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  • History, 20th Century  (86)
  • History, Ancient
  • Nature Publishing Group (NPG)  (119)
  • Irkutsk : Ross. Akad. Nauk, Sibirskoe Otd., Inst. Zemnoj Kory
  • 2005-2009  (119)
  • 2008  (119)
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  • 2005-2009  (119)
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  • 1
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    Science & music: facing the music (2008)
    Nature Publishing Group (NPG)
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    Publication Date: 2008-05-10
    Description: 〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Ball, Philip -- England -- Nature. 2008 May 8;453(7192):160-2. doi: 10.1038/453160a.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18464725" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Auditory Perception/physiology ; Brain/physiology ; History, 18th Century ; History, 20th Century ; History, Ancient ; History, Medieval ; Humans ; Mathematics ; *Music/history/psychology ; *Science/history
    Print ISSN: 0028-0836
    Electronic ISSN: 1476-4687
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
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  • 2
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    Live birth in the Devonian period (2008)
    Nature Publishing Group (NPG)
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    Publication Date: 2008-05-30
    Description: The extinct placoderm fishes were the dominant group of vertebrates throughout the Middle Palaeozoic era, yet controversy about their relationships within the gnathostomes (jawed vertebrates) is partly due to different interpretations of their reproductive biology. Here we document the oldest record of a live-bearing vertebrate in a new ptyctodontid placoderm, Materpiscis attenboroughi gen. et sp. nov., from the Late Devonian Gogo Formation of Australia (approximately 380 million years ago). The new specimen, remarkably preserved in three dimensions, contains a single, intra-uterine embryo connected by a permineralized umbilical cord. An amorphous crystalline mass near the umbilical cord possibly represents the recrystallized yolk sac. Another ptyctodont from the Gogo Formation, Austroptyctodus gardineri, also shows three small embryos inside it in the same position. Ptyctodontids have already provided the oldest definite evidence for vertebrate copulation, and the new specimens confirm that some placoderms had a remarkably advanced reproductive biology, comparable to that of some modern sharks and rays. The new discovery points to internal fertilization and viviparity in vertebrates as originating earliest within placoderms.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Long, John A -- Trinajstic, Kate -- Young, Gavin C -- Senden, Tim -- England -- Nature. 2008 May 29;453(7195):650-2. doi: 10.1038/nature06966.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Museum Victoria, Melbourne, PO Box 666, Melbourne 3001, Australia. jlong@museum.vic.gov.au〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18509443" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Animals ; Australia ; Biological Evolution ; Female ; Fishes/classification/*embryology/*physiology ; *Fossils ; History, Ancient ; Microscopy, Electron, Scanning ; Viviparity, Nonmammalian/*physiology
    Print ISSN: 0028-0836
    Electronic ISSN: 1476-4687
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
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  • 3
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    Device physics: update on 3D displays (2008)
    Nature Publishing Group (NPG)
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    Publication Date: 2008-02-08
    Description: 〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Perry, Joseph W -- England -- Nature. 2008 Feb 7;451(7179):636-7. doi: 10.1038/451636a.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18256651" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: History, 20th Century ; Holography/history/*instrumentation/methods
    Print ISSN: 0028-0836
    Electronic ISSN: 1476-4687
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
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  • 4
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    Orbital and millennial-scale features of atmospheric CH4 over the past 800,000 years (2008)
    Nature Publishing Group (NPG)
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    Publication Date: 2008-05-16
    Description: Atmospheric methane is an important greenhouse gas and a sensitive indicator of climate change and millennial-scale temperature variability. Its concentrations over the past 650,000 years have varied between approximately 350 and approximately 800 parts per 10(9) by volume (p.p.b.v.) during glacial and interglacial periods, respectively. In comparison, present-day methane levels of approximately 1,770 p.p.b.v. have been reported. Insights into the external forcing factors and internal feedbacks controlling atmospheric methane are essential for predicting the methane budget in a warmer world. Here we present a detailed atmospheric methane record from the EPICA Dome C ice core that extends the history of this greenhouse gas to 800,000 yr before present. The average time resolution of the new data is approximately 380 yr and permits the identification of orbital and millennial-scale features. Spectral analyses indicate that the long-term variability in atmospheric methane levels is dominated by approximately 100,000 yr glacial-interglacial cycles up to approximately 400,000 yr ago with an increasing contribution of the precessional component during the four more recent climatic cycles. We suggest that changes in the strength of tropical methane sources and sinks (wetlands, atmospheric oxidation), possibly influenced by changes in monsoon systems and the position of the intertropical convergence zone, controlled the atmospheric methane budget, with an additional source input during major terminations as the retreat of the northern ice sheet allowed higher methane emissions from extending periglacial wetlands. Millennial-scale changes in methane levels identified in our record as being associated with Antarctic isotope maxima events are indicative of ubiquitous millennial-scale temperature variability during the past eight glacial cycles.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Loulergue, Laetitia -- Schilt, Adrian -- Spahni, Renato -- Masson-Delmotte, Valerie -- Blunier, Thomas -- Lemieux, Benedicte -- Barnola, Jean-Marc -- Raynaud, Dominique -- Stocker, Thomas F -- Chappellaz, Jerome -- England -- Nature. 2008 May 15;453(7193):383-6. doi: 10.1038/nature06950.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Laboratoire de Glaciologie et Geophysique de l'Environnement, CNRS-Universite Joseph Fourier Grenoble, 54 Rue Moliere, 38402 St Martin d'Heres, France.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18480822" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Atmosphere/*chemistry ; Greenhouse Effect ; History, Ancient ; Ice Cover ; Methane/*analysis ; Temperature ; Time Factors ; Tropical Climate ; Wetlands
    Print ISSN: 0028-0836
    Electronic ISSN: 1476-4687
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
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  • 5
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    AIDS: prehistory of HIV-1 (2008)
    Nature Publishing Group (NPG)
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    Publication Date: 2008-10-04
    Description: 〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Sharp, Paul M -- Hahn, Beatrice H -- England -- Nature. 2008 Oct 2;455(7213):605-6. doi: 10.1038/455605a.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18833267" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Animals ; Democratic Republic of the Congo/epidemiology ; *Evolution, Molecular ; Genetic Variation/*genetics ; HIV Infections/*epidemiology/*virology ; HIV-1/classification/*genetics/*isolation & purification ; History, 20th Century ; Humans ; Phylogeny
    Print ISSN: 0028-0836
    Electronic ISSN: 1476-4687
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
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  • 6
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    History of science: quinine steps back in time (2008)
    Nature Publishing Group (NPG)
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    Publication Date: 2008-02-29
    Description: 〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Ball, Philip -- England -- Nature. 2008 Feb 28;451(7182):1065-6. doi: 10.1038/4511065a.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18305535" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: History, 20th Century ; Quinine/*chemical synthesis/chemistry/*history ; Reproducibility of Results
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    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
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  • 7
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    Palaeotemperature trend for Precambrian life inferred from resurrected proteins (2008)
    Nature Publishing Group (NPG)
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    Publication Date: 2008-02-08
    Description: Biosignatures and structures in the geological record indicate that microbial life has inhabited Earth for the past 3.5 billion years or so. Research in the physical sciences has been able to generate statements about the ancient environment that hosted this life. These include the chemical compositions and temperatures of the early ocean and atmosphere. Only recently have the natural sciences been able to provide experimental results describing the environments of ancient life. Our previous work with resurrected proteins indicated that ancient life lived in a hot environment. Here we expand the timescale of resurrected proteins to provide a palaeotemperature trend of the environments that hosted life from 3.5 to 0.5 billion years ago. The thermostability of more than 25 phylogenetically dispersed ancestral elongation factors suggest that the environment supporting ancient life cooled progressively by 30 degrees C during that period. Here we show that our results are robust to potential statistical bias associated with the posterior distribution of inferred character states, phylogenetic ambiguity, and uncertainties in the amino-acid equilibrium frequencies used by evolutionary models. Our results are further supported by a nearly identical cooling trend for the ancient ocean as inferred from the deposition of oxygen isotopes. The convergence of results from natural and physical sciences suggest that ancient life has continually adapted to changes in environmental temperatures throughout its evolutionary history.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Gaucher, Eric A -- Govindarajan, Sridhar -- Ganesh, Omjoy K -- England -- Nature. 2008 Feb 7;451(7179):704-7. doi: 10.1038/nature06510.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Foundation for Applied Molecular Evolution, Gainesville, Florida 32601, USA.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18256669" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Adaptation, Physiological ; Bacteria/classification/*metabolism ; Bacterial Proteins/analysis/*chemistry ; *Biological Evolution ; Enzyme Stability ; History, Ancient ; Hot Temperature ; Peptide Elongation Factor Tu/analysis/chemistry ; Phylogeny ; Seawater/*microbiology ; *Temperature ; Time Factors ; Uncertainty
    Print ISSN: 0028-0836
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    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
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  • 8
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    Science & music: lost in music (2008)
    Nature Publishing Group (NPG)
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    Publication Date: 2008-05-24
    Description: 〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Huron, David -- England -- Nature. 2008 May 22;453(7194):456-7. doi: 10.1038/453456a.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉School of Music & Center for Cognitive Science, Ohio State University, Columbus, USA.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18497806" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: *Cultural Diversity ; *Cultural Evolution ; History, 17th Century ; History, 20th Century ; History, 21st Century ; History, Ancient ; Humans ; *Music/history ; *Neurosciences
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    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
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  • 9
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    Late Pliocene Greenland glaciation controlled by a decline in atmospheric CO2 levels (2008)
    Nature Publishing Group (NPG)
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    Publication Date: 2008-08-30
    Description: It is thought that the Northern Hemisphere experienced only ephemeral glaciations from the Late Eocene to the Early Pliocene epochs (about 38 to 4 million years ago), and that the onset of extensive glaciations did not occur until about 3 million years ago. Several hypotheses have been proposed to explain this increase in Northern Hemisphere glaciation during the Late Pliocene. Here we use a fully coupled atmosphere-ocean general circulation model and an ice-sheet model to assess the impact of the proposed driving mechanisms for glaciation and the influence of orbital variations on the development of the Greenland ice sheet in particular. We find that Greenland glaciation is mainly controlled by a decrease in atmospheric carbon dioxide during the Late Pliocene. By contrast, our model results suggest that climatic shifts associated with the tectonically driven closure of the Panama seaway, with the termination of a permanent El Nino state or with tectonic uplift are not large enough to contribute significantly to the growth of the Greenland ice sheet; moreover, we find that none of these processes acted as a priming mechanism for glacial inception triggered by variations in the Earth's orbit.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Lunt, Daniel J -- Foster, Gavin L -- Haywood, Alan M -- Stone, Emma J -- England -- Nature. 2008 Aug 28;454(7208):1102-5. doi: 10.1038/nature07223.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉BRIDGE, School of Geographical Sciences, University of Bristol, University Road, Bristol BS8 1SS, UK. d.j.lunt@bristol.ac.uk〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18756254" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Atmosphere/*chemistry ; Carbon Dioxide/analysis/*metabolism ; Climate ; Greenland ; History, Ancient ; *Ice Cover ; North America ; Rain ; Time Factors
    Print ISSN: 0028-0836
    Electronic ISSN: 1476-4687
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
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  • 10
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    Triple oxygen isotope evidence for elevated CO2 levels after a Neoproterozoic glaciation (2008)
    Nature Publishing Group (NPG)
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    Publication Date: 2008-05-24
    Description: Understanding the composition of the atmosphere over geological time is critical to understanding the history of the Earth system, as the atmosphere is closely linked to the lithosphere, hydrosphere and biosphere. Although much of the history of the lithosphere and hydrosphere is contained in rock and mineral records, corresponding information about the atmosphere is scarce and elusive owing to the lack of direct records. Geologists have used sedimentary minerals, fossils and geochemical models to place constraints on the concentrations of carbon dioxide, oxygen or methane in the past. Here we show that the triple oxygen isotope composition of sulphate from ancient evaporites and barites shows variable negative oxygen-17 isotope anomalies over the past 750 million years. We propose that these anomalies track those of atmospheric oxygen and in turn reflect the partial pressure of carbon dioxide (P(CO2)) in the past through a photochemical reaction network linking stratospheric ozone to carbon dioxide and to oxygen. Our results suggest that P(CO2) was much higher in the early Cambrian than in younger eras, agreeing with previous modelling results. We also find that the (17)O isotope anomalies of barites from Marinoan (approximately 635 million years ago) cap carbonates display a distinct negative spike (around -0.70 per thousand), suggesting that by the time barite was precipitating in the immediate aftermath of a Neoproterozoic global glaciation, the P(CO2) was at its highest level in the past 750 million years. Our finding is consistent with the 'snowball Earth' hypothesis and/or a massive methane release after the Marinoan glaciation.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Bao, Huiming -- Lyons, J R -- Zhou, Chuanming -- England -- Nature. 2008 May 22;453(7194):504-6. doi: 10.1038/nature06959.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Department of Geology and Geophysics, E235 Howe-Russell Geoscience Complex, Louisiana State University, Baton Rouge, Louisiana 70803, USA. bao@lsu.edu〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18497821" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Atmosphere/*chemistry ; Barium Sulfate/chemistry ; Carbon Dioxide/*analysis/metabolism ; Geologic Sediments/*chemistry ; History, Ancient ; *Ice Cover ; Oxygen Isotopes ; Ozone/analysis/chemistry ; Partial Pressure ; Photochemistry
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  • 11
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    Beyond the origin (2008)
    Nature Publishing Group (NPG)
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    Publication Date: 2008-11-21
    Description: 〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉England -- Nature. 2008 Nov 20;456(7220):281. doi: 10.1038/456281a.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19020564" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Animals ; Anniversaries and Special Events ; *Biological Evolution ; Biological Science Disciplines/history ; Genetic Speciation ; History, 19th Century ; History, 20th Century ; History, 21st Century ; History, Ancient ; Selection, Genetic
    Print ISSN: 0028-0836
    Electronic ISSN: 1476-4687
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
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  • 12
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    Primitive Early Eocene bat from Wyoming and the evolution of flight and echolocation (2008)
    Nature Publishing Group (NPG)
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    Publication Date: 2008-02-14
    Description: Bats (Chiroptera) represent one of the largest and most diverse radiations of mammals, accounting for one-fifth of extant species. Although recent studies unambiguously support bat monophyly and consensus is rapidly emerging about evolutionary relationships among extant lineages, the fossil record of bats extends over 50 million years, and early evolution of the group remains poorly understood. Here we describe a new bat from the Early Eocene Green River Formation of Wyoming, USA, with features that are more primitive than seen in any previously known bat. The evolutionary pathways that led to flapping flight and echolocation in bats have been in dispute, and until now fossils have been of limited use in documenting transitions involved in this marked change in lifestyle. Phylogenetically informed comparisons of the new taxon with other bats and non-flying mammals reveal that critical morphological and functional changes evolved incrementally. Forelimb anatomy indicates that the new bat was capable of powered flight like other Eocene bats, but ear morphology suggests that it lacked their echolocation abilities, supporting a 'flight first' hypothesis for chiropteran evolution. The shape of the wings suggests that an undulating gliding-fluttering flight style may be primitive for bats, and the presence of a long calcar indicates that a broad tail membrane evolved early in Chiroptera, probably functioning as an additional airfoil rather than as a prey-capture device. Limb proportions and retention of claws on all digits indicate that the new bat may have been an agile climber that employed quadrupedal locomotion and under-branch hanging behaviour.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Simmons, Nancy B -- Seymour, Kevin L -- Habersetzer, Jorg -- Gunnell, Gregg F -- England -- Nature. 2008 Feb 14;451(7180):818-21. doi: 10.1038/nature06549.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉American Museum of Natural History, Central Park West at 79th Street, New York, New York 10024, USA. simmons@amnh.org〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18270539" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Animals ; *Biological Evolution ; Chiroptera/*anatomy & histology/classification/*physiology ; Cochlea/anatomy & histology/physiology ; Echolocation/*physiology ; Extremities/anatomy & histology/physiology ; Flight, Animal/*physiology ; Fossils ; History, Ancient ; Phylogeny ; Rivers ; Wyoming
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  • 13
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    Net carbon dioxide losses of northern ecosystems in response to autumn warming (2008)
    Nature Publishing Group (NPG)
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    Publication Date: 2008-01-04
    Description: The carbon balance of terrestrial ecosystems is particularly sensitive to climatic changes in autumn and spring, with spring and autumn temperatures over northern latitudes having risen by about 1.1 degrees C and 0.8 degrees C, respectively, over the past two decades. A simultaneous greening trend has also been observed, characterized by a longer growing season and greater photosynthetic activity. These observations have led to speculation that spring and autumn warming could enhance carbon sequestration and extend the period of net carbon uptake in the future. Here we analyse interannual variations in atmospheric carbon dioxide concentration data and ecosystem carbon dioxide fluxes. We find that atmospheric records from the past 20 years show a trend towards an earlier autumn-to-winter carbon dioxide build-up, suggesting a shorter net carbon uptake period. This trend cannot be explained by changes in atmospheric transport alone and, together with the ecosystem flux data, suggest increasing carbon losses in autumn. We use a process-based terrestrial biosphere model and satellite vegetation greenness index observations to investigate further the observed seasonal response of northern ecosystems to autumnal warming. We find that both photosynthesis and respiration increase during autumn warming, but the increase in respiration is greater. In contrast, warming increases photosynthesis more than respiration in spring. Our simulations and observations indicate that northern terrestrial ecosystems may currently lose carbon dioxide in response to autumn warming, with a sensitivity of about 0.2 PgC degrees C(-1), offsetting 90% of the increased carbon dioxide uptake during spring. If future autumn warming occurs at a faster rate than in spring, the ability of northern ecosystems to sequester carbon may be diminished earlier than previously suggested.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Piao, Shilong -- Ciais, Philippe -- Friedlingstein, Pierre -- Peylin, Philippe -- Reichstein, Markus -- Luyssaert, Sebastiaan -- Margolis, Hank -- Fang, Jingyun -- Barr, Alan -- Chen, Anping -- Grelle, Achim -- Hollinger, David Y -- Laurila, Tuomas -- Lindroth, Anders -- Richardson, Andrew D -- Vesala, Timo -- England -- Nature. 2008 Jan 3;451(7174):49-52. doi: 10.1038/nature06444.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉LSCE, UMR CEA-CNRS, Batiment 709, CE, L'Orme des Merisiers, F-91191 Gif-sur-Yvette, France. slpiao@lsce.ipsl.fr〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18172494" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Atmosphere/chemistry ; Biomass ; Carbon Dioxide/analysis/*metabolism ; Cell Respiration ; *Ecosystem ; Fossil Fuels ; Geography ; Greenhouse Effect ; History, 20th Century ; History, 21st Century ; Oceans and Seas ; Photosynthesis ; Plant Transpiration ; Plants/metabolism ; Rain ; *Seasons ; Soil/analysis ; *Temperature ; Water/metabolism
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  • 14
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    Old-growth forests as global carbon sinks (2008)
    Nature Publishing Group (NPG)
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    Publication Date: 2008-09-12
    Description: Old-growth forests remove carbon dioxide from the atmosphere at rates that vary with climate and nitrogen deposition. The sequestered carbon dioxide is stored in live woody tissues and slowly decomposing organic matter in litter and soil. Old-growth forests therefore serve as a global carbon dioxide sink, but they are not protected by international treaties, because it is generally thought that ageing forests cease to accumulate carbon. Here we report a search of literature and databases for forest carbon-flux estimates. We find that in forests between 15 and 800 years of age, net ecosystem productivity (the net carbon balance of the forest including soils) is usually positive. Our results demonstrate that old-growth forests can continue to accumulate carbon, contrary to the long-standing view that they are carbon neutral. Over 30 per cent of the global forest area is unmanaged primary forest, and this area contains the remaining old-growth forests. Half of the primary forests (6 x 10(8) hectares) are located in the boreal and temperate regions of the Northern Hemisphere. On the basis of our analysis, these forests alone sequester about 1.3 +/- 0.5 gigatonnes of carbon per year. Thus, our findings suggest that 15 per cent of the global forest area, which is currently not considered when offsetting increasing atmospheric carbon dioxide concentrations, provides at least 10 per cent of the global net ecosystem productivity. Old-growth forests accumulate carbon for centuries and contain large quantities of it. We expect, however, that much of this carbon, even soil carbon, will move back to the atmosphere if these forests are disturbed.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Luyssaert, Sebastiaan -- Schulze, E-Detlef -- Borner, Annett -- Knohl, Alexander -- Hessenmoller, Dominik -- Law, Beverly E -- Ciais, Philippe -- Grace, John -- England -- Nature. 2008 Sep 11;455(7210):213-5. doi: 10.1038/nature07276.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Department of Biology, University of Antwerp, 2610 Wilrijk, Belgium. sebastiaan.luyssaert@ua.ac.be〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18784722" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Animals ; Atmosphere/chemistry ; Biomass ; Carbon/*metabolism ; Carbon Dioxide/metabolism ; Databases, Factual ; Disasters ; *Ecosystem ; History, 15th Century ; History, 16th Century ; History, 17th Century ; History, 18th Century ; History, 19th Century ; History, 20th Century ; History, 21st Century ; History, Ancient ; History, Medieval ; Human Activities ; Time Factors ; Trees/*metabolism
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  • 15
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    Science & music: raising the roof (2008)
    Nature Publishing Group (NPG)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2008-06-13
    Description: 〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Barron, Michael -- England -- Nature. 2008 Jun 12;453(7197):859-60. doi: 10.1038/453859a.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Department of Architecture and Civil Engineering, University of Bath, BA2 7AY, UK.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18548056" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Absorption ; *Acoustics ; Auditory Perception ; *Facility Design and Construction/history ; Hearing/physiology ; History, 19th Century ; History, 20th Century ; History, 21st Century ; Humans ; *Music/history
    Print ISSN: 0028-0836
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    The advent and development of organocatalysis (2008)
    Nature Publishing Group (NPG)
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    Publication Date: 2008-09-19
    Description: The use of small organic molecules as catalysts has been known for more than a century. But only in the past decade has organocatalysis become a thriving area of general concepts and widely applicable asymmetric reactions. Here I present my opinion on why the field of organocatalysis has blossomed so dramatically over the past decade.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉MacMillan, David W C -- R01 GM078201-01-01/GM/NIGMS NIH HHS/ -- England -- Nature. 2008 Sep 18;455(7211):304-8. doi: 10.1038/nature07367.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Merck Center for Catalysis at Princeton University, 116 Frick Laboratory, Princeton University, Princeton, New Jersey 08540, USA. dmacmill@princeton.edu〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18800128" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Catalysis ; Chemistry, Organic/*history/*methods ; History, 20th Century ; History, 21st Century ; Hydrogen Bonding ; Ions/chemistry
    Print ISSN: 0028-0836
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    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
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    Celebrations for Darwin downplay Wallace's role (2008)
    Nature Publishing Group (NPG)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2008-02-29
    Description: 〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Beccaloni, George W -- Smith, Vincent S -- England -- Nature. 2008 Feb 28;451(7182):1050. doi: 10.1038/4511050d.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18305520" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Biology/*history ; History, 19th Century ; History, 20th Century ; History, 21st Century ; *Selection, Genetic
    Print ISSN: 0028-0836
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    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
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    Argentina's pivotal moment (2008)
    Nature Publishing Group (NPG)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2008-02-22
    Description: 〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Smaglik, Paul -- England -- Nature. 2008 Jan 24;451(7177):494-6. doi: 10.1038/nj7177-494a.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18290265" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Argentina ; Emigration and Immigration/history/trends ; *Federal Government ; History, 20th Century ; History, 21st Century ; Politics ; Research Personnel/economics/history/*trends ; Research Support as Topic/economics/history ; Salaries and Fringe Benefits ; Science/*economics/history/manpower/*organization & administration
    Print ISSN: 0028-0836
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    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
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    Population biology: Case of the absent lemmings (2008)
    Nature Publishing Group (NPG)
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    Publication Date: 2008-11-07
    Description: 〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Coulson, Tim -- Malo, Aurelio -- England -- Nature. 2008 Nov 6;456(7218):43-4. doi: 10.1038/456043a.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18987726" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Animals ; Arvicolinae/*physiology ; *Ecosystem ; Female ; *Greenhouse Effect ; History, 20th Century ; History, 21st Century ; Norway ; Population Dynamics ; Seasons ; Snow ; Temperature
    Print ISSN: 0028-0836
    Electronic ISSN: 1476-4687
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
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  • 20
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    Science prizes: Best in class (2008)
    Nature Publishing Group (NPG)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2008-09-27
    Description: 〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Powell, Kendall -- England -- Nature. 2008 Sep 25;455(7212):455-8. doi: 10.1038/455455a.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18818627" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Animals ; *Awards and Prizes ; Creativity ; Elephants/physiology ; *Foundations/economics ; Greenhouse Effect ; Hand/physiology ; History, 20th Century ; History, 21st Century ; Humans ; Hybridization, Genetic ; Illinois ; Neurosciences ; *Research Personnel/economics/psychology ; Robotics ; *Science/economics ; Selection, Genetic
    Print ISSN: 0028-0836
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  • 21
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    Carbon cycling and snowball Earth (2008)
    Nature Publishing Group (NPG)
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    Publication Date: 2008-12-19
    Description: The possibility that Earth witnessed episodes of global glaciation during the latest Precambrian challenges our understanding of the physical processes controlling the Earth's climate. Peltier et al. suggest that a 'hard snowball Earth' state may have been prevented owing to the release of CO(2) from the oxidation of dissolved organic carbon (DOC) in the ocean as the temperature decreased. Here we show that the model of Peltier et al. is not self-consistent as it implies large fluctuations of the ocean alkalinity content without providing any processes to account for it. Our findings suggest that the hard snowball Earth hypothesis is still valid.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Godderis, Yves -- Donnadieu, Yannick -- England -- Nature. 2008 Dec 18;456(7224):E8; author reply E9-10. doi: 10.1038/nature07653.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19092867" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Atmosphere/chemistry ; Carbon Dioxide/*analysis/chemistry ; Cold Temperature ; *Earth (Planet) ; History, Ancient ; Hydrogen-Ion Concentration ; *Ice Cover ; Models, Theoretical ; Partial Pressure ; Seawater/chemistry ; Silicates/chemistry ; Solubility
    Print ISSN: 0028-0836
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    Obituary: Bert Bolin (1925-2008) (2008)
    Nature Publishing Group (NPG)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2008-02-08
    Description: 〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Watson, Bob -- England -- Nature. 2008 Feb 7;451(7179):642. doi: 10.1038/451642a.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Watson@defra.gsi.gov.uk.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18256656" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Atmosphere/chemistry ; Carbon Dioxide/metabolism ; Ecosystem ; *Greenhouse Effect ; History, 20th Century ; History, 21st Century ; Sweden
    Print ISSN: 0028-0836
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    Increasing risk of Amazonian drought due to decreasing aerosol pollution (2008)
    Nature Publishing Group (NPG)
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    Publication Date: 2008-05-10
    Description: The Amazon rainforest plays a crucial role in the climate system, helping to drive atmospheric circulations in the tropics by absorbing energy and recycling about half of the rainfall that falls on it. This region (Amazonia) is also estimated to contain about one-tenth of the total carbon stored in land ecosystems, and to account for one-tenth of global, net primary productivity. The resilience of the forest to the combined pressures of deforestation and global warming is therefore of great concern, especially as some general circulation models (GCMs) predict a severe drying of Amazonia in the twenty-first century. Here we analyse these climate projections with reference to the 2005 drought in western Amazonia, which was associated with unusually warm North Atlantic sea surface temperatures (SSTs). We show that reduction of dry-season (July-October) rainfall in western Amazonia correlates well with an index of the north-south SST gradient across the equatorial Atlantic (the 'Atlantic N-S gradient'). Our climate model is unusual among current GCMs in that it is able to reproduce this relationship and also the observed twentieth-century multidecadal variability in the Atlantic N-S gradient, provided that the effects of aerosols are included in the model. Simulations for the twenty-first century using the same model show a strong tendency for the SST conditions associated with the 2005 drought to become much more common, owing to continuing reductions in reflective aerosol pollution in the Northern Hemisphere.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Cox, Peter M -- Harris, Phil P -- Huntingford, Chris -- Betts, Richard A -- Collins, Matthew -- Jones, Chris D -- Jupp, Tim E -- Marengo, Jose A -- Nobre, Carlos A -- England -- Nature. 2008 May 8;453(7192):212-5. doi: 10.1038/nature06960.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉School of Engineering, Computing and Mathematics, University of Exeter, Exeter EX4 4QF, UK. p.m.cox@exeter.ac.uk〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18464740" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Aerosols/*analysis ; Atlantic Ocean ; Carbon Dioxide/analysis ; Disasters/history/*statistics & numerical data ; *Ecosystem ; Environmental Pollution/*statistics & numerical data ; *Greenhouse Effect ; History, 20th Century ; History, 21st Century ; *Models, Theoretical ; Pacific Ocean ; Probability ; Rain ; Seasons ; South America ; Temperature ; Trees/*physiology
    Print ISSN: 0028-0836
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    Meetings that changed the world: Asilomar 1975: DNA modification secured (2008)
    Nature Publishing Group (NPG)
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    Publication Date: 2008-09-19
    Description: 〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Berg, Paul -- England -- Nature. 2008 Sep 18;455(7211):290-1. doi: 10.1038/455290a.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Beckman Center of Molecular and Genetic Medicine, at Stanford University, 279 Campus Drive, Stanford, California 94305, USA. pberg@stanford.edu〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18800118" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Biotechnology/history/standards ; California ; Congresses as Topic/*history ; DNA, Recombinant/*history ; Ecosystem ; Genetic Engineering/*history/standards ; Guidelines as Topic ; History, 20th Century ; Humans ; Risk Assessment/history ; Safety/*standards ; Simian virus 40/genetics/physiology
    Print ISSN: 0028-0836
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    Defence research: still in the lead? (2008)
    Nature Publishing Group (NPG)
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    Publication Date: 2008-01-25
    Description: 〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Weinberger, Sharon -- England -- Nature. 2008 Jan 24;451(7177):390-3. doi: 10.1038/451390a.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18216826" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Animals ; Bionics/trends ; History, 20th Century ; History, 21st Century ; Humans ; Internet ; Research/history/*trends ; Robotics/trends ; Security Measures/history/organization & administration/*trends ; Technology/history/*trends ; Terrorism/prevention & control ; United States ; United States Government Agencies/economics/history/organization & ; administration/*trends
    Print ISSN: 0028-0836
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    The other beetle-hunter (2008)
    Nature Publishing Group (NPG)
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    Publication Date: 2008-06-27
    Description: 〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Berry, Andrew -- Browne, Janet -- England -- Nature. 2008 Jun 26;453(7199):1188-90. doi: 10.1038/4531188a.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Harvard University, Biology Laboratories, 16 Divinity Avenue, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02138, USA.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18580934" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Animals ; *Biological Evolution ; History, 19th Century ; History, 20th Century ; Selection, Genetic
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    Archaeology: The lost world (2008)
    Nature Publishing Group (NPG)
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    Publication Date: 2008-07-11
    Description: 〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Spinney, Laura -- England -- Nature. 2008 Jul 10;454(7201):151-3. doi: 10.1038/454151a.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18615055" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Agriculture/history ; Animals ; *Archaeology ; Burial/history ; *Culture ; Ecosystem ; Great Britain ; History, Ancient ; North Sea ; Technology/history ; Territoriality
    Print ISSN: 0028-0836
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    Human behaviour: killer instincts (2008)
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    Publication Date: 2008-02-01
    Description: 〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Jones, Dan -- England -- Nature. 2008 Jan 31;451(7178):512-5. doi: 10.1038/451512a.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18235473" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Adaptation, Physiological ; Aggression/*physiology/psychology ; Altruism ; Anger/physiology ; Animals ; Antisocial Personality Disorder/physiopathology ; *Biological Evolution ; Conflict (Psychology) ; Female ; History, 15th Century ; History, 16th Century ; History, 17th Century ; History, 18th Century ; History, 19th Century ; History, 20th Century ; History, 21st Century ; History, Medieval ; *Homicide/history/psychology ; Humans ; Male ; Models, Biological ; Morals ; Pan troglodytes/physiology ; Prefrontal Cortex/anatomy & histology/physiology ; Sex Characteristics ; United Nations ; Violence/psychology ; Warfare
    Print ISSN: 0028-0836
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    Profile: Learning from death (2008)
    Nature Publishing Group (NPG)
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    Publication Date: 2008-05-16
    Description: 〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Wenner, Melinda -- England -- Nature. 2008 May 15;453(7193):271-3. doi: 10.1038/453271a.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18480787" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: *Apoptosis ; Caspases/metabolism ; History, 20th Century ; History, 21st Century ; Humans ; Immunity, Innate ; Kenya ; Neoplasms/pathology/therapy ; Signal Transduction ; Ubiquitin/metabolism ; United States
    Print ISSN: 0028-0836
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    Brave new worlds (2008)
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    Publication Date: 2008-09-12
    Description: 〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉England -- Nature. 2008 Sep 11;455(7210):137-8. doi: 10.1038/455137b.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18784666" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Congresses as Topic/*history ; Creativity ; History, 20th Century ; History, 21st Century ; Human Genome Project/history ; Humans ; Internationality ; Paris ; Physics/*history ; Research Personnel/history
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    Global change: Climate's astronomical sensors (2008)
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    Publication Date: 2008-11-07
    Description: 〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Crucifix, Michel -- England -- Nature. 2008 Nov 6;456(7218):47-8. doi: 10.1038/456047a.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18987729" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Animals ; Atlantic Ocean ; *Climate ; Cold Temperature ; Earth (Planet) ; Eukaryotic Cells/metabolism ; History, Ancient ; *Ice Cover ; Seasons ; Solar System ; *Water Movements
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    Public support never has guaranteed good work (2008)
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    Publication Date: 2008-05-16
    Description: 〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Goodman, Neville W -- England -- Nature. 2008 May 15;453(7193):281. doi: 10.1038/453281c.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18480791" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Biomedical Research/economics/history/*standards ; History, 20th Century ; Humans ; Lobbying ; *Politics ; *Public Opinion
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    Ancient asexuals: darwinulids not exposed (2008)
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    Publication Date: 2008-05-30
    Description: 〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Martens, Koen -- Schon, Isa -- England -- Nature. 2008 May 29;453(7195):587. doi: 10.1038/453587b.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18509420" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Animals ; Crustacea/anatomy & histology/*physiology ; Female ; History, 19th Century ; History, Ancient ; Male ; Reproduction, Asexual/*physiology ; Rotifera/*physiology ; Time Factors
    Print ISSN: 0028-0836
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    Funding cuts leave 'golden era' looking tarnished (2008)
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    Publication Date: 2008-02-15
    Description: 〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Bland, Phil -- England -- Nature. 2008 Feb 14;451(7180):768. doi: 10.1038/451768c.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18272996" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Great Britain ; History, 20th Century ; History, 21st Century ; Research Support as Topic/*economics/history/*trends ; Science/*economics/history/trends
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    Changing the rules won't stop the rise of a new superpower (2008)
    Nature Publishing Group (NPG)
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    Publication Date: 2008-09-12
    Description: 〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Maseland, Robbert -- England -- Nature. 2008 Sep 11;455(7210):167. doi: 10.1038/455167c.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18784701" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Competitive Behavior ; Creativity ; Europe ; History, 19th Century ; History, 20th Century ; History, 21st Century ; *Internationality ; Science/history/*standards/trends ; United States
    Print ISSN: 0028-0836
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    Obituary: George Emil Palade (1912-2008) (2008)
    Nature Publishing Group (NPG)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2008-11-07
    Description: 〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Blobel, Gunter -- England -- Nature. 2008 Nov 6;456(7218):52. doi: 10.1038/456052a.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Gunter Blobel is at the Rockefeller University, 1230 York Avenue, New York, New York 10021, USA. blobel@mail.rockefeller.edu.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18987733" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: *Cell Physiological Phenomena ; History, 20th Century ; Microscopy, Electron/history ; Organelles/ultrastructure ; Romania ; United States
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    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
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    Planetary science: Tunguska at 100 (2008)
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    Publication Date: 2008-06-27
    Description: 〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Steel, Duncan -- England -- Nature. 2008 Jun 26;453(7199):1157-9. doi: 10.1038/4531157a.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18580919" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Animals ; Ecosystem ; History, 20th Century ; *Meteoroids ; Siberia ; Trees
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    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
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    Evolutionary biology: ancient bacteria liked it hot (2008)
    Nature Publishing Group (NPG)
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    Publication Date: 2008-02-08
    Description: 〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Gouy, Manolo -- Chaussidon, Marc -- England -- Nature. 2008 Feb 7;451(7179):635-6. doi: 10.1038/451635a.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18256650" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Bacteria/classification/*metabolism ; Bacterial Proteins/analysis/*chemistry ; *Biological Evolution ; Enzyme Stability ; History, Ancient ; *Hot Temperature ; Peptide Elongation Factor Tu/analysis/chemistry ; Seawater/*microbiology
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    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
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    Linking climate change to lemming cycles (2008)
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    Publication Date: 2008-11-07
    Description: The population cycles of rodents at northern latitudes have puzzled people for centuries, and their impact is manifest throughout the alpine ecosystem. Climate change is known to be able to drive animal population dynamics between stable and cyclic phases, and has been suggested to cause the recent changes in cyclic dynamics of rodents and their predators. But although predator-rodent interactions are commonly argued to be the cause of the Fennoscandian rodent cycles, the role of the environment in the modulation of such dynamics is often poorly understood in natural systems. Hence, quantitative links between climate-driven processes and rodent dynamics have so far been lacking. Here we show that winter weather and snow conditions, together with density dependence in the net population growth rate, account for the observed population dynamics of the rodent community dominated by lemmings (Lemmus lemmus) in an alpine Norwegian core habitat between 1970 and 1997, and predict the observed absence of rodent peak years after 1994. These local rodent dynamics are coherent with alpine bird dynamics both locally and over all of southern Norway, consistent with the influence of large-scale fluctuations in winter conditions. The relationship between commonly available meteorological data and snow conditions indicates that changes in temperature and humidity, and thus conditions in the subnivean space, seem to markedly affect the dynamics of alpine rodents and their linked groups. The pattern of less regular rodent peaks, and corresponding changes in the overall dynamics of the alpine ecosystem, thus seems likely to prevail over a growing area under projected climate change.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Kausrud, Kyrre L -- Mysterud, Atle -- Steen, Harald -- Vik, Jon Olav -- Ostbye, Eivind -- Cazelles, Bernard -- Framstad, Erik -- Eikeset, Anne Maria -- Mysterud, Ivar -- Solhoy, Torstein -- Stenseth, Nils Chr -- England -- Nature. 2008 Nov 6;456(7218):93-7. doi: 10.1038/nature07442.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Centre for Ecological and Evolutionary Synthesis, University of Oslo, PO Box 1066 Blindern, N-0316 Oslo, Norway.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18987742" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Animals ; Arvicolinae/*physiology ; Birds/physiology ; *Ecosystem ; *Greenhouse Effect ; History, 20th Century ; History, 21st Century ; Humidity ; Models, Biological ; Norway ; Population Dynamics ; Seasons ; Snow ; Temperature
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    Hydrogen sulphide release to surface waters at the Precambrian/Cambrian boundary (2008)
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    Publication Date: 2008-05-30
    Description: Animal-like multicellular fossils appeared towards the end of the Precambrian, followed by a rapid increase in the abundance and diversity of fossils during the Early Cambrian period, an event also known as the 'Cambrian explosion'. Changes in the environmental conditions at the Precambrian/Cambrian transition (about 542 Myr ago) have been suggested as a possible explanation for this event, but are still a matter of debate. Here we report molybdenum isotope signatures of black shales from two stratigraphically correlated sample sets with a depositional age of around 542 Myr. We find a transient molybdenum isotope signal immediately after the Precambrian/Cambrian transition. Using a box model of the oceanic molybdenum cycle, we find that intense upwelling of hydrogen sulphide-rich deep ocean water best explains the observed Early Cambrian molybdenum isotope signal. Our findings suggest that the Early Cambrian animal radiation may have been triggered by a major change in ocean circulation, terminating a long period during which the Proterozoic ocean was stratified, with sulphidic deep water.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Wille, Martin -- Nagler, Thomas F -- Lehmann, Bernd -- Schroder, Stefan -- Kramers, Jan D -- England -- Nature. 2008 Jun 5;453(7196):767-9. doi: 10.1038/nature07072. Epub 2008 May 28.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Institute of Geological Sciences, University of Bern, Baltzerstrasse 3, 3012 Bern, Switzerland. martin.wille@anu.edu.au〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18509331" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Animals ; Biodiversity ; Fossils ; Geologic Sediments/chemistry ; History, Ancient ; Hydrogen Sulfide/*metabolism ; Isotopes ; Molybdenum/analysis ; Oceans and Seas ; Seawater/*chemistry
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    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
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    Obituary: Joshua Lederberg (1925-2008) (2008)
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    Publication Date: 2008-03-28
    Description: 〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Blumberg, Baruch S -- England -- Nature. 2008 Mar 27;452(7186):422. doi: 10.1038/452422a.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Baruch S. Blumberg is at the Fox Chase Cancer Center, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19111-2497, USA.baruch.blumberg@fccc.edu.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18368111" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Exobiology/history ; History, 20th Century ; Humans ; Molecular Biology/*history ; Nobel Prize ; Plasmids/genetics/history ; Transduction, Genetic/history ; United States
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    Carbon cycle: harvest of the century (2008)
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    Publication Date: 2008-01-25
    Description: 〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Mayorga, Emilio -- England -- Nature. 2008 Jan 24;451(7177):405-6. doi: 10.1038/451405a.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18216839" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Agriculture/*history/methods ; Atmosphere/chemistry ; Bicarbonates/analysis/chemistry ; Carbon/*analysis ; Carbon Dioxide/analysis/metabolism ; Greenhouse Effect ; History, 20th Century ; History, 21st Century ; Human Activities/*history ; Louisiana ; Mississippi ; Rain ; Rivers/*chemistry
    Print ISSN: 0028-0836
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    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
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    China: The man who unveiled China (2008)
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    Publication Date: 2008-07-25
    Description: 〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Winchester, Simon -- England -- Nature. 2008 Jul 24;454(7203):409-11. doi: 10.1038/454409a.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉simonwinchester@mac.com〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18650901" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: *Authorship ; China ; Culture ; England ; History, 20th Century ; History, 21st Century ; History, Ancient ; Literature, Modern/*history ; Technology/education/*history
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    Palaeoclimate: Greenhouse-gas fingerprints (2008)
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    Publication Date: 2008-11-21
    Description: 〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Stocker, Thomas F -- Schilt, Adrian -- England -- Nature. 2008 Nov 20;456(7220):331-3. doi: 10.1038/456331a.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19020606" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Carbon Dioxide/analysis ; Ecosystem ; *Greenhouse Effect ; History, Ancient ; Ice Cover/*chemistry ; Nitrous Oxide/analysis ; Phytoplankton/metabolism ; Seawater/*chemistry ; *Water Movements
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    Snowball Earth termination by destabilization of equatorial permafrost methane clathrate (2008)
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    Publication Date: 2008-05-30
    Description: The start of the Ediacaran period is defined by one of the most severe climate change events recorded in Earth history--the recovery from the Marinoan 'snowball' ice age, approximately 635 Myr ago (ref. 1). Marinoan glacial-marine deposits occur at equatorial palaeolatitudes, and are sharply overlain by a thin interval of carbonate that preserves marine carbon and sulphur isotopic excursions of about -5 and +15 parts per thousand, respectively; these deposits are thought to record widespread oceanic carbonate precipitation during postglacial sea level rise. This abrupt transition records a climate system in profound disequilibrium and contrasts sharply with the cyclical stratigraphic signal imparted by the balanced feedbacks modulating Phanerozoic deglaciation. Hypotheses accounting for the abruptness of deglaciation include ice albedo feedback, deep-ocean out-gassing during post-glacial oceanic overturn or methane hydrate destabilization. Here we report the broadest range of oxygen isotope values yet measured in marine sediments (-25 per thousand to +12 per thousand) in methane seeps in Marinoan deglacial sediments underlying the cap carbonate. This range of values is likely to be the result of mixing between ice-sheet-derived meteoric waters and clathrate-derived fluids during the flushing and destabilization of a clathrate field by glacial meltwater. The equatorial palaeolatitude implies a highly volatile shelf permafrost pool that is an order of magnitude larger than that of the present day. A pool of this size could have provided a massive biogeochemical feedback capable of triggering deglaciation and accounting for the global postglacial marine carbon and sulphur isotopic excursions, abrupt unidirectional warming, cap carbonate deposition, and a marine oxygen crisis. Our findings suggest that methane released from low-latitude permafrost clathrates therefore acted as a trigger and/or strong positive feedback for deglaciation and warming. Methane hydrate destabilization is increasingly suspected as an important positive feedback to climate change that coincides with critical boundaries in the geological record and may represent one particularly important mechanism active during conditions of strong climate forcing.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Kennedy, Martin -- Mrofka, David -- von der Borch, Chris -- England -- Nature. 2008 May 29;453(7195):642-5. doi: 10.1038/nature06961.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Department of Earth Science, University of California, Riverside, California 92521, USA. martink@mail.ucr.edu〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18509441" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Carbon Isotopes ; *Climate ; Earth (Planet) ; Feedback, Physiological ; Geologic Sediments/*chemistry ; History, Ancient ; *Ice Cover ; Methane/*chemistry/metabolism ; Oceans and Seas ; Oxygen Isotopes ; South Australia ; Sulfur Isotopes
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    Palaeontology: the new mother lode (2008)
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    Publication Date: 2008-09-12
    Description: 〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Dalton, Rex -- England -- Nature. 2008 Sep 11;455(7210):153-5. doi: 10.1038/455153a.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18784695" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Animals ; Argentina ; *Biological Evolution ; Dinosaurs ; *Fossils ; History, 20th Century ; History, 21st Century ; *Mammals/anatomy & histology/classification ; Paleontology/history ; Plants ; Politics
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    Unlocking the mysteries of the ice ages (2008)
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    Publication Date: 2008-01-19
    Description: 〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Raymo, Maureen E -- Huybers, Peter -- England -- Nature. 2008 Jan 17;451(7176):284-5. doi: 10.1038/nature06589.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Department of Earth Sciences, Boston University, 685 Commonwealth Avenue, Boston, Massachusetts 02215, USA. raymo@bu.edu〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18202644" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: *Climate ; Fossils ; History, 19th Century ; History, 20th Century ; History, Ancient ; *Ice Cover ; *Models, Theoretical ; Solar Activity ; Time Factors
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    Anthropogenically enhanced fluxes of water and carbon from the Mississippi River (2008)
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    Publication Date: 2008-01-25
    Description: The water and dissolved inorganic carbon exported by rivers are important net fluxes that connect terrestrial and oceanic water and carbon reservoirs. For most rivers, the majority of dissolved inorganic carbon is in the form of bicarbonate. The riverine bicarbonate flux originates mainly from the dissolution of rock minerals by soil water carbon dioxide, a process called chemical weathering, which controls the buffering capacity and mineral content of receiving streams and rivers. Here we introduce an unprecedented high-temporal-resolution, 100-year data set from the Mississippi River and couple it with sub-watershed and precipitation data to reveal that the large increase in bicarbonate flux that has occurred over the past 50 years (ref. 3) is clearly anthropogenically driven. We show that the increase in bicarbonate and water fluxes is caused mainly by an increase in discharge from agricultural watersheds that has not been balanced by a rise in precipitation, which is also relevant to nutrient and pesticide fluxes to the Gulf of Mexico. These findings demonstrate that alterations in chemical weathering are relevant to improving contemporary biogeochemical budgets. Furthermore, land use change and management were arguably more important than changes in climate and plant CO2 fertilization to increases in riverine water and carbon export from this large region over the past 50 years.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Raymond, Peter A -- Oh, Neung-Hwan -- Turner, R Eugene -- Broussard, Whitney -- England -- Nature. 2008 Jan 24;451(7177):449-52. doi: 10.1038/nature06505.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Yale School of Forestry and Environmental Studies, 21 Sachem Street, New Haven, Connecticut 06511, USA. peter.raymond@yale.edu〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18216851" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Agriculture/history ; Bicarbonates/*analysis/chemistry ; Carbon/*analysis ; Carbon Dioxide/analysis/metabolism ; Geologic Sediments/analysis/chemistry ; Greenhouse Effect ; History, 20th Century ; History, 21st Century ; *Human Activities/history ; Mississippi ; Rain ; Rivers/*chemistry ; Time Factors
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    What other treasures could be hidden in conference papers? (2008)
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    Publication Date: 2008-11-28
    Description: 〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Wong, Min-Liang -- England -- Nature. 2008 Nov 27;456(7221):443. doi: 10.1038/456443a.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19037293" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: *Awards and Prizes ; *Congresses as Topic/history ; History, 20th Century ; Nobel Prize ; PubMed ; *Publishing/history ; *Research/history ; Research Personnel/history
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    Does the past have a future in Berlin? (2008)
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    Publication Date: 2008-07-04
    Description: 〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉England -- Nature. 2008 Jul 3;454(7200):2. doi: 10.1038/454002a.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18596752" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Berlin ; History, 19th Century ; History, 20th Century ; History, 21st Century ; Humans ; *Museums/history ; Schools, Medical/economics/organization & administration
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    Archaeology: bones, isles and videotape (2008)
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    Publication Date: 2008-04-24
    Description: 〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Dalton, Rex -- England -- Nature. 2008 Apr 17;452(7189):806-8. doi: 10.1038/452806a.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18431826" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Agriculture/history ; Animals ; Body Size ; Bone and Bones/*anatomy & histology ; Diet/history ; Dwarfism ; *Fossils ; *Geography ; History, Ancient ; Hominidae/*anatomy & histology/*classification ; Humans ; *Motion Pictures as Topic ; Palau ; United States
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    Direct evidence of extensive diversity of HIV-1 in Kinshasa by 1960 (2008)
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    Publication Date: 2008-10-04
    Description: Human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) sequences that pre-date the recognition of AIDS are critical to defining the time of origin and the timescale of virus evolution. A viral sequence from 1959 (ZR59) is the oldest known HIV-1 infection. Other historically documented sequences, important calibration points to convert evolutionary distance into time, are lacking, however; ZR59 is the only one sampled before 1976. Here we report the amplification and characterization of viral sequences from a Bouin's-fixed paraffin-embedded lymph node biopsy specimen obtained in 1960 from an adult female in Leopoldville, Belgian Congo (now Kinshasa, Democratic Republic of the Congo (DRC)), and we use them to conduct the first comparative evolutionary genetic study of early pre-AIDS epidemic HIV-1 group M viruses. Phylogenetic analyses position this viral sequence (DRC60) closest to the ancestral node of subtype A (excluding A2). Relaxed molecular clock analyses incorporating DRC60 and ZR59 date the most recent common ancestor of the M group to near the beginning of the twentieth century. The sizeable genetic distance between DRC60 and ZR59 directly demonstrates that diversification of HIV-1 in west-central Africa occurred long before the recognized AIDS pandemic. The recovery of viral gene sequences from decades-old paraffin-embedded tissues opens the door to a detailed palaeovirological investigation of the evolutionary history of HIV-1 that is not accessible by other methods.〈br /〉〈br /〉〈a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3682493/" target="_blank"〉〈img src="https://static.pubmed.gov/portal/portal3rc.fcgi/4089621/img/3977009" border="0"〉〈/a〉   〈a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3682493/" target="_blank"〉This paper as free author manuscript - peer-reviewed and accepted for publication〈/a〉〈br /〉〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Worobey, Michael -- Gemmel, Marlea -- Teuwen, Dirk E -- Haselkorn, Tamara -- Kunstman, Kevin -- Bunce, Michael -- Muyembe, Jean-Jacques -- Kabongo, Jean-Marie M -- Kalengayi, Raphael M -- Van Marck, Eric -- Gilbert, M Thomas P -- Wolinsky, Steven M -- R21 AI065371/AI/NIAID NIH HHS/ -- England -- Nature. 2008 Oct 2;455(7213):661-4. doi: 10.1038/nature07390.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, University of Arizona, Tucson, Arizona 85721, USA. worobey@email.arizona.edu〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18833279" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Adult ; Canada ; Democratic Republic of the Congo/epidemiology ; *Evolution, Molecular ; Female ; Genetic Variation/*genetics ; HIV Infections/*epidemiology/pathology/*virology ; HIV-1/classification/*genetics/*isolation & purification ; History, 20th Century ; Humans ; Male ; Microtomy ; Molecular Sequence Data ; Paraffin Embedding ; Phylogeny ; Reverse Transcriptase Polymerase Chain Reaction ; Sequence Analysis, DNA
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    Molecular biology: the expanding world of small RNAs (2008)
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    Publication Date: 2008-01-25
    Description: 〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Grosshans, Helge -- Filipowicz, Witold -- England -- Nature. 2008 Jan 24;451(7177):414-6. doi: 10.1038/451414a.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18216846" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Animals ; History, 20th Century ; History, 21st Century ; Humans ; Models, Genetic ; Molecular Biology/history ; Organ Specificity ; Protein Biosynthesis ; RNA Interference ; RNA, Double-Stranded/biosynthesis/genetics/metabolism ; RNA, Messenger/biosynthesis/genetics/metabolism ; RNA, Untranslated/biosynthesis/classification/*genetics/*metabolism ; Species Specificity ; Substrate Specificity ; Viruses/genetics/immunology
    Print ISSN: 0028-0836
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    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
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    Obituary: Alan J. Southward (1928-2007) (2008)
    Nature Publishing Group (NPG)
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    Publication Date: 2008-01-04
    Description: 〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Dando, Paul R -- England -- Nature. 2008 Jan 3;451(7174):28. doi: 10.1038/451028a.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Paul R. Dando, of the Marine Biological Association of the United Kingdom, is at the School of Ocean Sciences, Bangor University, Menai Bridge LL59 5AB, UK.oss109@bangor.ac.uk.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18172490" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Ecosystem ; Great Britain ; History, 20th Century ; Marine Biology/*history
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    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
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    This time it's personal (2008)
    Nature Publishing Group (NPG)
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    Publication Date: 2008-06-06
    Description: 〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉England -- Nature. 2008 Jun 5;453(7196):697. doi: 10.1038/453697a.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18528339" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Genome, Human ; Genomics/*trends ; History, 20th Century ; History, 21st Century ; Human Genome Project/history ; Humans ; National Human Genome Research Institute (U.S.)/history/*organization & ; administration/trends ; United States
    Print ISSN: 0028-0836
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    Eocene/Oligocene ocean de-acidification linked to Antarctic glaciation by sea-level fall (2008)
    Nature Publishing Group (NPG)
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    Publication Date: 2008-04-25
    Description: One of the most dramatic perturbations to the Earth system during the past 100 million years was the rapid onset of Antarctic glaciation near the Eocene/Oligocene epoch boundary (approximately 34 million years ago). This climate transition was accompanied by a deepening of the calcite compensation depth--the ocean depth at which the rate of calcium carbonate input from surface waters equals the rate of dissolution. Changes in the global carbon cycle, rather than changes in continental configuration, have recently been proposed as the most likely root cause of Antarctic glaciation, but the mechanism linking glaciation to the deepening of calcite compensation depth remains unclear. Here we use a global biogeochemical box model to test competing hypotheses put forward to explain the Eocene/Oligocene transition. We find that, of the candidate hypotheses, only shelf to deep sea carbonate partitioning is capable of explaining the observed changes in both carbon isotope composition and calcium carbonate accumulation at the sea floor. In our simulations, glacioeustatic sea-level fall associated with the growth of Antarctic ice sheets permanently reduces global calcium carbonate accumulation on the continental shelves, leading to an increase in pelagic burial via permanent deepening of the calcite compensation depth. At the same time, fresh limestones are exposed to erosion, thus temporarily increasing global river inputs of dissolved carbonate and increasing seawater delta13C. Our work sheds new light on the mechanisms linking glaciation and ocean acidity change across arguably the most important climate transition of the Cenozoic era.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Merico, Agostino -- Tyrrell, Toby -- Wilson, Paul A -- England -- Nature. 2008 Apr 24;452(7190):979-82. doi: 10.1038/nature06853.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉National Oceanography Centre, Southampton, European Way, Southampton SO14 3ZH, UK. agostino.merico@gkss.de〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18432242" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Acids/analysis ; Antarctic Regions ; Atmosphere/chemistry ; Calcium Carbonate/analysis/metabolism ; Carbon/analysis/metabolism ; Carbon Isotopes ; Diatoms/metabolism ; Geologic Sediments/chemistry ; History, Ancient ; Hydrogen-Ion Concentration ; *Ice Cover ; Models, Biological ; Oceans and Seas ; Phytoplankton/metabolism ; Seawater/*analysis/*chemistry ; Time Factors
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    Obituary: M. Judah Folkman (1933-2008) (2008)
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    Publication Date: 2008-02-15
    Description: 〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Klagsbrun, Michael -- Moses, Marsha A -- England -- Nature. 2008 Feb 14;451(7180):781. doi: 10.1038/451781a.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Department of Surgery, Children's Hospital Boston and Harvard Medical School, 300 Longwood Avenue, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, USA. michael.klagsbrun@childrens.harvard.edu〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18273010" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Angiogenesis Inhibitors/therapeutic use ; Awards and Prizes ; Biomarkers ; History, 20th Century ; History, 21st Century ; Humans ; Neoplasms/*blood supply/drug therapy ; *Neovascularization, Pathologic/drug therapy ; United States
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    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
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    Migration: an engine for social change (2008)
    Nature Publishing Group (NPG)
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    Publication Date: 2008-12-19
    Description: 〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Richerson, Peter J -- Boyd, Robert -- England -- Nature. 2008 Dec 18;456(7224):877. doi: 10.1038/456877a.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Peter J. Richerson is in the Department of Environmental Science and Policy, University of California, Davis, California 95616, USA. pjricherson@ucdavis.edu〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19092915" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Conflict (Psychology) ; *Cultural Evolution ; *Emigration and Immigration/history ; History, 20th Century ; History, 21st Century ; History, Ancient ; Internationality/history
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    Cell biology: SUMO (2008)
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    Publication Date: 2008-04-11
    Description: 〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Meulmeester, Erik -- Melchior, Frauke -- England -- Nature. 2008 Apr 10;452(7188):709-11. doi: 10.1038/452709a.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18401402" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Animals ; Eukaryotic Cells/metabolism ; History, 20th Century ; Humans ; Protein Binding ; Small Ubiquitin-Related Modifier Proteins/history/*metabolism ; Substrate Specificity ; Viruses/metabolism
    Print ISSN: 0028-0836
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    Bountiful noise (2008)
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    Publication Date: 2008-05-10
    Description: 〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉England -- Nature. 2008 May 8;453(7192):134. doi: 10.1038/453134a.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18464688" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: History, 20th Century ; Humans ; Music/history/*psychology ; Noise ; *Science
    Print ISSN: 0028-0836
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    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
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    Palaeoclimate: windows on the greenhouse (2008)
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    Publication Date: 2008-05-16
    Description: 〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Brook, Ed -- England -- Nature. 2008 May 15;453(7193):291-2. doi: 10.1038/453291a.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18480800" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Antarctic Regions ; Atmosphere/*chemistry ; Carbon Dioxide/*analysis ; Greenhouse Effect ; Greenland ; History, Ancient ; Ice Cover/*chemistry ; Methane/*analysis ; *Temperature ; Time Factors
    Print ISSN: 0028-0836
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    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
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    The public needs to know social benefits of vaccination (2008)
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    Publication Date: 2008-05-16
    Description: 〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Robbins, Anthony -- England -- Nature. 2008 May 15;453(7193):281. doi: 10.1038/453281b.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18480792" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Child ; Great Britain ; *Health Education/history ; *Health Policy/history ; History, 20th Century ; Humans ; Pertussis Vaccine/administration & dosage/history ; *Public Opinion ; United States ; Vaccination/contraindications/history/*utilization
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    Obituary: John Templeton (1912-2008) (2008)
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    Publication Date: 2008-07-18
    Description: 〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Brown, Andrew -- England -- Nature. 2008 Jul 17;454(7202):290. doi: 10.1038/454290a.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Andrew Brown is a writer on science and religion. laptop@thewormbook.com.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18633408" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Bahamas ; Fund Raising/*history ; History, 20th Century ; *Religion and Science ; United States
    Print ISSN: 0028-0836
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    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
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    Birthdays to remember (2008)
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    Publication Date: 2008-11-21
    Description: 〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Browne, Janet -- England -- Nature. 2008 Nov 20;456(7220):324-5. doi: 10.1038/456324a.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Harvard University, USA. jbrowne@fas.harvard.edu〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19020602" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Animals ; *Anniversaries and Special Events ; *Biological Evolution ; Chicago ; Finches/physiology ; Fossils ; Great Britain ; History, 19th Century ; History, 20th Century ; History, 21st Century ; Literature, Modern/history ; *Models, Biological ; Mutagenesis ; Selection, Genetic
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    China: The end of the science superpowers (2008)
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    Publication Date: 2008-07-25
    Description: 〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Rogers Hollingsworth, J -- Muller, Karl H -- Hollingsworth, Ellen Jane -- England -- Nature. 2008 Jul 24;454(7203):412-3. doi: 10.1038/454412a.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉University of Wisconsin (Madison), 455 North Park Street, Madison, Wisconsin 53706, USA. hollingsjr@aol.com〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18650902" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: China ; Europe ; History, 18th Century ; History, 19th Century ; History, 20th Century ; History, 21st Century ; Science/economics/*history/standards/*trends ; United States
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    Thresholds for Cenozoic bipolar glaciation (2008)
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    Publication Date: 2008-10-04
    Description: The long-standing view of Earth's Cenozoic glacial history calls for the first continental-scale glaciation of Antarctica in the earliest Oligocene epoch ( approximately 33.6 million years ago), followed by the onset of northern-hemispheric glacial cycles in the late Pliocene epoch, about 31 million years later. The pivotal early Oligocene event is characterized by a rapid shift of 1.5 parts per thousand in deep-sea benthic oxygen-isotope values (Oi-1) within a few hundred thousand years, reflecting a combination of terrestrial ice growth and deep-sea cooling. The apparent absence of contemporaneous cooling in deep-sea Mg/Ca records, however, has been argued to reflect the growth of more ice than can be accommodated on Antarctica; this, combined with new evidence of continental cooling and ice-rafted debris in the Northern Hemisphere during this period, raises the possibility that Oi-1 represents a precursory bipolar glaciation. Here we test this hypothesis using an isotope-capable global climate/ice-sheet model that accommodates both the long-term decline of Cenozoic atmospheric CO(2) levels and the effects of orbital forcing. We show that the CO(2) threshold below which glaciation occurs in the Northern Hemisphere ( approximately 280 p.p.m.v.) is much lower than that for Antarctica ( approximately 750 p.p.m.v.). Therefore, the growth of ice sheets in the Northern Hemisphere immediately following Antarctic glaciation would have required rapid CO(2) drawdown within the Oi-1 timeframe, to levels lower than those estimated by geochemical proxies and carbon-cycle models. Instead of bipolar glaciation, we find that Oi-1 is best explained by Antarctic glaciation alone, combined with deep-sea cooling of up to 4 degrees C and Antarctic ice that is less isotopically depleted (-30 to -35 per thousand) than previously suggested. Proxy CO(2) estimates remain above our model's northern-hemispheric glaciation threshold of approximately 280 p.p.m.v. until approximately 25 Myr ago, but have been near or below that level ever since. This implies that episodic northern-hemispheric ice sheets have been possible some 20 million years earlier than currently assumed (although still much later than Oi-1) and could explain some of the variability in Miocene sea-level records.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Deconto, Robert M -- Pollard, David -- Wilson, Paul A -- Palike, Heiko -- Lear, Caroline H -- Pagani, Mark -- England -- Nature. 2008 Oct 2;455(7213):652-6. doi: 10.1038/nature07337.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Department of Geosciences, University of Massachusetts, Amherst, Massachusetts 01003, USA. deconto@geo.umass.edu〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18833277" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Animals ; Antarctic Regions ; Atmosphere/*chemistry ; Calcium ; Carbon Dioxide/*analysis ; *Cold Climate ; Greenhouse Effect ; History, 21st Century ; History, Ancient ; *Ice Cover ; Magnesium ; Oxygen Isotopes ; Seasons
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    Neutralizing antibodies derived from the B cells of 1918 influenza pandemic survivors (2008)
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    Publication Date: 2008-08-22
    Description: Investigation of the human antibody response to influenza virus infection has been largely limited to serology, with relatively little analysis at the molecular level. The 1918 H1N1 influenza virus pandemic was the most severe of the modern era. Recent work has recovered the gene sequences of this unusual strain, so that the 1918 pandemic virus could be reconstituted to display its unique virulence phenotypes. However, little is known about adaptive immunity to this virus. We took advantage of the 1918 virus sequencing and the resultant production of recombinant 1918 haemagglutinin (HA) protein antigen to characterize at the clonal level neutralizing antibodies induced by natural exposure of survivors to the 1918 pandemic virus. Here we show that of the 32 individuals tested that were born in or before 1915, each showed seroreactivity with the 1918 virus, nearly 90 years after the pandemic. Seven of the eight donor samples tested had circulating B cells that secreted antibodies that bound the 1918 HA. We isolated B cells from subjects and generated five monoclonal antibodies that showed potent neutralizing activity against 1918 virus from three separate donors. These antibodies also cross-reacted with the genetically similar HA of a 1930 swine H1N1 influenza strain, but did not cross-react with HAs of more contemporary human influenza viruses. The antibody genes had an unusually high degree of somatic mutation. The antibodies bound to the 1918 HA protein with high affinity, had exceptional virus-neutralizing potency and protected mice from lethal infection. Isolation of viruses that escaped inhibition suggested that the antibodies recognize classical antigenic sites on the HA surface. Thus, these studies demonstrate that survivors of the 1918 influenza pandemic possess highly functional, virus-neutralizing antibodies to this uniquely virulent virus, and that humans can sustain circulating B memory cells to viruses for many decades after exposure-well into the tenth decade of life.〈br /〉〈br /〉〈a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2848880/" target="_blank"〉〈img src="https://static.pubmed.gov/portal/portal3rc.fcgi/4089621/img/3977009" border="0"〉〈/a〉   〈a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2848880/" target="_blank"〉This paper as free author manuscript - peer-reviewed and accepted for publication〈/a〉〈br /〉〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Yu, Xiaocong -- Tsibane, Tshidi -- McGraw, Patricia A -- House, Frances S -- Keefer, Christopher J -- Hicar, Mark D -- Tumpey, Terrence M -- Pappas, Claudia -- Perrone, Lucy A -- Martinez, Osvaldo -- Stevens, James -- Wilson, Ian A -- Aguilar, Patricia V -- Altschuler, Eric L -- Basler, Christopher F -- Crowe, James E Jr -- AI057158/AI/NIAID NIH HHS/ -- AI42266/AI/NIAID NIH HHS/ -- CA55896/CA/NCI NIH HHS/ -- P01 AI058113/AI/NIAID NIH HHS/ -- R01 AI048677/AI/NIAID NIH HHS/ -- R01 AI048677-04/AI/NIAID NIH HHS/ -- U19 AI057229/AI/NIAID NIH HHS/ -- U19 AI62623/AI/NIAID NIH HHS/ -- U54 AI057157/AI/NIAID NIH HHS/ -- U54 AI057157-019002/AI/NIAID NIH HHS/ -- U54 AI57158/AI/NIAID NIH HHS/ -- England -- Nature. 2008 Sep 25;455(7212):532-6. doi: 10.1038/nature07231. Epub 2008 Aug 17.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Departments of Pediatrics, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, Tennessee 37232, USA.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18716625" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Aged, 80 and over ; Animals ; Antibodies, Monoclonal/genetics/immunology/isolation & purification ; Antibodies, Viral/genetics/*immunology/*isolation & purification ; B-Lymphocytes/*immunology ; Cell Line ; Cross Reactions/immunology ; *Disease Outbreaks/history ; Dogs ; Female ; History, 20th Century ; Humans ; Influenza A Virus, H1N1 Subtype/genetics/*immunology/physiology ; Influenza, Human/*immunology/virology ; Kinetics ; Mice ; Mice, Inbred BALB C ; Molecular Sequence Data ; Neutralization Tests ; *Survival
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    Meetings that changed the world: Santa Fe 1986: Human genome baby-steps (2008)
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    Publication Date: 2008-10-17
    Description: 〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉DeLisi, Charles -- England -- Nature. 2008 Oct 16;455(7215):876-7. doi: 10.1038/455876a.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Boston University, USA. delisi@bu.edu〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18923499" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Congresses as Topic/*history ; Environmental Pollution/adverse effects ; Genetic Predisposition to Disease ; Genetic Variation ; Genome, Human ; Genomics/economics/history ; History, 20th Century ; Human Genome Project/economics/*history ; Humans ; National Institutes of Health (U.S.)/history ; New Mexico ; Politics ; Sequence Analysis, DNA ; United States
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    An early Cenozoic perspective on greenhouse warming and carbon-cycle dynamics (2008)
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    Publication Date: 2008-01-19
    Description: 〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Zachos, James C -- Dickens, Gerald R -- Zeebe, Richard E -- England -- Nature. 2008 Jan 17;451(7176):279-83. doi: 10.1038/nature06588.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Department of Earth and Planetary Sciences, University of California at Santa Cruz, Santa Cruz, California 95060, USA. jzachos@es.ucsc.edu〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18202643" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Atmosphere/chemistry ; Carbon/analysis/*metabolism ; Carbon Dioxide/analysis/metabolism ; Ecosystem ; *Greenhouse Effect ; History, 21st Century ; History, Ancient ; Human Activities ; Models, Theoretical ; Oceans and Seas ; Temperature ; Time Factors
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    The oldest pregnant mum (2008)
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    Details
    Publication Date: 2008-05-30
    Description: 〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Dennis, Carina -- England -- Nature. 2008 May 29;453(7195):575. doi: 10.1038/453575a.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18509405" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Animals ; Australia ; *Biological Evolution ; Female ; Fishes/*embryology/*physiology ; *Fossils ; History, Ancient ; Male ; Sharks/embryology/physiology ; *Viviparity, Nonmammalian
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    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
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    Attributing physical and biological impacts to anthropogenic climate change (2008)
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    Publication Date: 2008-05-16
    Description: Significant changes in physical and biological systems are occurring on all continents and in most oceans, with a concentration of available data in Europe and North America. Most of these changes are in the direction expected with warming temperature. Here we show that these changes in natural systems since at least 1970 are occurring in regions of observed temperature increases, and that these temperature increases at continental scales cannot be explained by natural climate variations alone. Given the conclusions from the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) Fourth Assessment Report that most of the observed increase in global average temperatures since the mid-twentieth century is very likely to be due to the observed increase in anthropogenic greenhouse gas concentrations, and furthermore that it is likely that there has been significant anthropogenic warming over the past 50 years averaged over each continent except Antarctica, we conclude that anthropogenic climate change is having a significant impact on physical and biological systems globally and in some continents.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Rosenzweig, Cynthia -- Karoly, David -- Vicarelli, Marta -- Neofotis, Peter -- Wu, Qigang -- Casassa, Gino -- Menzel, Annette -- Root, Terry L -- Estrella, Nicole -- Seguin, Bernard -- Tryjanowski, Piotr -- Liu, Chunzhen -- Rawlins, Samuel -- Imeson, Anton -- England -- Nature. 2008 May 15;453(7193):353-7. doi: 10.1038/nature06937.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉NASA/Goddard Institute for Space Studies and Columbia Center for Climate Systems Research, 2800 Broadway, New York, New York 10025, USA. crosenzweig@giss.nasa.gov〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18480817" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Agriculture ; Databases, Factual ; *Ecosystem ; Forestry ; Geography ; *Greenhouse Effect ; History, 20th Century ; History, 21st Century ; *Human Activities ; Ice ; Internationality ; Marine Biology ; Models, Statistical ; Temperature
    Print ISSN: 0028-0836
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    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
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    Science teaching must evolve (2008)
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    Publication Date: 2008-05-03
    Description: 〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Moore, Andrew -- England -- Nature. 2008 May 1;453(7191):31-2. doi: 10.1038/453031a.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Science & Society Programme at the European Molecular Biology Organization (EMBO), Meyerhofstrasse 1, D-69117 Heidelberg, Germany.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18451837" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Animals ; *Biological Evolution ; Biology/*education/history ; Computational Biology/education ; Curriculum/standards/*trends ; Evolution, Molecular ; History, 20th Century ; History, 21st Century ; Humans ; Internationality ; Models, Biological ; Teaching/history/*standards/*trends
    Print ISSN: 0028-0836
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    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
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    A bizarre Jurassic maniraptoran from China with elongate ribbon-like feathers (2008)
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    Publication Date: 2008-10-25
    Description: Recent coelurosaurian discoveries have greatly enriched our knowledge of the transition from dinosaurs to birds, but all reported taxa close to this transition are from relatively well known coelurosaurian groups. Here we report a new basal avialan, Epidexipteryx hui gen. et sp. nov., from the Middle to Late Jurassic of Inner Mongolia, China. This new species is characterized by an unexpected combination of characters seen in several different theropod groups, particularly the Oviraptorosauria. Phylogenetic analysis shows it to be the sister taxon to Epidendrosaurus, forming a new clade at the base of Avialae. Epidexipteryx also possesses two pairs of elongate ribbon-like tail feathers, and its limbs lack contour feathers for flight. This finding shows that a member of the avialan lineage experimented with integumentary ornamentation as early as the Middle to Late Jurassic, and provides further evidence relating to this aspect of the transition from non-avian theropods to birds.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Zhang, Fucheng -- Zhou, Zhonghe -- Xu, Xing -- Wang, Xiaolin -- Sullivan, Corwin -- England -- Nature. 2008 Oct 23;455(7216):1105-8. doi: 10.1038/nature07447.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Laboratory of Evolutionary Systematics of Vertebrates, Institute of Vertebrate Paleontology and Paleoanthropology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, PO Box 643, Beijing 100044, China. zhangfucheng@ivpp.ac.cn〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18948955" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Animals ; China ; Dinosaurs/*anatomy & histology/*classification ; Feathers/*anatomy & histology ; *Fossils ; History, Ancient ; Phylogeny
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    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
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    The rise of atmospheric oxygen (2008)
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    Publication Date: 2008-01-19
    Description: 〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Kump, Lee R -- England -- Nature. 2008 Jan 17;451(7176):277-8. doi: 10.1038/nature06587.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Department of Geosciences, Pennsylvania State University, 535 Deike Building, University Park, Pennsylvania 16802, USA. lkump@psu.edu〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18202642" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Atmosphere/*chemistry ; Ecosystem ; Geologic Sediments/chemistry ; History, 20th Century ; History, Ancient ; Models, Theoretical ; Oxygen/*analysis ; Sulfur/analysis
    Print ISSN: 0028-0836
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    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
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    Online archives are revealing uncensored history of science (2008)
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    Publication Date: 2008-12-19
    Description: 〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Burns, William -- England -- Nature. 2008 Dec 18;456(7224):870. doi: 10.1038/456870b.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19092907" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: *Archives ; History, 20th Century ; Information Storage and Retrieval/standards/*trends ; *Internet ; Science/*ethics/*history/standards
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    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
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    Secret treasure-troves restored (2008)
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    Publication Date: 2008-02-01
    Description: 〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉England -- Nature. 2008 Jan 31;451(7178):500. doi: 10.1038/451500a.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18235454" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Animals ; Culture ; Germany ; History, 18th Century ; History, 19th Century ; History, 20th Century ; History, 21st Century ; Italy ; Natural History/*history/*trends ; Periodicals as Topic/trends ; Research Personnel/history ; Specimen Handling/*history/*trends ; *Universities/history
    Print ISSN: 0028-0836
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    Improved estimates of upper-ocean warming and multi-decadal sea-level rise (2008)
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    Publication Date: 2008-06-20
    Description: Changes in the climate system's energy budget are predominantly revealed in ocean temperatures and the associated thermal expansion contribution to sea-level rise. Climate models, however, do not reproduce the large decadal variability in globally averaged ocean heat content inferred from the sparse observational database, even when volcanic and other variable climate forcings are included. The sum of the observed contributions has also not adequately explained the overall multi-decadal rise. Here we report improved estimates of near-global ocean heat content and thermal expansion for the upper 300 m and 700 m of the ocean for 1950-2003, using statistical techniques that allow for sparse data coverage and applying recent corrections to reduce systematic biases in the most common ocean temperature observations. Our ocean warming and thermal expansion trends for 1961-2003 are about 50 per cent larger than earlier estimates but about 40 per cent smaller for 1993-2003, which is consistent with the recognition that previously estimated rates for the 1990s had a positive bias as a result of instrumental errors. On average, the decadal variability of the climate models with volcanic forcing now agrees approximately with the observations, but the modelled multi-decadal trends are smaller than observed. We add our observational estimate of upper-ocean thermal expansion to other contributions to sea-level rise and find that the sum of contributions from 1961 to 2003 is about 1.5 +/- 0.4 mm yr(-1), in good agreement with our updated estimate of near-global mean sea-level rise (using techniques established in earlier studies) of 1.6 +/- 0.2 mm yr(-1).〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Domingues, Catia M -- Church, John A -- White, Neil J -- Gleckler, Peter J -- Wijffels, Susan E -- Barker, Paul M -- Dunn, Jeff R -- England -- Nature. 2008 Jun 19;453(7198):1090-3. doi: 10.1038/nature07080.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Centre for Australian Weather and Climate Research, CSIRO Marine and Atmospheric Research, GPO Box 1538, Hobart, Tasmania 7001, Australia. catia.domingues@csiro.au〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18563162" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Forecasting ; Greenhouse Effect ; History, 20th Century ; History, 21st Century ; *Hot Temperature ; Models, Theoretical ; Oceans and Seas ; Research Design ; Seawater/*analysis ; Time Factors ; Volcanic Eruptions
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    Climate change: attributing cause and effect (2008)
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    Publication Date: 2008-05-16
    Description: 〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Zwiers, Francis -- Hegerl, Gabriele -- England -- Nature. 2008 May 15;453(7193):296-7. doi: 10.1038/453296a.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18480804" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: *Ecosystem ; *Greenhouse Effect ; History, 20th Century ; History, 21st Century ; *Human Activities ; Meta-Analysis as Topic ; Models, Statistical
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    Philanthropy needed (2008)
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    Publication Date: 2008-01-19
    Description: 〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉England -- Nature. 2008 Jan 17;451(7176):224. doi: 10.1038/451224a.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18202602" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Congresses as Topic/*economics/history ; Drug Industry/economics/history ; Foundations/*economics/*organization & administration/trends ; *Fund Raising/trends ; History, 20th Century ; History, 21st Century ; London ; Nobel Prize ; Research Personnel/history
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    Abundance and diversity of microbial life in ocean crust (2008)
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    Publication Date: 2008-05-30
    Description: Oceanic lithosphere exposed at the sea floor undergoes seawater-rock alteration reactions involving the oxidation and hydration of glassy basalt. Basalt alteration reactions are theoretically capable of supplying sufficient energy for chemolithoautotrophic growth. Such reactions have been shown to generate microbial biomass in the laboratory, but field-based support for the existence of microbes that are supported by basalt alteration is lacking. Here, using quantitative polymerase chain reaction, in situ hybridization and microscopy, we demonstrate that prokaryotic cell abundances on seafloor-exposed basalts are 3-4 orders of magnitude greater than in overlying deep sea water. Phylogenetic analyses of basaltic lavas from the East Pacific Rise (9 degrees N) and around Hawaii reveal that the basalt-hosted biosphere harbours high bacterial community richness and that community membership is shared between these sites. We hypothesize that alteration reactions fuel chemolithoautotrophic microorganisms, which constitute a trophic base of the basalt habitat, with important implications for deep-sea carbon cycling and chemical exchange between basalt and sea water.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Santelli, Cara M -- Orcutt, Beth N -- Banning, Erin -- Bach, Wolfgang -- Moyer, Craig L -- Sogin, Mitchell L -- Staudigel, Hubert -- Edwards, Katrina J -- England -- Nature. 2008 May 29;453(7195):653-6. doi: 10.1038/nature06899.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉MIT/WHOI Joint Program in Oceanography and Ocean Engineering, Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution, Woods Hole, Massachusetts 02543, USA.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18509444" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: *Biodiversity ; Chemoautotrophic Growth ; Genes, Bacterial/genetics ; Geologic Sediments/*microbiology ; Hawaii ; History, Ancient ; *Marine Biology ; Molecular Sequence Data ; Pacific Ocean ; Phylogeny ; Polymerase Chain Reaction ; RNA, Ribosomal, 16S/genetics ; Seawater/microbiology ; *Silicates/metabolism ; Water Microbiology
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    Obituary: Christopher Curtis (1939-2008) (2008)
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    Publication Date: 2008-06-20
    Description: 〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Nath, Indira -- England -- Nature. 2008 Jun 19;453(7198):1002. doi: 10.1038/4531002a.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Indira Nath is in the LEPRA - Blue Peter Research Centre, Cherlapally, Hyderabad 501301, India. indiranath@bprcleprasociety.org.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18563148" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Animals ; Child ; Culicidae/genetics/*physiology ; Developing Countries ; Female ; Great Britain ; History, 20th Century ; History, 21st Century ; Humans ; Insect Control/*history ; Malaria/*prevention & control/transmission ; Pregnancy ; Public Health/history
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    Meetings that changed the world: Bellagio 1969: The green revolution (2008)
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    Publication Date: 2008-09-27
    Description: 〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Hardin, Lowell S -- England -- Nature. 2008 Sep 25;455(7212):470-1. doi: 10.1038/455470a.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉International Programs in Agriculture at Purdue University. lhardin@purdue.edu〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18818641" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Agriculture/*history ; Congresses as Topic/*history ; Developing Countries ; Food Supply/history ; History, 20th Century ; Humans ; Hunger ; International Cooperation ; Italy
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    What Spaceguard did (2008)
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    Publication Date: 2008-06-27
    Description: 〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Harris, Alan -- England -- Nature. 2008 Jun 26;453(7199):1178-9. doi: 10.1038/4531178a.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Space Science Institute, 4603 Orange Knoll Avenue, La Canada, California 91011-3364, USA.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18580926" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: *Earth (Planet) ; *Environmental Monitoring/history/statistics & numerical data ; History, 20th Century ; History, 21st Century ; *Meteoroids ; United States ; United States National Aeronautics and Space Administration
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    Language: Disputed definitions (2008)
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    Publication Date: 2008-10-25
    Description: 〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Ledford, Heidi -- England -- Nature. 2008 Oct 23;455(7216):1023-8. doi: 10.1038/4551023a.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18948925" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Animals ; Consciousness/physiology ; Continental Population Groups ; Epigenesis, Genetic ; History, 20th Century ; History, 21st Century ; Humans ; Models, Theoretical ; *Science/history ; Stem Cells ; *Terminology as Topic
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    The charge of technology (2008)
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    Publication Date: 2008-10-25
    Description: Science policies based on techno-nationalist thinking and fantasies about the past technological revolutions will get us nowhere fast, says David Edgerton.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Edgerton, David -- England -- Nature. 2008 Oct 23;455(7216):1030-1. doi: 10.1038/4551030a.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Centre for the History of Science, Technology and Medicine, Imperial College London, London SW7 2AZ, UK. d.edgerton@imperial.ac.uk〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18948929" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: History, 19th Century ; History, 20th Century ; History, 21st Century ; Research/economics/history/trends ; Technology/*economics/history/*trends
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    Nuclear war: the threat that never went away (2008)
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    Publication Date: 2008-01-11
    Description: 〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Butler, Declan -- England -- Nature. 2008 Jan 10;451(7175):114-5. doi: 10.1038/451114a.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18185550" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: History, 20th Century ; History, 21st Century ; *International Cooperation/history ; Nuclear Warfare/*history/*prevention & control/trends ; Security Measures/history/trends ; Terrorism/prevention & control/trends
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    Sophisticated particle-feeding in a large Early Cambrian crustacean (2008)
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    Publication Date: 2008-03-14
    Description: Most Cambrian arthropods employed simple feeding mechanisms requiring only low degrees of appendage differentiation. In contrast, post-Cambrian crustaceans exhibit a wide diversity of feeding specializations and possess a vast ecological repertoire. Crustaceans are evident in the Cambrian fossil record, but have hitherto been known exclusively from small individuals with limited appendage differentiation. Here we describe a sophisticated feeding apparatus from an Early Cambrian arthropod that had a body length of several centimetres. Details of the mouthparts resolve this taxon as a probable crown-group (pan)crustacean, while its feeding style, which allowed it to generate and handle fine food particles, significantly expands the known ecological capabilities of Cambrian arthropods. This Early Cambrian record predates the major expansions of large-bodied, particle-handling crustaceans by at least one hundred million years, emphasizing the importance of ecological context in driving adaptive radiations.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Harvey, Thomas H P -- Butterfield, Nicholas J -- England -- Nature. 2008 Apr 17;452(7189):868-71. doi: 10.1038/nature06724. Epub 2008 Mar 12.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Department of Earth Sciences, University of Cambridge, Downing Street, Cambridge, CB2 3EQ, UK. thar04@esc.cam.ac.uk〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18337723" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Animals ; Biological Evolution ; Body Size ; Crustacea/*anatomy & histology/classification/*physiology ; Feeding Behavior/*physiology ; *Fossils ; History, Ancient ; Mouth/anatomy & histology/physiology ; Northwest Territories
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    Systems biology: Metabonomics (2008)
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    Publication Date: 2008-10-25
    Description: 〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Nicholson, Jeremy K -- Lindon, John C -- England -- Nature. 2008 Oct 23;455(7216):1054-6. doi: 10.1038/4551054a.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18948945" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Biomarkers/metabolism ; Drug Design ; History, 16th Century ; History, 20th Century ; History, Ancient ; History, Medieval ; Humans ; Magnetic Resonance Spectroscopy ; Mass Spectrometry ; *Metabolism ; Principal Component Analysis ; Systems Biology/history/*methods/trends
    Print ISSN: 0028-0836
    Electronic ISSN: 1476-4687
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
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    Beijing 1987: China's coming-out party (2008)
    Nature Publishing Group (NPG)
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    Publication Date: 2008-10-04
    Description: 〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Hassan, Mohamed -- England -- Nature. 2008 Oct 2;455(7213):598-9. doi: 10.1038/455598a.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉TWAS, the Academy of Sciences for the Developing World in Trieste, Italy. mhassan@twas.org.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18833263" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Academies and Institutes/history ; Animals ; Cattle ; China ; Congresses as Topic/*history ; Cooperative Behavior ; Developing Countries/history ; History, 20th Century ; History, 21st Century ; Humans ; Science/*history/trends
    Print ISSN: 0028-0836
    Electronic ISSN: 1476-4687
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
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    A tribe of jobbing ditchers (2008)
    Nature Publishing Group (NPG)
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    Publication Date: 2008-01-19
    Description: 〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Nield, Ted -- England -- Nature. 2008 Jan 17;451(7176):258-60. doi: 10.1038/nature06581.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Geological Society of London. ted.nield@geolsoc.org.uk〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18202636" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Animals ; England ; Fossils ; Geologic Sediments/chemistry ; Geology/economics/*history ; Greenhouse Effect ; History, 19th Century ; History, 20th Century ; Petroleum/economics/history ; Ships/history
    Print ISSN: 0028-0836
    Electronic ISSN: 1476-4687
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
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    Novartis Foundation to close its doors (2008)
    Nature Publishing Group (NPG)
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    Publication Date: 2008-01-19
    Description: 〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Abbott, Alison -- England -- Nature. 2008 Jan 17;451(7176):233. doi: 10.1038/451233a.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18202610" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Congresses as Topic/economics/history/*organization & administration/trends ; Drug Industry/history/organization & administration/trends ; Foundations/history/*organization & administration/*trends ; History, 20th Century ; History, 21st Century ; London
    Print ISSN: 0028-0836
    Electronic ISSN: 1476-4687
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
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    Frog transparency led to discovery of melatonin (2008)
    Nature Publishing Group (NPG)
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    Publication Date: 2008-01-11
    Description: 〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Erren, Thomas C -- Reiter, Russel J -- Meyer-Rochow, V Benno -- England -- Nature. 2008 Jan 10;451(7175):127. doi: 10.1038/451127c.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18185565" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Animals ; Cattle ; History, 20th Century ; Larva/drug effects ; Melatonin/*history/pharmacology ; Pineal Gland/chemistry ; Rana pipiens/*physiology ; *Skin Pigmentation/drug effects ; Tissue Extracts/pharmacology
    Print ISSN: 0028-0836
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    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
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    The first hominin of Europe (2008)
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    Publication Date: 2008-03-28
    Description: The earliest hominin occupation of Europe is one of the most debated topics in palaeoanthropology. However, the purportedly oldest of the Early Pleistocene sites in Eurasia lack precise age control and contain stone tools rather than human fossil remains. Here we report the discovery of a human mandible associated with an assemblage of Mode 1 lithic tools and faunal remains bearing traces of hominin processing, in stratigraphic level TE9 at the site of the Sima del Elefante, Atapuerca, Spain. Level TE9 has been dated to the Early Pleistocene (approximately 1.2-1.1 Myr), based on a combination of palaeomagnetism, cosmogenic nuclides and biostratigraphy. The Sima del Elefante site thus emerges as the oldest, most accurately dated record of human occupation in Europe, to our knowledge. The study of the human mandible suggests that the first settlement of Western Europe could be related to an early demographic expansion out of Africa. The new evidence, with previous findings in other Atapuerca sites (level TD6 from Gran Dolina), also suggests that a speciation event occurred in this extreme area of the Eurasian continent during the Early Pleistocene, initiating the hominin lineage represented by the TE9 and TD6 hominins.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Carbonell, Eudald -- Bermudez de Castro, Jose M -- Pares, Josep M -- Perez-Gonzalez, Alfredo -- Cuenca-Bescos, Gloria -- Olle, Andreu -- Mosquera, Marina -- Huguet, Rosa -- van der Made, Jan -- Rosas, Antonio -- Sala, Robert -- Vallverdu, Josep -- Garcia, Nuria -- Granger, Darryl E -- Martinon-Torres, Maria -- Rodriguez, Xose P -- Stock, Greg M -- Verges, Josep M -- Allue, Ethel -- Burjachs, Francesc -- Caceres, Isabel -- Canals, Antoni -- Benito, Alfonso -- Diez, Carlos -- Lozano, Marina -- Mateos, Ana -- Navazo, Marta -- Rodriguez, Jesus -- Rosell, Jordi -- Arsuaga, Juan L -- England -- Nature. 2008 Mar 27;452(7186):465-9. doi: 10.1038/nature06815.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Institut Catala de Paleoecologia Humana i Evolucio Social, Area de Prehistoria, Universitat Rovira i Virgili, Placa Imperial Tarraco 1, 43005 Tarragona, Spain. eudald.carbonell@urv.cat〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18368116" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Animals ; *Fossils ; Genetic Speciation ; Geologic Sediments ; History, Ancient ; Hominidae/anatomy & histology/*classification ; Mammals/anatomy & histology ; *Mandible/anatomy & histology ; Spain ; Technology
    Print ISSN: 0028-0836
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    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
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    Profile: meet exhibit I (2008)
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    Publication Date: 2008-02-15
    Description: 〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Hayden, Erika Check -- England -- Nature. 2008 Feb 14;451(7180):763-5. doi: 10.1038/451763a.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18272992" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Access to Information/ethics ; Genome, Human/genetics ; Genomics/*history ; History, 20th Century ; History, 21st Century ; Human Genome Project/history ; Humans ; Molecular Biology/*history ; Sequence Analysis, DNA/*history ; United States
    Print ISSN: 0028-0836
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    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
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    Earliest date for milk use in the Near East and southeastern Europe linked to cattle herding (2008)
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    Publication Date: 2008-08-12
    Description: The domestication of cattle, sheep and goats had already taken place in the Near East by the eighth millennium bc. Although there would have been considerable economic and nutritional gains from using these animals for their milk and other products from living animals-that is, traction and wool-the first clear evidence for these appears much later, from the late fifth and fourth millennia bc. Hence, the timing and region in which milking was first practised remain unknown. Organic residues preserved in archaeological pottery have provided direct evidence for the use of milk in the fourth millennium in Britain, and in the sixth millennium in eastern Europe, based on the delta(13)C values of the major fatty acids of milk fat. Here we apply this approach to more than 2,200 pottery vessels from sites in the Near East and southeastern Europe dating from the fifth to the seventh millennia bc. We show that milk was in use by the seventh millennium; this is the earliest direct evidence to date. Milking was particularly important in northwestern Anatolia, pointing to regional differences linked with conditions more favourable to cattle compared to other regions, where sheep and goats were relatively common and milk use less important. The latter is supported by correlations between the fat type and animal bone evidence.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Evershed, Richard P -- Payne, Sebastian -- Sherratt, Andrew G -- Copley, Mark S -- Coolidge, Jennifer -- Urem-Kotsu, Duska -- Kotsakis, Kostas -- Ozdogan, Mehmet -- Ozdogan, Asly E -- Nieuwenhuyse, Olivier -- Akkermans, Peter M M G -- Bailey, Douglass -- Andeescu, Radian-Romus -- Campbell, Stuart -- Farid, Shahina -- Hodder, Ian -- Yalman, Nurcan -- Ozbasaran, Mihriban -- Bicakci, Erhan -- Garfinkel, Yossef -- Levy, Thomas -- Burton, Margie M -- England -- Nature. 2008 Sep 25;455(7212):528-31. doi: 10.1038/nature07180. Epub 2008 Aug 6.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Organic Geochemistry Unit, Bristol Biogeochemistry Research Centre, School of Chemistry, University of Bristol, Cantock's Close, Bristol BS8 1TS, UK. r.p.evershed@bristol.ac.uk〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18690215" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Animals ; Cattle/*physiology ; Ceramics/analysis ; Dairying/*history ; Europe ; Europe, Eastern ; Fatty Acids/analysis ; Goats ; History, Ancient ; Humans ; Meat ; Milk/chemistry/*history/*utilization ; Sheep
    Print ISSN: 0028-0836
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    From landscapes into geological history (2008)
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    Publication Date: 2008-01-19
    Description: 〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Allen, Philip A -- England -- Nature. 2008 Jan 17;451(7176):274-6. doi: 10.1038/nature06586.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Department of Earth Science and Engineering, Imperial College, South Kensington Campus, London SW7 2AZ, UK. philip.allen@imperial.ac.uk〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18202641" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Earth (Planet) ; Geologic Sediments/*analysis/chemistry ; *Geology ; History, Ancient ; Ice Cover ; Oceans and Seas ; Rivers ; Temperature ; Time Factors
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    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
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    Observed and modelled stability of overflow across the Greenland-Scotland ridge (2008)
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    Publication Date: 2008-09-27
    Description: Across the Greenland-Scotland ridge there is a continuous flow of cold dense water, termed 'overflow', from the Nordic seas to the Atlantic Ocean. This is a main contributor to the production of North Atlantic Deep Water that feeds the lower limb of the Atlantic meridional overturning circulation, which has been predicted to weaken as a consequence of climate change. The two main overflow branches pass the Denmark Strait and the Faroe Bank channel. Here we combine results from direct current measurements in the Faroe Bank channel for 1995-2005 with an ensemble hindcast experiment for 1948-2005 using an ocean general circulation model. For the overlapping period we find a convincing agreement between model simulations and observations on monthly to interannual timescales. Both observations and model data show no significant trend in volume transport. In addition, for the whole 1948-2005 period, the model indicates no persistent trend in the Faroe Bank channel overflow or in the total overflow transport, in agreement with the few available historical observations. Deepening isopycnals in the Norwegian Sea have tended to decrease the pressure difference across the Greenland-Scotland ridge, but this has been compensated for by the effect of changes in sea level. In contrast with earlier studies, we therefore conclude that the Faroe Bank channel overflow, and also the total overflow, did not decrease consistently from 1950 to 2005, although the model does show a weakening total Atlantic meridional overturning circulation as a result of changes south of the Greenland-Scotland ridge.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Olsen, Steffen M -- Hansen, Bogi -- Quadfasel, Detlef -- Osterhus, Svein -- England -- Nature. 2008 Sep 25;455(7212):519-22. doi: 10.1038/nature07302.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Danish Meteorological Institute, Lyngbyvej 100, 2100 Copenhagen, Denmark. smo@dmi.dk〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18818655" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Atlantic Ocean ; Computer Simulation ; Denmark ; Greenhouse Effect ; Greenland ; History, 20th Century ; History, 21st Century ; Ice/analysis ; Models, Theoretical ; Pressure ; Scotland ; Seawater/*analysis ; *Water Movements
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    Sediment cores reveal Antarctica's warmer past (2008)
    Nature Publishing Group (NPG)
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    Publication Date: 2008-05-08
    Description: 〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Schiermeier, Quirin -- England -- Nature. 2008 May 1;453(7191):13. doi: 10.1038/453013a.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18461714" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Antarctic Regions ; Geologic Sediments/*analysis ; History, Ancient ; *Ice Cover ; Rain ; Rivers ; Time Factors ; Trees
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    Electronic ISSN: 1476-4687
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
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    Obituary: Victor Almon McKusick (1921-2008) (2008)
    Nature Publishing Group (NPG)
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    Publication Date: 2008-09-05
    Description: 〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Chakravarti, Aravinda -- England -- Nature. 2008 Sep 4;455(7209):46. doi: 10.1038/455046a.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Aravinda Chakravarti is at the McKusick-Nathans Institute of Genetic Medicine, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland 21093, USA. aravinda@jhmi.edu.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18769431" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Genetics, Medical/*history ; History, 20th Century ; Humans
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    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
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    Anatomy: truly gross anatomy (2008)
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    Publication Date: 2008-04-04
    Description: 〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Vance, Erik -- England -- Nature. 2008 Apr 3;452(7187):525-6. doi: 10.1038/452525a.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18385709" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Anatomy/economics/education ; Animals ; Cetacea/*anatomy & histology ; History, 20th Century ; History, 21st Century ; New York City
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    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
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