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  • Springer  (53,638)
  • 1980-1984  (44,784)
  • 1925-1929  (8,854)
  • 1983  (44,784)
  • 1927  (4,921)
  • 1925  (3,933)
  • 1
    ISSN: 1420-9098
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Description / Table of Contents: Resume Nous avons réalisé une étude expérimentale du développement de grandes larves ayant hiverné, chez 4 espèces deMyrmica. Utilisant une gamme de températures de 15°C à 25°C, nous avons montré que: 1. Il n'y a pas de différences entre les espèces quant à l'effet de la température sur les durées de développement. Toutes suivent le modèle: log. durée de développement =a-b T°C, avec la même valeur pour b. Ceci donne un Q10 effectif d'environ 3,1. Ce résultat est en accord avec les estimations de respirométrie chez les ouvrières de fourmis. 2. Les valeurs de a diffèrent de façon significative entre la plupart des espèces, ce qui confirme la différence intrinsèque que nous avions démontrée à la température constante de 22,5°C dans un précédent travail. Les durées de développement larvaire peuvent être ainsi classées, de la plus rapide à la plus lente:Myrmica ruginodis Nyl.,Myrmica rubra L.,Myrmica scabrinodis Nyl. etMyrmica sabuleti Meinert. A toutes les températures, il faut 1,5 fois plus de temps àM. sabuleti qu'àM. ruginodis pour qu'une grande larve ayant hiverné se transforme en nymphe blanche. 3. Nous n'avons pas observé de grandes différences dans la survie des larves et la production des reines, aux températures utilisées dans nos expériences. La plupart des espèces survivent le mieux à 22°C environ. 4. Les résultats sont brièvement discutés en fonction de la distribution écologique des 4 espèces dans le Sud de l'Angleterre. 5. Nous discutons les effets possibles d'un régime de température variable. Nous suggérons que l'amplitude des variations peut ne pas avoir un effet important alors que la périodicité des variations pourrait avoir un effet plus important.
    Notes: Summary The effect of temperature upon the development of large hibernated larvaæ of fourMyrmica species has been tested experimentally. Over the viable temperature range of 15–25°C, it was found that: 1. There are no differences between the species in the effect of temperature upon development times. All fit the model log Dev. time=a-b T°C with a common value for b. This gives an effective Q10 of about 3.1 which agrees with respirometrical estimates for worker ants. 2. The value for the intercept (a) differs significantly between most species confirming the intrinsic difference that has been demonstrated at a constant 22.5°C in previous work. The development times of larvæ can be ordered from fastest to slowest being:Myrmica ruginodis Nyl.,Myrmica rubra L.,Myrmica scabrinodis Nyl. andMyrmica sabuleti Meinert. At any temperature it takesM. sabuleti about 1.5 times as long asM. ruginodis to grow from a large hibernated larva to a white pupa. 3. No large differences in larval survival or gyne production could be detected between the temperature treatments. There was an indication that most species, survived best at about 22°C. 4. The results are discussed briefly in terms of the ecological distribution of the four species in the South of England. 5. The possible effects of a fluctuating temperature regime are discussed, it is suggested that the amplitude of fluctuations may not have any great effect whereas the periodicity could be more important.
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  • 2
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    Insectes sociaux 30 (1983), S. 149-164 
    ISSN: 1420-9098
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Description / Table of Contents: Zusammenfassung Die Chromosomenzahlen von 40 Ameisenarten werden mitgeteilt. Für 22 Arten wird zusätzlich der Karyotyp vorgelegt. Die haploiden Chromosomenzahlen bewegen sich zwischen n=8 und n=26. Bemerkenswert sind die Karyotypen der GattungLasius. Diese Karyotypen besitzen, abgesehen von einem oder zwei mediozentrischen Paaren, ausschliesslich acrozentrische Chromosomen. Alle übrigen Karyotypen bestehen überwiegend aus medio- bzw. submediozentrischen Chromosomen. In der GattungCamponotus entspricht die Gruppierung in Untergattungen auch einer Gruppierung von unterschiedlichen Chromosomenzahlen. Für die GattungenAphœnogaster undLeptothorax gilt diese Entsprechung nicht.
    Notes: Summary The chromosome numbers of 40 ant species are reported. For 22 species the karyotypes as well as the chromosome numbers are presented. The chromosome numbers range between n=8 and n=26. Remarkable karyotypes are those of the genusLasius in exhibiting mainly acrocentric chromosomes. In all other karyotypes the majority of chromosomes show medio- or submediocentric centromere position. Differences in chromosome numbers in the genusCamponotus reflect the grouping in subgenera with the exception ofTanœmyrmex. This pattern is not true for the generaAphœnogaster andLeptothorax, where a variety of chromosome numbers were found in the different subgenera.
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  • 3
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    Insectes sociaux 30 (1983), S. 210-220 
    ISSN: 1420-9098
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Description / Table of Contents: Summary Density effects inEublaberus distanti have been tested upon larvæ in groups of 20, 100 and 500 individuals. Increased density leads to higher larval mortality, particularly in young larvæ, a larger difference between slow development and rapid development, and a decrease in adult size. Density effects in cockroaches can be explained in terms of population dynamics comparable to phasic modifications of desert Locusts.
    Notes: Resume Les effets de la densité ont été testés sur des lots de larves de l'espèceEublaberus distanti, lots de 20, 100 et 500 individus par 615 cm2. Lorsque la densité augmente, la mortalité larvaire s'accroit, surtout chez les larves jeunes. L'augmentation de densité accentue les différences entre individus à développement rapide et développement plus lent, de même qu'elle implique une réduction de taille chez les adultes. Les effets de la densité s'expliquent par la dynamique de la régulation des populations de Blattes, comparable aux modifications phasaires des Acridiens migrateurs.
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  • 4
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    Insectes sociaux 30 (1983), S. 235-240 
    ISSN: 1420-9098
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Description / Table of Contents: Zusammenfassung Ein Volk vonHarpagoxenus sublœvis wurde in einem naturnahen Habitat künstlich angesiedelt. Am 7. und 8. Juli 1981, zwischen 2015 und 2130 MEZ, konnte erstmalig unter Freilandbedingungen das Locksterzelverhalten ergatomorpher Jungweibchen in Nestnähe beobachtet werden. Gleichzeitig fand am 7. Juli ein Sklavenraubzug desHarpagoxenus-Volkes auf ein benachbartesLeptothorax acervorum (Fabricius)-Nest statt. Das bisher nur aus Laborbeobachtungen bekannte Sexualverhalten wird somit unter Freilandbedingungen in gleicher Form gezeigt.
    Notes: Summary A colony ofHarpagoxenus sublœvis was artificially established in a near-natural habitat. The sexual calling behavior of young ergatomorphic queens was observed for the first time under field conditions on July 7 and 8 1981, between 2015 and 2130 Central European Time. Simultaneously, on July 7, theHarpagoxenus colony conducted a slave raid on a neighboring nest ofLeptothorax acervorum (Fabricius). Previously the sexual behavior was known only from laboratory studies, these observations now show that it is performed in an identical manner under natural conditions.
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  • 5
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    Insectes sociaux 30 (1983), S. 255-258 
    ISSN: 1420-9098
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Description / Table of Contents: Summary The author proposes a new method of marking (with wire rings) which renders possible the individual identification of all the members of the colony.
    Notes: Resume L'auteur propose une nouvelle méthode de marquage, au moyen de ceintures de métal, permettant d'identifier chaque membre de la société.
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  • 6
    ISSN: 1420-9098
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Description / Table of Contents: Summary In the antCataglyphis cursor, four categories of workers can be defined: minim, small, medium, large and very large. In each category, the workers are able to lay reproductive eggs and to produce, by parthenogenesis, queens, males and new workers of all sizes. Medium sized workers show the higher productivity. Average egg size and fecundity are related to workers size. All eggs seem able to develop. Difference between workers appear more quantitative than qualitative; the monophasic polymorphism of this species corresponds to this biological resemblance.
    Notes: Resume Chez la fourmiCataglyphis cursor, on peut définir 4 catégories d'ouvrières: minimes, petites, moyennes, grandes et très grandes. Dans chaque catégorie, les ouvrières sont capables de pondre et de produire par parthénogenèse, des reines, des mâles et de nouvelles ouvrières de toutes tailles. Les ouvrières moyennes présentent la plus forte productivité. La grosseur moyenne des œufs et la fécondité varient avec la taille des ouvrières; tous les œufs semblent capables de se développer. Les différences entre ouvrières apparaissent donc davantage comme quantitatives que qualitatives; le polymorphisme monophasique de l'espèce correspond bien à cette similitude biologique.
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  • 7
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    Insectes sociaux 30 (1983), S. 57-69 
    ISSN: 1420-9098
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Description / Table of Contents: Resume Les reines du frelon oriental sont agressives l'une envers l'autre au début de la saison active, pendant les mois de mai, juin et juillet: elles défendent leur “Lebenraum” à l'intérieur du nid et ne permettent à aucune autre reine de pénétrer dans leur territoire. A cette période, toute rencontre de 2 reines, dans le nid de l'une ou dans tout autre endroit, déclenche un comportement agressif mutuel. Le combat qui s'ensuit peut durer des heures et dans son déroulement, si l'une des reines défait l'autre elle la pique au cou jusqu'à la mort. Cependant, dans de nombreux exemples, le combat n'apporte pas de solution: les combattants épuisés se retirent avant de reprendre le combat. D'autres fois, l'une des reines peut réussir à mutiler sa rivale en amputant l'extrémité de ses pattes. La reine estropiée abandonne le combat en adoptant une posture d' “infériorité” à l'égard du vainqueur et en offrant de la nourriture. Nous avons décrit en détail les différentes phases du combat entre les reines mises par deux.
    Notes: Summary Queens of the Oriental hornet are aggressive towards one another in the beginning of the active season, during the months of May, June and July: they defend their “Lebenraum” within the nest and do not enable any other queen to enter their territory. At that period any encounter between two queens, whether within the nest of the one or anawhere else, releases mutual aggressive behavior. The ensuing combat may last for hours and in its course, if the one queen beats the other, it stings it to death in the neck. In many instances, however, the combat remains unresolved and the exhausted combatants withdraw to recuperate before resuming their battle. At other times, one of the queens may succeed in maiming its rival by amputating the tips of its limbs at which point the disabled queen concedes the fight by assuming an “inferior” posture towards the victor and making a food offering. The various phases in the combat between queen pairs are described in detail.
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  • 8
    ISSN: 1420-9098
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Description / Table of Contents: Resume Les distributions de trois «formes», en réalité des espèces jumelles d'Iridomyrmex purpureus furent étudiées près de Morgan en Australie du Sud, où la précipitation annuelle est de 230 mm. La dispersion des colonies a été décrite en détail pour une «forme bleue» et pour la formepurpureus sens. strict. qui existait dans cette région bien au-delà de ses limites pour les basses précipitations. Une colonie exceptionnellement grande d'I. purpureus couvrait un territoire de 10 ha: comprenant plus de 85 nids, elle avait plus de 1 500 entrées individuelles. Nous avons décrit les interactions entre les ouvrières des différentes formes, et leurs interactions au sein et entre les colonies de la même forme. La totalité de la faune de fourmis de la région et les faunes qui accompagnaient les différentes espèces d'Iridomyrmex furent étudiées au moyen de récoltes faites à la main et de piègeages dans des fosses. La diversité (abondance d'espèces) et la présence d'espèces de fourmis sans adaptations particulières sont liées au type de végétation et auxIridomyrmex associées. Les prises dans les pièges suggérant que le nombre d'individus et le nombre d'espèces d'autres taxons actifs à la surface du sol, en particulier les collemboles, sont affectés par le nombre de fourmis, en particulier les espèces d'Iridomyrmex et d'autres fourmis sans adaptations particulières. Au niveau évolutif, lesIridomyrmex influencent aussi la faune associé. On a noté la présence d'araignées zodariides présentant un mimétisme de couleur par rapport aux espèces presque identiques d'I. purpureus, dont ils sont des prédateurs. Nous avons noté et discuté des cas possibles de mimétisme d'I. purpureus par des fourmis du genreCamponotus.
    Notes: Summary The distributions of three “forms”, actually sibling species, of meat ant were studied near Morgan, South Australia, an area with mean annual rainfall of 230 mm. Colony dispersion is described for a “blue form” and for formpurpureus sens. strict. which occurs in this locality far beyond its normal low rainfall limit. An unusually large colony ofpurpureus had a territory covering 10 ha with more than 85 nests and over 1,500 individual nest entrances. Worker interactions between forms, and within and between colonies within forms are described. The ant fauna of the locality as a whole and the faunas accompanying differentIridomyrmex species were investigated by means of hand collections and pitfall trapping. Diversity (species — richness) and the occurrence of widely adapted ant species are related to vegetation type and associatedIridomymex. Catches of pitfall traps suggested that the numbers of individuals and species of other taxa active on the soil surface, predominantly Collembola, were affected by numbers of ants, particularlyIridomyrmex species and other, widely adapted ants.Iridomyrmex also influence associated fauna at an evolutionary level. The presence of zodariid spiders which are sibling species-specific colour mimics and predators of meat ants is noted. Possible cases of mimicry of meat ants by ants of the genusCamponotus are recorded and discussed.
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  • 9
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    Development genes and evolution 109 (1927), S. 210-237 
    ISSN: 1432-041X
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Zusammenfassung 1. Es wurde eine Methode der „Implantation“ der Gewebe von hyperthyreoidisierten Hühnern in die Körperhöhle vonAxolotln ausgearbeitet, die von den früheren mit Froschkaulquappen rechnenden Fütterungs- und Konzentrationsverfahren abweicht. 2. Die Anwendung dieser „Implantationsmethode“ erbrachte die Lösung der Frageder Bestimmung des Schilddrüsenhormons im Blute und in den Geweben hyperthyreoidisierter Hühner und gestattete, das Bild der Verteilung des Hormons in verschiedenen Geweben des Vogels zu entwerfen. 3. Das Blut der hyperthyreoidisierten Hühner, das in die Körperhöhle des Axolotls am 2.–3. Tag nach der einmaligen Gabe den Hühnern der getrockneten Schilddrüse injiziert wird, erzeugt eine auffallende Verwandlung der Axolotl in Amblystoma, wobei dieses Vermögen des Hühnerblutes manchmal bis zum 9. und 10. Tag nach der Fütterung dauern kann. 4. Die Leber und die Nieren geben das Bild derselben und sogar einer reichlicheren Thyroxinspeicherung in ihren Geweben, was augenscheinlich auf die zweifellos vorwiegende Rolle dieser Organe im Abbau und in der Ausführung aus dem Organismus des Überschüssigen Schilddrüsenhormons zurückgeführt werden soll. 5. Zur nächsten Organgruppe mit geringerem Grade der Thyroxinsättigung gehören das Pankreas, die Milz, das Gehirn, das Ovarium und die degenerierte Dottermasse; die letzten drei Gewebe haben in diesen Versuchen die schon früher von einem der Verfasser (B.Zawadowsky) hervorgehobenen Betrachtungen über den Einflu\ des Thyroxins auf die neuropsychische Tätigkeit und die Leistung der Sexualdrüsen bestätigt. 6. Eine dritte, fast indifferente Organgruppe bilden Muskel- und Fettgewebe und Glandula Thymus. Diesem Umstande glauben die Verfasser auch eine gewisse Erklärung geben zu können. 7. Der Mi\erfolg aller früheren Bestrebungen, das Thyroxin im Blute und in den Geweben der Tiere nachzuweisen, wird durch eine Reihe von Ursachen erklärt, die in unserem Laboratorium in weiteren Arbeiten näher untersucht werden sollen; zu diesen Ursachen gehört auch die Unvollkommenheit der bisher angewandten Arbeitsmethode mit Froschkaulquappen. 8. Die Verfasser empfehlen für die Lösung aller hierher gehörenden Probleme die von ihnen ausgearbeitete Methode der Gewebeimplantation in Axolotl. Die Vorteile dieser Methode im Vergleich mit der Arbeit an Kaulquappen werden durch theoretische Betrachtungen, sowie durch tatsächliche Ergebnisse dieser Untersuchung begründet.
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    Development genes and evolution 109 (1927), S. 283-286 
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  • 11
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    Development genes and evolution 109 (1927), S. 287-290 
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  • 12
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    Development genes and evolution 109 (1927), S. 291-325 
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    Development genes and evolution 109 (1927), S. 390-410 
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    Development genes and evolution 109 (1927), S. 451-454 
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    Development genes and evolution 109 (1927), S. 24-40 
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  • 16
    ISSN: 1432-041X
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Zusammenfassung 1. Die Wirkung des transplantierten Ohrbläschens auf das Seitenmesoderm, die die Induktion einer Extremitätenanlage verursacht, ist nicht spezifisch; dasselbe Resultat kann von einem rein mechanischen Erreger — einem implantierten Celloidinstück — bewirkt werden. 2. Der von dem Ohrbläschen ausgeübte formative Reiz verbreitet sich durch direkten Kontakt. 3. Bei den vorliegenden Versuchen werden acht induzierte Extremitäten erhalten; von diesen sind die fünf vorderen zur Wirtsseite disharmonisch. Die zwei induzierten hinteren Extremitäten sind harmonisch. 4. Das Skelett der distalen Teile der induzierten Extremitäten kann vollkommen normal entwickelt sein; der Gürtel, wenigstens bei den vorderen Extremitäten, ist ganz rudimentär. Die primäre und sekundäre Muskulatur werden entwickelt. Die Extremitäten werden von Nerven der 9.–11. Paare, die normalerweise an der Extremitäteninnervation nicht teilnehmen, innerviert. 5. Es liegt kein Grund vor, die Bildung der Extremitäten der Wirkung von Nerven zuzuschreiben. Auch ist diese Bildung nicht ein Resultat der Tätigkeit ausschließlich der normalen Embryonalfelder der vorderen oder hinteren Extremitäten. 6. Die Wirkung des Induktors, welcher Art er auch sei, äußert sich in der Erregung eines neuen, überzähligen embryonalen Feldes. Die Potenz zur Bildung dieses Feldes ist latent in dem Material des Seitenmesoderms angelegt.
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    Development genes and evolution 110 (1927), S. 183-194 
    ISSN: 1432-041X
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    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Zusammenfassung 1. Akute experimentelle Hyperthyreose bei Hühnern führt zur Häufung des Schilddrüsenhormons nicht nur im Blute, in der Leber, in den Nieren usw., sondern auch in den Keimdrüsen. 2. In den Keimdrüsen geschieht die Thyroxinfixation in weit geringerem Maße, als in den drei Geweben der überwiegenden Hormonhäufung: Blutserum, Leber und Nieren. 3. Damit ist die Hoffnung berechtigt, daß unter dem Einflüsse der Schilddrüse funktioneile Störungen der Gonaden ohne scharfe anatomische Veränderungen hervorgerufen werden können. 4. Männliche und weibliche Keimdrüsen scheinen in verschiedenem Maße der Thyroxinhäufung entgegenzuwirken. 5. Dieser Umstand hängt vielleicht in bedeutendem Maße von der Jahreszeit ab, die bei Vögeln mit verschiedener Aktivität der Keimdrüsen verbunden ist.
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    Development genes and evolution 110 (1927), S. 395-416 
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    Development genes and evolution 110 (1927), S. 427-449 
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    Development genes and evolution 110 (1927), S. 557-577 
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    Development genes and evolution 110 (1927), S. 1-32 
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    Development genes and evolution 110 (1927), S. 33-62 
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    Development genes and evolution 110 (1927), S. 195-278 
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    Development genes and evolution 110 (1927), S. 301-340 
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    Development genes and evolution 110 (1927), S. 417-426 
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    Notes: Schlußfolgerungen Die Ergebnisse meiner Experimente über die Fernwirkung von Zwiebelgewebe aufParamaecium führen mich zum Schluß, daß sie 1. nicht die Existenz von mitogenetischen Strahlen im Sinne vonGurwitsch bestätigen, 2. daß der tödliche oder hemmende Einfluß der Zwiebel sich durch eine chemische Wirkung ihrer flüchtigen Ausscheidungen erklären läßt, die vielleicht in analoger Weise auf Desoxydationsprozesse zurückzuführen sind.
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    Development genes and evolution 110 (1927), S. 450-527 
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    Development genes and evolution 110 (1927), S. 578-625 
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    Development genes and evolution 110 (1927), S. 626-630 
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    Development genes and evolution 111 (1927), S. 317-340 
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    Development genes and evolution 111 (1927), S. 453-592 
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    Development genes and evolution 112 (1927), S. 517-576 
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    Development genes and evolution 112 (1927), S. 640-659 
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    Notes: Zusammenfassung 1. Reinrassige Hähne und Hennen wurden per os mit getrockneter Thyreoidea- bzw. Thymussubstanz hyperthyreoidisiert bzw. hyperthymisiert oder kombiniert in abgestuften Graden zugleich hyperthyreoidisiert und hyperthymisiert. 2. Die schon früher vonZawadovsky undPodhradský beschriebenen Folgen der Hyperthyreoidisation (beschleunigtes und stimuliertes Mausern und Gefiederwachstum, Depigmentierung und partieller Albinismus) bleiben durch die parallele Hyperthymisation unbeeinflußt. 3. Die reine Hyperthymisation ruft bei den Hühnern keine merkbaren Folgen, weder in der Mauser, noch in der Pigmentation des Gefieders hervor. 4. Das normale, nach Aufhören der Hyperthyreoidisierung folgende Mausern wird durch die vorhergehende, durch Hyperthyreoidismus stimulierte Mauser auf die Weise beeinflußt, daß sie nur an einzelnen Körperpartien mosaikartig erfolgt; am größten Teile des Körpers bleibt das Mausern aus. 5. Auch diese Erscheinung bleibt durch die vorhergehende parallele Hyperthymisierung unbeeinflußt. 6. Das nach Aufhören der Hyperthyreoidisation sich neubildende Gefieder entwickelt sich in normaler, typischer Pigmentation; der partielle Albinismus ist demzufolge eine vorübergehende Erscheinung, welche nur unter dem direkten Einflusse des Hyperthyreoidismus entsteht.
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    Development genes and evolution 112 (1927), S. 660-695 
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    Notes: Zusammenfassung Im Sinne dieser Ausführungen läßt sich also der ganze Mechanismus der Membranabhebung etwa folgendermaßen rekonstruieren. 1. Das Ektoplasma des reifen Seeigeleies ist ein tixotropes, hydrophiles Kolloid. 2. Auf Einwirkung des Spermienkopfes erfährt diese halbgallertige Schicht (vgl.Seifriz, 60) eine reversible Sol-Gelumwandlung, bei welcher sie erst aufquillt und dann rasch entquillt. 3. Während der Entquellung wird einerseits die hyaline Schicht gebildet, andererseits die perivitelline Flüssigkeit ausgeschieden und dabei die Membran abgehoben. 4. Die Entquellung geht mit einer Volumenverringerung, d. h. mit einer Kontraktion des Eies einher. 5. Nach der Entquellung nimmt sowohl der perivitelline Raum wie das Ei auf osmotischem Wege Wasser auf, dadurch wird ein osmotisches Gleichgewicht zwischen Ei, perivitelliner Flüssigkeit und Seewasser hergestellt und das Volumen des Eies konstant gehalten. 6. In der Auslösung des ganzen Vorganges spielen zwei Hauptfaktoren die entscheidende Rolle: Die mechanische Wirkung der Samenzellen auf das tixotrope Ektoplasma und die quellungsfördernde membranogene Wirkung der an den Spermienkopf gebundenen Kernsubstanzen.
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    Development genes and evolution 112 (1927), S. 739-806 
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    Notes: Zusammenfassung 1. BestimmteSymbole können aufgestellt werden, welche in der Unterklasse der Anuren, einerseits die Verwandtschaftsverhältnisse zwischen den Familien und andererseits zwischen den Spezies, ausdrücken. 2. Als Vergleichsmesser ist dieverschieden lange Zeitperiode genommen, welche die in vitro gezüchteten Hautstückchen brauchen, um in später eingesetzte fremde Umgebung einzuheilen. 3. Die Implantation gezüchteter Hautstücke in individuumfremde Wirte hat größere Erfolge, wenn autophor gearbeitet wird, als wenn das Einsetzen großer ungezüchteter Lappen der Haut mit Vernähung geübt wird. 4. Das Verwandtschaftssymbol zwischen den Ranidenspezies ist:Esculenta var.lessonia/Esculenta var.lessonia ist kleiner als 5Arvalis/Esculenta var.lessonia ist 6Temporaria/Esculenta var.lessonia ist 18Esculenta var.lessonia/Temporana ist 15 nach den in dieser Arbeit niedergelegten Experimenten (S. 770). Das Verwandtschaftssymbol zwischen den einzelnen Anurenfamilien, soweit festgestellt,Bufo vulgaris/Rana esculenta ist 24Rana esculenta/Bufo vulgris ist großer als 21Hyla arborea/Rana esculenta var.lessonia ist großer als 26Bombinator igneus/Rana esculenta ist großer als 22Bombinator igneus/Bufo viridis ist größer als 30Rana esculenta/Bombinator igneus bis jetzt nicht feststellbarHyla arborea/Bufo vulgaris bis jetzt nicht feststellbarBufo vulgaris/Bombinator igneus bis letzt nicht feststellbar. Speziessymbole sind kleiner als Familiensymbole. 5. Die Symbole verlieren an Gültigkeit, sowie es nicht gelingt, einen neuen störenden Faktor zu eliminieren: Die viel später nach der Implantation und scheinbarer Einheilung auftretenden Blutungen und den Tod desneuen Wirtes durch Eiweißvergiftung. 6. Deshalb sind durch ein neues Verfahren klarere Verwandtschaftssymbole zu erzielen, nämlich mit dem Verfahren der nicht ganz gedeckten Wunde (siehe S. 798). Hier fällt der zweite Faktor (Blutung und Tod) fort, infolgedessen können die Symbole im zweiten Teil dieser Arbeit für die theoretischen Betrachtungen besser noch abgegrenzt werden.
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    Development genes and evolution 106 (1925), S. 124-192 
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    Development genes and evolution 106 (1925), S. XXVI 
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    Development genes and evolution 106 (1925), S. 11-26 
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    Development genes and evolution 104 (1925), S. 25-49 
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    Development genes and evolution 105 (1925), S. 114-119 
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    Development genes and evolution 105 (1925), S. 19-44 
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    Notes: Zusammenfassung Die geschilderten Transplantationsversuche, deren Sinn darin bestand, ein Stückchen präsumptive Medullarplatte in seiner Entwicklung au\erhalb der normalen Umgebung zu verfolgen, beantworten die erste in der Einleitung gestellte Frage. Sie zeigen, da\ die Medullarplatte determiniert ist, ehe am Keim äu\erlich sichtbare Prozesse in ihrem Bereich zu erkennen sind. VomDotterpfropfstadium ab ist dies der Fall.
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    Development genes and evolution 105 (1925), S. 120-148 
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    Development genes and evolution 192 (1983), S. 1-7 
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    Keywords: Fat body ; Basement membrane ; Ageing ; Transplantation ; Monoclonal antibody
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    Notes: Summary The hemocytes oftu-Sz ts melanotic tumor larvae ofDrosophila melanogaster encapsulate heterospecific and surface-modified homospecific tissue implants, but do not encapsulate unmodified homospecific implants (R. Rizki and Rizki 1980). In the present study we usedtu-Sz ts hosts to assay changes in larval fat body surfaces during development. Donor fat bodies from various ages of larvae were accepted (remained unencapsulated) intu-Sz ts hosts whereas fat bodies from donors with everted spiracles and all subsequent stages of development that were tested were rejected (encapsulated). Since the demarcation between acceptance and rejection by thetu-Sz ts blood cells did not coincide with the gross morphological changes that appear in the fat body during metamorphosis (dissolution of the basement membrane and dispersal of the freed fat body cells at pupation), we compared acceptable and nonacceptable fat body surfaces by three other methods. Fat body surface ultrastructure was examined, fat bodies were treated with fluorescein isothiocyanate-conjugated lectins, and fat body surfaces were reacted with a monoclonal antibody specific for basement membrane. These approaches did not uncover fat body surface changes associated with eversion of the anterior spiracles, suggesting that recognition of tissue surface heterogeneities by the insect hemocytes exceeds the resolving power of the other three methods. However, the monoclonal antibody fails to bind to the basement membrane ofD. virilis larvae, whose fat body is always rejected intu-Sz ts hosts. This supports our suggestion that the molecular architecture of the basement membrane may be important in eliciting the encapsulation response.
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    Development genes and evolution 192 (1983), S. 13-20 
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    Keywords: Hydra carnea ; Fertilization ; Sperm-egg interactions ; Site-specificity
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    Notes: Summary Fertilization in the freshwater hydrozoanHydra carnea has been examined by light, scanning and transmission electron microscopy. Sperm penetrate the jelly coat which covers the entire egg surface only at the site of the emission of the polar bodies. The egg surface exhibits a small depression, the so called fertilization pit at this site. Sperm-egg fusion takes place only at the bottom of the fertilization pit.Hydra sperm lack a structurally distinct acrosome and in most of the observed cases, fusion was initiated by contact between the membrane of the lateral part of the sperm head and the egg surfacce. Neither microvilli nor a fertilization cone are formed at the site of gamete fusion. The process of membrane fusion takes only a few seconds and within 1 to 2 min sperm head and midpiece are incorporated in the egg. Electron dense material is released by the egg upon insemination but cortical granule exocytosis does not occur and a fertilization envelope is not formed. The possible polyspermy-preventing mechanisms in hydrozoans are discussed. Hydra eggs can be cut into halves whereupon the egg membranes reseal at the cut edges and the fragments assume a spherical shape. Fragments containing the female pronucleus can be inseminated and exhibit normal cleavage and development. The observation that in such isolated parts the jelly coat will not fuse along the cut edges was used to determine its role in site-specific gamete fusion. These experiments indicate that site-specificity of gamete fusion can be attributed to special membrane properties at the fertilization pit.
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    Development genes and evolution 192 (1983), S. 28-36 
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    Keywords: Budding ; Polarity ; Positional information ; Ascidian
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    Notes: Summary In the polysteelid ascidian,Polyandrocarpa misakiensis, buds can arise at any antero-posterior positional level around the basal margin of a functional zooid. In this study, each bud was cut into anterior and posterior halves along its proximo-distal axis. When an anterior half was combined with a posterior half from a higher (more posterior) level, the future zooid developed the same anteroposterior polarity as a normal bud. When the same operation was performed with a posterior half from a lower (more anterior) level, the antero-posterior polarity was inverted, resulting in a reversed body asymmetry (situs inversus viscerum). Bud polarity depended not on the size or the growth stage of the fragmented buds, but on the difference in parental positional levels from which respective buds to be fused had originated. Surgically constructed doublehalf buds developed a single polarity instead of a pattern reduplication. Insertion experiments with bud pieces showed that the gap between the positional levels was recognized at the proximal region of operated buds. The results of this study are inconsistent with the predictions of the polar coordinate model for pattern formation. It is concluded that a parent zooid possesses antero-posterior position-specific potential for determining bud polarity.
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    Development genes and evolution 192 (1983), S. 37-41 
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    Keywords: Tunicamycin ; Exogastrulation ; Neural induction ; Cell permeability
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    Notes: Summary Bufo arenarum eggs at late blastula and gastrula were treated with tunicamycin, an inhibitor of glycoprotein glycosylation, to investigate its effects on morphogenesis and neural induction. Because of the low permeability of the amphibian egg to a number of drugs, the blastocoel was opened surgically prior to treatment. Almost all of the eggs treated with the antimetabolite, at a concentration of 10 μg/ml, from late blastula stage for 24h exhibited exogastrulation. The effect is dose- and stage-dependent as shown by the lower proportion of exogastrulae obtained when eggs are treated at a lower concentration (5 μg/ml) or after the onset of gastrulation. Treatment with the antimetabolite did not interfere with neural induction, as partial exogastrulae developed a small neural tube. The most striking biochemical effect was an enhanced uptake of glucose, mannose and leucine. The incorporation of mannose into acid-insoluble material was severely inhibited by tunicamycin, with a concomitant decrease of leucine incorporation into the acid-soluble pool.
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    Development genes and evolution 192 (1983), S. 51-51 
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    Development genes and evolution 192 (1983), S. 48-50 
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    Keywords: Drosophila ; Hybrid lethality ; Imaginal discs ; Interspecific transplantation
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    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Summary Females ofDrosophila melanogaster, crossed with males ofDrosophila mauritiana, produce only female offspring. The male hybrid larvae grow very slowly, fail to pupate and die after prolonged larval life. Imaginal discs from these male hybrids transplanted into Drosophila melanogaster larvae can give rise to adult structures with normal patterns. Differentiation of hybrid imaginal disc tissue is improved by short term culture in non-hybrid larvae prior to metamorphosis, suggesting that the hybrid larval haemolymph is inadequate to sustain normal imaginal disc growth. This may represent the physiological basis of the reproductive isolating mechanism separating the twoDrosophila species
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    Keywords: Immunofluorescence ; Telotrophic Meroistic Ovary ; Postribosomal Particles ; Insect Oogenesis ; Early Insect Development
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    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Summary During previtellogenesis, the oocytes of the telotrophic meroistic ovary ofDysdercus are provided with ribosomes and ribonucleoprotein (RNP) particles by the nurse cells. At the end of vitellogenesis, the oocyte itself becomes active as shown by autoradiography. The proteins synthesized by the oocyte are stored in cytoplasmic postribosomal particles which are preformed by the tropharium. The proteins of these particles were separated by SDS polyacrylamide gels and their endogenous oocyte proteins revealed by fluorography. The synthesis, transport, and storage of the postribosomal particles are demonstrated by indirect immunofluorescence. The young oocytes of previtellogenic follicles show a diffuse distribution of these particles. In late vitellogenesis, fluorescence becomes more and more concentrated in spots throughout a distinct region in the middle part of the oocyte. Thus, in freshly laid eggs, the periplasm is free of fluorescence. During migration of the cleavage nuclei the postribosomal particles were shifted into the cortex. Fluorescence is then most intense in the periplasmic region. During blastoderm formation, however, fluorescence decreases.
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  • 84
    ISSN: 1432-041X
    Keywords: Early neurogenesis ; Neurogenic mutants ; Drosophila
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Summary The central nervous system (CNS) ofDrosophila develops from precursor cells called neuroblasts. Neuroblasts segregate in early embryogenesis from an apparantly undifferentiated ectoderm and move into the embryo, whereas most of the remaining ectodermal cells continue development as epidermal cell precursors. Segregation of neuroblasts occurs within a region called the neurogenic field. We are interested in understanding how the genome ofDrosophila controls the parcelling of the ectoderm into epidermal and neural territories. We describe here mutations belonging to seven complementation groups which effect an abnormal neurogenesis. The phenotypes produced by these mutations are similar. Essential features of these phenotypes are a conspicuous hypertrophy of the CNS accompanied by epidermal defects; the remaining organs and tissues of the mutants are apparently unaffected. The study of mutant phenotype development strongly suggests this phenotype to be due to misrouting into the neural pathway of development of ectodermal cells which in the wildtype would have given rise to epidermal cells, i.e. to an initial enlargement of the neurogenic region at the expense of the epidermogenic region. These observations indicate that the seven genetic loci revealed by the mutations described in this study contribute to control the neurogenic field. The present results suggest that in wildtype development neurogenic genes are supressed within all derivatives of the mesoderm and endoderm and some derivatives of the ectoderm, and conditionally expressed in the remaining ectoderm. The organisation of the neurogenic field in the wildtype is discussed.
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  • 85
    ISSN: 1432-041X
    Keywords: Gastropoda ; Mesoderm induction ; Dorsoventral polarity ; Epigenetics ; Mosaic/regulative development
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Summary In equally cleaving gastropods, the interactions between micromeres and macromeres involved in the determination of the mesentoblast mother cell (3D) were studied by changing the spatial arrangement of the micromeres by deleting one first quartet micromere or its progeny. A fixed relation was found between the deletion site and the place of origin of 3D; therefore, a fixed relation also exists in the configuration of the three remaining first quartet micromeres and the 3D. These results argue against the possibility that the animal-vegetal interactions do not choose between macromeres, but only permit the expression of a choice already made in another way and at another moment. The results are consistent with a stochastic model in which accidental differences between the macromeres in the number or extent of contacts with first quartet micromeres play a discriminating role during micromere — macromere interactions, that lead to 3D determination. Embryos which lack a given first quartet micromere show a total absence of regulation in the larval head pattern; only the cephalic plates show regulative abilities while forming the adult head structures. Therefore, in later stages new activating and restraining factors seem to play a part in the head development.
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  • 86
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    Development genes and evolution 192 (1983), S. 86-94 
    ISSN: 1432-041X
    Keywords: Dictyostelium discoideum ; Pattern formation ; Differentiation markers
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Summary The appearance and spatial distrubution of ultrastructural markers ofDictyostelium discoideum differentiation were quantitatively analysed. Our results combined with data from the literature on the functions of cells at various stages of development lead to the following conclusions. When food is no longer available all amoebae initially develop an autophagic apparatus in order to sustain metabolism. After slugs have been formed, autophagy is suppressed in the prespore cells. During aggregation a number of cells gradually form prespore characteristics. These cells arise at random but later they become located in the basal part of the tip-forming aggregate. From the early slug stage onwards, cells of the posterior two third region gradually enter into the prespore pathway. During prolonged slug migration the optimal acquirement of prespore characteristics is blocked. Cells of the anterior region show no active differentiation but they maintain the morphology and most of the functions of aggregating cells. At the rear-guard of the slug and later on in the basal region of the maturing fruiting body, a second anteriorlike region appears. Actual stalk cell differentiation takes place only at the apex and at the base of the developing fruiting body.
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  • 87
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    Development genes and evolution 192 (1983), S. 95-102 
    ISSN: 1432-041X
    Keywords: Polychaeta ; Typosyllis ; Reproduction ; Endocrine control
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Summary When exposed to a “winter” light-temperature cycle, reproduction in the polychaeteTyposyllis prolifera is inhibited by a hormone from the proventriculus. When exposed to a “summer” cycle, worms show periodic reproduction following an endogenous lunar rhythmictiy. The endocrine system mediating the stimulation of reproduction by summer conditions, was studied by extirpation and transplantation of prostomium and/or proventriculus. A previously unknown prostomial hormone was found to play a major role in this process. Summer conditions induce a temporary endocrine activity in the prostomium. This homone probably does not act directly on peripheral targets, but stimulates reproduction by inactivating the proventricular endocrine system. The experimental evidence of a hierarchic neuroendocrine system governing reproductive activity in syllid polychaetes is discussed.
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  • 88
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    Development genes and evolution 192 (1983), S. 108-112 
    ISSN: 1432-041X
    Keywords: Gangliosides ; Fetal human brain ; Acetylcholinesterase
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Summary Correlative histological, histochemical and biochemical investigations on laminar compartments from four different areas of fetal human neopallium at 28 weeks of gestation revealed discrete distribution of gangliosides in the cerebral wall. Highest level of total ganglioside concentration was found in the layers of cortical anlage (cortical plate and “subplate layer”) which are concomittantly characterized by highest activity of acetylcholinesterase (AChE) and which are known to be involved in intensive synaptogenesis at this stage of cortical development. In three of four areas the proportion of GD1a — ganglioside from total ganglioside amount tended to increase and that of GT1b to decrease from inside (ventricle) to outside (cortical anlage) throughout the cerebral wall.
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  • 89
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    Development genes and evolution 192 (1983), S. 120-129 
    ISSN: 1432-041X
    Keywords: Intracellular inhibition ; Polar lobe-Polychaeta ; Embryogenesis
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Summary The embryo ofSabellaria cementarium (Polychaeta) forms a polar lobe at each of the first two cleavage divisions which becomes absorbed into one of the blastomeres at the end of the division. Lobe removal experiments show that the polar lobe preceding first cleavage is necessary for the development of the apical tuft and the posttrochal region of the trochophore larva. The polar lobe preceding second cleavage is smaller than the first polar lobe and is necessary only for post-trochal region development. In blastomere isolation experiments, isolates containing the C but not the D blastomere form apical tufts. Isolates containing the D but not the C blastomere do not form apical tufts. When the polar lobe preceding second cleavage is removed and the C and D blastomeres are separated and raised in isolation, each can form an apical tuft. When the second cleavage is equalized with sodium dodecyl sulfate (SDS) such that both the C and the D blastomeres receive second polar lobe material, no apical tuft is formed. These results suggest that apical tuft determinants are distributed to both the C and D blastomeres at second cleavage but that the second polar lobe contains an inhibitor for apical tuft formation which is shunted to the D blastomere after the completion of second cleavage.
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  • 90
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    Development genes and evolution 192 (1983), S. 130-137 
    ISSN: 1432-041X
    Keywords: Vegetalizing factor ; Inducer concentration ; Incubation time with inducer ; Pattern formation
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Summary Early amphibian gastrula ectoderm (Xenopus laevis) has been treated with vegetalizing factor using the sandwich technique, varying the period of incubation and the inducer concentration. The pattern of induced tissues depends on three factors: the inducer concentration, the size of inducer pellet and the time of exposure of ectodermal target cells to inducer. Short treatment with inducer will result in the formation of blood cells and heart structures. An increase in incubation time or inducer concentration, or both, will cause the formation of increasing amounts of such dorsal mesodermal structures as pronephros, somites and notochord. Neural structures can only be observed in explants with considerable amounts of somites and notochord. Ectoderm treated with high concentrations of vegetalizing factor for the whole period of competence will differentiate into endoderm. Furthermore, the results show thatX. laevis ectoderm does not show any autoneuralizing tendency under our experimental conditions. It therefore seems to be a suitable tool for the study of primary embryonic induction.
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  • 91
    ISSN: 1432-041X
    Keywords: Mouse embryogenesis ; Cytochalasin B ; Polyploid ; Chromosome replication ; Protein synthesis
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Summary The cleavage of fertilized mouse eggs was prevented during cytochalasin B incubation and consequently these eggs became tetraploid the following day during in vitro culture. When the eggs were cultured further in normal medium, they cleaved and gave rise to tetraploid blastocysts. Protein synthesis was analysed in these embryos at different developmental stages using two-dimensional polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. The protein synthesis pattern of one-cell tetraploid eggs was intermediate between those of normal one- and two-cell embryos. Tetraploid two-cell embryos expressed protein sets equivalent to those of untreated four-cell embryos, and tetraploid four-cell embryos synthesized proteins similar to those of four- to eight-cell controls. At subsequent pre-implantation stages the asynchrony was no longer detectable. When fertilized eggs were cultured continuously in the presence of cytochalasin B, they became tetraploid, octoploid and more and more polyploid without cleavage occurring. The protein synthesis patterns expressed by these one-cell polyploid eggs did not resemble that of normal fertilized eggs, but were similar to those of cleaving control embryos and blastocysts of equivalent age and nuclear division. These results strongly suggest that in early mouse embryos stage-specific translation is temporally correlated with chromosome replication (karyokinesis) and independent of cell division (cytokinesis) or cell interaction.
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  • 92
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    Development genes and evolution 192 (1983), S. 152-158 
    ISSN: 1432-041X
    Keywords: Calliphora ; Fat body ; RNA polymerase ; Ecdysteroids
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Summary In vivo labelling of RNA polymerases I and II with S35-methionine shows that ecdysterone causes a de novo synthesis of both enzymes in nuclei of fat body cells inCalliphora 3rd instar larvae. Binding experiments with H3-α-amanitin demonstrate that the concentration of RNA polymerase II molecules increases two- to threefold within 3 h after ecdysterone treatment. The enhanced polymerase concentration coincides with an enhanced enzymatic activity and an increase in RNA synthesis in response to ecdysteroids.
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  • 93
    ISSN: 1432-041X
    Keywords: Embryonic induction ; Epithelial cell differentiation ; Organ culture ; Immunoperoxidase
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Summary Undifferentiated metanephric mesenchymes, when grown in transfilter contact with an inductor tissue, differentiate into epithelial kidney tubules. The segregation of these tubules into the different segments of the nephron was studied. In explants grown in continuous transfilter contact with the inductor, immunohistological and histochemical markers specific for the glomerular epithelial, proximal tubule, and distal tubule cells appeared by 4 1/2 to 5 days, 4 days, and 5 days of culture, respectively. Electron microscopy confirmed segmentation of the tubules: Avascular glomeruli with glomerular basement membrane material, proximal tubules with brush border formation, and distal tubules were revealed in the explants after 5 days of culture. A short (18 h) transfilter induction pulse, followed by a prolonged subculture in the absence of the inductor, resulted sulted in the formation of only a small number of tubules in about half of the explants while the rest remained undifferentiated. These scarce tubules showed the markers specific for the proximal tubules only. The segregation of all three aspects of the nephron seems to be programmed during the transfilter culture, but apparently the time needed for the induction of the different segments varies.
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  • 94
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    Development genes and evolution 192 (1983), S. 159-163 
    ISSN: 1432-041X
    Keywords: RNA synthesis ; Early insect embryogenesis ; Nucleotide pools
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Summary The total amount of ATP and UTP was measured in embryos ofDrosophila melanogaster andBruchidius obtectus at different development stages. The pool-sizes were measured by their ability to enhance poly(AU) synthesis in an in vitro test, using RNA polymerase ofE. coli, poly-d(AT), ATP, and3H-UTP. In embryos ofD. melanogaster, the amount of UTP decreased from 4.5 pmoles/ embryo during cleavage and early blastoderm to 2 pmoles at later stages. The ATP pool decreased from 14 pmoles/ embryo to 6 pmoles at the same developmental stages. In embryos ofB. obtectus, the UTP pool expanded from about 1 pmole/embryo during cleavage and early blastoderm to about 3 pmoles during gastrulation and organogenesis. Much more ATP was found inB. obtectus embryos: during fertilization 23 pmoles/embryo were found. At late syncytial blastoderm stages the amount of ATP rose to about 50 pmoles/embryo. At cellular blastoderm stages and during gastrulation only 26 pmoles/embryo of ATP were found. During organogenesis the ATP pool decreased to about 14 pmoles/embryo.
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  • 95
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    Development genes and evolution 192 (1983), S. 179-188 
    ISSN: 1432-041X
    Keywords: Pattern formation ; Molecular asymmetries ; Mirror-image doublets ; Cortical pattern ; Ciliate
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Summary Mirror-image doublets of the hypotrich ciliateParaurostyla weissei were induced by modifying culture conditions. Successive steps of doublet formation involve inhibiting the separation of daughter cells during cell division and the shifting of these to attain a parallel configuration. The posterior part of the adoral band of membranelles in the right component then turns to the left and fuses with the distal terminal of the membranellar band in the left component. In effect, part of the adoral band and some of the paroral membranelles become apposed upside down, and the paroral membranelles of the right component are located on the left side of the adoral membranelles. A new site of oral primordium formation is initiated at the junction of the two oral apparatuses, the ciliature of which is arranged in a mirror-image pattern. During further cortical reorganization, the whole body ciliature of the right component becomes organized as a mirror-image of the normal left component. Both components of the doublet show the same ultrastructure of body ciliature and lack the right marginal cirri; the symmetry-reversal half, however, possesses multiple rows of left marginal cirri. The individual adoral membranelles and paroral membranelles in the symmetry-reversal component are rotated anteroposteriorly. Some aspects of the patterning of cortical structures are discussed.
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  • 96
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    Development genes and evolution 192 (1983), S. 222-227 
    ISSN: 1432-041X
    Keywords: Silkmoth chorion ; Transcription ; Northern analysis
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Summary cDNA clones for two distinct families ofBombyx mori chorion protiens, Class A (m2774) and Class Hc (m5000), were used to study the developmental regulation of specific chorion mRNAs. Individual follicles from maturing ovarioles were assayed by Northern blotting techniques and amino acid pulse-labeling to determine concomitant RNA accumulation and protein synthesis patterns with a temporal resolution of 2.2–2.6 h of developmental age. RNAs hybridizing to the two cloned chorion sequences at high criterion showed distinctive, non-overlapping patterns of accumulation during the middle-late and very late stages of choriogenesis. Moreover, the periods of expression of these RNAs coincided exactly with the synthetic periods of two distinct subsets of chorion proteins, one containing Class A and B components, and the other containing Class Hc components alone. These results suggest that chorion gene transcription and translation are tightly coupled.
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  • 97
    ISSN: 1432-041X
    Keywords: Amphibia ; Cleavage cycle ; Gastrulation ; Asymmetry ; Time-lapse cinematography
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Summary The animal and the vegetative side of 15 embryos ofXenopus laevis were studied from the 5th cleavage to gastrulation by means of time-lapse cinematography. The duration of cleavage cycles, defined for the embryo as a whole as the period between the earliest blastomere divisions of one cycle to those of the next, varies quite a lot between individual embryos, both with respect to synchronous and lengthened cycles. Cycle lengthening may start at either cycle 10, 11 or 12. Cycle 13 deviates from the individual rhythm, and moreover its duration is inversely correlated with the period elapsing from the beginning of this cycle to the onset of gastrulation which occurs in cycles 14 or 15. In each cleavage cycle, the regional sequence of first blastomere divisions is visible on films as a “cleavage wave” runming over the animal cap. The direction of the waves varies in different embryos during the synchronous period but begins to change from cycle 10 onwards, resulting in a similar direction in most embryos prior to gastrulation: from the ventral/left to the dorsal/right half. This change reflects an asymmetry in the lengthening of the cycles in the animal cap: more dorsally than ventrally, and more on the right than on the left. The possible significance of the results for the timing of gastrulation and for the pattern of the future embryo is discussed.
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  • 98
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    Development genes and evolution 192 (1983), S. 228-233 
    ISSN: 1432-041X
    Keywords: Cell fusion ; Oogenesis ; Somatic nurse cells ; Dipteran insect
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Summary Formation of the oocyte-nurse chamber complex in the cecidomyid insectMycophila speyeri was studied in situ and in vitro by electron microscopy and time-lapse cinemicrography. At the end of the oogonial divisions each oogonium passes through a mitotic division with incomplete cytokinesis. This division gives rise to two sister cells, a prospective nurse cell and the oocyte, which remain connected by an intercellular bridge. In two phases of nurse chamber formation, first four and then (usually) one or two ovarian cells of mesodermal origin fuse with the prospective nurse cell. This results in a syncytial nurse chamber containing one germ-cell-derived nucleus and a varying number of mesoderm-cell-derived nuclei. In two subsequent fusion steps, two mesodermal cells fuse with the oocyte, giving rise to an oocyte containing one large and two small nuclei. Thus, four fusion steps lead to the formation of the complete oocyte-nurse chamber complex. Characteristics of the cell fusions are: (1) in each case one or more somatic cell(s) fuse with a germ-line cell and (2) cell contact between the fusing cells is established by the somatic cell, which approaches the germ-line cells.
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  • 99
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    Development genes and evolution 192 (1983), S. 248-255 
    ISSN: 1432-041X
    Keywords: Morphogenesis ; Ooplasmic segregation ; Polar Lobe ; Cell surface ; cytochalasin B
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Summary In the eggs ofSabellaria alveolata specific morphogenetic determinants are segregated into the vegetal part of the egg which is constricted off to form a polar lobe during the first cleavages. Segregation is supposed to take place during meiosis. In this paper we describe the appearance of a patch of small blebs at the vegetal pole of the eggs after both the first and the second meiotic division and after the first cleavage, as assessed by scanning electron microscopy. We investigated the possible functional relationship between the segregation process and the modulation of the surface architecture at the vegetal pole by treating the eggs with cytochalasin B during meiosis. As a result, both the appearance of the blebs and the development of lobe-dependent structures in the larva are suppressed. From this result it is argued that cortical processes at the vegetal pole are likely to be involved in the segregation of morphogenetic determinants.
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  • 100
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    Development genes and evolution 192 (1983), S. A3 
    ISSN: 1432-041X
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
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