not affected by the presence of E. rubentis, E. rubentis survival was reduced when competing with 24-h older E. bryani. The presence of E. rubentis did not result in a decrease in the size of E. bryani except when E. rubentis was 24-h older than E. bryani. The presence of E. bryani tended to result in smaller E. rubentis. The presence of similarly aged heterospecific competitors often resulted in prolonged development time for both species. Naïve females did not alter oviposition between unparasitized and heterospecifically parasitized fifth-instar larvae of H. zea, either by ovipositing less frequently in parasitized hosts than unparasitized ones, or by reducing clutch size in parasitized hosts. These results indicate that in H. zea, E. bryani is a superior competitor compared with E. rubentis. These factors should be considered in evaluating the potential of E. bryani and E. rubentis as biological control agents of H. zea.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00343343
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    Identification and field optimisation of the female sex pheromone of the rice leaffolder,Cnaphalocrocis medinalis in India (1995)
    Springer
    Entomologia experimentalis et applicata 74 (1995), S. 195-200 
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    ISSN: 1570-7458
    Keywords: rice leaffolder ; Cnaphalocrocis medinalis ; Lepidoptera ; Pyralidae ; (Z)-11-hexadecenyl acetate ; (Z)-13-octadecenyl acetate ; (Z)-13-octadecen-1-ol ; octadecyl acetate ; sex pheromone ; attractant
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Analysis of ovipositor washings from virgin femaleCnaphalocrocis medinalis Guenée (Lepidoptera: Pyralidae) of Indian origin by linked gas chromatography and electroantennography indicated the presence of three electrophysiologically-active compounds. These were identified on the basis of their gas chromatographic retention times and mass spectra as (Z)-11-hexadecenyl acetate, (Z)-13-octadecenyl acetate and (Z)-13-octadecen-1-ol with (Z)-13-octadecenyl acetate present in amounts of between 0.25 and 1.5 ng per ovipositor and the other two components at less than 10% of this. Trace quantities of octadecyl acetate were identified by mass spectrometry but no electroantennographic responses were observed to this compound. Field trials conducted with a range of blends of the three electrophysiologically-active compounds showed that blends containing between 5% and 30% (Z)-11-hexadecenyl acetate in (Z)-13-octadecenyl acetate dispensed from either white rubber septa or polythene vials were more attractive to male moths than a virgin female moth. Addition of (Z)-13-octadecen-1-ol reduced attractiveness to male moths in the blends and concentrations tested.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02381782
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    In vitro rearing of Campoletis sonorensis, a larval endoparasitoid of Heliothis virescens from egg to third instar in an artificial medium devoid of insect sources (1997)
    Springer
    Entomologia experimentalis et applicata 85 (1997), S. 263-273 
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    ISSN: 1570-7458
    Keywords: in vitro rearing ; Campoletis sonorensis ; Hymenoptera ; Ichneumonidae ; Heliothis virescens ; Lepidoptera ; Noctuidae ; artificial medium ; sugars ; amino acids ; proteins ; luminosity ; medium volume
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Campoletis sonorensis is a solitary larval endoparasitoid of several Heliothis spp. pests. This study was carried out to develop media devoid of insect sources for in vitro rearing the parasitoid. Trehalose, lysine, threonine, asparagine, glutamine, hydroxyproline, serine, bovine serum albumin, and lactalbumin were beneficial to C. sonorensis. Addition of fresh chicken egg yolk at a low level improved the artificial media. Addition of 20-hydroxyecdysone increased the molting rate, reduced the critical size at molt and decreased development time. Parasitoid development in vitro was dependent on eggs that had been in the host for at least 22 h. Luminosity was also critical for the development of C. sonorensis in vitro. Optimal development occurred in a L14:D10 photoperiod at 43 Lux light intensity. Utilizing the best media and conditions, 100% of the parasitoid larvae reached the second instar and over 37% molted to the third instar. However, no further development occurred.
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    Identification of the sex pheromone of Ostrinia palustralis (1998)
    Springer
    Entomologia experimentalis et applicata 86 (1998), S. 313-318 
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    ISSN: 1570-7458
    Keywords: Ostrinia palustralis ; sex pheromone ; identification ; (E)-11-tetradecenyl acetate ; (Z)-11-tetradecenyl acetate ; Lepidoptera ; Pyralidae
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract By means of gas chromatography with electroantennographic detection, gas chromatography-mass spectrometry and a series of bioassays, (E)-11-tetradecenyl acetate (E11-14:OAc) and (Z)-11-tetradecenyl acetate (Z11-14:OAc) at a ratio of 99:1 were identified as female sex pheromone components of Ostrinia palustralis. The average amounts of E11- 14:OAc and Z11-14:OAc in a single sex pheromone gland were 37.2±24.4 ng and 0.3±0.2 ng, respectively. In a wind-tunnel bioassay, the binary blend of E11- and Z11-14:OAc elicited the same male behavioral responses as did virgin females.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1003135501742
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    Dynamics of EAG responses to host-plant volatiles delivered by a gas chromatograph (1996)
    Springer
    Entomologia experimentalis et applicata 80 (1996), S. 120-123 
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    ISSN: 1570-7458
    Keywords: electroantennography ; Lepidoptera ; plant odours ; Ostrinia nubilalis
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00194740
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    Behaviour of pink bollworm males near high-dose, point sources of pheromone in field wind tunnels: insights into mechanisms of mating disruption (1998)
    Springer
    Entomologia experimentalis et applicata 89 (1998), S. 35-46 
    Details
    ISSN: 1570-7458
    Keywords: Lepidoptera ; Gelechiidae ; Pectinophora gossypiella ; cotton ; pheromone ; wind tunnel ; attraction
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract The mechanisms by which the application of formulated pheromone interferes with mating in the pink bollworm moth (PBW), Pectinophora gossypiella were examined in 0.4 ha cotton fields using high-dose (78 mg A.I.) sealed polyethylene dispensers. Walk-in, field wind tunnels 6.2 m long were placed over two rows of cotton. Treatments consisted of a control, a tunnel in a field free of disruptant formulation; a 3-rope treatment, in which the field was free of pheromone but one of the cotton rows in the wind tunnel was treated with 3 PBW ropes; and a rope-grid treatment, in which the field was treated with PBW ropes at the standard density of 1000 ha−1 and one of the cotton rows inside the wind tunnel was treated with 3 PBW ropes. We released marked males into the tunnels near sunset or held them in field cages for 24 h prior to assay. Two pheromone traps at the tunnel's upwind end monitored the ability of males to locate point sources of pheromone. In the 3-rope tunnel, traps placed upwind of the cotton row treated with disruptant pheromone captured far fewer males than those placed upwind of the untreated cotton row. In the tunnel situated in the centre of the rope-gridded field, very few males were caught in traps in both rows, indicating a camouflage of the pheromone plumes from the traps by the background of airborne disruptant drawn into the tunnel from the field. Activity of moths near the synthetic pheromone sources was video-recorded. Males oriented to, landed on or near, and walked on or near, PBW ropes, indicating competition between pheromone sources as a mechanism of mating disruption. Most males visiting PBW ropes became quiescent or disappeared from the field of view after a few minutes, suggesting a habituation/adaptation of response. The rhythm of attraction of males held in the field for 24 h before release was comprised of a small peak of activity near 2000 h, with the majority of attraction between 2300 and 0300 h. Much of the attraction before 0100 appears to be an advancement of the male's normal diel rhythm, caused by the presence of disruptant. Together these findings indicate that mating disruption of pink bollworm using the PBW ropes is achieved by a combination of mechanisms: a camouflage of natural plumes, competition between pheromone sources, habituation, and some advancement of the male's rhythm of response.
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    Transport and kinetics of diflubenzuron and pyriproxyfen in the beet armywormSpodoptera exigua and its predatorPodisus maculiventris (1995)
    Springer
    Entomologia experimentalis et applicata 76 (1995), S. 189-194 
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    ISSN: 1570-7458
    Keywords: insect growth regulators ; diflubenzuron ; pyriproxyfen ; Podisus maculiventris ; Heteroptera ; predation ; Spodoptera exigua ; Lepidoptera ; side-effects
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Transport and retention of the insect growth regulators (IGRs) diflubenzuron and pyriproxyfen in larvae of the beet armywormSpodoptera exigua (Hübner) and in nymphs of the predatory bugPodisus maculiventris (Say) were investigated. In a first experiment, the retention of orally administered [14C]radiolabeled isotopes of both compounds in fifth-instar larvae of the beet armyworm was studied. Rate of excretion of both IGRs inS. exigua caterpillars was high, with a 50% excretion time of approximately 6 h after intake. In a second experiment, the transport of the compounds from prey to predator and their retention inside the predator were studied. Fifthinstar nymphs ofP. maculiventris were allowed to feed on caterpillars that had been given contaminated food. For both diflubenzuron and pyriproxyfen, more than 80% of the amount of radiolabel applied was recovered in consumed prey. Low levels of radioactivity (c. 3% of the applied amount of radiolabel) were also found in the fluid regurgitated by the prey larvae when attacked by the predatory bugs. Relatively small amounts of radiolabel (c. 8 and 15% of the amount orally applied to the prey for diflubenzuron and pyriproxyfen, respectively) were ingested byP. maculiventris nymphs when feeding on beet armyworm caterpillars. The data suggest that the predators did not use gut content as food. The pattern of excretion in nymphs ofP. maculiventris differed between compounds. For diflubenzuron, there was a drastic decrease of radioactivity inside the predator body of around 40% within the first 6 h and then the level of retained radiolabel remained stable at 3–4% up to 72 h. For pyriproxyfen, a slow decrease of radioactivity inside the body was observed and at 72 h only 2% of the applied quantity was detected. Results of this study are discussed in relation to the findings from previous studies on the toxicity of both IGRs toP. maculiventris.
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    Morphological and electrophysiological characteristics of the epipharyngeal sensilla of the silkworm, Bombyx mori (1995)
    Springer
    Entomologia experimentalis et applicata 77 (1995), S. 167-176 
    Details
    ISSN: 1570-7458
    Keywords: epipharyngeal sensilla ; contact chemoreception ; electrophysiology ; Lepidoptera ; Bombyx mori
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract One pair of gustatory sensilla was found on the epipharynx ofBombyx mori larvae, and some morphological and electrophysiological characteristics of the epipharyngeal sensilla were investigated. They are sensilla coeloconica composed of a small papilla with a pore at the tip and a swelling of cuticle encircling the papilla. Three bipolar neurons innervate each sensillum. One neuron is an inositol receptor which responds to inositol only. Another cell responds with action potentials of relatively large amplitude to some feeding deterrent substances, such as strychnine nitrate. The thresholds of these cells for inositol and strychnine nitrate are approximately 10−4 M and 10−7 M, respectively. At least two kinds of spikes can be observed when these sensilla are stimulated with some salts and acids. Dose-response relationships and time courses of responses to inositol and strychnine nitrate were also examined in this study.
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    Electroantennogram, wind tunnel and field responses of male Mediterranean corn borer, Sesamia nonagrioides, to several blends of its sex pheromone components (1997)
    Springer
    Entomologia experimentalis et applicata 82 (1997), S. 121-127 
    Details
    ISSN: 1570-7458
    Keywords: Sesamia nonagrioides ; Lepidoptera ; Noctuidae ; sex pheromone ; pest monitoring ; electrophysiological behaviour ; EAG ; wind tunnel tests ; field tests ; (Z)-11-hexadecen-1-yl acetate ; (Z)-11-hexadecen-1-ol ; (Z)-11-hexadecenal ; dodecyl acetate
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract The electrophysiological and behavioural responses of male Sesamia nonagrioides Lefèbvre (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae) to several synthetic blends of its sex pheromone components were investigated. Electroantennogram (EAG) recordings showed the greatest response to a 77:8:10:5 blend of the four compounds found in the female glands: (Z)-11-hexadecen-1-yl acetate, (Z)-11-hexadecen-1-ol, (Z)-11-hexadecenal and dodecyl acetate. A logistic equation was fitted to the dose-response data and differences in relative EAG responses were analysed by deriving five parameters of this equation. Flight responses of males were also evaluated in a wind tunnel where the proposed blend (77:8:10:5) also elicited the best response. Field tests confirmed the laboratory findings as the 77:8:10:5 blend captured more S. nonagrioides males than other pheromone mixtures and showed more selectivity for male S. nonagrioides over other noctuid species, Discestra trifolii Rottenberg and Lacanobia oleracea L., but not for Mythimna unipuncta Haworth, a species with a sex pheromone composition almost identical to that of S. nonagrioides.
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    Effects of heavy metal stress on free amino acids in the haemolymph and proteins in haemolymph and total body tissue of Lymantria dispar larvae parasitized by Glyptapanteles liparidis (1996)
    Springer
    Entomologia experimentalis et applicata 79 (1996), S. 61-68 
    Details
    ISSN: 1570-7458
    Keywords: insect ; parasitoid ; protein ; free amino acid ; cadmiun ; lead ; copper ; zinc ; Lepidoptera ; Hymenoptera
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Heavy metal contamination of the forest pest insect Lymantria dispar (L.) (Lepidoptera; Lymantriidae), the gypsy moth, can alter its haemolymph composition, as has already been shown for carbohydrates and lipids in recent studies. L. dispar larvae are frequently parasitized by Glyptapanteles liparidis (Bouché) (Hymenoptera; Braconidae) larvae, which can—to some extent—regulate the population size of the pest insect. The parasitoids feed on the haemolymph of L. dispar larvae; hence, a different haemolymph composition of the host alters the trophic situation of the parasitoids. The aim of the present study was to investigate whether metal contamination also affects the concentrations of free amino acids in L. dispar haemolymph, and protein concentrations in their haemolymph and tissue. L. dispar larvae were parasitized on the first day of the second instar and then reared on diets contaminated with Cd, Pb, Cu or Zn at two concentrations each. Haemolymph and total body tissue of the larvae (fourth instar/third day) were analyzed. The concentrations of the free amino acids were elevated in five out of the eight contamination groups (Cd6, Pb4, Cu6, Cu10, Zn60), whereas haemolymph protein concentrations were significantly reduced in all contaminated individuals. The haemolymph protein concentration was 18 mg/ml in the control group and decreased to less than 10 mg/ml due to cadmium and zinc contamination at both concentrations and in the low copper contamination group. In contrast, total body proteins (136 μg/mg dry weight in the control group) were elevated due to heavy metal stress. Analyses of haemolymph protein concentrations during the fourth instar demonstrated an increase of the proteins from day one to day four (followed by a decrease on the fifth day) in the control group and the cadmium contamination group. A steady increase of proteins from the first to the fifth day in the copper and zinc contaminated larvae indicated a retarded development in these groups. Thus, the present study along with other recent studies demonstrated, that heavy metal stress changes the concentrations of all main haemolymph compounds of L. dispar larvae.
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    Adult female and neonate larval plant preferences of the generalist herbivore, Epiphyas postvittana (1999)
    Springer
    Entomologia experimentalis et applicata 92 (1999), S. 53-62 
    Details
    ISSN: 1570-7458
    Keywords: Lepidoptera ; Tortricidae ; host selection ; correlation ; lightbrown apple moth
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract The polyphagous leafroller moth, Epiphyas postvittana, is a pest of many fruit crops in New Zealand. Since the larva is highly mobile, host selection in this insect may involve both the adult female and the larva. In order to test the relative importance of the adult female and the neonate larva in the selection of host plants, the ovipositional preferences of females, and the preferences or acceptances of neonate larvae towards 26 plant species, consisting of 15 plants considered hosts and 11 not considered hosts, were investigated. In the ovipositional tests, the mean preferences of females for hosts and non-hosts were very similar. In contrast, larvae showed a significantly greater mean preference or acceptance towards hosts than to non-hosts, in both choice and no-choice bioassays, respectively. There were highly significant correlations between the preferences and acceptances of larvae for plants in the choice and no-choice tests. In the no-choice tests, there was a highly significant correlation between the acceptances of neonate larvae towards plants after one and three days (i.e., acceptances changed little over time). Moreover, in these no-choice tests, there was a significant negative correlation between larval acceptance at 1 day and larval mortality after 3 days; that is, the less acceptable a given plant at 1 day, the more likely larvae would fail to establish, feed, and survive on it by three days. Female and larval preferences towards the various plants were also negatively correlated. Together, these data suggest that the selection of a plant for the neonate larva to feed on is largely governed by the preferences of the larva, rather than by the preferences of the female. However, selection of a plant for oviposition by the female, may be important in host selection for reasons unrelated to larval preferences, for example, by encouraging dispersal, perhaps to other plant species, of the neonate larvae and thereby decreasing intersibling competition.
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    The diapause syndrome in the seed-eating caterpillar of Coleophora alticolella (1999)
    Springer
    Entomologia experimentalis et applicata 92 (1999), S. 321-330 
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    ISSN: 1570-7458
    Keywords: rush moth ; Juncus squarrosus ; fluctuating food resources ; ‘bet-hedging’ ; Lepidoptera
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Adult emergence in Coleophora alticolella held at 15 °C was accelerated by exposure to L18:D6 in autumn and midwinter. The effect decreased during winter and exposure of individuals, held at low temperature over winter, to L18:D6 or L6:D18 at 15 °C at the end of March resulted in the same mean emergence date. Long daylength experienced at 5 °C did not promote emergence nor did exposure to low temperature during winter. The number of adults emerging increased with the length of time cultures were held on short day but was always below 50% of the larvae. When larvae were exposed to L18:D6 and L6:D18 at 15 °C at the end of March, on long day 61% adults emerged and 39% remained in diapause, whereas on short day, 25% became adult and 75% remained diapausing larvae. The possibility of cohort splitting, with some individuals undergoing prolonged diapause, is discussed.
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    Mortality of eggs, larvae and pupae and larval dispersal of the cabbage moth, Mamestra brassicae, in white cabbage in south-eastern Norway (1997)
    Springer
    Entomologia experimentalis et applicata 83 (1997), S. 347-360 
    Details
    ISSN: 1570-7458
    Keywords: dispersal ; Lepidoptera ; Mamestra brassicae ; mortality ; Noctuidae ; parasitism ; predation ; survival rate ; white cabbage
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract The mortality of eggs, larvae and pupae and larval dispersal of the cabbage moth, Mamestra brassicae (L.) (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae) was investigated in a series of small-scale field experiments in white cabbage, Brassicae oleracea var. capitata (L.), and in the laboratory during 1990–1992 in south–eastern Norway. The highest mortality was found in young larvae and in hibernating pupae. In 1990, larval mortality in the first instar was 80% (range 9–97% for the individual cohorts). Most larvae died within the first 1–3 days after hatching. The dispersal activity during these days was high, and failure to establish feeding sites and predation were probably the main mortality causes. Pupal mortality during winter was 90% on average for 1990–1993 (range 81–100%). The main mortality factor was probably unfavourable weather conditions, and indications of cold stress were found. The impact from parasitoids and diseases was generally low. Trichogramma semblidis (Aurivillius) (Trichogrammatidae) was reared from M. brassicae eggs in very low numbers in 1991. Larval parasitism increased from 〈 1% in 1990 to almost 24% in 1992, and was almost totally caused by the braconids Microplitis mediator (Haliday) and Aleiodes (Aleiodes) sp. Predation of frozen larvae on the soil surface was 75% on average (range 63–96%) during 1990–1992 in first instar larvae and decreased gradually with larval age. The consumption rates of Philonthus atratus (Gravenhorst) (Staphylinidae) and the carabids Bembidion tetracolum (Say), Pterostichus melanarius (Illiger) and Harpalus rufipes (Degeer) on M. brassicae eggs and larvae were investigated in non-choice experiments in the laboratory. A preliminary survival model based on estimates of the mortality factors identified in this study is presented.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1003049010620
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    Desensitization of fifth instar Spodoptera litura to azadirachtin and neem (1996)
    Springer
    Entomologia experimentalis et applicata 81 (1996), S. 307-313 
    Details
    ISSN: 1570-7458
    Keywords: feeding deterrents ; desensitization ; habituation ; azadirachtin ; neem ; Spodoptera litura ; Lepidoptera ; Noctuidae
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract The deterrence of azadirachtin, in its pure form and as a constituent of neem seed extract, to fifth instar Spodoptera litura (Fab.) larvae, was measured using cabbage, Brassica oleraceae (L.) var. capitata, leaf disc assays. Paired-choice assays, in which larvae could choose between feeding on a treated (1.3 ng azadirachtin per square cm leaf area) or an untreated leaf disc for 2 h, were conducted at 24 h intervals throughout the fifth instar. In addition, no-choice assays, in which larvae could feed on only one leaf disc (10 ng azadirachtin per square cm leaf area) for 1.5 h, were conducted consecutively over a six hour period at the beginning of the fifth instar. The effects of hunger and habituation on desensitization in our no-choice tests were partitioned. After repeated exposures, larvae became desensitized to pure azadirachtinal in both choice and no-choice tests, but did not desensitize to neem containing the same absolute amount of azadirachtin in choice tests. Hunger was responsible for approximately one third of the desensitization response in the no-choice tests. Sensitivity to azadirachtin was independent of age within the fifth instar.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00187040
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    A portable electroantennogram sensor for routine measurements of pheromone concentrations in greenhouses (1998)
    Springer
    Entomologia experimentalis et applicata 87 (1998), S. 209-209 
    Details
    ISSN: 1570-7458
    Keywords: Chrysodeixis chalcites ; EAG ; electroantennography ; electrophysiology ; greenhouse cultures ; Lepidoptera ; mating disruption ; Noctuidae ; paprika ; pheromone distribution ; sex pheromones ; sweet pepper
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Mating disruption using pheromone dispensers is an emerging insect control method in greenhouses in the Netherlands. For routine measurements of the pheromone level in greenhouses a portable and compact device based on electroantennography (EAG) was developed. The instrument was tested in different greenhouses under varying conditions using antennae of males of the noctuid moth Chrysodeixis chalcites. Relative differences in pheromone concentration between greenhouses loaded with pheromone dispensers and control greenhouses could be measured in a reliable way. Changes in pheromone concentration were clearly demonstrated by measurements during the growing season. The advantages of the instrument presented over previously described devices are its true portableness, ease of use and uncomplicated measuring principle. The device can be operated routinely by non-experts, and many measurements can be made in a short period of time. Preliminary outdoor measurements using antennae of male Cydia pomonella as sensor showed the potential of the instrument for use in the open field. The portable EAG sensor described here may provide a practical means for monitoring pheromone concentration and dispersal from dispensers applied for mating disruption.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1003290202153
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    Development of pheromone-based mating disruption for control of the eye-spotted bud moth, Spilonota ocellana (1998)
    Springer
    Entomologia experimentalis et applicata 88 (1998), S. 101-107 
    Details
    ISSN: 1570-7458
    Keywords: sex pheromone ; pheromone-based mating disruption ; Spilonota ocellana ; Lepidoptera ; Tortricidae
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract The potential for pheromone-based mating disruption of eye-spotted bud moth (ESBM), Spilonota ocellana (Denis & Schiffermüller) (Lepidoptera: Tortricidae), in apple orchards in the Okanagan Valley of British Columbia was examined in small-plot trials. In a preliminary experiment, treatment of the orchard atmosphere with a 99:1 blend of Z8-tetradecenyl acetate (Z8-14:OAc) and Z8-tetradecenyl alcohol (Z8-14:OH) completely inhibited captures of male ESBM in pheromone-baited traps, but treatment with Z8-14:OAc alone did not. Therefore, all subsequent trials used the two-component blend as a disruptant. Mean catches of male ESBM in traps baited with 0.1, 1, 10, or 20 mg of 99:1 Z8-14:OAc and Z8-14:OH were significantly reduced (81–97%) in pheromone-treated plots relative to similar traps placed in control plots. In both control and treated plots, there was a significant positive relationship between trap bait dose and trap catch. In pheromone-treated plots, this suggests that high doses of trap baits over-ride the camouflage effect of disruption or overcome the effect of sensory adaptation and habituation. The number of virgin-female baited traps capturing at least one male ESBM was reduced by 96%, and mating of virgin females on mating tables was reduced by 95% in plots treated with the two-component pheromone. The total amount of Z8-14:OAc released from pheromone disruption dispensers during the latter field trials was estimated to average 6.4 g ha-1 over 11 days or 26.4 mg ha-1 h-1. The low levels of Z8-14:OH released from disruption dispensers could not be estimated by GC analysis. Dispensers loaded with a 99:1 blend of Z8-14:OAc and Z8-14:OH were highly attractive to males in baited traps, indicating that they have the potential to induce false trail following.
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    Reidentification of the female sex pheromone of the Indian meal moth, Plodia interpunctella: evidence for a four-component pheromone blend (1999)
    Springer
    Entomologia experimentalis et applicata 92 (1999), S. 137-146 
    Details
    ISSN: 1570-7458
    Keywords: Lepidoptera ; Pyralidae ; Plodia interpunctella ; Indian meal moth ; pheromone components ; GC-EAD ; stored-product pest ; behaviour ; flight tunnel ; trapping ; Ephestia kuehniella
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Pheromone gland extracts from calling female Plodia interpunctella contained at least seven compounds that consistently elicited electroantennographic responses from male antennae upon gas chromatographic analysis. Three of these compounds were found to be the previously identified gland constituents, i.e., (Z,E)-9,12-tetradecadienyl acetate (Z9,E12-14:OAc), (Z,E)-9,12-tetradecadienal (Z9,E12-14:Ald) and (Z,E)-9,12-tetradecadienol (Z9,E12-14:OH). A fourth EAD-active compound was identified as (Z)-9-tetradecenyl acetate (Z9-14:OAc). The homologue (Z)-11-hexadecenyl acetate (Z11-16:OAc) was also identified in the extracts, but showed no EAD activity. The identity of all five compounds was confirmed by comparison of GC retention times and mass spectra with those of synthetic standards. In flight tunnel tests there were no significant differences in response of male P. interpunctella to the bait containing all four EAD-active compounds and the responses to female gland extacts. A behavioural assay of different two-compound blends in the flight tunnel showed that only addition of the corresponding aldehyde to the major pheromone component Z9,E12-14:OAc raised the male response. A subtractive assay, however, revealed that the exclusion of any of the compounds from the complete four-compound blend reduced its activity significantly. We thus conclude that the female-produced sex pheromone of P. interpunctella consists of at least four components, i.e., Z9,E12-14:OAc, Z9,E12-14:Ald, Z9,E12-14:OH and Z9-14:OAc. In a field trapping test performed in a storage facility, the four-component blend attracted significantly more males of P. interpunctella than traps baited with Z9,E12-14:OAc alone. In contrast, the highest number of Ephestia kuehniella males was found in the traps baited with this major component, suggesting that the secondary pheromone components contribute to the species specificity of the blend.
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    Olfactory and gustatory behaviour by larvae of shape Lobesia botrana in response to shape Botrytis cinerea (1998)
    Springer
    Entomologia experimentalis et applicata 88 (1998), S. 1-7 
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    ISSN: 1570-7458
    Keywords: Lobesia botrana ; Lepidoptera ; Tortricidae ; fungus ; Botrytis cinerea ; attraction ; olfaction ; gustation ; olfactometer ; larval behaviour
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract In vineyards, larvae of Lobesia botrana (Denis and Schiffermüller) (Lepidoptera: Tortricidae) and Botrytis cinerea (Persoon: Fries) often occur together. This study was carried out to establish whether first instar larvae are attracted by the fungus. Olfactory and gustatory responses of larvae to the fungus were investigated on grape berry clusters (Vitis vinifera) and in two types of olfactometer. In clusters infected partly by B. cinerea, 82% of first instar larvae settled where berries had been infected. In the olfactometers, first instar larvae detected and discriminated between two tested foods. They significantly preferred synthetic media or grape berries (cv., 'Alphonse Lavallée' or 'Cabernet Sauvignon') infected with B. cinerea to non-infected controls. The olfactory response led to 62.2% to 72.6% of the first instar larvae attracted by the fungus and the association of olfactory with gustatory responses resulted in similar rates (64.1% to 81.6%). So, the larvae were most attracted by synthetic media or grape berries infected by the fungus as compared to the controls. Olfaction appears to be the main sense involved in this attraction process.
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    Survivorship of Australian Othreis fullonia on Erythrina variegata: hypotheses for development of host-plant biotypes in the Pacific (1996)
    Springer
    Entomologia experimentalis et applicata 80 (1996), S. 145-148 
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    ISSN: 1570-7458
    Keywords: fruit-piercing moths ; Pacific biotypes ; Lepidoptera ; Noctuidae ; Fabaceae ; Menispermaceae
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00194744
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    Effects of food plant on phenotypic plasticity in the tropical butterfly Bicyclus anynana (1996)
    Springer
    Entomologia experimentalis et applicata 80 (1996), S. 149-151 
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    ISSN: 1570-7458
    Keywords: Lepidoptera ; Satyridae ; wing pattern induction ; food plant quality
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00194745
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    Odorant-binding proteins and their role in the detection of plant odours (1996)
    Springer
    Entomologia experimentalis et applicata 80 (1996), S. 15-18 
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    ISSN: 1570-7458
    Keywords: pheromone-binding protein ; general odorant-binding protein ; sensillum trichodeum ; sensillum basiconicum ; Lepidoptera ; immunocytochemistry
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00194714
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    Direct and indirect responses of parasitoids to plants: sex ratio, plant quality and herbivore diet breadth (1996)
    Springer
    Entomologia experimentalis et applicata 80 (1996), S. 289-292 
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    ISSN: 1570-7458
    Keywords: tri-trophic interactions ; demography ; diamondback moth ; Plutella xylostella ; Lepidoptera ; Plutellidae ; Diadegma insulare ; Hymenoptera ; Ichneumonidae ; cabbage looper ; Trichoplusia ; Noctuidae ; Patrocloides montanus ; Cruciferae ; Brassica oleracea ; B. nigra ; fertilization ; sex ratio
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00194777
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    A new ‘Cold Pocket’ hypothesis to explain local host preference shifts in Papilio canadensis (1996)
    Springer
    Entomologia experimentalis et applicata 80 (1996), S. 315-319 
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    ISSN: 1570-7458
    Keywords: phylogeny ; host shift ; climate ; abiotic thermal constraints ; leaf quality ; phenology ; larval growth ; oviposition preference ; Lepidoptera
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00194782
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    Cross habituation to feeding deterrents and acceptance of a marginal host plant byPieris rapae larvae (1995)
    Springer
    Entomologia experimentalis et applicata 76 (1995), S. 295-302 
    Details
    ISSN: 1570-7458
    Keywords: Pieris rapae ; Lepidoptera ; Pieridae ; Tropaeolum majus ; nasturtium ; feeding deterrent ; habituation ; cardenolide ; wheat germ diet
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Sensitivity of the cabbage butterfly,Pieris rapae L. to feeding deterrents was compared for larvae reared on different food sources under laboratory conditions. Since cabbage-reared larvae normally reject nasturtium,Tropaeolum majus L., the effects of previous exposure to allelochemicals on larval acceptance or rejection of this plant were also examined. When compared with cabbage-reared larvae, nasturtium-reared larvae were less sensitive to feeding deterrents including cymarin, erysimoside and 2-O-β-d-glucosyl cucurbitacin E. Nasturtium-reared larvae were insensitive to chlorogenic acid, which was deterrent to cabbage-reared larvae. Feeding by larvae reared on a wheat germ diet was not deterred by these compounds. The results indicate that dietary experience can extensively affect larval sensitivity to feeding deterrents and that cross habituation of larvae to deterrents occurs in response to certain chemical constituents of nasturtium and wheat germ diet. Digitoxin, however, proved to be an exception. Larvae reared on either nasturtium or wheat germ diet were as sensitive to digitoxin as those reared on cabbage. Previous results have shown that rejectionof nasturtium by cabbage-reared larvae is due to the presence of strong feeding deterrents in this plant. However, more than 50% of 2nd instar larvae reared from neonate on cabbage leaves treated with strophanthidin, cymarin, erysimoside, digitoxigenin and digitoxin accepted nasturtium as a food source. 2-O-β-d-glucosyl cucurbitacin E, 2-O-β-d-glucosyl cucurbitacin I and rutin were also active in causing larvae to feed on nasturtium. Thus dietary exposure to unrelated plant chemicals can profoundly affect insect acceptance of a plant that contains feeding deterrents.
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    Pheromone-mediated mating disruption of Choristoneura rosaceana: is the most attractive blend really the most effective? (1999)
    Springer
    Entomologia experimentalis et applicata 90 (1999), S. 37-47 
    Details
    ISSN: 1570-7458
    Keywords: Choristoneura rosaceana ; obliquebanded leafroller ; Lepidoptera ; Tortricidae ; mating disruption ; mechanisms ; pheromone
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract An attractive four-component pheromone blend containing a major component Z11-tetradecenyl acetate, and three minor components, E11-tetradecenyl acetate, Z11-tetradecenyl alcohol, and Z11-tetradecenyl aldehyde was tested as a mating disruptant against western Canadian populations of the obliquebanded leafroller, Choristoneura rosaceana (Harris) (Lepidoptera: Tortricidae), in organic apple orchards in British Columbia. Efficacy of this four-component blend was compared to that of partial pheromone blends containing the major component plus one or two minor components. A trapping experiment confirmed that, Conrel® fibre disruption dispensers containing the four-component blend were more attractive than disruption dispensers containing the two- or three-component partial blends. A small-plot protocol was followed to compare atmospheric treatments with these blends as mating disruptants at a release rate of 10 mg ha−1 h−1 and from 1000 dispensers ha−1. Mechanisms of mating disruption, such as false-trail following and camouflage of pheromone plumes, that may be evoked to a greater degree by an attractive blend, did not appear to augment the effectiveness of mechanisms invoked by the less attractive blends, as the proportion of mating among tethered females was equal in plots treated with these blends and was reduced by 85–90% compared to the nontreated control. When the four-component pheromone blend was tested at different release rates, mating disruption in small plots began to break down at a release rate of 1.3 mg ha−1 h−1 using a dispenser density of 1000 ha−1. Above 1.3 mg ha−1 h−1 there was no dose response in release rates tested and at release rates below this dose the proportion of tethered females mating was the same as in the nontreated control. The four-component pheromone blend was tested against, and found to be no more effective than, the two-component partial blend at the threshold release rate of 1.3 mg ha−1 h−1 when it was released from 1000 or 250 disruption dispensers. Our results suggest that disruption mechanisms evoked by the attractive blend did not enhance the mating disruption effect provided by the simple blend, therefore a two-component blend may be useful in an operational mating disruption program for C. rosaceana.
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    Ostrinia spp. in Japan: their host plants and sex pheromones (1999)
    Springer
    Entomologia experimentalis et applicata 91 (1999), S. 237-244 
    Details
    ISSN: 1570-7458
    Keywords: host plant range ; sex pheromone ; Ostrinia furnacalis ; Ostrinia latipennis ; Ostrinia nubilalis ; Ostrinia orientalis ; Ostrinia palustralis ; Ostrinia scapulalis ; Ostrinia zaguliaevi ; Ostrinia zealis ; Lepidoptera ; Pyralidae
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract To contribute to the understanding of the genus Ostrinia (Lepidoptera; Pyralidae) in Japan, we collected larvae of Ostrinia spp. from known host plants and plants not recorded as hosts, and we examined the morphology and sex pheromones of the adults obtained. Consequently, the host plant ranges of the 7 Ostrinia spp. in Japan were clarified, and the sex pheromones of the 5 species O. scapulalis, O. zealis, O. zaguliaevi, O. palustralis and O. latipennis were identified in addition to that of the Asian corn borer O. furnacalis. The phylogenetic relationships of Japanese Ostrinia spp., with reference to the European corn borer O. nubilalis, are discussed based on these findings and results of molecular phylogenetic analyses.
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    Behaviour of male oriental fruit moth, Grapholita molesta, in overlapping sex pheromone plumes in a wind tunnel (1996)
    Springer
    Entomologia experimentalis et applicata 79 (1996), S. 51-59 
    Details
    ISSN: 1570-7458
    Keywords: Lepidoptera ; Tortricidae ; mating disruption ; pest control ; multiple sources ; attraction ; arrestment ; interruption ; range ; (Z)-8-dodecenyl acetate ; (E)-8-dodecenyl acetate ; (Z)-8-dodecanol
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract The behaviour of Grapholita molesta (Busck) (Lepidoptera: Tortricidae) males was studied in overlapping sex pheromone plumes in a wind tunnel. The ultimate aim of the study was to assess the effect of different treatments on male behaviour and consider the observed changes within the context of the suggested mechanisms underlying mating disruption. Two baits were placed either in series or parallel using both synthetic pheromone blends and female extracts. One bait, the reference containing (Z)-8-dodecenyl acetate/(E)-8-dodecenyl acetate/(Z)-8-dodecenol in a ratio of 100/6/10 was kept constant at a dose of 100 μg of the main component, giving a composition and a release rate close to that of a female. The dose of the other bait varied between 0.1 and 100 times the concentration of the reference and was a mixture of one, two or three pheromone components. Males clearly discriminated between different blends and doses in the overlapping plumes, for regardless if the lures were presented in series or in parallel they followed the complete plume. Complete suppression of the response to the reference was only achieved with 300 μg of the optimal three-component blend on the other lure. When tested singly, a bait consisting of Z8-12:OAc/E8-12:OAc/Z8-12:O Hin a 100/0.2/0.4 ratio, attracted a high proportion of the males when placed 75 cm upwind of the male release site, but no males from 150 cm. Our data suggest that complete pheromone blends should be more effective than any incomplete blends in mating disruption formulations for G. molesta.
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    Behavioural and sensory responses to drimane antifeedants in Pieris brassicae larvae (1996)
    Springer
    Entomologia experimentalis et applicata 79 (1996), S. 195-202 
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    ISSN: 1570-7458
    Keywords: antifeedant ; drimane ; feeding behaviour ; sensory response ; structure-activity relationship ; neural code ; Pieris brassicae ; Lepidoptera ; Pieridae
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Fifteen drimane compounds were tested for their feeding inhibiting activity in larvae of Pieris brassicae L. (Lepidoptera: Pieridae) when applied to leaf material of the host plant Brassica oleracea L. The antifeedant efficacy of the drimanes was related to their molecular structure in order to identify important functional groups. Of the drimanes tested, those with a lactone group on the B-ring were the most effective feeding inhibitors. Additionally, the sensory responses to 13 of the drimanes were measured. Neural activity was evoked in the deterrent cell in the medial sensillum styloconicum. Also, inhibition of sensory responses to feeding stimulants was found. Results of behavioural and electrophysiological tests were correlated in an attempt to elucidate the sensory code underlying feeding inhibition by drimanes in Pieris brassicae. It was concluded that the response of the deterrent cell in the medial sensillum styloconicum contributes significantly to inhibition of feeding behaviour in larvae of Pieris brassicae.
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    Control of codling moth in organically-managed apple orchards by combining pheromone-mediated mating disruption, post-harvest fruit removal and tree banding (1997)
    Springer
    Entomologia experimentalis et applicata 83 (1997), S. 137-146 
    Details
    ISSN: 1570-7458
    Keywords: Lepidoptera ; Tortricidae ; codling moth ; mating disruption ; Isomate-C ; tree banding ; organic apples ; biological agriculture
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract An integrated programme of pheromone-mediated mating disruption using Isomate-C®, post-harvest removal of fruit, and trapping overwintering larvae with cardboard tree bands, was used to control codling moth, Cydia pomonella (L.) (Lepidoptera: Tortricidae), in four commercial ‘organic’ apple orchards in Cawston, British Columbia during 1989–1992. One application of 1000 dispensers − 1 on May 1 delivered estimated seasonal totals of 16.6, 16.5 and 19.9 g of E,E-8,10-dodecadien-1-ol [=codlemone] − 1in 1990, 1991 and 1992, respectively, at median rates of 8.4, 8.3, and 13.3 mg · 〈 ha−1 · ha−1 during dusk flight periods of first brood and 5.3, 4.7 and 4.6 mg · − 1· ha−1 in second brood, respectively. Over this 3-year period damage from codling moth at harvest ranged from 0.08 to 2.4%, and averaged 60.7% in these four organic orchards, while damage in five conventional orchards receiving sprays of azinphosmethyl ranged from 0.02 to 1.85%, and averaged 0.5%. Damage in an experimental orchard that was banded only, ranged from 43.5 to 56.7%, and averaged 48.9%. Between 1990 and 1992 cumulative male catches in Pherocon 1-CP wing traps baited with 10 mg of codlemone declined by 52% and densities of overwintering codling moth larvae declined an average of 49.5% in all organic orchards. Overwintering populations in the banded experimental orchard showed an increase of 57.7% during this study period. We conclude that an integrated programme of pheromone-mediated mating disruption, post-harvest fruit removal and tree banding, controls codling moth effectively enough to make organic apple production viable in British Columbia.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1002934116859
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    The influence of tactile and other non-chemical factors on the ovipositional responses of the generalist herbivore Epiphyas postvittana (1997)
    Springer
    Entomologia experimentalis et applicata 83 (1997), S. 147-159 
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    ISSN: 1570-7458
    Keywords: Lepidoptera ; Tortricidae ; visual stimuli ; tactile stimuli ; generalist
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract A bioassay to test the ovipositional responses of the generalist herbivore, Epiphyas postvittana, was developed, and various non-chemical factors that influenced the laying, and number of eggs laid, by females were tested. In choice experiments using various models, surface texture was found to be an important factor influencing ovipositional behaviour, with females preferring to lay on smoother rather than rougher surfaces. Another surface texture feature that influenced oviposition was a raised wax ridge on a smooth surface. The wax ridge stimulated more eggs to be laid within close proximity to the ridge. Observations of females showed that the increased numbers of eggs laid on models with a wax ridge resulted not from increased landing, time spent, or numbers of eggs laid per ovipositional bout, but rather through an increased probability of ovipositing after landing on models with a wax ridge compared to models without the ridge. Spatial features of the models were also found to influence egglaying by females. Females showed a tendency to lay on the upper rather than the lower surface of models, although this appeared to depend upon how stimulatory the upper surface of the model was. Females also laid more eggs on models with a dense array of leaves than on models with a more spread-out array.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1002959605202
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    Choosing a place to grow. Importance of within-plant abiotic microenvironment for Yponomeuta mahalebella (1997)
    Springer
    Entomologia experimentalis et applicata 83 (1997), S. 171-180 
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    ISSN: 1570-7458
    Keywords: within-plant heterogeneity ; tent caterpillars ; temperature ; circular statistics ; Lepidoptera ; Yponomeutidae
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract The caterpillars of Yponomeuta mahalebella Latr. (Lepidoptera: Yponomeutidae) are monophagous on Prunus mahaleb (Rosaceae) leaves. Adult females deposit eggs in batches, which determines larval gregarious behaviour. Coupled with gregarious behaviour, caterpillars spin silk tents within they will feed until pupation. Distribution of tents in the field, their effect in microenvironmental larval growth conditions and the consequences for adult body mass and survival of larvae were studied. There was a significant trend for tents to be placed with a southward orientation. Within-plant tent orientation was related to the sun-shade pattern experienced, which was the main effect determining thermal differences between the inside and the outside of the tent. These differences appeared to affect larval growth and survival, with higher survival of larvae and heavier adults emerging from tents oriented to the south-east and east, respectively.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1002908817924
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    Effect of plant lectins on larval development of the legume pod borer, Maruca vitrata (1999)
    Springer
    Entomologia experimentalis et applicata 93 (1999), S. 179-187 
    Details
    ISSN: 1570-7458
    Keywords: artificial diet ; insecticidal activity ; legume pod borer ; Lepidoptera ; Maruca vitrata ; plant lectins
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract The legume pod-borer Maruca vitrata (Fabricius), [Lepidoptera: Pyralidae] is a major constraint restricting increased cowpea production in tropical Africa and Asia. Since lectins are known to have insecticidal properties against several pests, a survey was undertaken to screen for the effects of 25 lectins from 15 plant families on the development of Maruca pod borer (MPB) larvae. The list included 8 galactose/N-acetylgalactosamine-, 7 mannose-, 5 complex glycan-, 2 sialic acid- and 3, N-acetylglucosamine-specific lectins. Feeding bioassays using artificial diet were carried out at 2% (w/w) topical levels. Although a total of 16 lectins had detrimental effects pertaining either to larval survival, weight, feeding inhibition, pupation, adult emergence and/or fecundity, only the Listera ovata agglutinin (LOA) (Orchidaceae) and Galanthus nivalis (Amaryllidaceae) agglutinin were effective against MPB larvae for all six parameters examined. Larval mortality and feeding inhibition caused by the most active lectin (LOA) was above 60%.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1003801120192
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    Effect of avocadofurans on larval survival, growth, and food preference of the generalist herbivore, Spodoptera exigua (1999)
    Springer
    Entomologia experimentalis et applicata 90 (1999), S. 131-140 
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    ISSN: 1570-7458
    Keywords: Lepidoptera ; Noctuidae ; avocadofurans ; Spodoptera exigua ; avocado ; idioblast ; oil cell ; food preference
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract We examined the effect of two avocadofurans, 2-(pentadecyl)furan and 2-(heptadecyl)furan, from avocado idioblast oil cells on maturation and larval feeding behavior of a generalist insect herbivore, Spodoptera exigua (Hübner) (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae). Experiments were conducted using two larval sizes: early-stadium larvae refer to those larvae from experiments initiated with neonates while late-stadium larvae refer to those larvae from experiments initiated with third instars. In order to use selected sublethal doses for developmental and behavioral studies on early- and late-stadium larvae, log-dose probit lines were determined using diet incorporation bioassays. Both avocadofurans had similar toxicities to early-stadium larvae [LC50=2.2 and 1.9 μmoles/g of diet for 2-(pentadecyl)furan and 2-(heptadecyl)furan, respectively] and late-stadium larvae (LC50=3.0 and 3.4 μmoles/g of diet, respectively). In diet bioassays extending from egg hatch to adult emergence, the avocadofurans significantly prolonged larval developmental times and reduced S. exigua pupal weights. In 7 d no-choice bioassays initiated with cohorts of newly-molted third instars, the avocadofurans significantly reduced larval weights at various sublethal concentrations (below LC50 values). To test larval feeding deterrence effects of these avocadofurans, choice tests were conducted using early and older instar larvae. A significantly higher proportion of early-stadium larvae preferred control diet over diet treated with either avocadofuran at several sublethal concentrations. Similarly, choice tests with late-stadium larvae showed greater proportions of larvae on control diet than treated diet even at concentrations below the LC50. Moreover, late-stadium larvae consumed significantly more of the control diet than the treated diet. Thus, the avocadofurans may act as feeding deterrents as well as toxicants in plant protection against non-adapted insect herbivores.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1003595730600
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    Trail Marking by the Larva of the Madrone Butterfly Eucheira socialis and the Role of the Trail Pheromone in Communal Foraging Behavior (1998)
    Springer
    Journal of insect behavior 11 (1998), S. 247-263 
    Details
    ISSN: 1572-8889
    Keywords: trail following ; 5β-cholestane-3-one ; pheromone ; cooperative foraging ; social caterpillar ; bolsa ; silk ; Pieridae ; Eucheira ; Lepidoptera
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract The larva of the Madrone butterfly Eucheira socialis (Lepidoptera: Pieridae) secretes a trail pheromone from the ventral surface of the posterior tip of its abdomen. Caterpillars mark trails by bringing the secretory site into brief contact with the substrate during a locomotive cycle. Foragers mark most heavily when they move onto new branches and little, if at all, when they move over established trails or when they return to the communal shelter after feeding. The caterpillars make careful comparisons of alternative pathways at choice points and select newer and stronger trails over older and weaker trails. Differential marking of new and established trails during nightly forays, coupled with sensory discrimination of trails by strength and age, leads colonies to abandon old trails in favor of new trails. When applied at a rate as low as 2.5 × 10 −10 g/mm, caterpillars followed synthetic trails prepared from 5β-cholestane-3-one, a trail pheromone previously reported from the tent caterpillars (Malacosoma spp.). Although both Eucheira and Malacosoma mark with the tip of the abdomen and have near-identical sensitivites to 5β-cholestane-3-one, our study shows that Eucheira employs a relatively unsophisticated system of trail-based communication and does not recruit to food. The trail-based communication system of Eucheira appears to represent an early stage in the evolution of cooperative foraging that is derived from, and motivationally linked to, conflict behavior.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1021000108290
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    Harmonic Radar as a Means of Tracking the Pheromone-Finding and Pheromone-Following Flight of Male Moths (1998)
    Springer
    Journal of insect behavior 11 (1998), S. 287-296 
    Details
    ISSN: 1572-8889
    Keywords: radar tracking ; harmonic radar ; foraging flight ; Lepidoptera ; Agrotis segetum
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1021004209198
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    Mating Behavior and Reproductive Potential in the Turnip Moth Agrotis segetum (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae) (1998)
    Springer
    Journal of insect behavior 11 (1998), S. 343-359 
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    ISSN: 1572-8889
    Keywords: Agrotis segetum ; Lepidoptera ; Noctuidae ; turnip moth ; reproduction ; sex ratio ; reproductive capacity ; sexual selection ; mate discrimination
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract We investigated the lifetime mating potential and the reproductive behavior of male and female turnip moths Agrotis segetum (Schiff.) under field and laboratory conditions. The sex ratio was 1 : 1 in a lab-reared population as well as in two wild populations. Males were capable of mating repetitively a relatively large number of times (mean of 6.7 ± 2.7 matings) when given access to new virgin females throughout their lifetimes. Females seldom mated more than once (mean ± 1.3 ± 0.6 matings), indicating a male-biased operational sex ratio. The mean potential lifetime mating was five times higher in males, while the coefficient of variance was lower in males. There was no differences in longevity between animals that were allowed to mate and animals not allowed to mate, indicating no direct costs or benefits of mating in physiological terms. In males, the number of matings was positively correlated with longevity, but this was not the case in females. Nor was there a correlation between the number of female matings and the number of fertilized eggs. There was a negative correlation between the number of eggs fertilized and the number of times males had previously mated, indicating that male ejaculates were limited. Male spermatophore size also decreased with number of achieved matings. Laboratory-reared females attracted males in the field throughout their lifetimes, with a peak at 3–7 days of age. Wild males, allowed to choose between pairs of caged females in the field, were attracted in equal numbers to females of different ages. Females did not show any mate-rejection behavior in the field. They mated with the first male that courted them. No incidence of mate replacement by males arriving later to already courted females were recorded.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1020998513316
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    Differential Postalightment Oviposition Behavior of Monarch Butterflies on Asclepias Species (1998)
    Springer
    Journal of insect behavior 11 (1998), S. 507-538 
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    ISSN: 1572-8889
    Keywords: monarch butterflies ; Danaus plexippus ; Danainae ; Lepidoptera ; Nymphalidae ; oviposition behavior ; Asclepias ; Asclepiadaceae ; chemoreceptors
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract The monarch butterfly, Danaus plexippus L., oviposits mainly on plants in the Asclepiadaceae, particularly within the genus Asclepias. We studied postalightment oviposition behavior of monarch females on three host species—Asclepias curassavica, A. incarnata , and A. tuberosa. After landing on the host, they used their forelegs, midlegs, and antennae to assess plant suitability. When these appendages were examined by scanning electron microscopy, contact chemoreceptor sensilla were found. In choice tests, A. incarnata was most preferred, while A. tuberosa was least preferred. However, the use of appendages varied for the different host species. Antennae were most frequently used during post-alightment behavior on A. curassavica, whereas forelegs were used more often on A. incarnata, and all three appendages were used extensively on A. tuberosa. Use of the midlegs was generally followed by use of the antennae. Tasting with either forelegs or antennae apparently may lead to egg laying on some host species. Rupture of the plant surface by midleg spines was also observed. The behavior and host preference of individual females varied significantly and may reflect differences in receptor sensitivity.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1022363329446
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    Sex attractants for clearwing moths: Synanthedon vespiformis and Chamaesphecia tenthrediniformis (and/or C. empiformis) (1983)
    Springer
    Entomologia experimentalis et applicata 34 (1983), S. 203-205 
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    ISSN: 1570-7458
    Keywords: Lepidoptera ; Sesiidae ; Synanthedon vespiformis ; Paranthrene tabaniformis ; Chamaesphecia empiformis ; Chamaesphecia tenthrediniformis ; Attractants ; Pheromones ; Clearwing moths ; Nemapogon
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00338671
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    Precocious metamorphosis and moulting deficiencies induced by an anti-JH compound, FMev in the fall webworm, Hyphantria cunea (1983)
    Springer
    Entomologia experimentalis et applicata 34 (1983), S. 65-70 
    Details
    ISSN: 1570-7458
    Keywords: Insect growth regulators ; Anti-juvenile hormone ; Fluoromevalonate ; Precocious metamorphosis ; Premature pupation ; Ecdysis ; Fall webworm ; Hyphantria cunea ; Lepidoptera ; Arctiidae
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Description / Table of Contents: Zusammenfassung Fluormevalosäure (FMev), bekannt als ein spezifischer Inhibitor der Biosynthese des Juvenilhormons (JH) in Insekten, wurde in 0,1–50 μg/Tier Dosis topikal an 3., 4. und 5. Larvenstadien von Hyphantria cunea getestet. Die Raupen wurden auf einem semi-synthetischen, künstlichen Nährboden bei 25° und unter Langtagsbedingungen (18 : 6 St., Licht/Dunkel) gezüchtet. Diese Verbindung rief drei verschiedene Typen spezifischer Reaktionen hervor: 1) verfrühte Metamorphose, 2) gehemmte Häutung und 3) verlängerte Larvenentwicklung. Vor der verfrühten Verpuppung wurde normales Verhalten beobachtet. Die Larven des 3. oder 4. Stadiums häuteten sich meist erst nach einem interkalaren Larvenstadium in verfrühte Puppen. Unter den drei Larvenstadien erwies sich das 5. Stadium gegen die Anti-JH-Verbindung am empfindlichsten. In allen getesteten Entwicklungsphasen wiesen die frisch gehäuteten Larven die höchste Empfindlichkeit gegen FMev auf. Nach der Häutung wurde stufenweises Absinken der FMev-Empfindlichkeit beobachtet, im 5. Larvenstadium verursachte die Verbindung jedoch selbst am letzten Tag des Wachstums zu einen relativ hohen Prozentzahl verfrühte Verpuppung. Eine zweite typische Wirkung von FMev war die Hemmung der Häutungsprozesse. Zwei grundlegende Stufen der Häutungsstörungen unterschieden sich voneinander: 1) Als Folge der Anwendung hoher Dosen von FMev konnte die Mehrzahl der Raupen die alte Larvenkutikula nicht öffnen und ging deswegen in kurzer Zeit zugrunde. 2) Bei Behandlung mit niedrigen Dosen der Anti-JH-Verbindung häuteten sich einige Hyphantria-Larven scheinbar normal; nach der Häutung waren aber alle unfähig, die normalen Bewegungen und die Nahrungsaufnahme fortzusetzen. Auch die vorzeitigen Puppenhäutungen wurden in meisten Fällen durch die Anti-JH-Behandlung gehemmt. Die morphogenetischen Wirkungen von FMev konnten durch eine topikale Behandlung mit Hydroprene, einem hochaktiven JH-Analogen, vollständig oder teilweise verhindert werden.
    Notes: Summary Fluoromevalonate (FMev, ZR-3516) known as an inhibitor of JH biosynthesis was topically applied in 0.1 to 50 μg/specimen doses to the 3rd, 4th, and 5th instar caterpillars of Hyphantria cunea Drury. The anti-JH compound induced 3 main types of specific responses: 1) precocious metamorphosis, 2) inhibition of ecdysis, and 3) prolongation of larval development. Precocious pupation was accompanied by behavioural events typical of normal pupation. Third and 4th instar larvae metamorphosed prematurely mostly with the intervention of an intercalary larval instar. The 5th instar exhibited the highest sensitivity to the anti-JH agent. Within each larval stage the freshly moulted insects proved to be the most susceptible to FMev. Afterwards, the incidence of morphogenetic reaction gradually decreased with age. In another fraction of Hyphantria larvae not responding with precocious pupation, FMev evoked varying degrees of ecdysial disturbance which always resulted in the death of caterpillars. In most cases the anti-JH compound inhibited the premature pupal moult, too, and these affected insects died as tanned pharate pupae. A complete or partial “rescue” from the effects of FMev was elicited, if simultaneously or subsequently, a single topical dose of a JH analogue, hydroprene was also administered.
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    The effect of plant chemistry on the acceptability of caterpillar prey to the argentine antIridomyrmex humilils (Hymenoptera: Formicidae) (1995)
    Springer
    Journal of insect behavior 8 (1995), S. 579-593 
    Details
    ISSN: 1572-8889
    Keywords: Iridomyrmex humilis ; predation ; chemical defense ; nicotine ; Lepidoptera ; plant/insect interactions ; herbivore
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Experiments were performed to test the acceptability of two palatable, cryptic caterpillars, the tobacco hornworm,Manduca sexta, and the cabbage looper,Trichoplusia ni, reared on different diets, to the Argentine ant,Iridomyrmex humilis. Ants preferred larvae reared on artificial diet, groundcherry, or cowpea to tobacco-reared larvae. Ants also preferred larvae reared on artificial diet without nicotine to larvae reared on diet containing nicotine (5% dry wt). Experiments were also performed to test the response of ants to larval extracts and chemicals applied to the surface of palatable prey. Ants did not respond differently to larvae of the potato tuber moth,Phthorimaea operculella, treated with larval extracts or regurgitate from tobacco-reared larvae compared to artificialdiet-reared larvae, but ants were deterred byP. operculella larvae treated with nicotine compared to untreated larvae. The results of this study indicate that caterpillars can derive at least some degree of chemical protection from their food plant without sequestering and storing plant compounds and without the development of elaborate aposematic characteristics.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01997232
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    Effect of a vertical object on the sex pheromone-mediated flight and landing behaviors of the male lightbrown apple moth,Epiphyas postvittana (walker) (Lepidoptera: Tortricidae) (1995)
    Springer
    Journal of insect behavior 8 (1995), S. 465-484 
    Details
    ISSN: 1572-8889
    Keywords: orientation ; turbulence ; visual cues ; Lepidoptera ; Tortricidae
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract A small (2.5-cm-wide) vertical (10-cm-high) white object influenced the sex pheromone-mediated flight and landing behaviors of maleEpiphyas postvittana. When the vertical object was positioned on a horizontal surface to the side (3–5 cm) and upwind of a pheromone source (in the middle of the surface), the distribution of landing positions of males on the surface was different from that when the object was not present; males tended to land in positions skewed toward the side of the source that the object was on. The closer the object was positioned to the source, the greater the number of males that landed on the object (rather than on the horizontal surface). This difference in landing positions (when the object was present) corresponded with changes in the flight tracks; the tracks of males flying to the surface with an object were skewed toward the object and had higher amplitude intertrack reversal distances than the tracks of males flying to a surface without a vertical object. Positioning of a vertical object progressively upwind of the source resulted, apparently, in decreased effects on the landing (and presumably flight) behavior of males. The effect of the vertical object on the flight and landing behaviors of males corresponded largely with changes in pheromone plume structure (visualized with smoke) induced by the extra turbulence in the airflow over the source. Thus it appears that the vertical object influences the behavior of maleE. postvittana largely through the olfactory sensory modality. However, when a clear, Mylar object, in place of the white object, was placed on the surface, more males landed on the Mylar object (than did on the white object), suggesting that the vertical object may also influence the behavior of males through the visual modality.
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    An inflated conservation load for European butterflies: increases in rarity and endemism accompany increases in species richness (1997)
    Springer
    Journal of insect conservation 1 (1997), S. 43-62 
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    ISSN: 1572-9753
    Keywords: Lepidoptera ; biogeography ; endemism ; conservation ; butterflies
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Nature of Science, Research, Systems of Higher Education, Museum Science
    Notes: Abstract The addition of species to the European butterfly list since 1983 has resulted in a number of highly significant changes. Most important are the increases in the number and proportion of endemics and of rare species, and a regional excess of species and endemics for southern Europe compared to northern Europe. There is also a surplus of Lycaenidae and Satyridae compared to other families, and an increase in species per genus associated with the reduction in genera. These additions raise two issues. First, the potential conservation load for European butterflies is inflated at species level. This is especially the case for southern Europe, which has disproportionate increases in rare and endemic species, more particularly if rarity and endemism are found to equate with threat of extinction. Second, the inflation in rarity and endemism suggests that there is a trend to promote ever more local populations (races, subspecies) to species. The taxonomic status of species being added to the list, a quarter of which are regarded as doubtful, is increasingly difficult to determine. Consequently, there is a danger that this may call into question the validity and objectivity of taxonomic practices, and of databases dependent on them, used by conservation. Revision of higher and lower butterfly taxa is urgently required.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1018474824448
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    Torch-light Transect Surveys for Moths (1999)
    Springer
    Journal of insect conservation 3 (1999), S. 15-24 
    Details
    ISSN: 1572-9753
    Keywords: census ; conservation ; Lepidoptera ; population monitoring ; survey techniques
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Nature of Science, Research, Systems of Higher Education, Museum Science
    Notes: Abstract The use of light traps in sampling moth populations is an established technique used by entomologists and ecologists. However, trap data partly reflect the variable attractiveness of UV light to different species of moth. There are also potential problems of the practicality and expense of running traps in certain locations. An alternative method of recording moth populations is developed, using a modification of the transect count technique used for butterflies (Pollard and Yates, 1993) and recently applied to moths (Spalding, 1997). During transects, moths were observed by torch-light in a 5 by 5 m box, before the recorder walked on for 10 paces, and recorded moths in the next 5 m box. The transect approach was tested in the field, alongside traditional light trap and sugar methods. Transects recorded moth species for relatively little effort, produced repeatable measures of relative density, and provided habitat-specific data. This approach is likely to provide a valuable addition to light trapping in biodiversity inventories, species surveys, and in monitoring the effects of habitat management for conservation.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1009674321237
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    Bias in Butterfly Distribution Maps: The Effects of Sampling Effort (1999)
    Springer
    Journal of insect conservation 3 (1999), S. 33-42 
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    ISSN: 1572-9753
    Keywords: mapping ; database ; bias recording ; monitoring ; Lepidoptera
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Nature of Science, Research, Systems of Higher Education, Museum Science
    Notes: Abstract Data from the Greater Manchester Butterfly Atlas (UK) reveal a highly significant and substantial impact of visits on both species' richness and species' incidence in squares. This effect has been demonstrated for three different zones mapped at different scales. The significant impact of number of visits persists when data are amalgamated for coarser scales. The findings demonstrate that it is essential for distribution mapping projects to record data on recording effort as well as on the target organisms. Suggestions are made as to how distribution mapping may be improved, including a geographically and environmentally representative structure of permanently monitored squares and closer links between distribution mapping and the Butterfly Monitoring Scheme (BMS), which primarily monitors changes in butterfly populations. The benefit to conservation will be data that can be better used to analyse the reasons for changes in ranges and distributions, fundamental for determining priorities and policy decisions.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1009678422145
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    The effect of variation in host plant on the growth of an oligophagous insect, Malacosoma americanum and its polyphagous relative, Malacosoma disstria (1981)
    Springer
    Entomologia experimentalis et applicata 30 (1981), S. 163-168 
    Details
    ISSN: 1570-7458
    Keywords: host-plant relations ; host variation ; Malacosoma americanum ; Malacosoma disstria ; Lasiocampidae ; Geometridae ; Lepidoptera ; niche breadth ; specialization ; plantinsect interactions
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Description / Table of Contents: Zusammenfassung Raupen von Malacosoma americanum (F.), einer oligophagen Art, die sich vor allem auf Prunus und andern baumartigen Rosaceen entwickelt, wurden verglichen mit Raupen der polyphageren Verwandten M. disstria Hb. und zwar im Hinblick auf deren Empfindlichkeit auf Unterschiede im Blatt ihrer gemeinsamen Wirtspflanze, Prunus serotina Ehrh. Das Puppengewicht und die Entwicklungszeit bis zur Verpuppung wurden gemessen bei Raupen, welche auf Blättern von freiwachsenden und von beschatteten Jungpflanzen gezüchtet worden waren. Die Blattunterschiede hatten eine ausgesprochene Wirkung, aber es gab keine Unterschiede in der Reaktion der beiden Arten. Dieser Vergleich lässt vermuten, dass die Empfindlichkeit auf intraspezifische Unterschiede der Wirtspflanzenqualität bei wirtsspezifischen und polyphagen Arten gleich ist. Indessen dürften sich laut anderen Resultaten einige Insektenarten anders verhalten.
    Notes: Abstract Larvae of Malacosoma americanum (F.)(Lepidoptera: Lasiocampidae) an oligophagous species that feeds primarily on Prunus and other rosaceous trees, were compared to larvae of the more highly polyphagous congener M. disstria Hb., with respect to their sensitivity to variation in the foliage of a common host plant, Prunus serotina Ehrh. Pupal weight and time to pupation were measured on larvae reared on foliage from open-grown and from shaded saplings. The difference in foliage had a pronounced effect, but no difference was evident between the species in their response to the variation in foliage. This comparison implies that sensitivity to intraspecific variation in host quality does not differ between host-specific and generalized species. However, results from other species suggest that some species of insects do differ in this respect.
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    Host races and sympatric speciation in small ermine moths, Yponomeutidae (1981)
    Springer
    Entomologia experimentalis et applicata 30 (1981), S. 280-292 
    Details
    ISSN: 1570-7458
    Keywords: Allozyme variation ; Lepidoptera ; Yponomeuta padellus ; evolutionary stages ; F-statistics ; panmixis
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Description / Table of Contents: Résumé Le degré de différenciation génétique en allozymes à des niveaux divers de divergence évolutive (populations conspécifiques, sibling species et non-sibling species) d'Yponomeuta a été déterminé. Les distances génétiques entre des sibling species ou des non-sibling species sont très larges. Il en est conclu que de telles estimations ne fournissent pas beaucoup d'informations sur le phénomène de spéciation même. Des coéfficients de reproduction consanguine (F ST) ont été calculés pour des populations d'Y. padellus provenant de six plantes-hôtes. La valeur moyenne F STest .030±.012. Les valuers de F ST des populations recueillies sur Crataegus, (plante-hôte habituelle d'Y. padellus), sont inférieures 2–3.5 fois à celles des populations de l'ensemble des autres plantes-hôtes. L'apparition de races en fonction de l'hôte, mesurée par les différences importantes dans de fréquences des allozymes entre populations sympatriques sur plusieurs plantes-hôtes, a été examinée dans quatre régions. Il apparaît ainsi que la formation de races en fonction de l'hôte se produit chez Y. padellus et que la spéciation sympatrique est un évènement très vraisemblable.
    Notes: Abstract The amount of genetic differentiation at various levels of evolutionary divergence (conspecific populations, sibling species and non-sibling species) in Yponomeuta was determined. Genetic distances between siblings or non-siblings were found to cover a wide range. It is concluded that such estimates do not give much information on the speciation process itself. Inbreeding coefficients were calculated for populations of Y. padellus from a total of six host plants. The grand mean F ST value is 0.030±0.012. F ST values for populations sampled from Crataegus, the common food plant of Y. padellus, are 2–3.5 times smaller than those for populations from the other food plants taken together. Host race formation, as measured by significant differences in allozyme frequencies between sympatric populations on two or more food plants, was investigated in four areas. Host race formation seems to occur in Y. padellus and sympatric speciation is a likely event.
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    Adult emergence rhythm of the egg-parasitoid Telenomus busseolae (1998)
    Springer
    BioControl 43 (1998), S. 141-151 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-8248
    Keywords: emergence rhythm ; Lepidoptera ; Noctuidae ; photoperiod ; Sesamia nonagrioides
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract The adult emergence rhythm of Telenomus busseolae, an egg parasitoid of Sesamia nonagrioides, was examined when parasitoids were exposed to different light-dark regimes. Most of the adult parasitoids emerged throughout the whole period of the photoperiodic cycle. Peak male emergence occurred 2–5 hours earlier than that of females. Adult emergence was asynchronous in continuous darkness or light. However, regimes of alternative light and dark phases such as L4:D20, L8:D16, L12:D12, L16:D8 and L20:D4 h generated a population rhythm with a period length of 24 hours. The peak of the emergence activity moves from the scotophase to the middle of the photophase with an increase of the photophase from 4 to 20 h. Rhythmical activity of adults was synchronised within 2 cycles when immature stages of parasitoid grow under continuous light conditions (LL) and then transferred to L12:D12. Moreover, emergence rhythm persisted and continued in a free-run with a period length of less than 24 hours by transferring a rhythmic culture from L12:D12 h to LL or RR (continuous red light) conditions, indicating the existence of a circadian rhythm. The ecological implications of the expression rhythm relate to better survival of the parasitoids.
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    Sex pheromone of pear moth, Cydia pyrivora (1998)
    Springer
    BioControl 43 (1998), S. 339-344 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-8248
    Keywords: antagonist ; Cydia pomonella ; (E,E)-8,10-dodecadien-yl acetate ; geometric isomer ; Lepidoptera ; sibling species ; Tortricidae
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract The sex pheromone of the pear moth, Cydia pyrivora, is (E,E)-8,10-dodecadien-yl acetate. A 5%-addition of the geometric isomers E,Z and Z,Z decreased male attraction in the field, the Z,E isomer had no significant effect. Traps baited with 10 µg E,E on grey rubber septa were attractive throughout the flight period of C. pyrivora. These traps allow specific detection of pear moth, and they are not attractive to its sibling species, codling moth C. pomonella.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1009983613234
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    The life history and host range of Ectagagarcia, a biological control agent for Lantana camra and L. montevidensis in Australia (1998)
    Springer
    BioControl 43 (1998), S. 325-338 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-8248
    Keywords: creeping lantana ; host specificity ; leaf-roller ; Lepidoptera ; Oecophoridae ; phytophagous ; varietal preference
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract The life cycle and host specificity of Ectaga garcia were investigated. Moths emerge in the morning and are inactive during the day. Eggs are laid and larvae feed on the undersurface of leaves of Lantana camara and L. montevidensis. Larvae spin protective cocoons from which they feed and in which they pupate. Development from egg to adult takes approximately 48 days. Forty-five plant species were tested to determine host specificity. Females laid eggs only on L. camara and L. montevidensis. In no-choice trials, neonate larvae fed but failed to complete development on nine test species. E. garcia was subsequently approved for release in Australia.
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    The evolution of egg clustering in butterflies: A test of the egg desiccation hypothesis (1998)
    Springer
    Evolutionary ecology 12 (1998), S. 543-552 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-8477
    Keywords: aposematism ; Chlosyne ; egg clustering ; egg desiccation ; gregariousness ; Lepidoptera
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Females of many insect species cluster their eggs. Egg clustering by lepidopteran species usually results in aggregation of larvae that are more often conspicuously coloured and apparently distasteful or unpalatable than larvae of solitary species. While the costs and benefits of aggregation in terms of larval survival and growth are well documented, the evolutionary ecology of egg clustering has been long debated and is still unresolved. We tested the egg desiccation hypothesis, first proposed by Stamp (1980), which to our knowledge has never been examined experimentally. The egg desiccation hypothesis proposes that egg clustering is adaptive per se (i.e. increases fitness of females) by reducing egg mortality via desiccation. We tested this hypothesis for the Nymphalid butterfly, Chlosyne lacinia, an egg-clustering species on its sunflower host plant, Helianthus annuus. We first documented natural variation in batch size for this butterfly. We then tested experimentally hatch success of varying batch sizes and egg-layering arrangements under controlled humidity levels. Hatch success was positively related to relative humidity. Eggs in larger groups with greater number of layers had greater hatch success than smaller, monolayered egg batches, especially when relative humidity was low. Our results indicate that, not only number of eggs, but also the arrangement (i.e. layering and density), increase batch survival by protecting eggs from desiccation. However, despite increased hatch success in dense, multilayered clusters, we found wide variation in layering and density in natural populations of C. lacinia. This variation is probably maintained by trade-offs in egg survival, such as increased cannibalism of eggs by siblings, in dense clusters. Nevertheless, protection from egg desiccation provides an alternative explanation for the origin and maintenance of egg clustering in lepidopterans and possibly other insects. The pattern of egg deposition in the Nymphalidae supports this hypothesis, since most North American species cluster their eggs tightly, whereas most species in tropical regions lay eggs singly or in loose monolayers.
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    Sex attractants for the fruit-attacking noctuids Orthosia incerta and Orthosia cruda (1984)
    Springer
    Entomologia experimentalis et applicata 36 (1984), S. 15-16 
    Details
    ISSN: 1570-7458
    Keywords: sex attractants ; Lepidoptera ; Noctuidae ; Orthosia incerta ; Orthosia cruda ; fruit pest ; Z9-14:Ac ; Z9-14:Ald ; Z11-16:Ac ; Z11-16:Ald
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00345198
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    Development of artificial diets for laboratory rearing of larvae of the spiny bollworm, Earias insulana (1983)
    Springer
    Entomologia experimentalis et applicata 34 (1983), S. 121-122 
    Details
    ISSN: 1570-7458
    Keywords: Lepidoptera ; Noctuidae ; Earias insulana ; Bollworm ; Artificial diets ; Insect fecundity
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00300911
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    Factors affecting the dispersive behaviour of larvae of an Australian geometrid moth (1984)
    Springer
    Entomologia experimentalis et applicata 35 (1984), S. 159-167 
    Details
    ISSN: 1570-7458
    Keywords: Lepidoptera ; Geometridae ; Ectropis excursaria ; larval dispersal ; colour polymorphism ; phototaxis
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Description / Table of Contents: Zusammenfassung Acht Experimente wurden durchgeführt, um einige der Faktoren zu studieren, die das Wanderverhalten der Larven (Raupen) eines polyphagen Geometriden (Ectropis excursaria (Guenée)) beein-flussen. 1. Larven sind positiv phototaktisch. Die positive Phototaxis ist negativ mit Fasten, Alter und Populationsdichte korreliert. Bei hohen Temperaturen ist sie nicht mehr nachweisbar. 2. Das Wanderverhalten der Larven wird durch die Populationsdichte beeinflußt, wodurch annähernd eine konstante Dichte erhalten bleibt. Das Verhalten der individuellen Larven is dabei nicht statistisch homogen. Es gibt ‘Wanderer’ und ‘Nicht-Wanderer’. 3. Diese Verhaltensunderschiede stehen möglicherweise im Zusammenhang mit physiologischen und morphologischen Faktoren, die den individuellen Fortpflanzungserfolg und das überleben beeinflussen können; ‘Wanderer’ sind dunkler, entwickeln sich schneller und das Gewicht ihrer Puppen ist niedriger als das der ‘Nicht-Wanderer’. 4. Eine der larvalen Farbvarianten zeigte eine Präferenz für einen von zwei angebotenen Hintergründen.
    Notes: Abstract The dispersive behaviour of larvae of a polyphagous, wide-spread geometrid (Ectropis excursaria (Guenée)) was studied by examining responses to environmental and endogenous variables. It was found that differences in behaviour can be affected by environmental factors such as light, temperature, density, and plant background as well as some physiological and morphological features. The implications of these relationships are discussed as adaptative strategies to a varying environment.
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    Foodplant selection and induction of feeding preference among host and non-host plants in larvae of the tobacco hornworm Manduca sexta (1984)
    Springer
    Entomologia experimentalis et applicata 35 (1984), S. 177-193 
    Details
    ISSN: 1570-7458
    Keywords: induction of feeding preference ; host plants ; non-host plants ; Manduca sexta ; Sphingidae ; Lepidoptera
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Description / Table of Contents: Résumé Vingt-deux espèces de plantes, dont 10 planteshôtes (Solanées), ont été testés comme plantes alimentaires pour des chenilles de ler stade de Manduca sexta. Sur cet ensemble, seulement 12 plantes (dont 9 plantes hôtes) induisaient la prise de nourriture et permettaient la croissance jusqu'au 5ème stade. La diversité des résultats suggère que les plantes pouvaient être classées en hôtes, non-hôtes acceptables et non-hôtes refusés. En utilisant le test du choix alimentaire préférentiel entre deux rondelles de feuilles, les chenilles néonates de ler stade ont préféré nettement les plantes-hôtes aux autres. Cette préférence initiale pour les plantes-hôtes était préservée quand les cheniles étaient élevées sur plantes-hôtes, mais devenait moins nette ou disparaissait pour des chenilles élevées sur d'autres plantes acceptées. Ainsi l'oligophagie ches M. sexta n'est pas induite, mais doit être héritée. Les chenilles néonates, aussi bien que celles de 5ème stade, présentent des préférences hiérarchisées parmi les plantes hôtes ou non. La seule frontiere nette observée était entre espèces de plantes acceptables ou non. Les hiérarchies préférentielles des chenilles du 5ème stade différaient légèrement lors-qu'elles avaient été élevées sur deux plantes-hôtes différentes. La différence essentielle était l'observation d'une préférence accrue pour l'espèce ayant servi à l'élevage, mais deux autres plantes-hôtes changaient aussi de position hiérarchique. La cause de ces changements de préférence a été approfondie, les chenilles étant élevées sur des feuilles de chaque espèce acceptable (hôte ou non). Leurs préférences alimentaires ont été définies en utilisant des combinaisons diverses (hôte x hôte, hôte x non-hôte acceptable, non-hôte acceptable x non-hôte acceptable). L'induction de la préférence alimentaires a été obtenue dans ces trois associations. Ceci montre que l'induction des choix alimentaires chez M. sexta n'est pas limitée aux plantes-hôtes. Le degré d'induction de la préférence alimentaire variait de très fort à indécelable; il dépendait de l'association examinée. La source de la variabilité de cette induction a été examinée en fonction de la relation entre la force de l'induction et les rapports taxonomiques des plantes associées. La relation obervée était inversée pour M. sexta. L'examen des données de la littérature ont révélé une relation du même type pour les autres espèces de Lépidoptères.
    Notes: Abstract Ten host plant (Solanaceae) and twelve non-host plant species were tested as foodplants for first instar larvae of the tobacco hornworm, Manduca sexta. Only nine host and three non-host plant species elicited feeding and supported growth up to fifth instar. The range of acceptability suggested that plants be divided into hosts, acceptable non-hosts, and unacceptable non-hosts. Using the two-choice feeding preference test we found that the initial preference for hosts was preserved when larvae were reared on hosts, but was less strong or absent for larvae reared on acceptable non-hosts. Thus oligophagy in the tobacco hornworm is not induced, but must be inherited. Newly-hatched first instar larvae and fifth instar larvae showed a preference hierarchy among both hosts and non-hosts. Fifth instar larvae reared separately on two different host species showed slightly different preference hierarchies among hosts. The preference for the rearing plant was increased and also two other host species changed positions in hierarchies. Feeding preferences of larvae reared on hosts or acceptable non-hosts were determined using plant combinations of host vs. host, host vs. acceptable non-host, and acceptable non-host vs. acceptable non-host. Induction of feeding preference was found in all three of these categories. This shows that induction of feeding preference in the tobacco hornworm is not restricted to host plant species. The degree to which feeding preferences were induced ranged from very strong to undetectable and dependend on the plant species paired. The strength of induction in the tobacco hornworm was found to correlate inversely with taxonomic relatedness of the plant species paired. Analysis of induction data from the literature revealed a similar correlation for other lepidopteran species.
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    Comparison of gravimetry and planimetry in determining dry matter budgets for three species of phytophagous lepidopteran larvae (1984)
    Springer
    Entomologia experimentalis et applicata 35 (1984), S. 255-261 
    Details
    ISSN: 1570-7458
    Keywords: method ; dry matter ; budget ; Lepidoptera ; phytophagous ; gravimetry ; area ; accuracy ; precision
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Description / Table of Contents: Résumé Les budgets en matière sèche consommée par des lépidoptères ont été comparés par les méthodes gravimétrique et planimétrique. La méthode gravimétrique est basée sur le rapport poids sec/poids frais de feuilles consommées par les chenilles. Avec la méthode planimétrique, la quantité d'aliment proposée aux chenilles est déterminée par les tracés de la surface des feuilles et le contenu de matière sèche par unité de surface des feuilles. La méthode de planimétrie permet l'utilisation de plus grands rameaux de feuilles et de cages d'élevage extérieures en gaze. Il n'y avait pas de différence appréciable dans les éléments du budget (croissance, ingestion et déjection), ni aucune différence dans la variabilité observée des données attribuable à la méthode utilisée. Cependant, la variabilité attendue d'après la précision des mesures avec la méthode gravimétrique est inférieure à celle de la méthode planimétrique. est inférieure à celle de la méthode planimétrique. Des éléments expérimentaux, inhérents à la méthode gravimétrique, introduisent une variabilité dans les mesures que l'on n'a pas avec la méthode planimétrique. 30–60% de la variabilité dans la consommation ont été attribués à des paramètres internes à la chenille, même quand elles provenaient toutes de la même ooplaque.
    Notes: Abstract Gravimetric and a combination areal-gravimetric methods for determining dry matter budgets for leaf eating Lepidoptera were compared. The gravimetric method is based on dry weight/live weight ratios of the leaves fed to the larvae. In the areal-gravimetric method, the quantity of food offered to the larvae is determined from the area of leaf tracings and the dry matter content per unit area of the leaves. The areal-gravimetric method permits the use of larger leaf sprays and an open, gauze enclosed rearing chamber. There were no consistent differences in budget factors (growth, ingestion or egestion), nor were there any differences in the observed variability of the data attributable to the method used. However, the expected variability based on instrument precision for the gravimetric method is less than for the areal-gravimetric method. Experimental factors inherent in the gravimetric method introduce variability to the measurements that are not present in the areal method. Thirty to 60% of the variability in budget factors was attributed to intrinsic properties of the larvae, even though the larvae were taken from the same egg masses.
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    Repellency of pheromones released by females of Heliothis armigera and H. zea to females of both species (1981)
    Springer
    Entomologia experimentalis et applicata 30 (1981), S. 123-127 
    Details
    ISSN: 1570-7458
    Keywords: Sex Pheromones ; Repellent ; Heliothis armigera ; Heliothis zea ; Lepidoptera ; Noctuidae ; cotton bollworm ; corn earworm
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Description / Table of Contents: Résumé L'examen en olfactomètre a porté sur les réactions face à d'autres femelles de la même espèce, de femelles vierges ou ayant copulé d'Heliothis armigera Hübner et H. zea Boddie. Le lot comprenait 8 femelles, vierges ou ayant copulé en présence d'une femelle vierge ou ayant copulé. Les 4 combinaisons possibles de femelles vierges et de femelles ayant copulé ont été examinées avec 12 répétitions pour chaque espèce. Un extrait de l'extrémité de l'abdomen de femelles vierges d'une espèce a été présenté aux femelles de l'autre espèce pour examiner les possibilités de réactions interspécifiques aux phéromones. Pour chaque espèce, les réactions interspécifiques de répulsion entre femelles ont été hautement significatives par rapport aux témoins, à l'exception toutefois des réactions de femelle ayant copulé face à des femelles ayant elles aussi copulé. Les répulsions moyennes chez H. armigera et H. zea pour les 8 femelles de chaque expérience ont été: a) vierges en présence d'une vierge: 7,33 et 7,66; b) vierges en présence d'une femelles ayant copulé: 5,76 et 5,58; c) femelles ayant copulé en présence d'une vierge: 4,67 et 4,83. Les différences sont hautement significatives entre chaque paire de moyennes et entre chaque paire et le lot témoin; 3,17; 3,17; 3,42; 4,00 pour H. armigera; 3,17; 3,50; 2,83 et 3,75 pour H. zea. Les femelles vierges des deux espèces, H. armigera et H. zea ont présenté une réaction de répulsion en présence d'un extrait de l'abdomen de l'autre espèce; les répulsions moyennes étant respectivement 5,53 et 5,33 contre 3,83 et 3,58 pour le lot trémoin. On peut en conclure que ces répulsions doivent entraîner une tendance à la répartition uniforme.
    Notes: Abstract An olfactometer was used to determine the effect of pheromones released by females of the bollworms Heliothis armigera (Hübner) and H. zea (Boddie) on females of the same species. Four combinations of virgin and mated females were tested for repellency of one to the other. Evidence is presented that females of the two bollworms were repelled by females of the same species. In addition, extracts of virgin female abdomens of each species repelled virgin females of the other species.
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    Multivoltinism in Apanteles bignellii and the influence of weather on synchronisation with its host Euphydryas aurinia (1983)
    Springer
    Entomologia experimentalis et applicata 34 (1983), S. 155-162 
    Details
    ISSN: 1570-7458
    Keywords: Hymenoptera ; Braconidae ; Lepidoptera ; Nymphalidae ; Apanteles bignellii ; Euphydryas aurinia ; Multivoltinism ; Synchronisation ; Weather
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Description / Table of Contents: Zusammenfassung In einer Population von Euphydryas aurinia (Rottemburg) bei Oxford, England treten während einer Generation von E. aurinia drei Normalgenerationen von Apanteles bignellii Marshall auf. Jede Generation des Parasitoids kann charakterisiert werden durch das befallende Wirtsstadium und durch die aus einem Wirt schlüpfende Zahl Parasitoide. Parasitoide schlüpfen in Normalgenerationen aus dem 3., dem 4. und dem 6. Stadium des Wirts; in Ausnahmegenerationen schlüpfen sie aus dem 2. und 5. Stadium. Bis zu 70 Parasitoide können aus einer Altraupe (6. Stadium) schlüpfen und die Dauer dieses Stadiums kann bis auf 2 Wochen verlängert werden. Die Ausnahmegenerationen von A. bignellii aus Zweitlarven dürften aus Eiablagen in frühe Erstlarven stammen. Fünftlarven des Wirts, aus denen Parasitoide schlüpfen, sind ungewöhnlich klein und fressen nicht; sie dürften das Resultat sein eines Uebermasses von Apenteles-Eiern, die in frühe Viertlarven gelegt wurden. Die Synchronisation zwischen dem Parasitoiden und dem Wirt während der Zeit, da E. aurinia im Puppen-, Adult- oder Eistadium ist, wird aufrechterhalten durch ein verlängertes Coconstadium von Apanteles. Die Puppen des Parasitoiden entwickeln sich normal und die Adulten schlüpfen, bleiben aber bis 4 Wochen lang im Cocon, bevor sie sich eine Ausgangsöffnung machen. Das Wetter kann den Parasitierungsgrad der letzten Wirtsstadien beeinflussen. Wenn der Frühling kalt ist mit klarem Himmel, kann die Synchronisierung zwischen Parasitoiden, die aus Viertlarven des Wirts schlüpfen und potentiellen Fünft- und Sechtstlarven des Wirts schlecht werden. Die Entwicklung von Apanteles-Puppen wird durch die Umgebungstemperatur beeinflusst, während E. aurinia-Larven ihre Temperatur erhöhen, indem sie sich sonnen und deshalb rasch wachsen. Wenn die Parasitoiden unter solchen Bedingungen schlüpfen, sind die meisten potentiellen Wirte schon verpuppt und damit nicht mehr geeignet für die Parasitierung. Die Mechanismen der Synchronisation und der Wettereinfluss auf diese Vorgänge wird diskutiert.
    Notes: Abstract The gregarious endoparasite, Apanteles bignellii Marshall is specific to the nymphalid butterfly, Euphydryas aurinia (Rottemburg) in the British Isles. The synchronisation between host and parasitoid is described at a site near Oxford, England where both occur. Three regular generations of A. bignellii occur in one generation of the host in the studied population. Relevant features of the biology of A. bignellii and E. aurinia are described, including a method of distinguishing the number of Apanteles larval instars based upon shed cuticle remnants. Mechanisms for host-parasitoid synchronisation are outlined, especially a protracted parasitoid cocoon stage when the host is unavailable for attack during the chrysalis, adult and egg stages. Cool, but sunny weather conditions in spring can influence the degree of parasitisation experienced by final instar host caterpillars. The timing of adult A. bignellii emergence and subsequent attack on early instar hosts can lead to additional, partial, generations of parasitoids from second and fifth instar hosts.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00338663
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    Are European White Butterflies Aposematic? (1999)
    Springer
    Evolutionary ecology 13 (1999), S. 709-719 
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    ISSN: 1573-8477
    Keywords: Anthocharis cardamines ; aposematism ; Lepidoptera ; palatability ; Pieridae ; Pieris brassicae ; P. napi
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract It has been suggested that the white coloration of Pieridae butterflies is a warning signal and therefore all white Pieridae could profit from a mimetic resemblance. We tested whether green-veined white (Pieris napi) and orange-tip (Anthocharis cardamines) butterflies benefit from white coloration. We compared their relative acceptability to wild, adult pied flycatchers (Ficedula hypoleuca) by offering live A. cardamines and P. napi together with two non-aposematic butterflies on the tray attached to birds' nesting boxes. Experienced predators equally attacked white and non-white butterflies, and the order of attack among the Pieridae was random. If anything, there was a slight indication that the female A. cardamines was the least favoured prey. Since birds did not avoid white coloration, we compared the palatability of these two species against known palatable and unpalatable butterflies by presenting them to great tits (Parus major). Pieris brassicae, which has been earlier described as unpalatable, was also included in the palatability test. However, there were no significant differences in the palatability of the butterflies to birds, and even P. brassicae was apparently palatable to the great tits. Our results do not unambiguously support the hypothesis that the white coloration of Pieridae would signal unpalatability. Nevertheless, in our last experiment, pied flycatchers often rejected or left untouched free flying P. napi and A. cardamines. This suggests that other features in a more natural situation, such as the agile flight pattern or odours might still make them unprofitable to birds.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1011081800202
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    Analysis of the cis-acting DNA elements required for piggyBac transposable element excision (1997)
    Springer
    Molecular genetics and genomics 255 (1997), S. 605-610 
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    ISSN: 1617-4623
    Keywords: Key words Transposable element ; Excision ; Recombination ; piggyBac ; Lepidoptera
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract The terminal DNA sequence requirements for piggyBac transposable element excision were explored using a plasmid-based assay in transfected, cultured insect cells. A donor plasmid containing duplicate 3′piggyBac terminal inverted repeats was constructed that allowed individual nucleotides or groups of nucleotides within one of the 3′ repeats to be mutated. The relative extent of excision using the mutated end versus the wild-type end was then assayed. Removal of even one of the terminal 3′ G nucleotides from the piggyBac inverted repeat, or removal of the dinucleotide AA from the flanking TTAA target site prevents excision of piggyBac at the mutated terminus. Incorporation of an asymmetric TTAC target site at the 3′ end does not prevent excision from the mutated end. Thus, both piggyBac DNA and flanking host DNA appear to play crucial roles in the excision process.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s004380050534
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    Role of diet in host selection ofHeliothis virescens by parasitoidCampoletis sonorensis (Hymenoptera: Ichneumonidae) (1984)
    Springer
    Journal of chemical ecology 10 (1984), S. 1535-1541 
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    ISSN: 1573-1561
    Keywords: Campoletis sonorensis ; Heliothis virescence ; synomone ; kairomone ; host location ; Hymenoptera ; Ichneumonidae ; Lepidoptera ; Noctuidae ; parasitoid
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Abstract Gas chromatographic analysis revealed that chemicals attractive toCampoletis sonorensis (Cameron), previously identified in cotton, were not present in wheat germ diet-rearedHeliothis virescens (F.) larvae. Diet-reared larvae fed cotton obtained the chemicals from cotton, with the consequence of enhanced kairomonal activity of the larvae and their frass toC. sonorensis. Parasitoids, presented a choice between cotton, cotton plus hosts, hosts alone, and control in an olfactometer, responded non-randomly, with the greatest number of responses to cotton plus hosts, and three times as many responses to cotton alone as to larvae alone. The role of the plant in the parasitoid-host relationship is discussed.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00988422
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    Attraction of male spruce budworm moths,Choristoneura fumiferana (Clemens), to pheromone-baited traps in small-tree thinnings (1984)
    Springer
    Journal of chemical ecology 10 (1984), S. 125-133 
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    ISSN: 1573-1561
    Keywords: Spruce budworm ; Choristoneura fumiferana ; Lepidoptera ; Tortricidae ; sex pheromone ; small-tree thinnings ; temperature ; precipitation ; wind ; attraction distance
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Abstract Mean catches of spruce budworm,Choristoneura fumiferana (Clemens), moths were not significantly different among four small-tree thinning treatments of young spruce-fir-hemlock regeneration. Significant inverse relationships were found between trap catches and distances to nearby spruce-fir-hemlock overstory. Prevailing wind directions indicated that moths were attracted anemotactically to upwind pheromone sources. No definite trends were detected between catches and temperature or precipitation.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00987649
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    Variability in accumulation of proanthocyanidins (condensed tannins) in needles of Douglas-fir (Pseudotsuga menziesii) following long-term budworm defoliation (1984)
    Springer
    Journal of chemical ecology 10 (1984), S. 1469-1476 
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    ISSN: 1573-1561
    Keywords: Proanthocyanidins ; condensed tannins ; plant-herbivore interactions ; Douglas-fir ; Pseudotsuga menziesii ; western spruce budworm ; Choristoneura occidentalis ; Lepidoptera ; Tortricidae ; nested ANOVA
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Abstract Long-term defoliation by budworms was associated with higher levels of soluble proanthocyanidins in the current year needles of Douglas-fir trees. The proanthocyanidin contents of needles from defoliated Douglas-fir trees were considerably more variable than those levels of undefoliated ones. The increased mean and variability of proanthocyanidin levels following defoliation may have interesting ecological consequences for Douglas-fir and its defoliators.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00990316
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    Sources of fall armyworm,Spodoptera frugiperda (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae), kairomones eliciting host-finding behavior inCotesia (=Apanteles) marginivenitris (Hymenoptera: Braconidae) (1984)
    Springer
    Journal of chemical ecology 10 (1984), S. 1019-1027 
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    ISSN: 1573-1561
    Keywords: Fall armyworm ; Spodoptera frugiperda ; Lepidoptera ; Noctuidae ; kairomone ; host-finding behavior ; Cotsia (=Apanteles)marginiventris ; Hymenoptera ; Braconidae ; frass attraction ; scales attraction ; pest management
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Abstract Bioassay responses inCotesia marginiventris (Cresson) females to materials derived from fall armyworm (FAW) larvae,Spodoptera frugiperda (J. E. Smith), were most intense for frass and somewhat less intense for larval and pupal cutical materials, scales, exuviae, silk, and oral secretion, with FAW larval hemolymph eliciting only a slight response. The highest percentage of ovipositor probing was caused by frass (100%) and moth scales (90%). Various types of corn-leaf damage when assayed alone did not produce responses as intense as when assayed in combination with frass, cuticle material, and oral secretion. Parasitoid response was somewhat better to frass derived from FAW larvae feeding on corn and peanut leaves than from larvae feeding on the foliage of soybeans, Bermuda grass, cowpeas, or laboratory diet. Hexane and chloroform were better than methanol and water for extracting active material from FAW frass, and chloroform was the best of these solvents for extracting corn leaves. Serial dilutions of frass extracts resulted in a reduction in parasitoid response.
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    Evaluation of time-average dispersion models for estimating pheromone concentration in a deciduous forest (1984)
    Springer
    Journal of chemical ecology 10 (1984), S. 1081-1108 
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    ISSN: 1573-1561
    Keywords: Pheromone dispersion ; active space ; Sutton model ; Gaussian plume model ; gypsy moth ; Lymantria dispar ; Lepidoptera ; Lymantriidae
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Abstract The Sutton and more recent Gaussian plume models of atmospheric dispersion were used to estimate downwind concentrations of pheromone in a deciduous forest. Wind measurements from two bivane anemometers were recorded every 12 sec and the pheromone was emitted from a point source 1.6 m above ground level at known rates. The wingfanning response of individually caged male gypsy moths (Lymantria dispar) at 15 sites situated 20 to 80 m downwind was used to monitor when pheromone levels were above threshold over a 15-min interval. Predicted concentrations from these Gaussian-type models at locations where wing fanning occurred were often several orders of magnitude below the known behavioral thresholds determined from wind tunnel tests. Probit analyses of dose-response relationships with these models showed no relationship between predicted dose and actual response. The disparity between the predictions of concentration from these models and the actual response patterns of the male gypsy moth in the field was not unexpected. These time-average models predict concentrations for a fixed position over 3-min or longer intervals, based upon the dispersion coefficients. Thus the models estimate pheromone concentrations for time intervals appreciably longer than required for behavioral response.
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    Behavioral responses of maleHeliothis zea moths in sustained-flight tunnel to combinations of 4 compounds identified from female sex pheromone gland (1984)
    Springer
    Journal of chemical ecology 10 (1984), S. 193-202 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-1561
    Keywords: Corn earworm ; Heliothis zea ; Lepidoptera ; Noctuidae ; flight tunnel ; sex pheromone ; moth behavior
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Abstract Each of the four compounds that have been identified from sex pheromone glands ofHeliothis zea female moths was examined for its ability to elicit sexual responses from male moths in a flight tunnel. Males flew upwind to (Z)-11-hexadecenal alone, but greater levels of behavioral activity were evoked with the addition of (Z)-9-hexadecenal to the treatment. Addition of hexadecanal or (Z)-7-hexadecenal to the initial two components had no effect in raising the behavioral response of the males in the flight tunnel whether added singularly at both the normal gland-emission ratio or at varying ratios or in combination at the normal ratio. Live, calling females elicited levels of sexual activity from males not significantly different from that elicited by the mixture of (Z)-11- and (Z)-9-hexadecenal on cotton wicks.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00987848
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    Role of pheromone components in evoking behavioral responses from male potato tuberworm moth,Phthorimaea operculella (Zeller) (Lepidoptera: Gelechiidae) (1984)
    Springer
    Journal of chemical ecology 10 (1984), S. 271-280 
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    ISSN: 1573-1561
    Keywords: Potato tuberworm moth ; Phthorimaea operculella ; (E,Z)-4,7-tridecadienyl acetate ; (E,Z,Z)-4,7,10-tridecatrienyl acetate ; insect sex pheromone ; Lepidoptera ; Gelechiidae
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Abstract Responses of the male potato tuberworm moth,Phthorimaea operculella (Zeller), to two sex pheromone components and female crude extract were studied. Both in a wind tunnel and the field, males were better able to locate a source consisting of a 1∶1 mixture of (E,Z)-4,7-tridecadien-1-yl acetate and (E,Z,Z)-4,7,10-tridecatrien-1-yl acetate than a source consisting of the triene alone. The addition of the diene increased the time spent in the vicinity of the pheromone source, time spent on the source itself, and also increased the average number of visits to the source per individual when compared to the triene alone. The triene elicited high levels of locomotor activity and may play a major role in eliciting earlier (long-range) steps in the behavioral sequence of sexually activated moths. The diene appeared to influence later (short-range) behavior. The behavioral responses of males to a 1∶1 mixture of the diene and triene were similar to those elicited by female crude extract.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00987855
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    Host selection byBlepharipa pratensis (Meigen), a tachinid parasite of the gypsy moth,Lymantria dispar L. (1984)
    Springer
    Journal of chemical ecology 10 (1984), S. 311-320 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-1561
    Keywords: Gypsy moth ; Lymantria dispar ; Lepidoptera ; Lymantriidae ; Blepharipa pratensis ; Diptera ; Tachinidae ; host selection ; contact chemical ; parasite behavior
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Abstract The host selection process ofBlepharipa pratensis (Meigen), a tachinid parasite of the gypsy moth,Lymantria dispar L., was investigated. Once in the host's habitat, and following contact with a recently damaged leaf edge (cut, torn, eaten), the fly orients perpendicular to the edge and moves back and forth with the front tarsi grasping the damaged edge. Oviposturing (oviposition intention) may occur. Leaf exudates appear to arrest the fly on the leaf and increase tarsal examination (searching). If an edge of a gypsy moth-eaten leaf is contacted, oviposition usually occurs. Significantly more eggs are laid when host-browsed foliage is encountered, compared to mechanically cut or damaged foliage, indicating response to a cue left by the host during feeding. The number of host-damaged leaf clusters in an area significantly enhances oviposition there; in field-cage tests, significantly more eggs (7911) were laid in simulated-crown areas with all clusters browsed, compared to the adjacent areas containing 1/2 browsed (4200 eggs) and undamaged clusters (2209 eggs). A host selection sequence is suggested and discussed.
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    Role of volatile inforchemicals emitted by feces of larvae in host-searching behavior of parasitoidCotesia rubecula (Hymenoptera: Braconidae): A behavioral and chemical study (1995)
    Springer
    Journal of chemical ecology 21 (1995), S. 1789-1811 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-1561
    Keywords: Volatile infochemicals ; kairomone ; host feces ; parasitoid ; Cotesia rubecula ; host-searching behavior ; Brassica oleracea gemmifera ; Pieris rapae ; Pieris brassicae ; Pieris napi ; Lepidoptera
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Abstract The role of volatile infochemicals emitted by feces of larvae in the host-searching behavior of the parasitoidCotesia rubecula was evaluated during single- and dual-choice tests inside a wind tunnel. The following treatments were tested: feces produced by second and fourth instars ofPieris rapae (preferred host), second instars ofP. brassicae (inferior host), second instars ofP. napi (nonhost), and wet feces of second instars ofP. rapae. During a single-choice situation females ofC. rubecula oriented to all types of feces tested. When a preference was to be made,C. rubecula preferred feces of second instars ofP. rapae over that of fourth, feces ofP. rapae over that ofP. brassicae, feces ofP. napi over that ofP. brassicae, and wet over normal host feces. No preference was exhibited between feces of second instars ofP. napi and that of second instars ofP. rapae. The relative importance of infochemicals from host feces versus plant damage caused by host larvae to the searching behavior ofC. rubecula was also evaluated. Plant damage was more important to the searching females than host feces when feces were present in specific concentrations in relation to damage. The volatiles released by normal and wet feces of second instars ofP. rapae, wet feces of fourth instars ofP. rapae, and normal and wet feces ofP. brassicae were collected and identified. Overall, 85 chemical compounds were recorded belonging to the following chemical groups: alcohols, ketones, aldehydes, esters, isothiocyanates, sulfides, nitriles, furanoids, terpenoids and pyridines. The blend of chemicals emitted by feces of different instars ofP. rapae and different species ofPieris exhibited an instar and species specificity in both quantity and quality. Wetting of normal feces increased the amount of volatile chemicals released, and it was also responsible for the appearance of new compounds. The role of feces of larvae in the host-seeking behavior ofC. rubecula is discussed.
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    Chemical nature of larval osmeterial secretions of papilionid butterflies in the generaParnassius, Sericinus andPachliopta (1995)
    Springer
    Journal of chemical ecology 21 (1995), S. 859-867 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-1561
    Keywords: Osmeterial secretion ; Lepidoptera ; Papilionidae ; Parnassiinae ; Papilioninae ; Parnassius glacialis ; Sericinus montela ; Pachliopta aristolochiae ; aliphatic acid and ester ; monoterpene ; sesquiterpene
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Abstract Volatile components of the larval osmeterial secretion ofParnassius glacialis (Parnassiinae, Parnassiini) consisted of isobutyric acid, 2-methylbutyric acid, and their methyl esters. In contrast, the osmeterial exudate ofSericinus montela (Parnassiinae, Zerynthiini) was characterized as monoterpene hydrocarbons comprisingβ-myrcene (Major),α-pinene, sabinene, limonene, andβ-phellandrene, whereas that ofPachliopta aristolochiae (Papilioninae, Troidini) was composed of numerous sesquiterpene hydrocarbons, includingα-himachalene,α-amorphene, and germacrene-A, and a few oxygenated sesquiterpenoids. In these three species, the chemical nature of the secretions of the last and the penultimate instars was essentially of similar quality, suggesting that the three genera,Parnassius, Sericinus, andPachliopta, are assigned to homogeneous types.
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    Male sex pheromone of a giant danaine butterfly,Idea leuconoe (1996)
    Springer
    Journal of chemical ecology 22 (1996), S. 949-972 
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    ISSN: 1573-1561
    Keywords: Lepidoptera ; Danainae ; Idea leuconoe ; hairpencil ; pheromone ; Parsonsia laevigata ; pyrrolizidine alkaloid ; mellein ; defense
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Abstract Males of a giant danaine butterfly,Idea leuconoe, display hairpencils during courtship. The females were visually attracted to and olfactorily arrested by an artificial butterfly model to which male hairpencil extracts were added. The hairpencil extracts contained a complex mixture of volatiles, including pyrrolizidine alkaloid (PA) derivatives (danaidone, viridifloric β-lactone), aromatics (phenol,p-cresol, benzoic acid), terpenoids (geranyl methyl thioether, (E,E)-farnesol), a series of γ-lactones (6-hydroxy-4-undecanolides and its homologs), hydrocarbons [(Z)-9-tricosene, etc.], and several compounds with higher molecular weight. A mixture of the major volatiles applied to a butterfly dummy strongly elicited an abdomen-curling acceptance posture in females. Viridifloric β-lactone and danaidone induced significant electroantennogram responses on the female's antennae, suggesting their principal role together with other hairpencil components as a sex pheromone to seduce females.I. leuconoe males seem to acquire the precursor for both of the PA fragments from the host plant,Parsonsia laevigata (Apocynaceae), during the larval stage; thereby they do not show pharmacophagous behavior towards PA-containing plants during the adult stage. However, males are pharmacophagously attracted to and feed on a number of simple phenolic compounds in a manner similar to other danaine species towards PAs. Wild males sequester one of the phagostimulants, (−)-mellein, in the hairpencils in varying quantities. Phenolic compounds incorporated in the hairpencils may act primarily as warning odors linked with the defensive PAs present in the body tissues.
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    Terpene variations in maritime pine constitutive oleoresin related to host tree selection byDioryctria sylvestrella RATZ. (Lepidoptera: Pyralidae) (1996)
    Springer
    Journal of chemical ecology 22 (1996), S. 1037-1050 
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    ISSN: 1573-1561
    Keywords: Pine tree ; Pinus pinaster ; Lepidoptera ; Dioryctria sylvestrella ; oleoresin ; terpenes ; host selection ; resistance marker
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Abstract Gas chromatographic analysis of the volatile terpenes of the wood oleoresin of maritime pines showed that the relative proportions of terpenes within the same tree did not vary according to sampling height and date. Pruning and tree vigor did not affect terpene profiles, but oleoresin composition varied widely from tree to tree. The trees attacked byDioryctria sylvestrella contained a significantly higher percentage of limonene, longipinene, and copaene, and a discriminant analysis, using the relative percentage of six terpenes, significantly separated infested and uninfested trees. The olfactory sensitivity of adult moths to a series of 20 volatile chemicals, including maritime pine oleoresin components, was evaluated with the electroantennogram method. Both sexes were sensitive to monoterpenes, oxygenated terpenoid compounds, and oleoresin samples. The use of terpenes as host attractants and biochemical markers for resistance toD. sylvestrella is discussed.
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    Sex pheromone ofStenoma cecropia Meyrick (Lepidoptera: Elachistidae) (1996)
    Springer
    Journal of chemical ecology 22 (1996), S. 1103-1121 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-1561
    Keywords: Lepidoptera ; Elachistidae ; Stenoma cecropia ; sex pheromone ; identification ; electroantennography ; single sensillum recording ; field trapping (Z,E)-9,11-tetradecadienal ; (Z,E)-9,11,13-tetradecatrienal
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Abstract (Z,E)-9,11-tetradecadienal (Z9,E11–14: Ald; 11%), (Z,E)-9,11,13-tetradecatrienal (Z9,E11, 13–14: Ald; 67%), (Z,E)-9,11-tetradecadienyl acetate (Z9,E11–14: Ac, 5.5%), and (Z,E)-9,11,13-tetradecatrienyl acetate (Z9,E11,13–14: Ac; 16.5%) were identified in the extracts of female pheromone glands ofStenoma cecropia (Lepidoptera: Elachistidae). From electroantennograms and single sensillum recordings, receptors toZ9,E11,13–14:Ald andZ9,E11–14: Ald were found on male antenna. Behavioral data were obtained from olfactometric tests in the laboratory and field trapping experiments in Colombia. It appeared that a blend ofZ9,E11,13–14:Ald (83%) andZ9,E11–14:Ald (17%) was attractive to males. These aldehydes are assumed to be components of the sex pheromone ofS. cecropia, whereas the acetates found in gland extracts might be precursors of the pheromone.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02027948
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  • 91
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    Behavioral responses ofSpodoptera littoralis males to sex pheromone components and virgin females in wind tunnel (1996)
    Springer
    Journal of chemical ecology 22 (1996), S. 1087-1102 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-1561
    Keywords: Wind tunnel ; behavior ; single sensillum recording ; Spodoptera littoralis ; Lepidoptera ; Noctuidae ; Egyptian armyworm
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Abstract The major component of the sex pheromone of femaleSpodoptera littoralis, (Z,E)-9,11-tetradecadienyl acetate (1), elicited all steps of the male behavioral sequence, i.e., wing fanning and taking flight, oriented upwind flight and arrival to the middle of the tunnel, close approach and contact with the source. The activity was equivalent to that elicited by virgin females. In the range of doses tested, the dosage of1 had no significant effect on the number of source contacts. Male response was significantly affected by light intensity, being optimum at 3 lux. Activity of the minor components (Z)-9-tetradecenyl acetate (2), (E)-11-tetradecenyl acetate (3), tetradecyl acetate (4), (Z)-11-tetradecenyl acetate (5), and (Z,E)-9,12-tetradecadienyl acetate (6) was significantly lower than that of the major component when assayed individually. In multicomponent blends compound4 appeared to strongly decrease the number of males arrested at the source, the effect being particularly important when compound5 was present in the blend. Results of single sensillum experiments confirmed the existence of two main physiologically distinct sensillar types. The most common type of sensilla contained a neuron that responded specifically to compound1. A second type of sensilla, located laterally on the ventral sensory surface, contained two receptor neurons responding to compound6 and to (Z)-9-tetradecenol. Among short sensilla, one hair responded to compound4 and could represent a minor sensillar type. No sensory neuron was found to detect the other minor pheromone compounds2, 3, and5.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02027947
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  • 92
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    (Z)6, (E)8-Heneicosadien-11-One: Synergistic Sex Pheromone Component of Douglas-Fir Tussock Moth, Orgyia pseudotsugata (McDunnough) (Lepidoptera: Lymantriidae) (1997)
    Springer
    Journal of chemical ecology 23 (1997), S. 19-34 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-1561
    Keywords: Lepidoptera ; Lymantriidae ; Orgyia pseudotsugata ; tussock moth ; (Z)6,(Z)9-heneicosadien-11-one ; (Z)6,(E)8-heneicosadien-11-one ; (Z)6,(Z)9-heneicosadien-11-one ; sex pheromone ; synergism
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Abstract Three candidate sex pheromone components, (Z)6,(Z)9-, (Z)6,(E)8-, and (Z)6,(E)9-heneicosadien-11-one (Z6Z9, Z6E8, and Z6E9) were identified in pheromone gland extracts of female Douglas-fir tussock moths (DFTM), Orgyia pseudotsugata (McDunnough). Their occurrence in subnanogram quantities in extracts and structural conversion during analytical procedures and bioassays complicated chemical identifications. Complete identification required comparative analyses of stereoselectively synthesized and female-produced dienones by coupled gas chromatographic–electroantennographic detection (GC-EAD), high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) and coupled GC–mass spectrometry (MS). Determination of the pheromone component was contingent upon an experimental design that minimized structural rearrangement of dienones before and during the field test. In a 40-min field experiment, acetonitrile solutions of each of the above dienones were carried on Dry Ice to traps and were syringed onto cotton release devices below trap lids. In combination with the previously known sex pheromone component of DFTM, (Z)6-heneicosen-11-one (Z6), Z6E8 was the only synergistic dienone and the mixture was highly attractive. Because Z6 by itself attracts seven species of tussock moths (two sympatric with DFTM), a blend of Z6 and Z6E8 may impart specificity to DFTM pheromone communication. In commercial lures, this binary blend may facilitate species-specific, sensitive monitoring and efficacious control by mating disruption of this important forest defoliator.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/B:JOEC.0000006343.38471.c7
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  • 93
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    Development and Pheromone Communication Systems in Hybrids of Agrotis ipsilon and Agrotis segetum (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae) (1997)
    Springer
    Journal of chemical ecology 23 (1997), S. 191-209 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-1561
    Keywords: Lepidoptera ; Noctuidae ; Agrotis ipsilon ; Agrotis segetum ; hybridization ; pheromone ; diapause ; migration ; sexual isolation
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Abstract Hybrids were obtained by crossing males of the turnip moth Agrotis segetum, which has a period of arrested development in the larval stage, with females of the migrant and nondiapausing black cutworm, Agrotis ipsilon. No progeny were obtained by crossing females of A. segetum with males of A. ipsilon. Backcrosses were successful only by crossing hybrids with both sexes of A. ipsilon. No larval oligopause occurred when hybrid larvae were reared under conditions inducing arrest in A. segetum (12L:12D, 21°C). Wind tunnel tests showed interattractiveness of F1 hybrids with A. ipsilon but not with A. segetum. Single sensillum recordings of pheromone-sensitive hairs on the antennae of males of the parent species revealed differences in the distribution of sensilla. F1 and F2 hybrids exhibited the same receptor cell types and distribution as A. ipsilon. Gas chromatographic analysis of female pheromone gland extracts revealed that F1 hybrids were also very close to A. ipsilon.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/B:JOEC.0000006354.75569.c9
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  • 94
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    Bioisosteric Approach to Elucidation of Binding of the Acetate Group of a Moth Sex Pheromone Component to Its Receptor (1997)
    Springer
    Journal of chemical ecology 23 (1997), S. 2755-2776 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-1561
    Keywords: Lepidoptera ; Noctuidae ; Agrotis segetum ; (Z)-5-decenyl acetate ; pheromone analogs ; structure–activity ; bioisosteres ; single-sensillum recordings ; receptor interaction ; molecular electrostatic potential ; quantum mechanical calculations ; ab initio calculations
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Abstract A number of analogs of (Z)-5-decenyl acetate, a pheromone component of the turnip moth,Agrotis segetum, in which the acetate group has been replaced by functional groups that may function as bioisosters, have been synthesized and tested using single-cell electrophysiology. The activities have been interpreted in terms of the molecular electrostatic potentials of the polar functional group as calculated byab initio quantum mechanical calculations. It is concluded that both oxygens of the acetate group in (Z)-5-decenyl acetate contribute to the interactions between the pheromone component and its receptor. Furthermore, the results indicate that the crucial interaction between the carbonyl group and the receptor, which is most probably a hydrogen bonding interaction, takes place in a direction pointing away from the hydrocarbon chain of the pheromone component.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1022563010599
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  • 95
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    Reinvestigation of Female Sex Pheromone of Processionary Moth (Thaumetopoea pityocampa): No Evidence for Minor Components (1997)
    Springer
    Journal of chemical ecology 23 (1997), S. 713-726 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-1561
    Keywords: Sex pheromone ; processionary moth ; Thaumetopoea pityocampa ; Lepidoptera ; Thaumetopoeidae ; minor component ; single cell recording ; behavior
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Abstract The female sex pheromone of the processionary moth Thaumetopoea pityocampa has been reinvestigated to look for possible minor components. Examination by GC-MS and GC-EAD of the contents of virgin female glands, after stimulation with PBAN (pheromone-biosynthesis-activating neuropeptide), showed that the major component, (Z)-13-hexadecen-11-ynyl acetate (1), appears to be the only pheromone compound present in the gland. Comparison of female attractivity with that of the natural extract and synthetic (Z)-13-hexadecen-11-ynyl acetate showed that this chemical is able to elicit a similar activity to that displayed by virgin females in a wind tunnel. In single cell recording experiments, two specialist receptor cell types were found in the trichoid sensilla. One cell type was tuned to enyne acetate 1. The other one was tuned to (Z,Z)-11,13- hexadecadienal and (Z)-13-hexadecen-11-ynal, the major components of the pheromone blend of other Thaumetopoea spp., and constitutes a further example of interspecific inhibitor receptor cells. Our results show that the processionary moth may not need minor components for successful mate recognition.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/B:JOEC.0000006406.30444.69
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  • 96
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    Sequestration and Metabolism of Host-Plant Flavonoids by the Lycaenid Butterfly Polyommatus bellargus (1997)
    Springer
    Journal of chemical ecology 23 (1997), S. 1361-1372 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-1561
    Keywords: Polyommatus bellargus ; Lepidoptera ; Lycaenidae ; Coronilla varia ; Fabaceae ; flavonoids ; sequestration ; insect–plant interactions
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Abstract Larvae of the lycaenid butterfly Polyommatus bellargus were reared on leaves of Coronilla varia that are rich in flavone C-glycosides. Six flavonoids including isovitexin and isoorientin, as well as several of their congeners were isolated and identified by spectroscopic means. Comparative HPLC analysis of the host plant and of larvae, pupae, and imagines of P. bellargus indicated selective uptake of isovitexin versus isoorientin derivatives. Isovitexin-2″-O-xyloside was the major flavonoid detected in pupae and in imagines of P. bellargus. Several minor components were tentatively identified as quercetin- and kaempferol-O-glycosides based on their on line-UV spectra and by comparison with known standards. Since leaves of the host plant accumulate exclusively flavones, the flavonol glycosides are considered to be biotransformation products that are formed by the insects and/ or by symbiotic bacteria. Imagines of P. bellargus caught in the wild exhibited similar flavonoid patterns compared to imagines reared in the laboratory. Within the imagines, approximately 80% of all flavonoids are stored in the wings (especially in the orange submarginal lunules), whereas the remaining 20% resides in the bodies. Female butterflies show a significantly higher flavonoid concentration than males. It is suggested that the sequestered flavonoids are involved in visual mate recognition.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/B:JOEC.0000006469.00557.69
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  • 97
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    Resolution of Pheromonal Epoxydienes by Chiral HPLC, Stereochemistry of Separated Enantiomers, and Their Field Evaluation (1997)
    Springer
    Journal of chemical ecology 23 (1997), S. 1403-1417 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-1561
    Keywords: Chiral HPLC ; sex pheromone ; Lepidoptera ; Geometridae ; epoxydiene ; stereochemistry ; Mosher's method
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Abstract Resolution of insect pheromonal cis-epoxydiene racemates derived from (Z,Z,Z)-3,6,9-trienes with a C18–C23 chain was examined utilizing chiral HPLC columns, and the result showed that a Chiralpak AS column was suitable to separate enantiomers of the 3,4-epoxides, and a Chiralpak AD column was indispensable for the resolution of the racemic 6,7- and 9,10-epoxides. The absolute configuration of the enantiomers of the 3,4- and 9,10-epoxides separated by HPLC was studied after methanolysis of their epoxy rings. Examination of the 1H NMR data from esters of the methoxyalcohols produced by a modified Mosher's method with (S)- and (R)-α-methoxy-α-(trifluoromethyl)phenylacetic acid indicated that the dextrorotatory parent epoxides with a shorter R t were 3S,4R and 9S,10R isomers and the levorotatory enantiomers having a longer R t possessed 3R,4S and 9R,10S configuration. Field tests with both enantiomers of (Z,Z)-6,9-cis-3,4-epoxynonadecadiene separated by HPLC with the chiral column revealed new specific attraction of geometrid forest defoliators, Pachyerannis obliquaria, to the 3R,4S isomer and Zethenia albonotaria nesiotis to the 3S,4R isomer.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/B:JOEC.0000006472.12370.c6
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  • 98
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    A Genetic Analysis of Population Differences in Pheromone Production and Response Between Two Populations of the Turnip Moth,Agrotis segetum (1997)
    Springer
    Journal of chemical ecology 23 (1997), S. 1487-1503 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-1561
    Keywords: Turnip moth ; Agrotis segetum ; Lepidoptera ; Noctuidae ; sex pheromone ; genetics ; population variation ; pheromone production ; behavioral response
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Abstract The genetic basis of the differences in female pheromone blend ratio and male behavioral response in the turnip moth,Agrotis segetum, was examined by crossing individuals derived from Scandinavian and Zimbabwean populations. These two populations differ both in the ratio of the three major female pheromone components,Z5–10:OAc,Z7–12:OAc, andZ9–14: OAc and in the behavioral response of the males in both wind-tunnel and field-trapping assays. The female pheromone blend in this study is treated as the log ngZ5–10:OAc/ngZ7–12:OAc and log ngZ9–14:OAc/ngZ7–12:OAc for statistical analysis. The mean log ngZ5–10:OAc/ngZ7–12:OAc, is under control by a major autosomal factor or factors, but it is unclear what genetic factor or factors may control the mean log ngZ9–14:OAc/ngZ7–12:OAc. Frequency distributions of the proportions of each component show wide individual variation and also suggest control ofZ5–10:OAc andZ7–12:OAc by major autosomal factors, which forZ5–10:OAc may show partial dominance. Analysis of male behavioral response to synthetic blends in the wind tunnel yields inconclusive results, but suggests thatA. segetum may have a broad window of response that reflects the range of individual variation in female blends.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/B:JOEC.0000006417.71996.46
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  • 99
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    Sex Pheromone Components of Pitch Pine Looper, Lambdina pellucidaria (1998)
    Springer
    Journal of chemical ecology 24 (1998), S. 491-500 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-1561
    Keywords: Lepidoptera ; Geometridae ; Lambdina athasaria ; Lambdina fiscellaria ; Lambdina pellucidaria ; sex pheromone ; synergism ; 7,11-dimethyl-heptadecane ; 5,11-dimethylheptadecane ; 7-methylheptadecane
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Abstract Two methylated hydrocarbons, 7-methylheptadecane (7) and 7,11-dimethylheptadecane (7,11), are sex pheromone components of female pitch pine looper (PPL), Lambdina pellucidaria. Compounds extracted from the pheromone glands of female moths were identified by coupled gas chromatographic–electroantennographic detection (GC-EAD) and coupled GC–mass spectrometry (GC-MS) in selected ion monitoring mode. In field-trapping experiments, 7 and 7,11 in combination, but not singly, attracted numerous male moths. 5,11-Dimethylheptadecane (5,11) was detected by GC-EAD in female PPL pheromone gland extract, but did not significantly increase attraction of PPL males to 7 plus 7,11. Although 7 was 〉 10 times more abundant than 7,11 in pheromone gland extracts, traps baited with synthetic 7 plus 7,11 at a blend ratio of 1:1, rather than 1:0.1 or 1:0.01, captured the most PPL males. The chemical communication of PPL and spring hemlock looper (SHL), Lambdina athasaria, is strikingly similar. Both species employ 7 plus 7,11 as sex pheromone. Restriction of SHL to forests with eastern hemlock or balsam fir and PPL to forests with pitch or other hard pines contributes to their reproductive isolation. PPL and SHL may also use different optical isomers of enantiomeric 7 and stereoisomeric 7,11 to maintain specificity of their chemical communication.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1022312802940
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  • 100
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    Chemical and Behavioral Evidence for a Third Pheromone Component in a North American Population of the Black Cutworm Moth, Agrotis ipsilon (1998)
    Springer
    Journal of chemical ecology 24 (1998), S. 999-1011 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-1561
    Keywords: Lepidoptera ; Feltia jaculifera ; Agrotis ipsilon ; sex pheromone ; wind tunnel ; pheromone traps ; male attraction
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Abstract The sex pheromone of Agrotis ipsilon had been previously identified as a blend of (Z)-7-dodecenyl acetate (Z7–12:Ac) and (Z)-9-tetradecenyl acetate (Z9–14:Ac). A synthetic blend of Z7–12:Ac and Z9–14:Ac (30 μg:10 μg) is effective in attracting males in the field. In several countries, addition of (Z)-11-hexadecenyl acetate (Z11–16:Ac) to the previously identified blend increases male captures, but this had not been demonstrated in North America. We found Z11–16:Ac, in addition to Z7–12:Ac and Z9–14:Ac, from pheromone gland extracts of females from North America. The mean ratio of Z7–12:Ac, Z9–14:Ac, and Z11–16:Ac produced by individual females was 70.5:14.2:15.3, respectively. In Kentucky, addition of Z11–16:Ac (60 μg) to a two-component blend of Z7–12:Ac and Z9–14:Ac significantly increased the trap capture rate in the field. Traps baited with this three-component blend were 3.3 times (1995) and 4.6 times (1996) more effective in capturing male A. ipsilon than the two-component blend. This improved effectiveness resulted in detection of A. ipsilon in 60% more of the sampling periods in the two years. In the wind tunnel, males flew upwind and contacted a rubber septum loaded with a three-component blend including Z11–16:Ac significantly more frequently than they did to any two-component blend. These results demonstrate that Z11–16:Ac is a pheromone component in this North American population of A. ipsilon.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1022398318465
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