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  • Biological Evolution  (117)
  • American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)  (117)
  • American Geophysical Union
  • American Meteorological Society
  • 2000-2004  (117)
  • 1995-1999
  • 1990-1994
  • 1950-1954
  • 2004  (52)
  • 2002  (65)
Collection
Keywords
Publisher
  • American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)  (117)
  • American Geophysical Union
  • American Meteorological Society
Years
  • 2000-2004  (117)
  • 1995-1999
  • 1990-1994
  • 1950-1954
Year
  • 1
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    Lab v. field: the case for studying real-life bugs (2002)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2002-10-05
    Description: 〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Enserink, Martin -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2002 Oct 4;298(5591):92-3.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/12364779" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Animals ; *Animals, Genetically Modified ; *Anopheles/genetics/parasitology/physiology ; Behavior, Animal ; Biological Evolution ; *Culicidae/genetics/parasitology/physiology ; Ecology ; Genetics, Population ; Genome ; Humans ; *Insect Vectors/genetics/parasitology/physiology ; Malaria/prevention & control/transmission ; Molecular Biology ; Mosquito Control ; Plasmodium/physiology ; *Research ; Research Support as Topic ; Sequence Analysis, DNA ; Sexual Behavior, Animal
    Print ISSN: 0036-8075
    Electronic ISSN: 1095-9203
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Computer Science , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
    Published by American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
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  • 2
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    Plant genetics. A hidden Arabidopsis emerges under stress (2002)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2002-05-23
    Description: 〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Marshall, Eliot -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2002 May 17;296(5571):1218.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/12016281" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Animals ; Arabidopsis/anatomy & histology/*genetics/growth & development/*physiology ; Arabidopsis Proteins/genetics/*physiology ; Biological Evolution ; Drosophila/anatomy & histology/genetics/growth & development/physiology ; Drosophila Proteins/genetics/physiology ; Genes, Insect ; Genes, Plant ; HSP90 Heat-Shock Proteins/genetics/*physiology ; Mutation ; Plant Leaves/anatomy & histology
    Print ISSN: 0036-8075
    Electronic ISSN: 1095-9203
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Computer Science , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
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  • 3
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    Signal transduction. History matters (2002)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2002-08-10
    Description: 〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Ingolia, Nicholas T -- Murray, Andrew W -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2002 Aug 9;297(5583):948-9.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology and Bauer Center for Genomics Research, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA 02138, USA.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/12169717" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Adaptation, Physiological ; Animals ; Biological Evolution ; *Cell Cycle Proteins ; Cells, Cultured ; Dual Specificity Phosphatase 1 ; *Feedback, Physiological ; Immediate-Early Proteins/*metabolism ; *MAP Kinase Signaling System ; Mitogen-Activated Protein Kinases/*metabolism ; Models, Biological ; *Phosphoprotein Phosphatases ; Platelet-Derived Growth Factor/metabolism/pharmacology ; Protein Phosphatase 1 ; Protein Tyrosine Phosphatases/*metabolism
    Print ISSN: 0036-8075
    Electronic ISSN: 1095-9203
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Computer Science , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
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  • 4
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    Recent segmental duplications in the human genome (2002)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2002-08-10
    Description: Primate-specific segmental duplications are considered important in human disease and evolution. The inability to distinguish between allelic and duplication sequence overlap has hampered their characterization as well as assembly and annotation of our genome. We developed a method whereby each public sequence is analyzed at the clone level for overrepresentation within a whole-genome shotgun sequence. This test has the ability to detect duplications larger than 15 kilobases irrespective of copy number, location, or high sequence similarity. We mapped 169 large regions flanked by highly similar duplications. Twenty-four of these hot spots of genomic instability have been associated with genetic disease. Our analysis indicates a highly nonrandom chromosomal and genic distribution of recent segmental duplications, with a likely role in expanding protein diversity.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Bailey, Jeffrey A -- Gu, Zhiping -- Clark, Royden A -- Reinert, Knut -- Samonte, Rhea V -- Schwartz, Stuart -- Adams, Mark D -- Myers, Eugene W -- Li, Peter W -- Eichler, Evan E -- CA094816/CA/NCI NIH HHS/ -- GM58815/GM/NIGMS NIH HHS/ -- HG002318/HG/NHGRI NIH HHS/ -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2002 Aug 9;297(5583):1003-7.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Department of Genetics, Center for Computational Genomics, and Center for Human Genetics, Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine and University Hospitals of Cleveland, Cleveland, OH 44106, USA.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/12169732" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Alleles ; Base Sequence ; Biological Evolution ; Chromosomes, Human/genetics ; Computational Biology ; Databases, Nucleic Acid ; Exons ; Expressed Sequence Tags ; *Gene Duplication ; Gene Rearrangement ; *Genes, Duplicate ; Genetic Diseases, Inborn/genetics ; *Genome, Human ; Humans ; Models, Genetic ; Polymorphism, Single Nucleotide ; Proteome ; Recombination, Genetic ; Sequence Alignment
    Print ISSN: 0036-8075
    Electronic ISSN: 1095-9203
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Computer Science , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
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  • 5
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    Genomics. Mmu 16--comparative genomic highlights (2002)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2002-06-01
    Description: 〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Copeland, Neal G -- Jenkins, Nancy A -- O'Brien, Stephen J -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2002 May 31;296(5573):1617-8.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Mouse Cancer Genetics Program, National Cancer Institute, Frederick, MD, 21702, USA. copeland@ncifcrf.gov〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/12040165" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Animals ; Base Composition ; Biological Evolution ; Chromosome Aberrations ; Chromosomes/*genetics ; Chromosomes, Human/genetics ; Computational Biology ; Conserved Sequence ; Evolution, Molecular ; Gene Duplication ; Gene Rearrangement ; Genes ; Genome ; *Genome, Human ; Genomics ; Humans ; Mice ; Mice, Inbred Strains/*genetics ; Multigene Family ; *Sequence Analysis, DNA ; Species Specificity ; Synteny
    Print ISSN: 0036-8075
    Electronic ISSN: 1095-9203
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Computer Science , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
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  • 6
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    Ascent of dinosaurs linked to an iridium anomaly at the Triassic-Jurassic boundary (2002)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2002-05-23
    Description: Analysis of tetrapod footprints and skeletal material from more than 70 localities in eastern North America shows that large theropod dinosaurs appeared less than 10,000 years after the Triassic-Jurassic boundary and less than 30,000 years after the last Triassic taxa, synchronous with a terrestrial mass extinction. This extraordinary turnover is associated with an iridium anomaly (up to 285 parts per trillion, with an average maximum of 141 parts per trillion) and a fern spore spike, suggesting that a bolide impact was the cause. Eastern North American dinosaurian diversity reached a stable maximum less than 100,000 years after the boundary, marking the establishment of dinosaur-dominated communities that prevailed for the next 135 million years.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Olsen, P E -- Kent, D V -- Sues, H-D -- Koeberl, C -- Huber, H -- Montanari, A -- Rainforth, E C -- Fowell, S J -- Szajna, M J -- Hartline, B W -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2002 May 17;296(5571):1305-7.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Lamont-Doherty Earth Observatory of Columbia University, Palisades, NY 10964, USA.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/12016313" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Animals ; Biological Evolution ; *Dinosaurs ; *Ecosystem ; Ferns ; *Fossils ; Geologic Sediments/chemistry ; Iridium/*analysis ; Meteoroids ; Minor Planets ; North America ; Spores ; Time
    Print ISSN: 0036-8075
    Electronic ISSN: 1095-9203
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Computer Science , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
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  • 7
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    Homologies in leaf form inferred from KNOXI gene expression during development (2002)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2002-06-08
    Description: KNOTTEDI-like homeobox (KNOXI) genes regulate development of the leaf from the shoot apical meristem (SAM) and may regulate leaf form. We examined KNOXI expression in SAMs of various vascular plants and found that KNOXI expression correlated with complex leaf primordia. However, complex primordia may mature into simple leaves. Therefore, not all simple leaves develop similarly, and final leaf morphology may not be an adequate predictor of homology.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Bharathan, Geeta -- Goliber, Thomas E -- Moore, Christopher -- Kessler, Sharon -- Pham, Thinh -- Sinha, Neelima R -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2002 Jun 7;296(5574):1858-60.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Department of Ecology and Evolution, State University of New York, Stony Brook, NY 11794-5245, USA.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/12052958" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Angiosperms/genetics/growth & development ; Biological Evolution ; Brassicaceae/*genetics/growth & development/metabolism ; Down-Regulation ; Gene Expression Regulation, Plant ; *Genes, Homeobox ; *Genes, Plant ; Gymnosperms/genetics/growth & development/metabolism ; Homeodomain Proteins/*genetics/metabolism ; Light ; Meristem/*genetics/metabolism ; Morphogenesis ; Phylogeny ; Plant Development ; Plant Leaves/*growth & development ; *Plant Proteins ; Plants/*genetics/metabolism
    Print ISSN: 0036-8075
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  • 8
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    The ecology of genetically modified mosquitoes (2002)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2002-10-05
    Description: Ecological and population biology issues constitute serious challenges to the application of genetically modified mosquitos (GMM) for disease control.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Scott, Thomas W -- Takken, Willem -- Knols, Bart G J -- Boete, Christophe -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2002 Oct 4;298(5591):117-9.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Department of Entomology, University of California, Davis, CA 95616, USA. twscott@ucdavis.edu〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/12364785" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Adult ; Aedes/*genetics/physiology/virology ; Animals ; Anopheles/*genetics/parasitology/physiology ; Biological Evolution ; Child ; Dengue/prevention & control/transmission ; Ecology ; Environment ; Genetics, Population ; Guidelines as Topic ; Humans ; Insect Vectors/*genetics/parasitology/physiology/virology ; Insecticides ; Malaria/prevention & control/transmission ; *Organisms, Genetically Modified ; Pest Control, Biological ; Population Density ; Reproduction ; Transformation, Genetic ; Transgenes
    Print ISSN: 0036-8075
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    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Computer Science , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
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  • 9
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    Ecology. Sizing up the shape of life (2002)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2002-02-23
    Description: 〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Zens, M Scot -- Webb, Campbell O -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2002 Feb 22;295(5559):1475-6.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Department of Biological Sciences, Dartmouth College, Hanover, NH 03755, USA. scot.zens@dartmouth.edu〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/11859181" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Biological Evolution ; Biomass ; *Ecosystem ; Mathematics ; Plant Leaves/anatomy & histology ; Plant Roots/anatomy & histology ; Plant Stems/anatomy & histology ; Plant Structures/*anatomy & histology ; Plants/*anatomy & histology
    Print ISSN: 0036-8075
    Electronic ISSN: 1095-9203
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Computer Science , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
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  • 10
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    Decoding the patterns of self and nonself by the innate immune system (2002)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2002-04-16
    Description: The innate immune system evolved several strategies of self/nonself discrimination that are based on the recognition of molecular patterns demarcating infectious nonself, as well as normal and abnormal self. These patterns are deciphered by receptors that either induce or inhibit an immune response, depending on the meaning of these signals.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Medzhitov, Ruslan -- Janeway, Charles A Jr -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2002 Apr 12;296(5566):298-300.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Howard Hughes Medical Institute and Section of Immunobiology, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06520, USA. ruslan.medzhitov@yale.edu〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/11951031" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Animals ; Antigens, CD/immunology ; Apoptosis ; Biological Evolution ; Complement Pathway, Alternative ; Histocompatibility Antigens Class I/immunology ; Humans ; *Immunity, Innate ; Inflammation ; Killer Cells, Natural/immunology ; Lipopolysaccharides/immunology ; Necrosis ; Peptidoglycan/immunology ; Receptors, Immunologic/immunology ; *Self Tolerance ; Sialic Acids/metabolism
    Print ISSN: 0036-8075
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    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Computer Science , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
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  • 11
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    Comparative genomics. Tunicate genome shows a little backbone (2002)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2002-12-14
    Description: 〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Pennisi, Elizabeth -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2002 Dec 13;298(5601):2111-2.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/12481111" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Animals ; Biological Evolution ; Cellulose/biosynthesis ; Ciona intestinalis/anatomy & histology/classification/*genetics/physiology ; Computational Biology ; Gene Dosage ; Gene Transfer, Horizontal ; Genes ; *Genome ; Humans ; *Sequence Analysis, DNA ; Species Specificity ; Vertebrates/classification/genetics
    Print ISSN: 0036-8075
    Electronic ISSN: 1095-9203
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Computer Science , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
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  • 12
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    Sri Lanka: an amphibian hot spot (2002)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2002-10-12
    Description: 〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Meegaskumbura, M -- Bossuyt, F -- Pethiyagoda, R -- Manamendra-Arachchi, K -- Bahir, M -- Milinkovitch, M C -- Schneider, C J -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2002 Oct 11;298(5592):379.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Biology Department, Boston University, Boston, MA 02215, USA.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/12376694" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Animals ; Anura/anatomy & histology/*classification/genetics/physiology ; Base Sequence ; Biological Evolution ; DNA, Mitochondrial/genetics ; *Ecosystem ; Embryonic Development ; Female ; Male ; Molecular Sequence Data ; Oviposition ; Ovum/physiology ; *Phylogeny ; Sri Lanka ; Trees
    Print ISSN: 0036-8075
    Electronic ISSN: 1095-9203
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Computer Science , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
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  • 13
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    Canine evolution. A shaggy dog history (2002)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2002-11-26
    Description: 〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Pennisi, Elizabeth -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2002 Nov 22;298(5598):1540-2.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/12446885" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Animals ; *Animals, Domestic/anatomy & histology/classification/genetics ; *Behavior, Animal ; Biological Evolution ; Body Constitution ; Breeding ; Cues ; DNA, Mitochondrial/genetics ; *Dogs/anatomy & histology/classification/genetics ; Fossils ; Genes ; Genetic Variation ; Genome ; Humans ; Phylogeny ; Selection, Genetic ; Sequence Analysis, DNA ; Wolves/genetics
    Print ISSN: 0036-8075
    Electronic ISSN: 1095-9203
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Computer Science , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
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  • 14
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    Breaking up is far too easy (2002)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2002-08-31
    Description: 〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Kaiser, Jocelyn -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2002 Aug 30;297(5586):1494-6.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/12202815" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Antarctic Regions ; Biological Evolution ; *Cold Climate ; Diatoms ; Ecosystem ; Eukaryota ; *Geologic Sediments ; *Greenhouse Effect ; Humans ; Ice ; Time
    Print ISSN: 0036-8075
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  • 15
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    Evolutionary genetics. Insecticide resistance on the move (2002)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2002-09-28
    Description: 〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Denholm, I -- Devine, G J -- Williamson, M S -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2002 Sep 27;297(5590):2222-3.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Rothamsted Research, Harpenden, Hertfordshire AL5 2JQ, UK. ian.denholm@bbsrc.ac.uk〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/12351778" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Alleles ; Animals ; Biological Evolution ; Cytochrome P-450 Enzyme System/*genetics/metabolism ; *DDT/metabolism ; Drosophila Proteins/*genetics/metabolism ; Drosophila melanogaster/enzymology/*genetics ; *Genes, Insect ; Insecticide Resistance/*genetics ; *Insecticides/metabolism ; Oligonucleotide Array Sequence Analysis ; Substrate Specificity
    Print ISSN: 0036-8075
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    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Computer Science , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
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  • 16
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    Development. Missized mutants help identify organ tailors (2002)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2002-07-20
    Description: 〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Vogel, Gretchen -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2002 Jul 19;297(5580):328.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/12130764" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Animals ; Biological Evolution ; Cell Count ; Cell Division ; Cells, Cultured ; Cerebral Cortex/cytology/*embryology ; Cytoskeletal Proteins/*genetics/physiology ; Gene Expression Profiling ; Gene Expression Regulation, Developmental ; Homeodomain Proteins/*genetics/physiology ; Humans ; Mice ; Mice, Transgenic ; Mutation ; Neurons/cytology/physiology ; Pituitary Gland/*cytology/growth & development ; Retina/*cytology/growth & development ; Stem Cells/cytology/*physiology ; Trans-Activators/*genetics/physiology ; beta Catenin
    Print ISSN: 0036-8075
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  • 17
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    The many selves of social insects (2002)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2002-04-16
    Description: Social insects show multiple levels of self identity. Most individuals are sterile workers who selflessly labor for their colony, which is often viewed as a superorganism. The superorganism protects itself with colony recognition systems based on learned odors, typically cuticular hydrocarbons. Transfer of these odors within the colony obscures separate clan identities. Residual individual interests do appear to cause conflicts within colonies over sex ratio, male production, caste, and reproductive dominance. However, genomic imprinting theory predicts that the individual's maternal and paternal genes will evolve separate infraorganismal identities, perhaps leaving virtually no coherent individual identity.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Queller, David C -- Strassmann, Joan E -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2002 Apr 12;296(5566):311-3.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, Mail Stop-170, Rice University, Post Office Box 1892, Houston, TX 77251-1892, USA. Queller@rice.edu〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/11951035" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Animals ; *Behavior, Animal ; Biological Evolution ; Conflict (Psychology) ; Cooperative Behavior ; Cues ; Female ; Genes, Insect ; Genomic Imprinting ; Hymenoptera/genetics/*physiology ; Insects/genetics/*physiology ; Male ; Odors ; Reproduction ; Selection, Genetic ; Sex Ratio ; Social Behavior
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    Merging genomes with geochemistry in hydrothermal ecosystems (2002)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2002-05-11
    Description: Thermophilic microbial inhabitants of active seafloor and continental hot springs populate the deepest branches of the universal phylogenetic tree, making hydrothermal ecosystems the most ancient continuously inhabited ecosystems on Earth. Geochemical consequences of hot water-rock interactions render these environments habitable and supply a diverse array of energy sources. Clues to the strategies for how life thrives in these dynamic ecosystems are beginning to be elucidated through a confluence of biogeochemistry, microbiology, ecology, molecular biology, and genomics. These efforts have the potential to reveal how ecosystems originate, the extent of the subsurface biosphere, and the driving forces of evolution.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Reysenbach, Anna-Louise -- Shock, Everett -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2002 May 10;296(5570):1077-82.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Department of Biology, Portland State University, Portland, OR 97201, USA. reysenbacha@pdx.edu〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/12004120" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Adaptation, Physiological ; Archaea/classification/genetics/metabolism/*physiology ; Bacteria/classification/genetics/metabolism ; *Bacterial Physiological Phenomena ; Biofilms/growth & development ; Biological Evolution ; *Ecosystem ; Energy Metabolism ; Environmental Microbiology ; Gene Transfer, Horizontal ; Genetic Variation ; *Geologic Sediments ; *Hot Temperature ; Mutation ; Phylogeny ; *Water Microbiology
    Print ISSN: 0036-8075
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    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Computer Science , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
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    Genomics. Vertebrate genomes compared (2002)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2002-08-24
    Description: 〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Hedges, S Blair -- Kumar, Sudhir -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2002 Aug 23;297(5585):1283-5.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉NASA Astrobiology Institute and Department of Biology, 208 Mueller Laboratory, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA 16802-5301, USA.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/12193771" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Animals ; Biological Evolution ; Conserved Sequence ; Exons ; Fish Proteins/chemistry/genetics ; Genetic Diseases, Inborn/genetics ; *Genome ; *Genome, Human ; *Genomics ; Humans ; Introns ; Phylogeny ; *Sequence Analysis, DNA ; Takifugu/*genetics ; Vertebrates/*genetics
    Print ISSN: 0036-8075
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    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Computer Science , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
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  • 20
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    Intra- and interspecific variation in primate gene expression patterns (2002)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2002-04-16
    Description: Although humans and their closest evolutionary relatives, the chimpanzees, are 98.7% identical in their genomic DNA sequences, they differ in many morphological, behavioral, and cognitive aspects. The underlying genetic basis of many of these differences may be altered gene expression. We have compared the transcriptome in blood leukocytes, liver, and brain of humans, chimpanzees, orangutans, and macaques using microarrays, as well as protein expression patterns of humans and chimpanzees using two-dimensional gel electrophoresis. We also studied three mouse species that are approximately as related to each other as are humans, chimpanzees, and orangutans. We identified species-specific gene expression patterns indicating that changes in protein and gene expression have been particularly pronounced in the human brain.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Enard, Wolfgang -- Khaitovich, Philipp -- Klose, Joachim -- Zollner, Sebastian -- Heissig, Florian -- Giavalisco, Patrick -- Nieselt-Struwe, Kay -- Muchmore, Elaine -- Varki, Ajit -- Ravid, Rivka -- Doxiadis, Gaby M -- Bontrop, Ronald E -- Paabo, Svante -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2002 Apr 12;296(5566):340-3.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Max-Planck-Institute for Evolutionary Anthropology, Inselstrasse 22, D-04103 Leipzig, Germany.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/11951044" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Animals ; Biological Evolution ; Brain/*metabolism ; DNA, Complementary ; Female ; *Gene Expression ; Gene Expression Profiling ; Haplorhini/*genetics ; Hominidae/genetics ; Humans ; Leukocytes/*metabolism ; Liver/*metabolism ; Macaca mulatta/genetics ; Male ; Mice ; Muridae/genetics ; Oligonucleotide Array Sequence Analysis ; Organ Specificity ; Pan troglodytes/genetics ; Pongo pygmaeus/genetics ; Proteins/genetics/metabolism ; RNA, Messenger/genetics/metabolism ; Species Specificity
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    Data sharing. DNA sequencer protests being scooped with his own data (2002)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2002-02-16
    Description: 〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Marshall, Eliot -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2002 Feb 15;295(5558):1206-7.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/11847311" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Access to Information ; Animals ; Biological Evolution ; Computational Biology ; *Databases, Nucleic Acid ; *Genome, Protozoan ; Giardia lamblia/*genetics ; Information Services ; *Internet ; *Publishing ; *Sequence Analysis, DNA
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    Natural product terpenoids in Eocene and Miocene conifer fossils (2002)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2002-08-31
    Description: Numerous saturated and aromatic hydrocarbons, but not polar compounds, originating from plants and microorganisms (biomarkers) have been reported in sediments, coals, and petroleum. Here we describe natural product terpenoids found in two fossil conifers, Taxodium balticum (Eocene) and Glyptostrobus oregonensis (Miocene). A similar terpenoid pattern is also observed in extant Taxodium distichum. The preservation of characteristic terpenoids (unaltered natural products) in the fossil conifers supports their systematic assignment to the Cypress family (Cupressaceae sensu lato). The results also show that fossil conifers can contain polar terpenoids, which are valuable markers for (paleo)chemosystematics and phylogeny.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Otto, Angelika -- White, James D -- Simoneit, Bernd R T -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2002 Aug 30;297(5586):1543-5.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Environmental and Petroleum Geochemistry Group, College of Oceanic and Atmospheric Sciences, Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR 97331, USA. a.otto@kristall.uni-frankfurt.de〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/12202827" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Biological Evolution ; Biological Factors/isolation & purification ; *Fossils ; Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry ; Gymnosperms/*chemistry/classification ; Phylogeny ; Resins, Plant/isolation & purification ; Seeds/chemistry ; Terpenes/chemistry/*isolation & purification
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    50 million years of genomic stasis in endosymbiotic bacteria (2002)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2002-06-29
    Description: Comparison of two fully sequenced genomes of Buchnera aphidicola, the obligate endosymbionts of aphids, reveals the most extreme genome stability to date: no chromosome rearrangements or gene acquisitions have occurred in the past 50 to 70 million years, despite substantial sequence evolution and the inactivation and loss of individual genes. In contrast, the genomes of their closest free-living relatives, Escherichia coli and Salmonella spp., are more than 2000-fold more labile in content and gene order. The genomic stasis of B. aphidicola, likely attributable to the loss of phages, repeated sequences, and recA, indicates that B. aphidicola is no longer a source of ecological innovation for its hosts.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Tamas, Ivica -- Klasson, Lisa -- Canback, Bjorn -- Naslund, A Kristina -- Eriksson, Ann-Sofie -- Wernegreen, Jennifer J -- Sandstrom, Jonas P -- Moran, Nancy A -- Andersson, Siv G E -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2002 Jun 28;296(5577):2376-9.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Department of Molecular Evolution, Evolutionary Biology Center, University of Uppsala, Uppsala, Sweden.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/12089438" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Animals ; Aphids/*microbiology/physiology ; Bacterial Proteins/chemistry/genetics ; Biological Evolution ; Buchnera/*genetics/physiology ; DNA, Intergenic ; Diet ; Ecosystem ; Escherichia coli/genetics ; *Evolution, Molecular ; Genes, Bacterial ; Genetic Variation ; *Genome, Bacterial ; Molecular Sequence Data ; Mutation ; Operon ; Pseudogenes ; Recombination, Genetic ; Repetitive Sequences, Nucleic Acid ; Salmonella typhimurium/genetics ; Species Specificity ; *Symbiosis
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    Becoming human. In search of the first hominids (2002)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2002-02-16
    Description: 〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Gibbons, Ann -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2002 Feb 15;295(5558):1214-9.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/11847320" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Africa ; Animals ; Biological Evolution ; Cuspid/anatomy & histology ; Dental Enamel/anatomy & histology ; Female ; *Fossils ; *Hominidae/anatomy & histology ; Humans ; Male ; Molar/anatomy & histology ; Paleodontology ; Time ; Trees ; Walking
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    Reverse engineering of biological complexity (2002)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2002-03-02
    Description: Advanced technologies and biology have extremely different physical implementations, but they are far more alike in systems-level organization than is widely appreciated. Convergent evolution in both domains produces modular architectures that are composed of elaborate hierarchies of protocols and layers of feedback regulation, are driven by demand for robustness to uncertain environments, and use often imprecise components. This complexity may be largely hidden in idealized laboratory settings and in normal operation, becoming conspicuous only when contributing to rare cascading failures. These puzzling and paradoxical features are neither accidental nor artificial, but derive from a deep and necessary interplay between complexity and robustness, modularity, feedback, and fragility. This review describes insights from engineering theory and practice that can shed some light on biological complexity.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Csete, Marie E -- Doyle, John C -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2002 Mar 1;295(5560):1664-9.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Department of Anesthesiology, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/11872830" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Biological Evolution ; Computer Simulation ; *Engineering ; *Feedback, Physiological ; *Models, Biological ; *Physiological Phenomena ; *Systems Theory
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    Breakthrough of the year. The runners-up (2002)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2002-12-21
    Description: 〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2002 Dec 20;298(5602):2297-303.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/12493876" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Animals ; Astronomical Phenomena ; Astronomy ; Biological Evolution ; Cosmic Radiation ; Elementary Particles ; Genome ; Hominidae ; Humans ; Ion Channels/physiology ; Lasers ; Light ; Microwaves ; Motion Pictures as Topic ; Optics and Photonics ; Retinal Ganglion Cells/physiology ; Rod Opsins/physiology ; *Science ; Sequence Analysis, DNA ; Temperature ; Tomography/methods
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    Comparative physiology. Recharged field's rallying cry: gene chips for all organisms (2002)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2002-09-21
    Description: 〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Pennisi, Elizabeth -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2002 Sep 20;297(5589):1985-7.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/12242422" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Adaptation, Physiological ; Animals ; Biological Evolution ; Carps/genetics/physiology ; Fishes/genetics/*physiology ; Fundulidae/genetics/physiology ; *Gene Expression Profiling ; *Oligonucleotide Array Sequence Analysis ; Perciformes/genetics/physiology ; *Physiology, Comparative
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  • 28
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    Prokaryotic diversity--magnitude, dynamics, and controlling factors (2002)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2002-05-11
    Description: There are probably millions of species in the microorganismal domains Bacteria and Archaea (the prokaryotes), and we are only just beginning to work out the basic principles governing their distribution and abundance in natural environments. One characteristic that has become clear is that prokaryote diversity in aquatic environments is orders of magnitude less than in sediments and soils. Hypotheses and models explaining such differences are under development and are beginning to offer promising insights into the mechanisms governing prokaryote diversity and ecosystem function.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Torsvik, Vigdis -- Ovreas, Lise -- Thingstad, Tron Frede -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2002 May 10;296(5570):1064-6.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Department of Microbiology, University of Bergen, Jahnebakken 5, N-5020 Bergen, Norway. vigdis.torsvik@im.uib.no〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/12004116" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Animals ; Archaea/genetics/*physiology ; *Bacterial Physiological Phenomena ; Biological Evolution ; Biomass ; *Ecosystem ; *Environmental Microbiology ; Eukaryota/physiology ; Genome, Archaeal ; Genome, Bacterial ; Geologic Sediments/microbiology ; Phytoplankton/physiology ; Soil Microbiology ; Water Microbiology
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    Creatures of our own making (2002)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2002-10-05
    Description: 〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Budiansky, Stephen -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2002 Oct 4;298(5591):80-6.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/12364775" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Adaptation, Physiological ; Aedes/anatomy & histology/physiology ; Animals ; Anopheles/anatomy & histology/classification/*physiology ; Arbovirus Infections/epidemiology/transmission ; Biological Evolution ; Blood ; Climate ; Culex/anatomy & histology/physiology ; Culicidae/anatomy & histology/classification/*physiology ; Environment ; Feeding Behavior ; Female ; Human Activities ; Humans ; Insect Vectors/anatomy & histology/classification/*physiology ; Malaria/epidemiology/transmission ; Male ; Mosquito Control ; Oviposition ; Reproduction ; Sexual Behavior, Animal ; Water
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    Life and the evolution of Earth's atmosphere (2002)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2002-05-11
    Description: Harvesting light to produce energy and oxygen (photosynthesis) is the signature of all land plants. This ability was co-opted from a precocious and ancient form of life known as cyanobacteria. Today these bacteria, as well as microscopic algae, supply oxygen to the atmosphere and churn out fixed nitrogen in Earth's vast oceans. Microorganisms may also have played a major role in atmosphere evolution before the rise of oxygen. Under the more dim light of a young sun cooler than today's, certain groups of anaerobic bacteria may have been pumping out large amounts of methane, thereby keeping the early climate warm and inviting. The evolution of Earth's atmosphere is linked tightly to the evolution of its biota.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Kasting, James F -- Siefert, Janet L -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2002 May 10;296(5570):1066-8.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Department of Geosciences, 443 Deike, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA 16802, USA. kasting@essc.psu.edu〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/12004117" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: *Atmosphere ; Biological Evolution ; Cyanobacteria/*physiology ; Earth (Planet) ; Eukaryota/*physiology ; Euryarchaeota/*physiology ; *Evolution, Planetary ; Methane/metabolism ; Nitrogen/metabolism ; Nitrogen Fixation ; Oxygen/metabolism ; Photosynthesis ; Symbiosis ; Water Microbiology
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    Speciation and centromere evolution (2002)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2002-01-05
    Description: 〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Borodin, P M -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2001 Dec 21;294(5551):2478-80.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/11770517" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Animals ; Biological Evolution ; Centromere/*genetics/physiology ; DNA, Satellite/*genetics ; Drosophila/genetics ; *Evolution, Molecular ; Hybridization, Genetic ; Infertility ; Meiosis ; Mice/genetics ; Models, Genetic ; Nondisjunction, Genetic
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    Regulation of organogenesis by the Caenorhabditis elegans FoxA protein PHA-4 (2002)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2002-02-02
    Description: The pha-4 locus encodes a forkhead box A (FoxA/HNF3) transcription factor homolog that specifies organ identity for Caenorhabditis elegans pharyngeal cells. We used microarrays to identify pharyngeal genes and analyzed those genes to determine which were direct PHA-4 targets. Our data suggest that PHA-4 directly activates most or all pharyngeal genes. Furthermore, the relative affinity of PHA-4 for different TRTTKRY (R = A/G, K = T/G, Y = T/C) elements modulates the onset of gene expression, providing a mechanism to activate pharyngeal genes at different developmental stages. We suggest that direct transcriptional regulation of entire gene networks may be a common feature of organ identity genes.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Gaudet, J -- Mango, S E -- CCSG 2P30CA42014/CC/ODCDC CDC HHS/ -- R01 GM056264/GM/NIGMS NIH HHS/ -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2002 Feb 1;295(5556):821-5.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Huntsman Cancer Institute, University of Utah, 2000 Circle of Hope, Salt Lake City, UT 84112, USA.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/11823633" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Animals ; Binding Sites ; Biological Evolution ; Caenorhabditis elegans/*embryology/genetics/metabolism ; Caenorhabditis elegans Proteins/genetics/*metabolism ; Consensus Sequence ; Embryo, Nonmammalian/metabolism ; Embryonic Development ; *Gene Expression Regulation, Developmental ; *Genes, Helminth ; Genes, Reporter ; Introns ; Models, Genetic ; Mutation ; Myosins/genetics ; Oligonucleotide Array Sequence Analysis ; Pharynx/cytology/embryology/metabolism ; Promoter Regions, Genetic ; Recombinant Fusion Proteins/metabolism ; Trans-Activators/genetics/*metabolism
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    Coral reef biodiversity and conservation (2002)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2002-05-15
    Description: 〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Briggs, John C -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2002 May 10;296(5570):1026-8; author reply 1026-8.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/12004904" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Animals ; Biological Evolution ; *Cnidaria ; *Conservation of Natural Resources ; *Ecosystem ; Pacific Ocean ; Seawater
    Print ISSN: 0036-8075
    Electronic ISSN: 1095-9203
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Computer Science , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
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    Portraits of science. Climb Chimborazo and see the world (2002)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2002-10-05
    Description: 〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Bowler, Peter J -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2002 Oct 4;298(5591):63-4.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉History of Science Program, School of Anthropological Studies, Queen's University, Belfast BT7 1NN, UK. p.bowler@qub.ac.uk〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/12364767" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Biological Evolution ; Germany ; History, 18th Century ; History, 19th Century ; Natural Science Disciplines/*history ; Nature ; Social Values
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    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Computer Science , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
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    Role of a ubiquitin-like modification in polarized morphogenesis (2002)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2002-03-30
    Description: Type I ubiquitin-like proteins constitute a family of protein modifiers. Here we report the identification of a posttranslational protein modifier from Saccharomyces cerevisiae, Hub1. Overexpression of Hub1 resulted in enhanced conjugate formation when its carboxyl-terminal residue was deleted, suggesting that mature Hub1 may be produced by proteolytic processing. In vivo targets of Hub1 conjugation included cell polarity factors Sph1 and Hbt1. In the hub1Delta mutant, the subcellular localization of both Hbt1 and Sph1 was disrupted, and cell polarization during the formation of mating projections was defective. Consistent with these polarization defects, the hub1Delta mutant was deficient in mating.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Dittmar, Gunnar A G -- Wilkinson, Caroline R M -- Jedrzejewski, Paul T -- Finley, Daniel -- GM58223/GM/NIGMS NIH HHS/ -- GM62663/GM/NIGMS NIH HHS/ -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2002 Mar 29;295(5564):2442-6.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Department of Cell Biology, Harvard Medical School, 240 Longwood Avenue, Boston, MA 02115, USA.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/11923536" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Amino Acid Sequence ; Animals ; Biological Evolution ; *Cell Polarity ; Electrophoresis, Gel, Two-Dimensional ; Gene Deletion ; Genes, Fungal ; Humans ; Ligases/chemistry/genetics/*metabolism ; Mass Spectrometry ; *Microfilament Proteins ; Molecular Sequence Data ; Morphogenesis ; Mutation ; Peptides/pharmacology ; Phenotype ; Protein Processing, Post-Translational ; Recombinant Fusion Proteins/metabolism ; Saccharomyces cerevisiae/genetics/growth & development/*physiology ; Saccharomyces cerevisiae Proteins/chemistry/genetics/*metabolism ; Schizosaccharomyces/genetics ; Sequence Alignment ; Subcellular Fractions/metabolism ; Ubiquitin/chemistry/metabolism
    Print ISSN: 0036-8075
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    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Computer Science , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
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    Speciation within Anopheles gambiae--the glass is half full (2002)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2002-10-05
    Description: Restrictions to gene flow among molecular forms of the mosquito Anopheles gambiae sensu stricto reveal an ongoing speciation process affecting the epidemiology of malaria in sub-Saharan Africa.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉della Torre, A -- Costantini, C -- Besansky, N J -- Caccone, A -- Petrarca, V -- Powell, J R -- Coluzzi, M -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2002 Oct 4;298(5591):115-7.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Parasitology Unit, Department of Public Health, University of Rome "La Sapienza," P.le Aldo Moro 5, 00185 Rome, Italy. ale.dellatorre@uniroma1.it〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/12364784" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Adaptation, Physiological ; Africa South of the Sahara/epidemiology ; Alleles ; Animals ; Anopheles/*classification/*genetics ; Biological Evolution ; Chromosome Inversion ; Chromosomes/genetics ; DNA, Ribosomal/genetics ; Ecosystem ; Environment ; Feeding Behavior ; Genetic Variation ; Genetics, Population ; Genome ; Human Activities ; Humans ; Insect Bites and Stings ; Insect Vectors/*classification/*genetics ; Malaria/epidemiology/transmission ; Microsatellite Repeats ; Reproduction ; Sequence Analysis, DNA
    Print ISSN: 0036-8075
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    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Computer Science , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
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    Specification of jaw subdivisions by Dlx genes (2002)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2002-08-24
    Description: The success of vertebrates was due in part to the acquisition and modification of jaws. Jaws are principally derived from the branchial arches, embryonic structures that exhibit proximodistal polarity. To investigate the mechanisms that specify the identity of skeletal elements within the arches, we examined mice lacking expression of Dlx5 and Dlx6, linked homeobox genes expressed distally but not proximally within the arches. Dlx5/6-/- mutants exhibit a homeotic transformation of lower jaws to upper jaws. We suggest that nested Dlx expression in the arches patterns their proximodistal axes. Evolutionary acquisition and subsequent refinement of jaws may have been dependent on modification of Dlx expression.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Depew, Michael J -- Lufkin, Thomas -- Rubenstein, John L R -- K02MH01046-01/MH/NIMH NIH HHS/ -- T32DE07204/DE/NIDCR NIH HHS/ -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2002 Oct 11;298(5592):381-5. Epub 2002 Aug 22.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Nina Ireland Laboratory of Developmental Neurobiology, 401 Parnassus Avenue, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94143-0984, USA.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/12193642" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Animals ; Biological Evolution ; *Body Patterning ; Branchial Region/embryology/physiology ; Ear Ossicles/embryology ; Gene Deletion ; Gene Expression Regulation, Developmental ; *Genes, Homeobox ; Homeodomain Proteins/*genetics/physiology ; Mandible/anatomy & histology/*embryology ; Maxilla/anatomy & histology/*embryology ; Mice ; Morphogenesis ; Palate/embryology ; Skull/abnormalities/embryology ; Sphenoid Bone/embryology
    Print ISSN: 0036-8075
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    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Computer Science , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
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    The Anopheles genome and comparative insect genomics (2002)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2002-10-05
    Description: The Anopheles gambiae genome sequence, coupled with the Drosophila melanogaster genome sequence, provides a better understanding of the insects, a group that contains our friends, foes, and competitors.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Kaufman, Thomas C -- Severson, David W -- Robinson, Gene E -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2002 Oct 4;298(5591):97-8.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Department of Biology, Indiana University, Bloomington, IN 47405, USA.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/12364783" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Aedes/anatomy & histology/genetics/growth & development/physiology ; Animals ; Anopheles/anatomy & histology/*genetics/growth & development/physiology ; Bees/anatomy & histology/genetics/growth & development/physiology ; Beetles/genetics ; Behavior, Animal ; Biological Evolution ; Drosophila/genetics/physiology ; Gene Expression Profiling ; Gene Expression Regulation, Developmental ; Genes, Insect ; *Genome ; *Genomics ; Insect Vectors/anatomy & histology/genetics/growth & development/physiology ; Insects/anatomy & histology/*genetics/growth & development/physiology ; Lepidoptera/genetics ; Sequence Analysis, DNA ; Signal Transduction
    Print ISSN: 0036-8075
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    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Computer Science , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
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    On Stephen Jay Gould (2002)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2002-08-24
    Description: 〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Herzenberg, Caroline L -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2002 Aug 16;297(5584):1120.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/12192654" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Biological Evolution ; Biology/history ; Communism/*history ; History, 20th Century ; History, 21st Century ; United States
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    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Computer Science , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
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    Environment. Biodiversity update--progress in taxonomy (2002)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2002-10-12
    Description: Taxonomy and systematics underpin our ability to conserve and benefit from biodiversity in sustainable ways as envisaged under the Convention on Biological Diversity (CBD). Despite progress in phylogenetics towards reconstructing the "Tree of Life" and in biodiversity informatics, the fundamental documentation of species necessary to complete the inventory of life has lagged behind. It is argued that this reflects a lack of appreciation of the role played by species-level taxonomic information in underpinning conservation and sustainable use and under investment in the relevant institutions at the expense of supporting the centralised financial mechanism of the CBD.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Blackmore, Stephen -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2002 Oct 11;298(5592):365.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Royal Botanic Garden Edinburgh, Inverleith Row, Edinburgh, EH3 5LR, UK. s.blackmore@rbge.org.uk〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/12376687" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Animals ; Biological Evolution ; Biological Specimen Banks ; *Classification ; Conservation of Natural Resources ; Costs and Cost Analysis ; *Databases, Factual ; Developed Countries ; Developing Countries ; *Ecosystem ; Financial Support ; International Cooperation ; Phylogeny ; Plants/classification
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    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Computer Science , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
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  • 41
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    Comparative genome and proteome analysis of Anopheles gambiae and Drosophila melanogaster (2002)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2002-10-05
    Description: Comparison of the genomes and proteomes of the two diptera Anopheles gambiae and Drosophila melanogaster, which diverged about 250 million years ago, reveals considerable similarities. However, numerous differences are also observed; some of these must reflect the selection and subsequent adaptation associated with different ecologies and life strategies. Almost half of the genes in both genomes are interpreted as orthologs and show an average sequence identity of about 56%, which is slightly lower than that observed between the orthologs of the pufferfish and human (diverged about 450 million years ago). This indicates that these two insects diverged considerably faster than vertebrates. Aligned sequences reveal that orthologous genes have retained only half of their intron/exon structure, indicating that intron gains or losses have occurred at a rate of about one per gene per 125 million years. Chromosomal arms exhibit significant remnants of homology between the two species, although only 34% of the genes colocalize in small "microsyntenic" clusters, and major interarm transfers as well as intra-arm shuffling of gene order are detected.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Zdobnov, Evgeny M -- von Mering, Christian -- Letunic, Ivica -- Torrents, David -- Suyama, Mikita -- Copley, Richard R -- Christophides, George K -- Thomasova, Dana -- Holt, Robert A -- Subramanian, G Mani -- Mueller, Hans-Michael -- Dimopoulos, George -- Law, John H -- Wells, Michael A -- Birney, Ewan -- Charlab, Rosane -- Halpern, Aaron L -- Kokoza, Elena -- Kraft, Cheryl L -- Lai, Zhongwu -- Lewis, Suzanna -- Louis, Christos -- Barillas-Mury, Carolina -- Nusskern, Deborah -- Rubin, Gerald M -- Salzberg, Steven L -- Sutton, Granger G -- Topalis, Pantelis -- Wides, Ron -- Wincker, Patrick -- Yandell, Mark -- Collins, Frank H -- Ribeiro, Jose -- Gelbart, William M -- Kafatos, Fotis C -- Bork, Peer -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2002 Oct 4;298(5591):149-59.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉European Molecular Biology Laboratory, Meyerhofstrasse 1, 69117 Heidelberg, Germany.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/12364792" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Animals ; Anopheles/chemistry/*genetics/physiology ; Biological Evolution ; Chromosome Inversion ; Chromosomes/genetics ; Cluster Analysis ; Dosage Compensation, Genetic ; Drosophila Proteins/chemistry/genetics/physiology ; Drosophila melanogaster/chemistry/*genetics/physiology ; Exons ; Gene Order ; Genes, Insect ; *Genome ; Insect Proteins/chemistry/genetics/physiology ; Introns ; Physical Chromosome Mapping ; Protein Structure, Tertiary ; *Proteome ; Pseudogenes ; Sequence Homology, Nucleic Acid ; Species Specificity ; Synteny
    Print ISSN: 0036-8075
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    Cardiovascular disease. Does inflammation cut to the heart of the matter? (2002)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2002-04-16
    Description: 〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Taubes, Gary -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2002 Apr 12;296(5566):242-5.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/11951014" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Animals ; Anti-Inflammatory Agents, Non-Steroidal/therapeutic use ; Anticholesteremic Agents/therapeutic use ; Aspirin/therapeutic use ; Biological Evolution ; Biomarkers ; Body Mass Index ; C-Reactive Protein/*metabolism ; Cardiovascular Diseases/*etiology/metabolism ; Cholesterol/blood ; Coronary Artery Disease/*etiology/metabolism ; Coronary Disease/etiology/metabolism ; Cytokines/metabolism ; Endothelium, Vascular/cytology/metabolism ; Female ; Humans ; *Inflammation ; Liver/metabolism ; Male ; Risk Factors
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    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Computer Science , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
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    Breakthrough of the year. Areas to watch in 2003 (2002)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2002-12-21
    Description: 〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2002 Dec 20;298(5602):2298.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/12493877" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Astronomical Phenomena ; Astronomy ; Biological Evolution ; Budgets ; Climate ; Elementary Particles ; Extraterrestrial Environment ; Ice ; Science/economics/*trends
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    Ecology. A coral by any other name (2002)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2002-06-18
    Description: 〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Pennisi, Elizabeth -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2002 Jun 14;296(5575):1949-50.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/12065810" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Animals ; Biological Evolution ; Breeding ; Cnidaria/*classification/*genetics/physiology ; DNA, Mitochondrial/genetics ; Hybridization, Genetic ; Introns ; Reproduction ; Species Specificity
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    Parasites as a viability cost of sexual selection in natural populations of mammals (2002)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2002-09-21
    Description: Sexual selection in mammals has resulted in the evolution of sexual size dimorphism (SSD), with males usually being the larger sex. Comparative analyses indicate that the evolution of SSD is associated with the evolution of male-biased mortality, suggesting a possible causal link between the two. Here, we use a comparative approach to investigate the possible role of parasites in generating this relation. We show that there is a robust association between male-biased parasitism and the degree of sexual selection, as measured by mating system (monogamous or polygynous) and by the degree of SSD. There is also a positive correlation, across taxa, between male-biased mortality and male-biased parasitism. These results are consistent with the hypothesis that parasites contribute to the observed association between SSD and male-biased mortality.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Moore, Sarah L -- Wilson, Kenneth -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2002 Sep 20;297(5589):2015-8.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Institute of Biological Sciences, University of Stirling, Stirling, FK9 4LA, UK.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/12242433" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Aggression ; Animals ; Biological Evolution ; *Body Constitution ; Competitive Behavior ; Disease Susceptibility ; Incidence ; Male ; *Mammals/growth & development/parasitology/physiology ; *Mortality ; Parasitic Diseases, Animal/*epidemiology/*etiology ; Phylogeny ; Selection, Genetic ; *Sex Characteristics ; Sexual Behavior, Animal ; Species Specificity ; Testosterone/physiology
    Print ISSN: 0036-8075
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    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Computer Science , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
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    Neuroscience and evolution. Snake sodium channels resist TTX arrest (2002)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2002-08-24
    Description: 〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Huey, Raymond B -- Moody, William J -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2002 Aug 23;297(5585):1289-90.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Department of Zoology, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195-1800, USA. hueyrb@u.washington.edu〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/12193775" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Action Potentials/drug effects ; Adaptation, Physiological ; Animals ; Biological Evolution ; Colubridae/*physiology ; Drug Resistance ; Locomotion/drug effects ; Muscle Development ; Muscle, Skeletal/drug effects/innervation/*physiology ; Predatory Behavior ; *Salamandridae/metabolism ; Skin/*chemistry ; Sodium Channels/*drug effects/physiology ; Tetrodotoxin/*toxicity
    Print ISSN: 0036-8075
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    Whole-genome shotgun assembly and analysis of the genome of Fugu rubripes (2002)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2002-07-27
    Description: The compact genome of Fugu rubripes has been sequenced to over 95% coverage, and more than 80% of the assembly is in multigene-sized scaffolds. In this 365-megabase vertebrate genome, repetitive DNA accounts for less than one-sixth of the sequence, and gene loci occupy about one-third of the genome. As with the human genome, gene loci are not evenly distributed, but are clustered into sparse and dense regions. Some "giant" genes were observed that had average coding sequence sizes but were spread over genomic lengths significantly larger than those of their human orthologs. Although three-quarters of predicted human proteins have a strong match to Fugu, approximately a quarter of the human proteins had highly diverged from or had no pufferfish homologs, highlighting the extent of protein evolution in the 450 million years since teleosts and mammals diverged. Conserved linkages between Fugu and human genes indicate the preservation of chromosomal segments from the common vertebrate ancestor, but with considerable scrambling of gene order.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Aparicio, Samuel -- Chapman, Jarrod -- Stupka, Elia -- Putnam, Nik -- Chia, Jer-Ming -- Dehal, Paramvir -- Christoffels, Alan -- Rash, Sam -- Hoon, Shawn -- Smit, Arian -- Gelpke, Maarten D Sollewijn -- Roach, Jared -- Oh, Tania -- Ho, Isaac Y -- Wong, Marie -- Detter, Chris -- Verhoef, Frans -- Predki, Paul -- Tay, Alice -- Lucas, Susan -- Richardson, Paul -- Smith, Sarah F -- Clark, Melody S -- Edwards, Yvonne J K -- Doggett, Norman -- Zharkikh, Andrey -- Tavtigian, Sean V -- Pruss, Dmitry -- Barnstead, Mary -- Evans, Cheryl -- Baden, Holly -- Powell, Justin -- Glusman, Gustavo -- Rowen, Lee -- Hood, Leroy -- Tan, Y H -- Elgar, Greg -- Hawkins, Trevor -- Venkatesh, Byrappa -- Rokhsar, Daniel -- Brenner, Sydney -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2002 Aug 23;297(5585):1301-10. Epub 2002 Jul 25.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Institute of Molecular and Cell Biology, 30 Medical Drive, Singapore 117609. saa1000@cam.ac.uk〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/12142439" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Animals ; Biological Evolution ; Computational Biology ; Conserved Sequence ; DNA Transposable Elements ; Evolution, Molecular ; Exons ; Fish Proteins/chemistry/genetics ; Gene Duplication ; Gene Order ; *Genome ; *Genome, Human ; Genomics ; Humans ; Introns ; Physical Chromosome Mapping ; Proteins/chemistry/genetics ; Proteome ; Repetitive Sequences, Nucleic Acid ; *Sequence Analysis, DNA ; Synteny ; Takifugu/*genetics
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    Unisexual clones: lizards and corals (2002)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2002-12-17
    Description: 〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Cole, Charles J -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2002 Dec 13;298(5601):2130-1; author reply 2130-1.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/12481784" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Animals ; Anthozoa/classification/*genetics/physiology ; Biological Evolution ; Female ; *Hybridization, Genetic ; Lizards/classification/*genetics/physiology ; Male ; *Parthenogenesis ; Phylogeny ; Reproduction
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    Paleontology. East of Eden at the Paleocene/Eocene boundary (2002)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2002-03-16
    Description: 〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Beard, Chris -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2002 Mar 15;295(5562):2028-9.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Section of Vertebrate Paleontology, Carnegie Museum of Natural History, Pittsburgh, PA 15213, USA. beardc@carnegiemuseums.org〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/11896261" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Animals ; Asia ; Biological Evolution ; Climate ; *Ecosystem ; Environment ; Europe ; Fossils ; Greenhouse Effect ; *Mammals ; North America ; *Paleontology ; Primates ; Time ; Wyoming
    Print ISSN: 0036-8075
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    The rice genome. Opening the door to comparative plant biology (2002)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2002-04-06
    Description: 〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Bennetzen, Jeffrey -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2002 Apr 5;296(5565):60-3.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Department of Biological Sciences, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN 47907, USA. maize@bilbo.bio.purdue.edu〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/11935009" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Animals ; Arabidopsis/genetics ; Biological Evolution ; Chromosome Mapping ; Computational Biology ; Genes, Plant ; Genetic Variation ; *Genome, Plant ; Genomics ; Humans ; Oryza/*genetics ; Phylogeny ; Physical Chromosome Mapping ; Repetitive Sequences, Nucleic Acid ; *Sequence Analysis, DNA ; Species Specificity ; Synteny
    Print ISSN: 0036-8075
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    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Computer Science , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
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    7th International Congress on Vertebrate Morphology meeting. Tiny salamanders show their teeth (2004)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2004-09-09
    Description: 〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Pennisi, Elizabeth -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2004 Sep 3;305(5689):1396-7.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15353775" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Animals ; Biological Evolution ; Skull/anatomy & histology ; *Tooth ; Urodela/*anatomy & histology/*classification/genetics
    Print ISSN: 0036-8075
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    The Biology of Genomes meeting. The case of the disappearing DNA hotspots (2004)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2004-06-12
    Description: 〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Pennisi, Elizabeth -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2004 Jun 11;304(5677):1590.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15192195" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Animals ; Base Sequence ; Biological Evolution ; *Genome ; *Genome, Human ; Humans ; Pan troglodytes/*genetics ; *Polymorphism, Single Nucleotide ; *Recombination, Genetic
    Print ISSN: 0036-8075
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    Honey bee nest thermoregulation: diversity promotes stability (2004)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2004-06-26
    Description: A honey bee colony is characterized by high genetic diversity among its workers, generated by high levels of multiple mating by its queen. Few clear benefits of this genetic diversity are known. Here we show that brood nest temperatures in genetically diverse colonies (i.e., those sired by several males) tend to be more stable than in genetically uniform ones (i.e., those sired by one male). One reason this increased stability arises is because genetically determined diversity in workers' temperature response thresholds modulates the hive-ventilating behavior of individual workers, preventing excessive colony-level responses to temperature fluctuations.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Jones, Julia C -- Myerscough, Mary R -- Graham, Sonia -- Oldroyd, Benjamin P -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2004 Jul 16;305(5682):402-4. Epub 2004 Jun 24.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉School of Biological Sciences, Macleay Building A12, University of Sydney, NSW 2006, Australia. jjones@bio.usyd.edu.au〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15218093" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Animals ; Bees/genetics/*physiology ; Behavior, Animal ; Biological Evolution ; Body Temperature Regulation ; Female ; *Genetic Variation ; Homeostasis ; Male ; Selection, Genetic ; Sexual Behavior, Animal ; Temperature
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    Unification in the century of biology (2004)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2004-02-28
    Description: 〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Kafatos, Fotis C -- Eisner, Thomas -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2004 Feb 27;303(5662):1257.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/14988521" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Animals ; Behavior ; Biological Evolution ; *Biological Science Disciplines ; Ecology ; Genetics ; Humans ; *Interdisciplinary Communication ; Molecular Biology
    Print ISSN: 0036-8075
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    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Computer Science , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
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    Paleoanthropology. New species of small human found in Indonesia (2004)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2004-10-30
    Description: 〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Gibbons, Ann -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2004 Oct 29;306(5697):789.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15514120" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Animals ; Biological Evolution ; Body Height ; Bone and Bones/anatomy & histology ; Female ; *Fossils ; Hominidae/*anatomy & histology ; Humans ; Indonesia ; Skeleton ; Skull/*anatomy & histology
    Print ISSN: 0036-8075
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    Paleontology. Spanish fossil sheds new light on the oldest great apes (2004)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2004-11-20
    Description: 〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Culotta, Elizabeth -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2004 Nov 19;306(5700):1273-4.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15550630" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Animals ; Biological Evolution ; Face/anatomy & histology ; Facial Bones/anatomy & histology ; *Fossils ; *Hominidae/anatomy & histology/classification ; Locomotion ; Posture ; Ribs/anatomy & histology ; Skeleton ; Skull/anatomy & histology ; Spain ; Spine/anatomy & histology ; Wrist/anatomy & histology
    Print ISSN: 0036-8075
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    Comment on "Origin of the superflock of cichlid fishes from Lake Victoria, East Africa" (2004)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2004-05-15
    Description: 〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Stager, J C -- Day, J J -- Santini, S -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2004 May 14;304(5673):963; author reply 963.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Natural Resources Division, Paul Smith's College, Paul Smiths, NY 12970, USA. stagerj@pscmail.paulsmiths.edu〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15143263" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Africa, Eastern ; Animals ; Biodiversity ; Biological Evolution ; *Cichlids/genetics/physiology ; Ecosystem ; *Fresh Water ; Genetic Variation ; Geography ; *Geologic Sediments ; *Haplotypes ; Time
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    Pierolapithecus catalaunicus, a new Middle Miocene great ape from Spain (2004)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2004-11-20
    Description: We describe a partial skeleton with facial cranium of Pierolapithecus catalaunicus gen. et sp. nov., a new Middle Miocene (12.5 to 13 million years ago) ape from Barranc de Can Vila 1 (Barcelona, Spain). It is the first known individual of this age that combines well-preserved cranial, dental, and postcranial material. The thorax, lumbar region, and wrist provide evidence of modern ape-like orthograde body design, and the facial morphology includes the basic derived great ape features. The new skeleton reveals that early great apes retained primitive monkeylike characters associated with a derived body structure that permits upright postures of the trunk. Pierolapithecus, hence, does not fit the theoretical model that predicts that all characters shared by extant great apes were present in their last common ancestor, but instead points to a large amount of homoplasy in ape evolution. The overall pattern suggests that Pierolapithecus is probably close to the last common ancestor of great apes and humans.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Moya-Sola, Salvador -- Kohler, Meike -- Alba, David M -- Casanovas-Vilar, Isaac -- Galindo, Jordi -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2004 Nov 19;306(5700):1339-44.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Institut de Paleontologia M. Crusafont, Escola Industrial 23, Sabadell, Barcelona 08201, Spain. moyass@diba.es〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15550663" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Animals ; Biological Evolution ; Face/anatomy & histology ; Facial Bones/anatomy & histology ; *Fossils ; *Hominidae/anatomy & histology/classification ; Locomotion ; Phylogeny ; Posture ; Ribs/anatomy & histology ; Skeleton ; Skull/anatomy & histology ; Spain ; Spine/anatomy & histology ; Thorax/anatomy & histology ; Wrist/anatomy & histology
    Print ISSN: 0036-8075
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    Conserved genetic basis of a quantitative plumage trait involved in mate choice (2004)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2004-03-20
    Description: A key question in evolutionary genetics is whether shared genetic mechanisms underlie the independent evolution of similar phenotypes across phylogenetically divergent lineages. Here we show that in two classic examples of melanic plumage polymorphisms in birds, lesser snow geese (Anser c. caerulescens) and arctic skuas (Stercorarius parasiticus), melanism is perfectly associated with variation in the melanocortin-1 receptor (MC1R) gene. In both species, the degree of melanism correlates with the number of copies of variant MC1R alleles. Phylogenetic reconstructions of variant MC1R alleles in geese and skuas show that melanism is a derived trait that evolved in the Pleistocene.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Mundy, Nicholas I -- Badcock, Nichola S -- Hart, Tom -- Scribner, Kim -- Janssen, Kirstin -- Nadeau, Nicola J -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2004 Mar 19;303(5665):1870-3.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Department of Zoology, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB2 3EJ, UK. nim21@cam.ac.uk〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15031505" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Animals ; Arctic Regions ; Biological Evolution ; Birds/anatomy & histology/*genetics/physiology ; Color ; *Feathers ; Female ; Geese/anatomy & histology/genetics/physiology ; Gene Frequency ; Haplotypes ; Male ; Melanins/*analysis ; Melanocytes/metabolism ; Phenotype ; Phylogeny ; Pigmentation/*genetics ; *Quantitative Trait, Heritable ; Receptor, Melanocortin, Type 1/chemistry/*genetics ; *Sexual Behavior, Animal
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    Ecology. Ecogenomics benefits community ecology (2004)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2004-08-03
    Description: 〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Dicke, Marcel -- van Loon, Joop J A -- de Jong, Peter W -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2004 Jul 30;305(5684):618-9.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Laboratory of Entomology, Wageningen University, Post Office Box 8031, NL-6700 EH Wageningen, Netherlands. marcel.dicke@wur.nl〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15286351" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Adaptation, Physiological ; Aldehyde-Lyases/genetics/metabolism ; Animals ; Biological Evolution ; Cytochrome P-450 Enzyme System/genetics/metabolism ; *Ecology ; *Ecosystem ; Gene Expression Regulation, Plant ; Gene Silencing ; *Genomics ; Genotype ; Insects/*physiology ; Intramolecular Oxidoreductases/genetics/metabolism ; Lipoxygenase/genetics/metabolism ; Phenotype ; Plants/genetics ; Signal Transduction ; Tobacco/genetics/*physiology
    Print ISSN: 0036-8075
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    2004 presidential forum: Bush and Kerry offer their views on science (2004)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2004-10-02
    Description: 〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2004 Oct 1;306(5693):46-52.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15459366" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Biological Evolution ; Cloning, Organism ; Embryo Research ; Energy-Generating Resources ; Environment ; Greenhouse Effect ; *Politics ; Public Health ; Research/economics ; *Science/education ; Security Measures ; Space Flight ; Stem Cells ; Travel ; United States
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    The Ashbya gossypii genome as a tool for mapping the ancient Saccharomyces cerevisiae genome (2004)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2004-03-06
    Description: We have sequenced and annotated the genome of the filamentous ascomycete Ashbya gossypii. With a size of only 9.2 megabases, encoding 4718 protein-coding genes, it is the smallest genome of a free-living eukaryote yet characterized. More than 90% of A. gossypii genes show both homology and a particular pattern of synteny with Saccharomyces cerevisiae. Analysis of this pattern revealed 300 inversions and translocations that have occurred since divergence of these two species. It also provided compelling evidence that the evolution of S. cerevisiae included a whole genome duplication or fusion of two related species and showed, through inferred ancient gene orders, which of the duplicated genes lost one copy and which retained both copies.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Dietrich, Fred S -- Voegeli, Sylvia -- Brachat, Sophie -- Lerch, Anita -- Gates, Krista -- Steiner, Sabine -- Mohr, Christine -- Pohlmann, Rainer -- Luedi, Philippe -- Choi, Sangdun -- Wing, Rod A -- Flavier, Albert -- Gaffney, Thomas D -- Philippsen, Peter -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2004 Apr 9;304(5668):304-7. Epub 2004 Mar 4.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Biozentrum der Universitat Basel, Klingelbergstrasse 50, CH-4056 Basel, Switzerland.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15001715" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Base Composition ; Biological Evolution ; Centromere/genetics ; Chromosome Inversion ; *Chromosome Mapping ; Computational Biology ; Fungal Proteins/genetics ; Gene Duplication ; Gene Order ; Genes, Fungal ; *Genome, Fungal ; Molecular Sequence Data ; Open Reading Frames ; Saccharomyces cerevisiae/*genetics ; Saccharomycetales/*genetics ; Sequence Alignment ; *Sequence Analysis, DNA ; Sequence Homology, Nucleic Acid ; Synteny ; Translocation, Genetic
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    Femtomolar sensitivity of a NO sensor from Clostridium botulinum (2004)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2004-10-09
    Description: Nitric oxide (NO) is extremely toxic to Clostridium botulinum, but its molecular targets are unknown. Here, we identify a heme protein sensor (SONO) that displays femtomolar affinity for NO. The crystal structure of the SONO heme domain reveals a previously undescribed fold and a strategically placed tyrosine residue that modulates heme-nitrosyl coordination. Furthermore, the domain architecture of a SONO ortholog cloned from Chlamydomonas reinhardtii indicates that NO signaling through cyclic guanosine monophosphate arose before the origin of multicellular eukaryotes. Our findings have broad implications for understanding bacterial responses to NO, as well as for the activation of mammalian NO-sensitive guanylyl cyclase.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Nioche, Pierre -- Berka, Vladimir -- Vipond, Julia -- Minton, Nigel -- Tsai, Ah-Lim -- Raman, C S -- AY343540/PHS HHS/ -- R01 AI054444/AI/NIAID NIH HHS/ -- R01 AI054444-05/AI/NIAID NIH HHS/ -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2004 Nov 26;306(5701):1550-3. Epub 2004 Oct 7.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Structural Biology Research Center and Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Texas Medical School, Houston, TX 77030, USA.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15472039" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Aerobiosis ; Amino Acid Sequence ; Amino Acid Substitution ; Animals ; Bacterial Proteins/chemistry/metabolism ; Biological Evolution ; Carrier Proteins/*chemistry/genetics/*metabolism ; Chemotaxis ; Chlamydomonas reinhardtii/chemistry/genetics/metabolism ; Cloning, Molecular ; Clostridium botulinum/*chemistry/genetics/*metabolism ; Crystallography, X-Ray ; Electron Spin Resonance Spectroscopy ; Escherichia coli/genetics/growth & development ; Guanylate Cyclase ; Heme/chemistry/metabolism ; Hemeproteins/*chemistry/genetics/*metabolism ; Humans ; Hydrogen Bonding ; Ligands ; Models, Molecular ; Molecular Sequence Data ; Nitric Oxide/*metabolism ; Protein Folding ; Protein Structure, Secondary ; Protein Structure, Tertiary ; Protoporphyrins/analysis/metabolism ; Receptors, Cytoplasmic and Nuclear/chemistry/metabolism ; Sequence Alignment ; Signal Transduction ; Static Electricity ; Thermoanaerobacter/chemistry
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    Small bilaterian fossils from 40 to 55 million years before the cambrian (2004)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2004-06-05
    Description: Ten phosphatized specimens of a small (〈180 micrometers) animal displaying clear bilaterian features have been recovered from the Doushantuo Formation, China, dating from 40 to 55 million years before the Cambrian. Seen in sections, this animal (Vernanimalcula guizhouena gen. et sp. nov.) had paired coeloms extending the length of the gut; paired external pits that could be sense organs; bilateral, anterior-posterior organization; a ventrally directed anterior mouth with thick walled pharynx; and a triploblastic structure. The structural complexity is that of an adult rather than a larval form. These fossils provide the first evidence confirming the phylogenetic inference that Bilateria arose well before the Cambrian.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Chen, Jun-Yuan -- Bottjer, David J -- Oliveri, Paola -- Dornbos, Stephen Q -- Gao, Feng -- Ruffins, Seth -- Chi, Huimei -- Li, Chia-Wei -- Davidson, Eric H -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2004 Jul 9;305(5681):218-22. Epub 2004 Jun 3.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Nanjing Institute of Geology and Paleontology, Nanjing 210008, China. chenjunyuan@163.net〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15178752" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Animals ; Biological Evolution ; China ; Digestive System/anatomy & histology ; Endoderm ; *Fossils ; *Invertebrates/anatomy & histology/classification ; Mesoderm ; Phylogeny ; Time
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    Physiology. Heeding the hormonal call (2004)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2004-07-17
    Description: 〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Zakon, Harold -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2004 Jul 16;305(5682):349-50.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Section of Neurobiology, University of Texas, Austin, TX 78712, USA. h.zakon@mail.utexas.edu〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15256660" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Adaptation, Physiological ; Animals ; Batrachoidiformes/*physiology ; Biological Evolution ; Ear, Inner/drug effects/*innervation/physiology ; Electric Fish/physiology ; Estrogens/*pharmacology/physiology ; Female ; Hair Cells, Auditory/physiology ; Hearing/*physiology ; Male ; Neurons, Afferent/*physiology ; Receptors, Estrogen/physiology ; Reproduction ; Sensory Receptor Cells/physiology ; Sexual Behavior, Animal ; Testosterone/pharmacology/physiology ; Vestibulocochlear Nerve/physiology ; *Vocalization, Animal
    Print ISSN: 0036-8075
    Electronic ISSN: 1095-9203
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Computer Science , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
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    Genomics and evolution. Shotgun sequencing in the sea: a blast from the past? (2004)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2004-04-07
    Description: 〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Falkowski, Paul G -- de Vargas, Colomban -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2004 Apr 2;304(5667):58-60. Epub 2004 Mar 4.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Environmental Biophysics and Molecular Ecology Program and the Department of Geological Sciences, Rutgers University, New Brunswick, NJ 08901, USA. falko@imcs.rutgers.edu〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15066774" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Adaptation, Biological ; Archaea/*genetics ; Atlantic Ocean ; Bacteria/*genetics ; Biodiversity ; Biological Evolution ; Chromosomes, Artificial, Bacterial ; Computational Biology ; DNA, Ribosomal/genetics ; *Ecosystem ; Genetic Variation ; Genome, Archaeal ; Genome, Bacterial ; *Genomics ; Plankton/genetics ; Polymerase Chain Reaction ; Seawater/*microbiology ; *Sequence Analysis, DNA ; Water Microbiology
    Print ISSN: 0036-8075
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    Developmental biology. The ups and downs of a sea anemone (2004)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2004-05-29
    Description: 〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Holland, Peter -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2004 May 28;304(5675):1255-6.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Department of Zoology, University of Oxford, Oxford, OX1 3PS, UK. peter.holland@zoology.oxford.ac.uk〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15166351" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Animals ; Biological Evolution ; Body Patterning ; Gene Expression Profiling ; *Gene Expression Regulation, Developmental ; *Genes, Homeobox ; Sea Anemones/*anatomy & histology/embryology/*genetics/growth & development
    Print ISSN: 0036-8075
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    Phytochrome-interacting factor 1 is a critical bHLH regulator of chlorophyll biosynthesis (2004)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2004-09-28
    Description: Photosynthetic organisms must achieve a delicate balance between the light energy absorbed by chlorophyll and their capacity to channel that energy into productive photochemical reactions. Release of excess absorbed energy in the cell can cause lethal photooxidative damage. We identified a basic helix-loop-helix (bHLH) transcription factor, designated PHYTOCHROME-INTERACTING FACTOR 1 (PIF1), that negatively regulates chlorophyll biosynthesis. pif1 mutant seedlings accumulate excess free protochlorophyllide when grown in the dark, with consequent lethal bleaching upon exposure to light. PIF1 interacts specifically with the photoactivated conformer of phytochromes A and B, suggesting a signaling pathway by which chlorophyll biosynthetic rates are tightly controlled during the critical initial emergence of seedlings from subterranean darkness into sunlight.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Huq, Enamul -- Al-Sady, Bassem -- Hudson, Matthew -- Kim, Chanhong -- Apel, Klaus -- Quail, Peter H -- GM47475/GM/NIGMS NIH HHS/ -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2004 Sep 24;305(5692):1937-41.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Section of Molecular Cell and Developmental Biology and Institute of Molecular Biology, University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX 78712, USA.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15448264" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Arabidopsis ; Arabidopsis Proteins/*physiology ; Basic Helix-Loop-Helix Leucine Zipper Transcription Factors/*physiology ; Basic Helix-Loop-Helix Transcription Factors ; Biological Evolution ; Chlorophyll/*biosynthesis ; DNA, Plant/metabolism ; DNA-Binding Proteins/physiology ; Gene Expression Regulation, Plant ; *Helix-Loop-Helix Motifs ; Photochemistry ; Phytochrome/physiology ; Protein Binding ; Seedlings ; Signal Transduction ; Transcription Factors/physiology ; Transcription, Genetic
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    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Computer Science , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
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    Genetic structure of the purebred domestic dog (2004)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2004-05-25
    Description: We used molecular markers to study genetic relationships in a diverse collection of 85 domestic dog breeds. Differences among breeds accounted for approximately 30% of genetic variation. Microsatellite genotypes were used to correctly assign 99% of individual dogs to breeds. Phylogenetic analysis separated several breeds with ancient origins from the remaining breeds with modern European origins. We identified four genetic clusters, which predominantly contained breeds with similar geographic origin, morphology, or role in human activities. These results provide a genetic classification of dog breeds and will aid studies of the genetics of phenotypic breed differences.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Parker, Heidi G -- Kim, Lisa V -- Sutter, Nathan B -- Carlson, Scott -- Lorentzen, Travis D -- Malek, Tiffany B -- Johnson, Gary S -- DeFrance, Hawkins B -- Ostrander, Elaine A -- Kruglyak, Leonid -- K05 CA90754/CA/NCI NIH HHS/ -- T32 HG00035/HG/NHGRI NIH HHS/ -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2004 May 21;304(5674):1160-4.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Division of Human Biology, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Post Office Box 19024, 1100 Fairview Avenue North, D4-100, Seattle, WA 98109-1024, USA.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15155949" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Algorithms ; Animals ; Bayes Theorem ; Biological Evolution ; *Breeding ; Computational Biology ; Dog Diseases/genetics ; Dogs/classification/*genetics ; *Genetic Variation ; *Genome ; Genotype ; *Microsatellite Repeats ; Phenotype ; Phylogeny ; Polymorphism, Single Nucleotide ; Sequence Analysis, DNA ; Software
    Print ISSN: 0036-8075
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    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Computer Science , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
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    Searching for the genome's second code (2004)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2004-10-23
    Description: 〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Pennisi, Elizabeth -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2004 Oct 22;306(5696):632-5.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15499005" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Animals ; Binding Sites ; Biological Evolution ; Computational Biology ; Drosophila/embryology/genetics ; Echinodermata/embryology/genetics ; *Enhancer Elements, Genetic ; *Gene Expression Regulation ; Gene Expression Regulation, Developmental ; Genetic Code ; *Genome ; Humans ; *Regulatory Sequences, Nucleic Acid ; Silencer Elements, Transcriptional ; Transcription Factors/metabolism
    Print ISSN: 0036-8075
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    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Computer Science , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
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    Uses and abuses of mathematics in biology (2004)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2004-02-07
    Description: In the physical sciences, mathematical theory and experimental investigation have always marched together. Mathematics has been less intrusive in the life sciences, possibly because they have until recently been largely descriptive, lacking the invariance principles and fundamental natural constants of physics. Increasingly in recent decades, however, mathematics has become pervasive in biology, taking many different forms: statistics in experimental design; pattern seeking in bioinformatics; models in evolution, ecology, and epidemiology; and much else. I offer an opinionated overview of such uses--and abuses.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉May, Robert M -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2004 Feb 6;303(5659):790-3.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Zoology Department, Oxford University, Oxford OX1 3PS, UK.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/14764866" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Allergy and Immunology ; Biological Evolution ; *Biological Science Disciplines ; Computational Biology ; Computer Simulation ; Creutzfeldt-Jakob Syndrome/prevention & control ; Ecology ; Genetics, Population ; HIV Infections/epidemiology/immunology/transmission ; Humans ; *Mathematics ; *Models, Biological ; Models, Statistical ; Nonlinear Dynamics ; Statistics as Topic
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    Microbiology. Researchers trade insights about gene swapping (2004)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2004-07-17
    Description: 〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Pennisi, Elizabeth -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2004 Jul 16;305(5682):334-5.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15256654" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Archaea/classification/genetics ; Bacteria/classification/*genetics/metabolism ; Biological Evolution ; Computational Biology ; Conjugation, Genetic ; Ecosystem ; *Gene Transfer, Horizontal ; Genetic Techniques ; Genome, Archaeal ; Genome, Bacterial ; Plasmids
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    G protein-coupled receptor-dependent development of human frontal cortex (2004)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2004-03-27
    Description: The mammalian cerebral cortex is characterized by complex patterns of anatomical and functional areas that differ markedly between species, but the molecular basis for this functional subdivision is largely unknown. Here, we show that mutations in GPR56, which encodes an orphan G protein-coupled receptor (GPCR) with a large extracellular domain, cause a human brain cortical malformation called bilateral frontoparietal polymicrogyria (BFPP). BFPP is characterized by disorganized cortical lamination that is most severe in frontal cortex. Our data suggest that GPCR signaling plays an essential role in regional development of human cerebral cortex.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Piao, Xianhua -- Hill, R Sean -- Bodell, Adria -- Chang, Bernard S -- Basel-Vanagaite, Lina -- Straussberg, Rachel -- Dobyns, William B -- Qasrawi, Bassam -- Winter, Robin M -- Innes, A Micheil -- Voit, Thomas -- Ross, M Elizabeth -- Michaud, Jacques L -- Descarie, Jean-Claude -- Barkovich, A James -- Walsh, Christopher A -- HD07466/HD/NICHD NIH HHS/ -- K08 NS045762-01A1/NS/NINDS NIH HHS/ -- R37 NS35129/NS/NINDS NIH HHS/ -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2004 Mar 26;303(5666):2033-6.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, and Department of Neurology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15044805" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Amino Acid Substitution ; Animals ; Antisense Elements (Genetics) ; Biological Evolution ; Body Patterning ; Cerebral Cortex/*abnormalities/embryology ; Cerebral Ventricles/cytology/embryology ; Female ; Frameshift Mutation ; Frontal Lobe/*abnormalities/embryology ; Gene Order ; Humans ; Ligands ; Male ; Mice ; Mutation, Missense ; Neurons/physiology ; Parietal Lobe/abnormalities/embryology ; Receptors, G-Protein-Coupled/chemistry/*genetics/metabolism/*physiology ; Sequence Deletion ; Sequence Homology, Amino Acid ; Signal Transduction ; Stem Cells/physiology
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    Superfamilies of evolved and designed networks (2004)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2004-03-06
    Description: Complex biological, technological, and sociological networks can be of very different sizes and connectivities, making it difficult to compare their structures. Here we present an approach to systematically study similarity in the local structure of networks, based on the significance profile (SP) of small subgraphs in the network compared to randomized networks. We find several superfamilies of previously unrelated networks with very similar SPs. One superfamily, including transcription networks of microorganisms, represents "rate-limited" information-processing networks strongly constrained by the response time of their components. A distinct superfamily includes protein signaling, developmental genetic networks, and neuronal wiring. Additional superfamilies include power grids, protein-structure networks and geometric networks, World Wide Web links and social networks, and word-adjacency networks from different languages.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Milo, Ron -- Itzkovitz, Shalev -- Kashtan, Nadav -- Levitt, Reuven -- Shen-Orr, Shai -- Ayzenshtat, Inbal -- Sheffer, Michal -- Alon, Uri -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2004 Mar 5;303(5663):1538-42.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Departments of Molecular Cell Biology, Physics of Complex Systems, and Computer Science, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot 76100, Israel.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15001784" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Animals ; Biological Evolution ; Caenorhabditis elegans/physiology ; Drosophila melanogaster/genetics/growth & development ; Feedback, Physiological ; Humans ; Internet ; Language ; Linguistics ; Mathematics ; *Models, Biological ; *Models, Theoretical ; Nerve Net/physiology ; Probability ; Proteins/chemistry ; Sea Urchins/genetics/growth & development ; Signal Transduction ; Social Support ; Synapses/*physiology ; *Systems Theory ; Transcription, Genetic
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    Local endemism within the Western Ghats-sri Lanka biodiversity hotspot (2004)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2004-10-16
    Description: The apparent biotic affinities between the mainland and the island in the Western Ghats-Sri Lanka biodiversity hotspot have been interpreted as the result of frequent migrations during recent periods of low sea level. We show, using molecular phylogenies of two invertebrate and four vertebrate groups, that biotic interchange between these areas has been much more limited than hitherto assumed. Despite several extended periods of land connection during the past 500,000 years, Sri Lanka has maintained a fauna that is largely distinct from that of the Indian mainland. Future conservation programs for the subcontinent should take into account such patterns of local endemism at the finest scale at which they may occur.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Bossuyt, Franky -- Meegaskumbura, Madhava -- Beenaerts, Natalie -- Gower, David J -- Pethiyagoda, Rohan -- Roelants, Kim -- Mannaert, An -- Wilkinson, Mark -- Bahir, Mohomed M -- Manamendra-Arachchi, Kelum -- Ng, Peter K L -- Schneider, Christopher J -- Oommen, Oommen V -- Milinkovitch, Michel C -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2004 Oct 15;306(5695):479-81.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Biology Department, Unit of Ecology and Systematics, Vrije Universiteit Brussel, Pleinlaan 2, 1050 Brussels, Belgium. fbossuyt@vub.ac.be〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15486298" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Amphibians/anatomy & histology/classification/genetics ; Animals ; *Biodiversity ; Biological Evolution ; Brachyura/anatomy & histology/classification/genetics ; Conservation of Natural Resources ; Cyprinidae/anatomy & histology/classification/genetics ; DNA, Mitochondrial ; Decapoda (Crustacea)/anatomy & histology/classification/genetics ; *Ecosystem ; Genes, rRNA ; India ; *Invertebrates/anatomy & histology/classification ; Molecular Sequence Data ; Phylogeny ; Population Density ; Ranidae/anatomy & histology/classification/genetics ; Snakes/anatomy & histology/classification/genetics ; Sri Lanka ; *Vertebrates/anatomy & histology/classification/genetics
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    Psychology. Is language the key to human intelligence? (2004)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2004-01-17
    Description: 〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Premack, David -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2004 Jan 16;303(5656):318-20.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/14726578" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Animal Communication ; Animals ; Biological Evolution ; Facial Expression ; Humans ; Imitative Behavior ; *Intelligence ; *Language ; *Learning ; *Linguistics ; Pan troglodytes ; Papio ; *Saguinus ; Speech ; Teaching ; Vocabulary ; Vocalization, Animal
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    Public information: from nosy neighbors to cultural evolution (2004)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
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    Publication Date: 2004-07-27
    Description: Psychologists, economists, and advertising moguls have long known that human decision-making is strongly influenced by the behavior of others. A rapidly accumulating body of evidence suggests that the same is true in animals. Individuals can use information arising from cues inadvertently produced by the behavior of other individuals with similar requirements. Many of these cues provide public information about the quality of alternatives. The use of public information is taxonomically widespread and can enhance fitness. Public information can lead to cultural evolution, which we suggest may then affect biological evolution.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Danchin, Etienne -- Giraldeau, Luc-Alain -- Valone, Thomas J -- Wagner, Richard H -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2004 Jul 23;305(5683):487-91.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉U.P.M.C. CNRS-UMR7625, Bat A-7e etage-Case 237, 7 quai Saint Bernard, 75252 Paris Cedex 05, France. edanchin@snv.jussieu.fr〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15273386" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Animals ; *Behavior, Animal ; Biological Evolution ; Cues ; *Cultural Evolution ; *Decision Making ; Environment ; Feeding Behavior ; Female ; Genes ; Humans ; Male ; Reproduction ; Sexual Behavior, Animal
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    "Fictive kin" and suicide terrorism (2004)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2004-04-03
    Description: 〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Qirko, Hector N -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2004 Apr 2;304(5667):49-51; author reply 49-51.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15060307" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Altruism ; *Behavior ; Biological Evolution ; Cues ; *Family ; Humans ; *Persuasive Communication ; *Suicide ; *Terrorism
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    Unifying the epidemiological and evolutionary dynamics of pathogens (2004)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
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    Publication Date: 2004-01-17
    Description: A key priority for infectious disease research is to clarify how pathogen genetic variation, modulated by host immunity, transmission bottlenecks, and epidemic dynamics, determines the wide variety of pathogen phylogenies observed at scales that range from individual host to population. We call the melding of immunodynamics, epidemiology, and evolutionary biology required to achieve this synthesis pathogen "phylodynamics." We introduce a phylodynamic framework for the dissection of dynamic forces that determine the diversity of epidemiological and phylogenetic patterns observed in RNA viruses of vertebrates. A central pillar of this model is the Evolutionary Infectivity Profile, which captures the relationship between immune selection and pathogen transmission.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Grenfell, Bryan T -- Pybus, Oliver G -- Gog, Julia R -- Wood, James L N -- Daly, Janet M -- Mumford, Jenny A -- Holmes, Edward C -- BB/B524092/1/Biotechnology and Biological Sciences Research Council/United Kingdom -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2004 Jan 16;303(5656):327-32.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Department of Zoology, University of Cambridge, Downing Street, Cambridge, CB2 3EJ, UK. btg11@cam.ac.uk〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/14726583" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Adaptation, Physiological ; Animals ; Antigenic Variation/genetics ; Biological Evolution ; *Disease Outbreaks/veterinary ; Genetics, Population ; Humans ; Immunity ; Mutation ; *Phylogeny ; Population Dynamics ; RNA Virus Infections/*epidemiology/immunology/veterinary/*virology ; RNA Viruses/*genetics/immunology/*pathogenicity/physiology ; Selection, Genetic ; Time Factors ; Vaccination
    Print ISSN: 0036-8075
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    Microbiology. Noninherited resistance to antibiotics (2004)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2004-09-14
    Description: 〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Levin, Bruce R -- AI40662/AI/NIAID NIH HHS/ -- GM33782/GM/NIGMS NIH HHS/ -- R01 GM091875/GM/NIGMS NIH HHS/ -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2004 Sep 10;305(5690):1578-9.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Department of Biology, Emory University, Atlanta, GA 30322, USA. blevin@emory.edu〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15361616" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Ampicillin/*pharmacology ; Anti-Bacterial Agents/*pharmacology ; Biological Evolution ; Cell Division/drug effects ; *Drug Resistance, Bacterial ; Drug Tolerance ; Escherichia coli/*drug effects/genetics/growth & development/metabolism ; Genes, Bacterial ; Mathematics ; Models, Biological ; Phenotype ; SOS Response (Genetics)
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    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Computer Science , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
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    Neuroscience. Genetic control of cortical convolutions (2004)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2004-03-27
    Description: 〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Rakic, Pasko -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2004 Mar 26;303(5666):1983-4.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Department of Neurobiology, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06520, USA. pasko.rakic@yale.edu〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15044793" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Animals ; Biological Evolution ; Cell Division ; Cell Movement ; Cerebral Cortex/*abnormalities/embryology ; Cerebral Ventricles/cytology/embryology ; Female ; Frontal Lobe/*abnormalities/embryology ; Humans ; Intellectual Disability ; Male ; Mice ; Mutation ; Neurons/physiology ; Parietal Lobe/abnormalities/embryology ; Pedigree ; Receptors, G-Protein-Coupled/*genetics/*physiology ; Stem Cells/physiology
    Print ISSN: 0036-8075
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    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Computer Science , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
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  • 82
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    A Triassic aquatic protorosaur with an extremely long neck (2004)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2004-09-28
    Description: By Middle Triassic time, a number of reptile lineages had diversified in shallow epicontinental seas and intraplatform basins along the margins of parts of Pangea, including the giraffe-necked protorosaurid reptile Tanystropheus from the Western Tethys (Europe and the Middle East), which grew to approximately 5 to 6 m long. Here we report another long-necked fossil, Dinocephalosaurus, from southwestern China, recently collected in Middle Triassic marine deposits approximately 230 million years old. This taxon represents unambiguous evidence for a fully aquatic protorosaur. Its extremely elongated neck is explained as an adaptation for aquatic life, perhaps for an increase in feeding efficiency.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Li, Chun -- Rieppel, Olivier -- LaBarbera, Michael C -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2004 Sep 24;305(5692):1931.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Institute of Vertebrate Paleontology and Paleoanthropology (IVPP), Chinese Academy of Sciences, Post Office Box 643, Beijing 100044, China. lichun@pa.ivpp.ac.cn〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15448262" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Animals ; Biological Evolution ; China ; Dinosaurs/*anatomy & histology/classification ; *Fossils ; Neck
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  • 83
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    Anthropology. The astonishing micropygmies (2004)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2004-12-18
    Description: 〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Diamond, Jared -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2004 Dec 17;306(5704):2047-8.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Geography Department, University of California at Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA. jdiamond@geog.ucla.edu〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15604394" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Animals ; Australia ; Biological Evolution ; Body Height ; *Body Size ; Body Weight ; Dwarfism ; *Fossils ; Geography ; *Hominidae/anatomy & histology ; Humans ; Indonesia ; Mammals ; Population Dynamics ; Selection, Genetic ; Sexual Behavior ; Sexual Behavior, Animal ; Time
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  • 84
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    Breakthrough of the year. The runners-up (2004)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2004-12-18
    Description: 〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2004 Dec 17;306(5704):2013-7.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15604368" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Animals ; Biodiversity ; Biological Evolution ; Cloning, Organism ; DNA, Intergenic ; Genome ; Hominidae/anatomy & histology ; Humans ; Physical Phenomena ; Physics ; Public Health ; *Science ; Water/chemistry
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  • 85
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    X-ray scan shows oldest known bird had a bird brain (2004)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2004-08-07
    Description: 〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Stokstad, Erik -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2004 Aug 6;305(5685):764.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15297638" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Animals ; Biological Evolution ; Birds/*anatomy & histology/classification/physiology ; Brain/*anatomy & histology ; Dinosaurs ; Flight, Animal ; *Fossils ; Image Processing, Computer-Assisted ; Movement ; Semicircular Canals/anatomy & histology ; Skull/radiography ; Tomography, X-Ray Computed
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  • 86
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    The origin of speech (2004)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2004-02-28
    Description: 〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Holden, Constance -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2004 Feb 27;303(5662):1316-9.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/14988546" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Animals ; Basal Ganglia/physiology ; Biological Evolution ; Brain/anatomy & histology/*physiology ; Brain Mapping ; Cultural Evolution ; Forkhead Transcription Factors ; Gestures ; Humans ; Imitative Behavior ; *Language ; Larynx/anatomy & histology/physiology ; *Linguistics ; Motor Activity ; Neurons/physiology ; Sign Language ; *Speech ; Transcription Factors/genetics/physiology ; Vocalization, Animal
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  • 87
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    Herbivores promote habitat specialization by trees in Amazonian forests (2004)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2004-08-03
    Description: In an edaphically heterogeneous area in the Peruvian Amazon, clay soils and nutrient-poor white sands each harbor distinctive plant communities. To determine whether a trade-off between growth and antiherbivore defense enforces habitat specialization on these two soil types, we conducted a reciprocal transplant study of seedlings of 20 species from six genera of phylogenetically independent pairs of edaphic specialist trees and manipulated the presence of herbivores. Clay specialist species grew significantly faster than white-sand specialists in both soil types when protected from herbivores. However, when unprotected, white-sand specialists dominated in white-sand forests and clay specialists dominated in clay forests. Therefore, habitat specialization in this system results from an interaction of herbivore pressure with soil type.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Fine, Paul V A -- Mesones, Italo -- Coley, Phyllis D -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2004 Jul 30;305(5684):663-5.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Department of Biology, University of Utah, 257 S. 1400 East, Salt Lake City, UT 84112, USA. fine@biology.utah.edu〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15286371" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Animals ; *Biodiversity ; Biological Evolution ; *Ecosystem ; Environment ; Insects/*physiology ; Meristem/growth & development ; Peru ; Plant Leaves/growth & development ; Seedlings/growth & development ; *Soil ; Trees/*growth & development ; Tropical Climate
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  • 88
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    The roots of plant-microbe collaborations (2004)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2004-04-10
    Description: 〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Marx, Jean -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2004 Apr 9;304(5668):234-6.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15073365" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Bacterial Proteins/genetics/physiology ; Biological Evolution ; Calcium/metabolism ; Calcium Signaling ; Ethylenes/pharmacology ; Fabaceae/genetics/*microbiology/physiology ; Fungi/physiology ; Gene Expression Regulation, Bacterial ; Genes, Bacterial ; Genes, Plant ; Mutation ; Mycorrhizae/*physiology ; Nitrogen Fixation ; Plant Proteins/genetics/physiology ; Plant Roots/*microbiology/physiology ; Rhizobiaceae/genetics/*physiology ; Signal Transduction ; *Symbiosis/genetics
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  • 89
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    Conditional use of sex and parthenogenesis for worker and queen production in ants (2004)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2004-12-04
    Description: The near-ubiquity of sexual reproduction in animal species has long been considered a paradox because sexually reproducing individuals transmit only half of their genome to their progeny. Here, we show that the ant Cataglyphis cursor circumvents this cost by using alternative modes of reproduction for the production of reproductive and nonreproductive offspring. New queens are almost exclusively produced by parthenogenesis, whereas workers are produced by normal sexual reproduction. By selectively using sex for somatic growth and parthenogenesis for germline production, C. cursor has taken advantage of the ant caste system to benefit from the advantages of both sexual and asexual reproduction.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Pearcy, Morgan -- Aron, Serge -- Doums, Claudie -- Keller, Laurent -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2004 Dec 3;306(5702):1780-3.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Behavioural and Evolutionary Ecology, CP 160/12, Universite Libre de Bruxelles, av. F. D. Roosevelt 50, B-1050 Brussels, Belgium.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15576621" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Alleles ; Animals ; Ants/genetics/*physiology ; Behavior, Animal ; Biological Evolution ; Cooperative Behavior ; Diploidy ; Female ; Genes, Insect ; Genetic Variation ; Haploidy ; Heterozygote ; Homozygote ; Male ; Microsatellite Repeats ; *Parthenogenesis ; Reproduction ; Sex Determination Processes ; Sexual Behavior, Animal ; Social Behavior
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  • 90
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    Genetics. DNA reveals diatom's complexity (2004)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2004-10-02
    Description: 〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Pennisi, Elizabeth -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2004 Oct 1;306(5693):31.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15459356" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Algal Proteins/genetics/physiology ; Animals ; Biological Evolution ; Chloroplasts/genetics ; DNA/genetics ; Diatoms/*genetics/physiology ; Ecosystem ; *Genome ; Mitochondria/genetics ; Photosynthesis/genetics ; *Sequence Analysis, DNA ; Silicon/metabolism
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  • 91
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    Developmental biology. Bonemaking protein shapes beaks of Darwin's finches (2004)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2004-09-09
    Description: 〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Pennisi, Elizabeth -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2004 Sep 3;305(5689):1383.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15353765" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Animals ; Beak/anatomy & histology/*embryology ; Biological Evolution ; Bone Morphogenetic Protein 4 ; Bone Morphogenetic Proteins/genetics/*physiology ; *Chick Embryo ; Chickens/anatomy & histology/genetics ; Ducks/anatomy & histology/*embryology/genetics ; Gene Expression Profiling ; Gene Expression Regulation, Developmental ; Genetic Variation ; Morphogenesis ; Songbirds/anatomy & histology/*embryology/genetics
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  • 92
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    Genetics. Genome resources to boost canines' role in gene hunts (2004)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2004-05-25
    Description: 〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Pennisi, Elizabeth -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2004 May 21;304(5674):1093-5.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15155921" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Animals ; Biological Evolution ; *Breeding ; Dog Diseases/genetics ; Dogs/classification/*genetics ; Genetic Diseases, Inborn/genetics ; *Genetic Variation ; *Genome ; Humans ; *Microsatellite Repeats ; Models, Animal ; Neoplasms/genetics ; Polymorphism, Single Nucleotide ; Sequence Analysis, DNA
    Print ISSN: 0036-8075
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  • 93
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    Darwinian selection on a selfing locus (2004)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2004-12-18
    Description: The shift to self-pollination is one of the most prevalent evolutionary transitions in flowering plants. In the selfing plant Arabidopsis thaliana, pseudogenes at the SCR and SRK self-incompatibility loci are believed to underlie the evolution of self-fertilization. Positive directional selection has driven the evolutionary fixation of pseudogene alleles of SCR, leading to substantially reduced nucleotide variation. Coalescent simulations indicate that this adaptive event may have occurred very recently and is possibly associated with the post-Pleistocene expansion of A. thaliana from glacial refugia. This suggests that ancillary morphological innovations associated with self-pollination can evolve rapidly after the inactivation of the self-incompatibility response.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Shimizu, Kentaro K -- Cork, Jennifer M -- Caicedo, Ana L -- Mays, Charlotte A -- Moore, Richard C -- Olsen, Kenneth M -- Ruzsa, Stephanie -- Coop, Graham -- Bustamante, Carlos D -- Awadalla, Philip -- Purugganan, Michael D -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2004 Dec 17;306(5704):2081-4.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Department of Genetics, North Carolina State University, Box 7614, Raleigh, NC 27695, USA.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15604405" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Alleles ; Arabidopsis/*genetics/*physiology ; Biological Evolution ; Chromosome Mapping ; Climate ; DNA, Intergenic ; *Genes, Plant ; Genetic Variation ; Genome, Plant ; Geography ; Haplotypes ; Likelihood Functions ; Molecular Sequence Data ; Open Reading Frames ; Phylogeny ; Plant Proteins ; Pollen ; Polymorphism, Genetic ; Polymorphism, Single Nucleotide ; Protein Kinases/*genetics/physiology ; *Pseudogenes ; Recombination, Genetic ; *Selection, Genetic ; Time
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  • 94
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    Avian extinction and mammalian introductions on oceanic islands (2004)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2004-09-28
    Description: The arrival of humans on oceanic islands has precipitated a wave of extinctions among the islands' native birds. Nevertheless, the magnitude of this extinction event varies markedly between avifaunas. We show that the probability that a bird species has been extirpated from each of 220 oceanic islands is positively correlated with the number of exotic predatory mammal species established on those islands after European colonization and that the effect of these predators is greater on island endemic species. In contrast, the proportions of currently threatened species are independent of the numbers of exotic mammalian predator species, suggesting that the principal threat to island birds has changed through time as species susceptible to exotic predators have been driven extinct.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Blackburn, Tim M -- Cassey, Phillip -- Duncan, Richard P -- Evans, Karl L -- Gaston, Kevin J -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2004 Sep 24;305(5692):1955-8.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉School of Biosciences, University of Birmingham, Edgbaston, Birmingham B15 2TT, UK. t.blackburn@bham.ac.uk〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15448269" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Animals ; Atlantic Islands ; Biological Evolution ; *Birds ; Cats ; *Ecosystem ; Emigration and Immigration ; Europe ; Humans ; Mammals/*physiology ; Models, Biological ; Pacific Islands ; Population Dynamics ; Predatory Behavior ; Probability ; Rats ; West Indies
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  • 95
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    Paleoanthropology. Oldest human femur wades into controversy (2004)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2004-09-28
    Description: 〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Gibbons, Ann -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2004 Sep 24;305(5692):1885.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15448231" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Animals ; Biological Evolution ; *Femur/radiography ; *Fossils ; France ; Gait ; History, Ancient ; *Hominidae ; Humans ; Tomography, X-Ray Computed
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  • 96
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    American Association of Physical Anthropologists meeting. Seeing what an extinct monkey saw (2004)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2004-05-08
    Description: 〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Gibbons, Ann -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2004 May 7;304(5672):819.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15131286" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Animals ; Aotidae/*anatomy & histology/physiology ; Biological Evolution ; Cebidae/*anatomy & histology/physiology ; *Fossils ; Olfactory Bulb/anatomy & histology ; Orbit/anatomy & histology ; Skull/*anatomy & histology ; Smell ; Tomography, X-Ray Computed ; *Vision, Ocular
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  • 97
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    Paleobiology. Decoding the Ediacaran enigma (2004)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2004-08-25
    Description: 〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Brasier, Martin -- Antcliffe, Jonathan -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2004 Aug 20;305(5687):1115-7.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Department of Earth Sciences, Oxford University, OX1 3PR, UK. martin.brasier@earth.ox.ac.uk〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15326344" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Animals ; Australia ; Biological Evolution ; *Fossils ; Geologic Sediments ; *Invertebrates/anatomy & histology/classification/growth & development ; Newfoundland and Labrador ; Paleontology
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  • 98
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    Paleontology. Dinosaurs under the knife (2004)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2004-11-06
    Description: 〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Stokstad, Erik -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2004 Nov 5;306(5698):962-5.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15528422" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Animals ; Behavior, Animal ; Biological Evolution ; Body Size ; Bone and Bones/cytology ; Dinosaurs/*anatomy & histology/growth & development ; *Fossils ; History, Ancient ; Paleopathology ; Skull/cytology
    Print ISSN: 0036-8075
    Electronic ISSN: 1095-9203
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Computer Science , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
    Published by American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
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  • 99
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    Ecology. Hatcheries and endangered salmon (2004)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2004-03-27
    Description: 〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Myers, Ransom A -- Levin, Simon A -- Lande, Russell -- James, Frances C -- Murdoch, William W -- Paine, Robert T -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2004 Mar 26;303(5666):1980.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Department of Biology, Dalhousie University, Halifax, Nova Scotia, Canada B3H 4J1. ransom.myers@dal.ca〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15044790" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Adaptation, Physiological ; Animals ; Biological Evolution ; *Conservation of Natural Resources ; *Ecosystem ; Environment ; *Fisheries ; *Oncorhynchus kisutch/classification/genetics/physiology ; Population Density ; Population Dynamics ; *Salmo salar/physiology ; Terminology as Topic ; United States
    Print ISSN: 0036-8075
    Electronic ISSN: 1095-9203
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Computer Science , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
    Published by American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
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    Bmp4 and morphological variation of beaks in Darwin's finches (2004)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2004-09-09
    Description: Darwin's finches are a classic example of species diversification by natural selection. Their impressive variation in beak morphology is associated with the exploitation of a variety of ecological niches, but its developmental basis is unknown. We performed a comparative analysis of expression patterns of various growth factors in species comprising the genus Geospiza. We found that expression of Bmp4 in the mesenchyme of the upper beaks strongly correlated with deep and broad beak morphology. When misexpressed in chicken embryos, Bmp4 caused morphological transformations paralleling the beak morphology of the large ground finch G. magnirostris.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Abzhanov, Arhat -- Protas, Meredith -- Grant, B Rosemary -- Grant, Peter R -- Tabin, Clifford J -- P01 DK56246/DK/NIDDK NIH HHS/ -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2004 Sep 3;305(5689):1462-5.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Department of Genetics, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15353802" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Animals ; Beak/anatomy & histology/*embryology/metabolism ; Biological Evolution ; Bone Morphogenetic Protein 4 ; Bone Morphogenetic Proteins/genetics/*metabolism ; Chick Embryo ; Chickens/anatomy & histology ; Ectoderm/metabolism ; Epithelium/metabolism ; Gene Expression Profiling ; Gene Expression Regulation, Developmental ; Gene Transfer Techniques ; Genetic Variation ; Genetic Vectors ; Growth Substances/genetics/metabolism ; Mesoderm/metabolism ; Morphogenesis ; Signal Transduction ; Songbirds/anatomy & histology/*embryology/genetics/metabolism ; Species Specificity
    Print ISSN: 0036-8075
    Electronic ISSN: 1095-9203
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Computer Science , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
    Published by American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
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