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  • Lepidoptera  (75)
  • Coleoptera  (44)
  • Springer  (117)
  • 2005-2009
  • 1990-1994  (117)
  • 1980-1984
  • 1925-1929
  • 1993  (117)
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  • 2005-2009
  • 1990-1994  (117)
  • 1980-1984
  • 1925-1929
Year
  • 1
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    The mode of action ofBacillus thuringiensis crystal proteins (1993)
    Springer
    Entomologia experimentalis et applicata 69 (1993), S. 145-155 
    Details
    ISSN: 1570-7458
    Keywords: Lepidoptera ; Diptera ; crystal proteins ; Cyt proteins ; pathogenesis ; cytotoxicity ; solubility ; receptor binding ; pore formation ; synergism
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02380641
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  • 2
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Evaluation of artificial diets and two species of natural prey as laboratory food forChilocorus spp. (1993)
    Springer
    Entomologia experimentalis et applicata 69 (1993), S. 13-20 
    Details
    ISSN: 1570-7458
    Keywords: Artificial diets ; Coccinellidae ; rearing ; biological control ; Chilocorus spp. ; Coleoptera
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Promising diets were screened and the most successful modified with additives used in artificial diets for other entomophagous insects. Two suitable diets were obtained, one for adults and one for larvae ofChilocorus nigritus (Fabricius) (Coleoptera: Coccinellidae). They were still inferior to natural prey and not adequate as the sole food source for rearing consecutive generations. They are valuable as substitute food in the insectary during shortages of natural prey. Oleander scaleAspidiotus nerii Bouché andAsterolecanium miliaris (Boisduval) were evaluated as natural prey forC. nigritus and two other potential biocontrol agents in southern Africa,C. bipustulatus (Linnaeus) andC. infernalis Mulsant.A. nerii andA. miliaris were suitable for all life stages ofC. nigritus and adults ofC. bipustulatus andC. infernalis. A. miliaris was inadequate for larvae ofC. bipustulatus andC. infernalis.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02380669
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  • 3
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Differential selection of host plants by twoPieris species: the role of oviposition stimulants and deterrents (1993)
    Springer
    Entomologia experimentalis et applicata 68 (1993), S. 59-69 
    Details
    ISSN: 1570-7458
    Keywords: oviposition ; Pieris rapae ; Pieris napi oleracea ; Cruciferae ; Lepidoptera ; Pieridae ; stimulant ; deterrent ; insect-plant interaction ; host range
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Oviposition responses ofPieris rapae L. andP. napi oleracea Harris to nine crucifers, one Capparidaceae and one Tropaeolaceae were directly compared under controlled conditions. Chemical fractions from these plants were also tested on both insects for the presence of oviposition stimulants or deterrents. The results showed that plant chemistry is a key factor in differential selection of potential hosts by thesePieris species. Some plant species were equally acceptable to bothPieris species. However,P. rapae preferred cabbage over most test plants whereasP. napi oleracea strongly preferred plant species that were avoided byP. rapae. The observed preferences were explained in most cases by the presence of stimulants and deterrents in extracts of the plants. The twoPieris species have apparently evolved differential sensitivities to the chemical stimuli that trigger or deter oviposition. The balance of positively and negatively interpreted sensory signals evoked by plant chemicals obviously plays an important role in acceptance or rejection of a plant by both species. The role of specific glucosinolates and differing structure-activity relationships is suggested.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02380582
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  • 4
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Mating disruption for control of damage by codling moth in Virginia apple orchards (1993)
    Springer
    Entomologia experimentalis et applicata 67 (1993), S. 57-64 
    Details
    ISSN: 1570-7458
    Keywords: Cydia pomonella ; codling moth ; mating disruption ; (E,E)-8,10-dodecadien-1-ol ; pheromones ; apple ; Lepidoptera ; Tortricidae
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Polyethylene dispensers (Shin Etsu) containing 172 ml of the sex pheromone, (E, E)-8,10-dodecadien-1-ol (63%), dodecenol (31%) and tetradecenol (6%), of codling moth (CM),Cydia pomonella (L.), were placed in apple orchards in Virginia. Two blocks of about 2 ha each were treated in 1989, and three in 1990. Dispensers were placed in trees at a density of 1000/ha shortly after apple bloom. Male orientation to pheromone traps was almost totally disrupted (a few males were captured at high population densities). In 1989, the Daleville pheromone-treated block had 0.9% and 0.8% CM-injured fruit in the center and edge, respectively; 0% and 39.5% injured fruit were found in the conventional control and abandoned blocks, respectively. The Criglersville orchard (‘organically’ managed, with high CM density) CM harvest injury was 16.0%, 16.5%, 34.5%, and 26.5% in the pheromone-treated center and edge, organic control and abandoned blocks, respectively. In 1990, the Daleville CM harvest injury was 4.7%, 7.3%, 1.1%, 0.3% and 58%, in the pheromone-treated center and edge, control center and edge, and abandoned blocks, respectively (possible reasons for the high injury in this block are discussed). Harvest injury in the Fincastle pheromone-treated and control blocks were 0.7% and 0%, respectively. The Criglersville orchard yielded 17%, 19% and 20% CM-injured fruit at harvest in the pheromone-treated, organic control and abandoned blocks, respectively. Pheromone release rate was calculated as 37 mg/ha/h in 1989.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02382717
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  • 5
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    The behaviour of 9 stored product beetles at pitfall trap arenas and their capture in millet (1993)
    Springer
    Entomologia experimentalis et applicata 66 (1993), S. 161-169 
    Details
    ISSN: 1570-7458
    Keywords: avoidance behaviour ; capture efficiency ; Coleoptera ; time-lapse video ; visual recording
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Pitfall trap capture forSitophilus oryzae (L.),S. zeamais (Motschulsky),S. granarius (L.),Tribolium confusum (Duval),T. castaneum (Herbst);Oryzaephilus surinamensis (L.),Cryptolestes pusillus (Schonherr),Rhyzopertha dominica (Fabr.), andProstephanus truncatus (Horn) in millet was assessed by visual and time-lapse video recordings. The behaviour of different beetle species in arenas containing millet was monitored over 24 h and the frequency of encounters with the trap rim resulting in capture recorded. The capture efficiency of four types of pitfall traps (i.e. polystyrene, polythene, glass and tin-plated steel can) with rims exposed or submerged below the millet surface level were compared. Capture was related to beetle size, locomotory rate, and beetle behaviour at the trap rim as well as trap design and placement. The lighter and smaller species were least captured. Glass jars were more effective than plastic and metal containers. Traps placed with their rims submerged below the grain surface level were more efficient than those with rims exposed. Capture rate was unrelated to trap size. The frequency of encounters with trap rims was not correlated with capture rate. Three types of avoidance behaviours at the trap rims i.e. probing, skirting and spontaneous retreat, were related to capture rate, spontaneous retreat being the most effective escape mechanism and probing least.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02382285
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  • 6
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Mating disruption to control damage by leafrollers in virginia apple orchards (1993)
    Springer
    Entomologia experimentalis et applicata 67 (1993), S. 47-56 
    Details
    ISSN: 1570-7458
    Keywords: Platynota flavedana ; variegated leafroller ; Platynota ideausalis ; tufted apple bud moth ; Argyrotaenia velutinana ; redbanded leafroller ; mating disruption ; pheromones ; apple ; Lepidoptera ; Tortricidae
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Mating disruption for control of variegated leafroller (VLR),Platynota flavedana (Clemens), tufted apple bud moth (TBM),P. ideausalis Walker, and redbanded leafroller (RBL),Argyrotaenia velutinana (Walker), was studied in Virginia apple orchards in 1989 and 1990. In 1989, each dispenser (1000/ha) contained 190 mg of 67.2%E11–14:Ac, 28.8%Z11–14:Ac, 1.4%E11–14:OH, 0.6%Z11–14:OH, and 2%Z9–12:Ac (a putative generic leafroller disruption blend). Trap captures of VLR, TBM and RBL were reduced by 97%, 51% and 55%, respectively. Average leafroller injury in the interior and edge of the pheromone block was 3.8% and 2.7%, respectively. The conventional control and abandoned blocks had 0.05 and 27.5% injury, respectively. Dispensers containingE11–14:OH (70%) andZ11–14:OH (30%) (close to the natural blend of VLR), more effectively disrupted orientation to pheromone traps by bothPlatynota spp. than did the generic blend. In 1990, dispensers containing 150 mg ofE11–14:OH (70%) andZ11–14:OH (1000/ha) were placed in two 2-ha blocks and one 4-ha block. One pheromonetreated block was sprayed in August with phosmet for codling moth, not timed for leafrollers. Trap captures of VLR and TBM were reduced by almost 100% and 69%, respectively. RBL captures were not reduced by VLR pheromone permeation. Injury fromPlatynota spp. in pheromone block middles and edges ranged from 0.3–1.7% and 0.3–2.3%, respectively. Injury in conventional blocks ranged from 0–1.1%. RBL injury in pheromone block middles ranged from 0–6.1%, and in edges, 1.7–4.8%. Injury in control blocks ranged from 0–1.1%. Combined leafroller injury in an abandoned block was 18% (s.e. 0.3). Release rates averaged 30 and 32 mg/ha/h for the VLR and generic pheromone dispensers, respectively.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02382716
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  • 7
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Effects of host plant leaf damage on cabbage looper moth attraction and oviposition (1993)
    Springer
    Entomologia experimentalis et applicata 67 (1993), S. 79-85 
    Details
    ISSN: 1570-7458
    Keywords: Insecta ; Lepidoptera ; Noctuidae ; host-finding ; behavior ; oviposition
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Mated femaleTrichoplusia ni (Hubner) moths, when presented a choice of either undamaged cotton plants,Gossypium hirsutum L., or damaged plants (cut leaves or feedingT. ni larvae) in a flight tunnel, were most often attracted first to the damaged plants. However, these same moths oviposited primarily on the undamaged plants. In a similar test with cabbage plants,Brassica oleracea L., the presence of conspecific larvae decreased both attraction and oviposition. Cuts to cabbage leaves had no significant effect on attraction or oviposition. When presented one plant at a time, percentages of cabbage looper moths attracted were not affected by the presence of larvae on either cabbage or cotton plants, or by cuts to cabbage plant leaves. Percentages of moths attracted were, however, higher using cotton plants with cut leaves. The results suggest an important role for damage induced plant volatiles in host location as well as host acceptance byT. ni.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02382720
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  • 8
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Effects of a host plant,Brassica juncea, on calling behaviour and egg maturation in the diamondback moth,Plutella xylostella (1993)
    Springer
    Entomologia experimentalis et applicata 68 (1993), S. 117-126 
    Details
    ISSN: 1570-7458
    Keywords: insect-plant interaction ; Lepidoptera ; Plutellidae ; crucifer ; sexual maturation ; reproductive diapause ; kairomone
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract The influence of the presence of seedlings of a host plant, Oriental mustard,Brassica juncea (L.) Coss., on the calling behaviour and egg maturation in the diamondback moth,Plutella xylostella (L.), was investigated. In the presence of plants, females began calling at a younger age, began calling earlier in the night, and spent more time calling. Females which were kept with plants until after their first night of calling and then were isolated from plants, subsequently called less, at a level not significantly different from females which had never been exposed to plants. Of all females, both with and without plants, which were dissected at the end of the first night of calling (n=150), 93% contained mature eggs. Heavier females were significantly more likely to have mature eggs at adult emergence, to begin calling at a younger age and to spend more time calling on their first night of calling. The number of developed eggs in calling females was not significantly different in the presence or absence of host plants on the first night of calling. However, by the second night, females in the presence of plants contained significantly more eggs, indicating that the presence of plants accelerated egg maturation, both before and after the onset of calling.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02380530
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  • 9
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Distribution of overwintering Colorado potato beetle in and near Massachusetts potato fields (1993)
    Springer
    Entomologia experimentalis et applicata 66 (1993), S. 191-196 
    Details
    ISSN: 1570-7458
    Keywords: Leptinotarsa decemlineata (Say) ; Coleoptera ; Chrysomelidae ; distribution ; diapause ; overwintering ; mortality
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02382289
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  • 10
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Influence of caterpillar-feeding damage on the foraging behavior of the paper waspMischocyttarus flavitarsis (Hymenoptera: Vespidae) (1993)
    Springer
    Journal of insect behavior 6 (1993), S. 771-781 
    Details
    ISSN: 1572-8889
    Keywords: foraging behavior ; caterpillar-feeding damage ; paper wasps ; Lepidoptera
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Experiments were performed to determine the effect of caterpillar feeding damage on wasp foraging behavior and to determine the relative importance of visual and olfactory plant cues for foraging wasps. In an experiment using caterpillar-damaged leaves, wasps took significantly more larvae from the previously damaged plants compared to the controls in the experiments with tobacco plants, but wasps did not distinguish between damaged and control plants in the experiments with tomato plants. Another experiment indicated that wasps use a combination of visual and olfactory cues of plant damage in their search for prey rather than just visual or olfactory cues alone. Furthermore, these results suggest that leaf shape may affect wasp detection of caterpillar feeding damage and thus detection of prey.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01201676
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  • 11
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Age-dependent physiological responses of last instarHelicoverpa zea larvae to oral and topical application of precocene II (1993)
    Springer
    Entomologia experimentalis et applicata 67 (1993), S. 199-207 
    Details
    ISSN: 1570-7458
    Keywords: Helicoverpa zea ; Lepidoptera ; Noctuidae ; precocene II ; growth inhibition ; excretion
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Newly-ecdysed last instar larvae ofH. zea grouped into 100-, 200-, 300-, or 400-mg categories were fed diet containing precocene II or given precocene II topically on the abdomen. The time for larvae to reach a maximal weight, time to pupation, growth rate, and the amount of precocene II excreted were calculated. Younger larvae of lower weights, which were fed or topically treated with precocene II required more time to reach their maximal weight, had a lower maximal weight, a lower growth rate, and required more time to pupate than control larvae. Older larvae represented by the largest weight category were less sensitive to precocene II, had a shorter delay in reaching maximal weight, and a shorter delay in the time to pupation than control larvae; larvae in the largest weight category that were fed precocene II also had smaller decreases in the growth rate. Growth rate declines for larvae given topical doses of precocene II, however, were largest for the oldest larvae. All larvae given a single topical dose excreted precocene II for several days and were most efficient at eliminating smaller doses; larger, older larvae excreted more precocene II than smaller, younger larvae. Age-dependent responses to precocene II indicate that growth and metabolic processes, as well as xenobiotic metabolism, change in last instar larvae.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02383428
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  • 12
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Behavioural responses of three stored product Coleoptera species to extract of carob (Locust bean),Ceratonia siliqua (1993)
    Springer
    Entomologia experimentalis et applicata 68 (1993), S. 9-13 
    Details
    ISSN: 1570-7458
    Keywords: bioassay ; behavioural response ; Coleoptera ; carob extract ; stored product
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract The behavioural responses ofCryptolestes pusillus Oryzaephilus surinamensis andProstephanus truncatus to different doses of carob extract were assessed in a two-choice pitfall bioassay and in plastic grain probe traps. The extract evoked a quick directional response and induced high beetle attraction to treated pitfall arenas compared with the controls. Overall, the extract improved probe trap efficiency by about 50% compared to unbaited probes. Beetle response was dose-dependent with the medium dose of 10 μl probably eliciting optimum response.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02380576
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  • 13
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Cantharidin production in a blister beetle (1993)
    Springer
    Cellular and molecular life sciences 49 (1993), S. 171-174 
    Details
    ISSN: 1420-9071
    Keywords: Coleoptera ; Meloidae ; Epicauta funebris ; chemical defense ; biosynthesis ; terpenoid
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Abstract Cantharidin, a potent defensive chemical, is present in all ten life stages of the blister beetleEpicauta funebris. The first five larval stages accumulate cantharidin as they feed and grow in size. When disturbed, they exude cantharidin in a milky oral fluid, not in hemolymph which adult beetles reflexively discharge from leg joints. Two subsequent larval stages and the pupa do not feed, grow, regurgitate, or change in their defensive reserves (110 μg cantharidin/insect, regardless of sex). Adult beetles kept in isolation for 60–90 d exhibit a pronounced sexual dimorphism in cantharidin production: the male biosynthesizes about 17 mg of the toxin, representing 10% of his live weight, whereas the female actually loses most of her defensive reserves. But in the wild a female beetle repeatedly acquires cantharidin as copulatory gifts from her mates.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01989424
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  • 14
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    Avoidance of competition by spruce bark beetles,Ips typographus andPityogenes chalcographus (1993)
    Springer
    Cellular and molecular life sciences 49 (1993), S. 272-275 
    Details
    ISSN: 1420-9071
    Keywords: Semiochemical ; pheromone ; host selection ; competition ; Coleoptera ; Scolytidae
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Abstract Bark beetles,Ips typographus andPityogenes chalcographus, attracted by synthetic or natural pheromone to Norway spruce logs,Picea abies, preferred to colonize uninfested logs rather than logs occupied by these beetles, probably as a means of avoiding intra-and interspecific competition. The aggregation pheromone components ofP. chalcographus, chalcogran and methyl (E, Z)-2,4-decadienoate, inhibited the attraction response ofI. typographus to its pheromone components (methyl butenol andcis-verbenol), while the converse was not true. However, verbenone released from colonized bark inhibited pheromonal response ofP. chalcographus.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01923539
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  • 15
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    Hormonal control of pheromone responsiveness in the male black cutwormAgrotis ipsilon (1993)
    Springer
    Cellular and molecular life sciences 49 (1993), S. 721-724 
    Details
    ISSN: 1420-9071
    Keywords: Lepidoptera ; Noctuidae ; Agrotis ipsilon ; black cutworm ; juvenile hormone ; allatectomy ; pheromone reception ; sexual behaviour ; tenoxycarb ; KK-42
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Abstract In Lepidoptera, reproduction is linked to chemical communication between conspecific partners. When exposed to the female sex pheromone, males respond by exhibiting typical sexual behaviour which leads to mating. Here we show that presence of the juvenile hormone producing gland (corpora allata) of the male black cutworm,Agrotis ipsilon, is necessary for pheromone responsiveness. Allatectomized males do not show any sexual behaviour, although their antennal olfactory system is functional. Allatectomized males implanted with active corpora allata recover full pheromone receptivity. It is suggested that reproductive processes are synchronized in males and females through endocrine control; timing of the mating activity could serve as an adaptive strategy linked to the migratory behaviour of this species.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01923960
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  • 16
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    Tangential medulla neurons in the mothManduca sexta. Structure and responses to optomotor stimuli (1993)
    Springer
    Journal of comparative physiology 173 (1993), S. 783-799 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-1351
    Keywords: Insect vision ; Lepidoptera ; Medulla neurons ; Optomotor stimulation ; Direction selectivity
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Abstract InManduca sexta, large tangential cells connect the medulla via the lobula valley (LoV) tract to the midbrain and the contralateral medulla. Tract neurons have been stained and recorded to determine their responses to optomotor stimulation. Neurons in the LoV-tract comprise a physiologically and anatomically heterogeneous population: 1. Motion insensitive medulla tangential (Mt) neurons arise from cell bodies in the ventral rind. Heterolateral cells arborize massively in both medullae and one or both halves of the midbrain. Mt-neurons respond to changes in light intensity. Physiological and anatomical evidence argues for their monocularity and transmission from the medulla on the side of the soma to the central brain and the contralateral medulla. 2. Motion sensitive neurons with cell bodies behind the protocerebral bridge connect the midbrain to the ipsior contralateral medulla. Direction-selective responses are characterized by excitation to motion in the preferred and inhibition in the opposite direction with maxima either in a horizontal or vertical direction. Peak values appear at contrast frequencies of appr. 3/s. The results suggest that these neurons are binocular and relay information from the midbrain to the medulla. They have been labelled as centrifugal medulla tangential (cMt) neurons. The possible roles for tract neurons in visually guided behaviour are discussed.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02451909
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  • 17
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    Is the alkaloid in 2spot ladybirds (Adalia bipunctata) a defence against ant predation? (1993)
    Springer
    Chemoecology 4 (1993), S. 29-32 
    Details
    ISSN: 1423-0445
    Keywords: chemical defence ; alkaloids ; predation ; Coleoptera ; Coccinellidae ; Adalia bipunctata ; Coccinella septempunctata ; Hymenoptera ; Formicidae ; Lasius niger
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Garden black ants,Lasius niger L., in a laboratory colony, attacked three species of live ladybirds found near their nest, killing the smaller two species. A second colony was offered artificial diets containing crushed ladybirds of two species, and the ants' choice of feeding site noted. Both the diets were aversive compared to control, but that containing 7spot,Coccinella septempunctata L., was more aversive than the diet containing 2spot,Adalia bipunctata L. The implications of this lesser protection for 2spots in terms of the chemical defence of the species are discussed.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01245893
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  • 18
    Electronic Resource
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    Host-plant green-leaf volatiles synergize the synthetic sex pheromones of the corn earworm and codling moth (Lepidoptera) (1993)
    Springer
    Chemoecology 4 (1993), S. 145-152 
    Details
    ISSN: 1423-0445
    Keywords: pheromone synergists ; host-plant volatiles ; Lepidoptera ; Noctuidae ; Helicoverpa zea ; corn earworm ; Olethreutidae ; Cydia pomonella ; codling moth
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Summary The capture of adult male moths in female sex pheromone traps of two key agricultural pests, the corn earworm (Helicoverpa zea) and the codling moth (Cydia pomonella), is enhanced or synergized by a certain group of host-plant volatiles, the “green-leaf volatiles” (GLVs). Since female adults of both species call and release their sex pheromones while perched upon the leaves of their host-plants, the volatile constituents from the leaves of a number of host-plants were compared. Sex pheromone traps containing one of the prominent leaf volatiles of certainH. zea hosts, (Z)-3-hexenyl acetate, not only significantly increased the capture ofH. zea males but were preferred over traps baited only with sex pheromone. Similarly, traps baited with synthetic sex pheromome ofC. pomonella plus a blend of GLVs captured significantly more males than traps baited only with sex pheromone. Since male moths are not captured in traps baited only with these GLVs, it appears that these GLVs act as pheromone synergists which increase or enhance the attraction or arrestment of male moths in pheromone traps.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01256549
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  • 19
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    Leaf variation in iridoid glycoside content ofPlantago lanceolata (Plantaginaceae) and oviposition of the buckeye,Junonia coenia (Nymphalidae) (1993)
    Springer
    Chemoecology 4 (1993), S. 72-78 
    Details
    ISSN: 1423-0445
    Keywords: insect-plant interactions ; intraplant variation ; chemical variation ; oviposition ; iridoid glycoside ; catalpol ; aucubin ; Lepidoptera ; Junonia coenia ; Plantaginaceae ; Plantago lanceolata
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Summary Chemical analysis of each individual leaf of fivePlantago lanceolata (Plantaginaceae) plants showed that iridoid glycoside content increased from undetectable in the oldest photosynthetic leaves to over 9% dry weight in the youngest leaves. The relative proportion of the two iridoid glycosides inP. lanceolata also changed with leaf age: older leaves had significantly more aucubin, whereas the youngest leaves had primarily or solely catalpol. Oviposition tests with femaleJunonia coenia (Nymphalidae) butterflies, showed that they laid most of their eggs on new leaves.
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    Quantitative composition of the defensive secretion ofBledius species (Coleoptera: Staphylinidae: Oxytelinae) is adapted to naturally occurring predators (1993)
    Springer
    Chemoecology 4 (1993), S. 63-71 
    Details
    ISSN: 1423-0445
    Keywords: chemical defense ; predator-prey interaction ; synergism ; Coleoptera ; Staphylinidae ; Oxytelinae ; Bledius ; Carabidae ; Dyschirius ; Pogonus ; Dichirotrichus ; Formicinae ; Cataglyphis ; Dermaptera ; Labidura
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Summary The adaptation of defensive secretions to their target organisms was examined for the abdominal gland secretions ofBledius furcatus, B. spectabilis andB. arenarius. Therefore the target organisms of the secretion of theseBledius species (i.e. their predators) had to be identified. At the collection sites examined these were the earwigLabidura riparia, the antCataglyphis bicolor, the flyLispe candicans, different carabids of the generaPogonus, Dichirotrichus, Dyschirius, Bembidion andCalathus and the wading birdsHaematopus ostralegus andCalidris alba. The secretion of the abdominal glands contains the toxin ptoluquinone dissolved in eitherγ-dodecalactone and 1-undecene (B. furcatus andB. spectabilis) or in octanoic acid and octyloctanoate (B. arenarius). The ratio of these solvents is species-specific. Application experiments using some of the natural insect predators (L. riparia, C. bicolor, Pogonus, Di. gustavii, Dyschirius) revealed that these solvent ratios provided a more effective deterrent than other possible ratios. Thus by combining the solvents in certain ratios, the capability of cuticular penetration and therefore the effectiveness of the defensive secretions are adapted to their natural targets.
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    Green leaf volatiles enhance sex attractant pheromone of the tobacco budworm,Heliothis virescens (Lep.: Noctuidae) (1993)
    Springer
    Chemoecology 4 (1993), S. 175-177 
    Details
    ISSN: 1423-0445
    Keywords: green leaf volatiles ; cotton ; synergist ; behaviour ; sex attractant ; pheromone ; Lepidoptera ; Noctuidae ; Heliothis virescens
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Summary Components of the green leaf volatile complex (Z-3-hexenyl acetate andE-2-hexenyl acetate) were shown to enhance responses of tobacco budworm,Heliothis virescens, males to the sex attractant pheromone of conspecific females in the field. The results are discussed with regard to green leaf volatiles which enhance the attractant pheromone of a cohabiting species, and serve as attractants of a parasitoid of conspecific larvae.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01256553
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    Insecticidal and growth-reducing activity of foliar extracts from Meliaceae (1993)
    Springer
    Chemoecology 4 (1993), S. 165-173 
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    ISSN: 1423-0445
    Keywords: growth inhibition ; phytochemical prospecting ; Meliaceae ; Lepidoptera ; Noctuidae ; Peridroma saucia ; Orthoptera ; Acrididae ; Melanoplus sanguinipes
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Summary Thirty-one species in twenty genera of the plant family Meliaceae were assayed for the production of growth-inhibiting phytochemicals, using the generalist herbivorePeridroma saucia. Most species were inhibitory when methanolic extracts were incorporated into artificial diets at concentrations at or below those occurring naturally. In general members of the subfamily Melioideae were more inhibitory than members of the Swietenioideae. Extracts of deciduous species with short leaf lifetimes were significantly more inhibitory than those of evergreen species with longer leaf lifetimes. In a smaller sample of species, evergreen species showed a trend towards having tougher leaves than deciduous species. These results support the resource availability hypothesis of Coleyet al. (1985), and suggest that life history attributes may be of some value in selecting plants for phytochemical prospecting.
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    Inter-specific avoidance of egg-associated semiochemicals in four tortricids (1993)
    Springer
    Cellular and molecular life sciences 49 (1993), S. 998-1001 
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    ISSN: 1420-9071
    Keywords: Lepidoptera ; Tortricidae ; synomone ; pheromone ; behavior ; oviposition ; Lobesia botrana ; Cydia pomonella ; Cydia molesta ; Eupoecilia ambiguella ; fatty acids ; esters of fatty acids
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Abstract Oviposition of four tortricid pests of vineyards (the European grapevine moth and the grape berry moth) and fruit orchards (the codling moth and the oriental fruit moth) is deterred by a blend of straight chain fatty acids and esters of fatty acids that have been identified in the eggs of one of them: the European grapevine moth (EGVM)Lobesia botrana. This is the first evidence of inter-specific recognition of an egg-like signal in moths. We demonstrate that oviposition site selection is influenced by population density, avoidance of deterrent being most important when females are isolated. Inter-specific egg recognition might be an important phenomenon, especially in species competing for a common food resource. We propose the term ‘oviposition regulating synomone’ for molecules and blends that affect the inter-specific spacing of eggs.
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    Apparent transgenerational effects of host plant in the leaf beetle Ophraella notulata (Coleoptera: Chrysomelidae) (1993)
    Springer
    Oecologia 96 (1993), S. 365-372 
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    ISSN: 1432-1939
    Keywords: Coleoptera ; Herbivory ; Host selection ; Maternal effect ; Paternal effect
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract The natural host of Ophraella notulata is Iva frutescens (Asteraceae); its close relative feeds on a related plant, Ambrosia artemisiifolia. We reared beetles on both plants, obtained progeny from the four possible crosses (two sexes X two parental hosts), and reared the progeny on both plant species. Survival to the imaginal stage of progeny reared on Iva varied with both maternal and paternal host. Hatchling feeding response to both plants showed a maternal host X paternal host interaction. Consumption of Ambrosia by adult beetles was, counter to expectation, higher for progeny of Iva-reared males than Ambrosia-reared males. Oviposition response, although based on too few data to be definitive, was peculiar: parental host did not affect oviposition on Ambrosia; on Iva daughters of Iva-reared males laid significantly more eggs than did daughters of Ambrosia-reared males, but only if they had been reared on Iva; those reared on Ambrosia displayed the reverse pattern. We discuss the possibility that nongenetic paternal transmission of host plant effects may explain these results, but offer a somewhat uncomfortable hypothesis of selection as a preferable explanation. An important outcome of the experiment is that it provided no evidence of maternal effects of host plant on offspring feeding or oviposition.
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    Determinants of predation on phytophagous insects: the importance of diet breadth (1993)
    Springer
    Oecologia 96 (1993), S. 575-582 
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    ISSN: 1432-1939
    Keywords: Diet specialization ; Host plant chemistry ; Lepidoptera ; Paraponera clavata ; Predation
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract To evaluate the role of predation in the evolution of diet specialization and to determine the effectiveness of various larval defenses, we offered lepidopteran larvae to colonies of the tropical ant Paraponera clavata. We recorded behavioral and physical characteristics of prey items and used log-linear models to analyze their importance as deterrents to predation by P. clavata. The most important determinant of probability of prey rejection by P. clavata was a prey's diet breadth; specialists were rejected by the ants significantly more than generalists. Other less important, but significant, predictors of prey rejection included ontogeny, morphology and chemistry. Late instar caterpillars were rejected more frequently than early instars, hairy caterpillars were rejected more frequently than caterpillars with other morphologies, and one caterpillar species with an unpalatable extract was rejected more frequently than two species with palatable extracts.
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    Propheromones derived from codlemone (1993)
    Springer
    Journal of chemical ecology 19 (1993), S. 1-9 
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    ISSN: 1573-1561
    Keywords: Insect pheromones ; C. pomonella ; C. nigricana ; Lepidoptera ; Tortricidae ; propheromone ; codlemone ; conjugated dienes ; pheromone protection ; pheromone release
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Abstract Tricarbonyl [(8,9,10,11-η-8,10-dodecadien-l-ol] iron and the corresponding acetate prepared from 8,10-dodecadien-1-ol or its acetate, comprise the protected double-bond system of the molecule. After coming in contact with ambient oxygen, the iron complexes in question slowly release the corresponding pheromones of, for example, the codling moth,Cydia pomonella, and the pea moth,Cydia nigricana in highE,E purity and amounts that are sufficient for pest monitoring. A simple dispenser for propheromone application is proposed. Results of release rates in laboratory conditions and field trials are given.
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    Effect of rearing temperature on pheromone component ratio in potato tuberworm moth,Phthorimaea operculella, (Lepidoptera: Gelechiidae) (1993)
    Springer
    Journal of chemical ecology 19 (1993), S. 71-81 
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    ISSN: 1573-1561
    Keywords: Sex pheromone ; pheromone components ratio ; (E,Z,Z)-4,7,10-tridecatrienyl acetate ; (E,Z)-4,7-tridecadienyl acetate ; rearing temperature ; Lepidoptera ; Gelechiidae ; potato tuberworm moth ; Phthorimaea operculella
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Abstract The ratio of two components in the sex pheromone of the potato tuberworm moth,Phthorimaea operculella, was influenced by the rearing temperature. The percentage of the (E,Z,Z)-4,7,10-tridecatrienyl acetate dropped as the rearing temperature was raised. The total amount of the pheromone did not change parallel with the change of ratio. The critical period sensitive to temperature seemed to be the pupal stage. Temperature in the larval stage may also influence the ratio slightly. The biological significance of the phenomenon was also discussed.
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    Relative importance of infochemicals from first and second trophic level in long-range host location by the larval parasitoidCotesia glomerata (1993)
    Springer
    Journal of chemical ecology 19 (1993), S. 47-59 
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    ISSN: 1573-1561
    Keywords: Hymenoptera ; Braconidae ; Lepidoptera ; Pieridae ; Cruciferae ; tritrophic interactions ; foraging behavior ; host-habitat location ; herbivoreinduced synomones ; flight chamber ; infochemicals
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Abstract Recently parasitoids were hypothesized to encounter a reliability-detectability problem relating to chemical stimuli from the first and second trophic level, when searching for hosts. The relative role of infochemicals originating from the host,Pieris brassicae (second trophic level), and its food plant, cabbage (first trophic level), have been investigated with respect to long-range host location by the larval parasitoidCotesia glomerata. Flight-chamber dual choice tests showed that uninfested cabbage plants are least attractive to female wasps. Host larvae and their feces were more attractive than clean plants but far less attractive than artificially damaged and herbivore-damaged plants. The plant-host complex, with host larvae actively feeding on the plant, was the most attractive odor source for the parasitoids. The data indicate that one of the solutionsC. glomerata uses to solve the reliability-detectability problem is to respond to infochemicals that are emitted from herbivore-damaged plants. Whether these infochemicals are herbivore-induced synomones that are produced by the plant remains to be demonstrated. Infochemicals emitted by the herbivore or its by-products are of little importance in the foraging behavior ofC. glomerata.
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    Impact of acidic deposition onEncelia farinosa gray (Compositae: Asteraceae) and feeding preferences ofTrirhabda geminata horn (Coleoptera: Chrysomelidae) (1993)
    Springer
    Journal of chemical ecology 19 (1993), S. 97-105 
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    ISSN: 1573-1561
    Keywords: Encelia farinosa ; Asteraceae ; Trirhabda geminata ; Coleoptera ; Chrysomelidae ; feeding preferences ; acidic deposition ; plant stress
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Abstract Container grownEncelia farinosa were exposed to three 3-hr episodes of acidic fog (pH 2.5) typical of events in southern California. Adults and larvae of the specialist leaf-feeding herbivore,Trirhabda geminata, preferred to feed on the acidic-treated foliage compared to control fogged (pH 6.3–6.5) foliage. Previous feeding damage on the plants did not affect feeding preference. The acidic-fogged foliage was significantly higher in total nitrogen and soluble protein but not different from control-treated tissue in water content. Stress on native populations of this drought-deciduous shrub caused by atmospheric pollutants may also result in altered feeding ecology of the beetle.
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    Physiological sources of variation in chemical defense ofOreina gloriosa (Coleoptera: Chrysomelidae) (1993)
    Springer
    Journal of chemical ecology 19 (1993), S. 395-410 
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    ISSN: 1573-1561
    Keywords: Oreina gloriosa ; Coleoptera ; Chrysomelidae ; chemical defense ; cardenolides ; quantitative variation ; aging ; HPLC
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Abstract The defensive secretion of the alpine chrysomelidOreina gloriosa is a complex mixture of mainly cardenolides and tyrosine betaine. Individually sampled secretions of adult laboratory-reared and field-collected beetles were analyzed by reverse-phase HPLC; 16 secretion components were quantified. Quantities and concentrations of different components were significantly affected by the age, sex, and reproductive status of individual beetles. Aging was correlated with marked increases (up to 4.4-fold) and decreases (up to 2.7-fold) of quantities and concentrations of several components. Differences between the sexes were smaller, but quantities of all components and concentrations of several components were larger in laboratory-reared females than in males. There was less of one component of the secretion in mated than unmated females, but the concentrations of four secretion components were higher (up to 1.6-fold) in mated females.
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    Toxicity of allyl isothiocyanate-amended soil toLimonius californicus (Mann.) (Coleoptera: Elateridae) wireworms (1993)
    Springer
    Journal of chemical ecology 19 (1993), S. 1033-1046 
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    ISSN: 1573-1561
    Keywords: Rapeseed ; Brassica spp. ; allyl isothiocyanate ; glucosinolates ; allelochemicals ; Limonius californicus (Mann.) ; Coleoptera ; Elateridae ; toxicity ; sublethal effects
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Abstract Acute toxicity of soil amended with allyl isothiocyanate (AITC) to three size classes ofLimonius californicus (Mann.) wireworms was determined in the laboratory. Wireworms were exposed to AITC at initial concentrations of 120–300 nmol/g soil for one day. During this time, extractable AITC concentrations decreased by 66 to 93 %. Probit analysis estimated LC50 values of 238 and 226 nmol/g soil at one day posttreatment for medium and large wireworms, respectively. For small wireworms, LC50 values decreased from 211 to 157 nmol/g soil during 1–137 days posttreatment. Sublethal concentrations of AITC significantly reduced feeding activity of treated wireworms at three posttreatment times and over the entire 137 days. Wireworm weight was not significantly affected by AITC. The potential exists to use glucosinolate-containing plant tissue as an isothiocyanate (ITC) source to reduce crop damage caused byL. californicus wireworms.
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    Diterpene resin acids: Major active principles in tall oil against Variegated cutworm,Peridroma saucia (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae) (1993)
    Springer
    Journal of chemical ecology 19 (1993), S. 1075-1084 
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    ISSN: 1573-1561
    Keywords: Tall oil ; resin acids ; abietic acid ; dehydroabietic acid ; isopimaric acid ; Peridroma saucia ; Lepidoptera ; Noctuidae ; variegated cutworm ; bioactivity ; natural insecticide
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Abstract Tall oil, a by-product of the kraft process for pulping softwood, has been shown to have insecticidal properties. In the present study, the active principles in tall oil against the variegated cutworm,Peridroma saucia Hübner, were investigated. GC-MS analysis showed that abietic, dehydroabietic, and isopimaric acids were major resin acid components of crude tall oil and depitched tall oil. When crude tall oil samples of differing resin acid composition were incorporated into artificial diet at a concentration of 2.0% fresh weight, they suppressed larval growth by 45–60% compared to controls. This suppression was significantly (P≤0.05) correlated with the equivalent contents of abietic, dehydroabietic, isopimaric, and total resin acids. These results were also evident from a diet choice test, showing that the second-instar larvae obviously selected diets with low levels of resin acids when different diets were randomly arranged in a Petri dish. Bioassays with pure resin acids (abietic, dehydroabietic, and isopimaric acids) demonstrated that all individual chemicals have similar bioactivity against this insect. Comparison of the bioactivities of depitched tall oil and an equivalent mixture of pure resin acids in thePeridroma chronic growth bioassay indicated that pure resin acids and depitched tall oil share a common mode of action to this insect. This study confirms that resin acids are major active principles in tall oil against the variegated cutworm, but other chemicals likely also contribute to the bioactivity of tall oil.
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    Host recognition by entomopathogenic nematodes: Behavioral response to contact with host feces (1993)
    Springer
    Journal of chemical ecology 19 (1993), S. 1219-1231 
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    ISSN: 1573-1561
    Keywords: Host recognition behavior ; entomopathogenic nematodes ; feces ; Spodoptera exigua ; Lepidoptera ; Noctuidae ; Popillia japonica ; Coleoptera ; Scarabaeidae ; Blattella germanica ; Blatteria ; BlattellidaeAcheata domesticus ; Orthoptera ; Gryllidae
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Abstract Host recognition by entomopathogenic nematodes may occur through contact with insects' excretory products, cuticle, or gut contents. We analyzed the behavioral responses of four species of entomopathogenic nematodes during contact with feces of natural or experimental hosts. Host recognition by nematodes was manifested in alterations in the frequency and/or duration of one or more search parameters including forward crawling, headwaving, body-waving, stopping, backward crawling, head-rubbing, and headthrusting.Heterorhabditis bacteriophora andSteinernema glaseri showed behavioral responses to contact with feces of their natural hosts,Spodoptera exigua (Lepidoptera) andPopillia japonica (Coleoptera), and to the experimental hosts,Acheata domesticus (Orthoptera) andBlatella germanica (Blatteria).Steinernema carpocapsae responded only toB. germanica feces, whereas5. scapterisci did not significantly respond to any of the insect species. During contact with cockroach feces, all nematodes, exceptS. scapterisci, showed avoidance behavior. We suggest that ammonia present in cockroach feces is inhibitory to nematodes. Specific host recognition by entomopathogenic nematodes may be an important mechanism to maintain host affinities.
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    Effects of nitrogen and Douglas-fir allelochemicals on development of the gypsy moth,Lymantria dispar (1993)
    Springer
    Journal of chemical ecology 19 (1993), S. 1245-1263 
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    ISSN: 1573-1561
    Keywords: Artificial diet ; herbivory ; nitrogen ; Lymantria dispar ; Lepidoptera ; Lymantriidae ; monoterpenes ; nutritional ecology ; phenolics ; Pseudotsuga menziesii
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Abstract Two experiments were conducted to examine the influence of foliar nitrogen, terpenes, and phenolics of Douglas-fir on the development of gypsy moth larvae. In the first experiment, foliar concentrations of nitrogen and allelochemicals were manipulated by fertilizing 3-year-old potted seedlings with 0 or 200 ppm nitrogen. Concentrations of foliar nitrogen (0.33–2.38%) were negatively correlated with the phenolics (15.8–24.4 mg/g). Sixth-instar larvae previously reared on current-year Douglas-fir needles were allowed to feed on these seedlings. Pupal weights (312.8–995.6 mg) were positively correlated with levels of foliar nitrogen, negatively correlated with amounts of foliar phenolics, and uncorrelated with terpene concentrations. In the second experiment, terpene and phenolic extracts from Douglas-fir foliage were incorporated at natural levels into artificial diets with high and low levels of protein nitrogen. Neonate larvae grew faster and were larger on the high nitrogen control diet (4.1–4.5%), however, fourth instars performed better on the control diet with low nitrogen levels (2.5–2.7%). Foliar terpenes incorporated into diet had little effect on neonate fitness, but may induce subtle physiological changes in later instar larvae. Phenolics, alone or in combination with terpenes, excessively suppressed growth and survival, with no individuals living through the fourth instar, regardless of the nitrogen level. Incorporating foliar phenolic extracts into artificial diet caused unnatural levels of toxicity and failed to clarify the effects of Douglas-fir phenolics on gypsy moth fitness. Foliar nitrogen is a key factor influencing gypsy moth development on Douglas fir, but may be mitigated to some degree by phenolics.
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    Cardenolides fromErysimum cheiranthoides: Feeding deterrents toPieris rapae larvae (1993)
    Springer
    Journal of chemical ecology 19 (1993), S. 1355-1369 
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    ISSN: 1573-1561
    Keywords: Pieris rapae ; Erysimum cheiranthoides ; feeding deterrents ; cardenolides ; digitoxigenin 3-O-β-D-glucoside ; glucodigigulomethyloside ; glucodigifucoside ; erychroside ; cheirotoxin ; strophanthidin glycosides ; digitoxigenin glycosides ; Lepidoptera ; Pyridae
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Abstract Larvae of the cabbage butterfly,Pieris rapae, refuse to feed on the wild mustard,Erysimum cheiranthoides, due to the presence of alcoholextractable deterrents. The active components were extracted inton-BuOH, and this extract was separated into four fractions (I–IV) by reverse-phase HPLC. Fractions III and IV retained the feeding deterrent activity. The activity of fraction III was found to be due to the cardenolide diglycosides 1 and 2, which were previously reported as oviposition deterrents for gravidP. rapae butterflies. Three active compounds were isolated from fraction IV by column chromatography on silica gel followed by reverse-phase HPLC. These compounds were identified as a monoglycoside, digitoxigenin 3-O-β-D-glucoside (4), and two diglycosides, glucodigigulomethyloside (5) and glucodigifucoside (6). An additional cardenolide isolated from fraction II was identified as cheirotoxin (7). All compounds were identified by UV, NMR (1H and13C), and mass spectrometry, as well as hydrolysis experiments. The feeding deterrent activity of these compounds was compared with that of related commercially available chemicals and other compounds isolated fromE. cheiranthoides.
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    Unusual periodicity of sex pheromone production in the large black chaferHolotrichia parallela (1993)
    Springer
    Journal of chemical ecology 19 (1993), S. 1381-1391 
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    ISSN: 1573-1561
    Keywords: Holotrichia parallela ; large black chafer ; scarab beetle ; Coleoptera ; Scarabaeidae ; isoleucine methyl ester ; linalool ; sex pheromone ; circabidian periodicity ; pheromone titer
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Abstract (R)-(−)-Linalool was identified as a minor component sex pheromone of the scarab beetleHolotrichia parallela (Coleoptera: Scarabaeidae). Field evaluations revealed that, although not attractive per se, (R)-(−)-linalool enhances the attractiveness of the major sex pheromone,L-isoleucine methyl ester (LIME). Analyses of the pheromone titers in the glands of field-collected females demonstrated the occurrence of peak levels of 48-hr (“circabidian”) periodicity. The levels of LIME in the glands of 45-day-old virgin females increased over three times from the scototo the photophase of a calling day, but the amounts of (R)-(−)-linalool did not significantly change. Virgin females had in average two times more LIME and 3.6 times more (R)-(−)-linalool than the average amount found in the field-captured beetles throughout the season.
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    Field evaluation ofAnomala schonfeldti ohaus (Coleoptera: Scarabaeidae) synthetic sex pheromone (1993)
    Springer
    Journal of chemical ecology 19 (1993), S. 1453-1459 
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    ISSN: 1573-1561
    Keywords: Anomala schonfeldti ; Popillia japonica ; scarab beetle ; Coleoptera ; Scarabaeidae ; 2-(E)-nonenol ; sex pheromone ; mark-and-recapture ; field test ; mass trapping
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Abstract Synthetic 2-(E)-nonenol, previously identified as the sex pheromone ofAnomala schonfeldti (Coleoptera: Scarabaeidae), is demonstrated to be very attractive to males in the field. Nevertheless, no significant differences were found between treatments with 1, 5, 10, and 20 mg dosages. Males ofA. schonfeldti were more significantly attracted to traps at 30 cm high than at 90 cm. Although the observed behavior seemed to indicate a trend of more attraction to buried traps than those placed at 30 cm, there was no statistical difference between the two treatments. Pheromone-baited traps caught significantly more beetles than traps containing three virgin females. Over 70% of released beetles were recaptured in six traps surrounding the point of release and separated from each other by 50 m, suggesting a possible use of the pheromone (in combination with floral compounds) in mass trapping.
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    2-hydroxy-4,7-dimethoxy-1,4-benzoxazin-3-one (N-O-Me-DIMBOA), a possible toxic factor in corn to the southwestern corn borer (1993)
    Springer
    Journal of chemical ecology 19 (1993), S. 531-542 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-1561
    Keywords: Corn ; Zea mays (L.) ; southwestern bora borer ; Diatraea grandiosella ; Dyar ; Lepidoptera ; Pyralidae ; feeding resistance ; 2-hydroxy-4,7-dimethoxy-1,4-benzoxazin-3-one ; N-O-Me-DIMBOA
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Abstract The southwestern corn borer (SWCB),Diatraea grandiosella Dyar, is a major pest of corn,Zea mays L., in the southern United States. The damage to corn is caused primarily by larval feeding on leaf, ear, and stem tissues. In this study, 2-hydroxy-4,7-dimethoxy-1,4-benzoxazin-3-one (N-O-Me-DIMBOA) was identified by MS and NMR as present in corn whorl surface waxes. This compound has evidently not been isolated previously, but its glucoside has been reported in corn, wheat, andCoix lachryma. It is present in the waxes in a higher concentration than DIMBOA (2,4-dihydroxy-7-methoxy-1,4-benzoxazin-3-one) and 6-MBOA (6-methoxybenzoxazolinone). It was toxic to the SWCB in a stress diet, but it was less toxic to this insect than 6-MBOA when incorporated in the standard rearing diet. Nevertheless, it may have some role in the resistance of corn to the SWCB because the total surface wax content is higher in resistant lines than in susceptible lines.
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    Pyrrolizidine alkaloids in the arctiid mothHyalurga syma (1993)
    Springer
    Journal of chemical ecology 19 (1993), S. 669-679 
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    ISSN: 1573-1561
    Keywords: Pyrrolizidine alkaloids ; alkaloid sequestration ; alkaloid transformation ; Boraginaceae ; Heliotropium transalpinum, Heliotropium peruvianum ; Lepidoptera ; Arctiidae ; Pericopinae ; Hyalurga syma ; chemical defense ; Araneidae ; Nephila clavipes ; orb-weaving spider
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Abstract The arctiid mothHyalurga syma (subfamily Pericopinae) sequesters pyrrolizidine alkaloids (PAs) from its larval food plantHeliotropium transalpinum (Boraginaceae). Colorimetric quantification of total PAs in the larvae, pupae, and adults ofHyalurga revealed mean values of about 286–445μg per individual (1.4–2.6% of dry weight). The PA mixtures found in the moth and its larval food plant were evaluated by GC-MS. Food-piant leaves were found to contain the diastereoisomeric retronecine esters indicine (IIIa), intermedine (IIIb), and lycopsamine (IIIc), and the heliotridine ester rinderine (IIId) only as minor constituents, whereas 3′-acetylrinderine (IVc) (68% of total PAs) and the respective 3′-acetyl esters of indicine (IVa) and intermedine (IVb) (both 17%) were the major alkaloids. Supinine (IIa) is detectable in traces only. The PA mixtures in eggs, larvae, pupae, and imagines ofHyalurga were identical: indicine, intermedine, and lycopsamine accompanied by considerable amounts of supinine and amabiline or coromandalinine (IIb/IIc) were the major components. Only larvae were found to store small quantities of a 3′-acetyl derivative. Rinderine and its 3′-acetyl ester were never found in the insects. Low concentrations of the arctiidspecific PA callimorphine (I) were present in larvae, pupae, and imagines. The differences in the PA patterns of the insects and their larval food plant suggest thatHyalurga is capable of modifying plant-derived PAs by inversion of the 7-OH configuration (conversion of the necine base heliotridine into retronecine), and perhaps the inversion of the 3′-OH [conversion of (+)-trachelanthic acid into (−)-viridifloric acid], although the possibility of a selective sequestration of the respective retronecine esters cannot be excluded. Some trials with the orb-weaving spiderNephila clavipes, a common neotropical predator, showed that both freshly emerged and field-caught adults ofHyalurga syma are liberated unharmed by the spider. The liberation could be related to the presence of PAs in the moths.
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    Structure-activity correlations among analogs of the currant clearwing moth pheromone (1993)
    Springer
    Journal of chemical ecology 19 (1993), S. 735-750 
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    ISSN: 1573-1561
    Keywords: Pheromone analogs ; (E,Z)-2,13-octadecadien-1-yl acetate ; EAG ; gas chromatography ; vapor pressure ; currant clearwing moth ; Synanthedon tipuliformis Clerk ; Lepidoptera ; Sesiidae
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Abstract Eleven analogs of (E,Z)-2,13-octadecadien-1-yl acetate1, a main pheromone component of the currant clearwing moth,Synanthedon tipuliformis Clerk (Lepidoptera: Sesiidae) were synthesized and tested for their biological activities by electroantennography (EAG). To correct the EAG data for differences in volatility of the analogs, their vapor pressures were estimated by a gas chromatographic method. All structural changes in the parent molecule were found to reduce the biological activity to various degrees. The most active analog tested was the carbamate12, whose activity was almost comparable to that of the pheromone component1. Structure-activity correlations showed that hydrophobic, steric, and electronic effects of chain terminal groups might be responsible for variations in biological activity of the conformationally unchanged (E,Z)-2,13-analogs
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    Dabbing and shooting of benzo- and naphthoquinone secretions: Defensive strategies of bark-inhabiting aleocharine (col.: Staphylinidae) and tenebrionid (col.: Tenebrionidae) beetle larvae (1993)
    Springer
    Journal of chemical ecology 19 (1993), S. 1337-1354 
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    ISSN: 1573-1561
    Keywords: Coleoptera ; Staphylinidae ; Tenebrionidae ; larvae ; defensive glands ; quinone ; naphthoquinone ; taxonomy
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Abstract The abdominal glands of three bark-inhabiting larvae of generaBolitochara, Leptusa (Staphylinidae), andHypophloeus (Tenebrionidae) were studied chemically and morphologically. Behavior of the larvae indicated that secretion is emitted only after severe disturbance of the larvae. These mechanical contacts may also occur incidentally with coinhabiting nonpredatory arthropods when the beetle larvae move within small interstices under bark. Depending on the species, the secretions contained 1,4-benzoquinone derivatives and three 6-alkyl-naphthoquinones dissolved within various alkanes, alkenes, ethyl-, isopropyl-, and isoamylesters. More erratically distributed gland constituents also detected were acetophenone, benzyl propionate, and methyl hydroxybenzoate. In the laboratory, synthetic quinone-containing solutions simulating those found inLeptusa andBolitochara larvae acted as strong topical irritants and caused further damage to last-stageCalliphora vomitoria larvae if hydrocarbons or esters were used as solvents. The natural secretions ofHypophloeus versipellis elicited considerable mortality in two subcortical sciarid larvae cooccurring with tenebrionid larvae. Bioassay and secretion chemistry of the Staphylinidae/Tenebrionidae larval secretions indicated that they are typical defensive secretions that act topically. Morphological data characterized Bolitocharini larvae as possessing protuberant abdominal tergites supplied with an interiorly situated gland reservoir. After mechanical contact, the defensive secretion is topically applied to other arthropods by dabbing this tergal protuberance on targets. The defensive gland ofHypophloeus versipellis is unusual in possessing a movable reservoir opening situated at the anterior border of tergite IX. By this peculiar gland morphologyHypophloeus larvae are capable of shooting secretion droplets frontally from their slightly depressed dorsal abdominal surface without bending their abdominal tips dorsally. This seems an adaptation to the interstitial habitat of the larvae. The types of defensive glands and their phylogenetic value in Aleocharinae/Tenebrionidae larvae are discussed.
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    Response on the ground of bark beetle and weevil species colonizing conifer stumps and roots to terpenes and ethanol (1993)
    Springer
    Journal of chemical ecology 19 (1993), S. 1393-1403 
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    ISSN: 1573-1561
    Keywords: Hylastes cunicularius ; Hylastes brunneus ; Hylastes opacus ; Dryocoetes autographus ; Hylobius abietis ; Hylobius pinastri ; α-pinene ; terpenes ; turpentine ; ethanol ; ground traps ; Coleoptera ; Scolytidae ; Curculionidae
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Abstract Responses of threeHylastes species,Dryocoetes autographus, and twoHylobius species to terpenes and ethanol were studied in field experiments on clear-cut forest sites in Sweden using baited ground traps.α-Pinene alone did not attract any of the six species. A terpene blend (spruce turpentine consisting mainly ofα-pinene,β-pinene, and 3-carene) attractedHylastes cunicularius, H. brunneus, andHylobius abietis in some experiments, but not in others. The attractiveness of ethanol also varied; the only species consistently attracted wasH. abietis. Baits containing both terpenes and ethanol, particularly the combination of spruce turpentine and ethanol, were attractive to all species exceptHylobius pinastri. InH. abietis, the terpene plus ethanol/ ethanol catch ratios increased during early summer. Seasonal differences in catch levels were observed inH. cunicularius andH. abietis. The addition ofα-pinene reduced the attractiveness of the combination of spruce turpentine and ethanol toH. cunicularius, H. opacus, andD. autographus. The differences in response to the volatiles between species are probably related to differences in reproductive behavior and host preferences.
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    Trail and arena marking by caterpillars ofArchips cerasivoranus (lepidoptera: Tortricidae) (1993)
    Springer
    Journal of chemical ecology 19 (1993), S. 1479-1489 
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    ISSN: 1573-1561
    Keywords: Archips cerasivoranus ; Yponomeuta cagnagella ; trail following ; silk ; trail pheromone ; Lepidoptera ; Tortricidae
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Abstract The activity ofArchips cerasivoranus caterpillars is largely limited to their colonial silk web and trails. Silk pulled directly from the spinnerets of caterpillars and wound onto paper strips to form artificial trails elicited locomotion from the larvae. Trails made from extracts of silk and silk glands also elicited locomotion. These and other observations reported here indicate that the caterpillars are responsive to a water-soluble pheromone that is a component of the silk strand. Marker pheromones appear not to be secreted from other regions of the body, as has been reported for some other trail-following caterpillars.
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    Electrophysiological and behavioral responses of turnip moth males,Agrotis segetum to fluorinated pheromone analogs (1993)
    Springer
    Journal of chemical ecology 19 (1993), S. 143-157 
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    ISSN: 1573-1561
    Keywords: Agrotis segetum ; Lepidoptera ; Noctuidae ; (Z)-5-decenyl acetate ; fluorinated analogs ; behavioral activity ; electrophysiological activity ; flight tunnel ; single sensillum recording ; field test ; lipophobicity ; lipid solubility ; structure-activity analysis ; pheromone
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Abstract The electrophysiological and behavioral responses of maleAgrotis segetum to fluorinated analogs of (Z)-5-decenyl acetate (Z5-10∶OAc) were investigated. The single sensillum recordings showed that 4,4-difluoro-(Z)-5-decenyl acetate (4,4-F2), 7,7-difluoro-(Z)-5-decenyl acetate (7,7-F2), 10,10,10-trifluoro-(Z)-5-decenyl acetate (10,10,10-F3) and 7,7,8,8-tetrafluoro-(Z)-5-decenyl acetate (7,7,8,8-F4) were each 100-fold less active than the natural Z5-10 ∶ OAc, whereas the 7,7,8,8,9,9,10,10,10-nonafluoro-(Z)-5-decenyl acetate (F9) analog was essentially inactive. A mixture of Z5-10 ∶ OAc, Z7-12 ∶ OAc, and Z9-14 ∶ OAc on a filter paper dispenser was as attractive as female gland extracts when tested in a flight tunnel. With Z5-10∶OAc omitted, the two-component mixture elicited a significantly lower male response. Four analogs, 7,7-F2, 10,10,10-F3, 7,7,8,8-F4, and F9, were added separately to the two-component mixture to replace Z5-10∶OAc. The responses elicited by the mixtures containing the 7,7-F2, 10,10,10-F3, and 7,7,8,8-F4 analogs did not differ significantly from that of the natural three-component mixture and the two-component mixture, whereas the mixture containing F9 elicited a significantly lower male response, as low as the response to the two-component mixture. In a field test the mixtures containing 10,10,10-F3 and 7,7,8,8-F4 were significantly more active than the two-component mixture, but still less active than the natural three-component mixture. It appears that field tests provided greater discrimination among pheromone analogs in assessing their behavioral activity than the flight-tunnel test did. Structure-activity analyses demonstrate the importance of the lipophilic interaction between the terminal alkyl chain and the receptor site for the activity of the stimulus. The lipophobicity of the fluorinated analogs impedes a productive receptor interaction.
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    Geometrical and optical isomerism of pheromones in two sympatricDryocoetes species (Coleoptera: Scolytidae), mediates species specificity and response level (1993)
    Springer
    Journal of chemical ecology 19 (1993), S. 2169-2182 
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    ISSN: 1573-1561
    Keywords: Semiochemicals ; pheromones ; Dryocoetes confusus ; Dryocoetes affaber ; Coleoptera ; Scolytidae ; enantiomers ; diastereoisomers ; exo-brevicomin ; endo-brevicomin
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Abstract In a field-trapping experiment, western balsam bark beetles,Dryocoetes confusus Swaine, were highly attracted to a 5∶1 mixture of (±)-exo-and (±)-endo-brevicomin. Beetles in the sympatric speciesD. affaber (Mann.), were best attracted to a 1∶1 blend of these semiochemicals [either (±)∶(±) or (±)∶(±)], suggesting that both geometrical isomers are pheromone components in these species. In laboratory bioassays and further field experiments, attraction ofD. confusus was greatest when the (+) enantiomers of both geometrical isomers of brevicomin were presented in a 9∶1 ratio. Responses by maleD. confusus to attractive mixtures were reduced in the presence of (−)-exo-brevicomin. Exploitation of the complete range of variability in pheromone structure (both geometrical and optical isomerism) would allow for optimization and regulation of response levels within a species and also could maintain reproductive isolation among sympatric congeneric species primarily through production and response to species-specific blends.
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    Stereospecific antennal response by red turpentine beetle,Dendroctonus valens to chiral monoterpenes from ponderosa pine resin (1993)
    Springer
    Journal of chemical ecology 19 (1993), S. 2193-2202 
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    ISSN: 1573-1561
    Keywords: Coleoptera ; Scolytidae ; Dendroctonus valens ; EAG ; electroantennogram ; enantiomer ; kairomone ; host attraction ; bark beetle ; α-pinene ; β-pinene
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Abstract The antennal response ofDendroctonus valens to host monoterpenes from the resin of ponderosa pine was studied using the electroantennogram (EAG) technique. Male and female beetles were given a single dose of each of 11 different monoterpenes. Response amplitude to the different compounds did not vary between sexes and was generally well correlated with results from field attraction studies. Response to (S)-(−)-β-pinene was greatest. The relative amplitude of the responses to the (R)-(+) and (S)-(−) enantiomers of a-pinene, however, were reversed from their relative attractiveness in the field. A dose-response study was conducted for the (R)-(+) and (S) -(−) enantiomers of a-pinene, plus a reciprocal differential saturation test with successive doses of first one enantiomer ofα-pinene and then the other. Comparison of EAG traces suggests different receptors for the two stereoisomers ofα-pinene. Differential saturation curves suggest that while one set of receptors may respond to both enantiomers, some receptors respond only to the (S)-(−) enantiomer.
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    Aggregation pheromone ofCarpophilus antiquus (Coleoptera: Nitidulidae) and kairomonal use ofC. lugubris pheromone byC. antiquus (1993)
    Springer
    Journal of chemical ecology 19 (1993), S. 2203-2216 
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    ISSN: 1573-1561
    Keywords: Carpophilus antiquus ; C. lugubris ; C. freemani ; Coleoptera ; Nitidulidae ; pheromone ; kairomone ; hydrocarbon ; tetraene
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Abstract Males ofCarpophilus antiquus Melsheimer (Coleoptera: Nitidulidae) emit an aggregation pheromone that was found to be a novel hydrocarbon, (3E,5E,7E,9E)-6,8-diethyl-4-methyl-3,5,7,9-dodecatetraene. A synthetic scheme and spectra (mass and proton NMR) are given for the compound. Beetles produced the pheromone when feeding on a variety of media, including the brewer's yeast-based artificial diet, fermenting whole-wheat bread dough, corn, and prunes; live baker's yeast was generally added to the food media. Males held individually produced, on average, 25 × more pheromone per beetle than males held in groups of 10 or more. Pheromone was not produced until males were at least 5 days old but was still detected from the oldest beetles tested (47 days). In field tests, the pheromone was attractive to both sexes ofC. antiquus, and it was synergized by food volatiles: A combination of pheromone and fermenting whole wheat dough attracted 2.5× more beetles than pheromone alone, but dough by itself was not significantly more attractive than the control. Semiochemical interactions were studied amongC. antiquus and two other sympatric species for which pheromones are known,C. lugubris Murray andC. freemani Dobson.C. antiquus responded readily to the pheromone ofC. lugubris, but all other interspecific responses to the pheromones were weak. In a sample of naturally infested corn ears, the presence ofC. antiquus was strongly associated with the presence ofC. lugubris, as would be expected if the pheromone ofC. lugubris serves as a kairomone forC. antiquus.
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    Constituents of wing gland and abdominal hair pencil secretions of male African sugarcane borer,Eldana saccharina walker (Lepidoptera: Pyralidae) (1993)
    Springer
    Journal of chemical ecology 19 (1993), S. 2255-2277 
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    ISSN: 1573-1561
    Keywords: Eldana saccharina ; Lepidoptera ; Pyralidae ; exocrine secretions ; sex pheromone ; aggregation pheromone ; electroantennograms ; electroantennographic detection ; NMR
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Abstract In addition totrans-3,7-dimethyl-6-octen-4-olide (eldanolide), vanillin, and 4-hydroxybenzaldehyde, identified by French workers in the wing gland and abdominal hair pencil secretions of the male African sugarcane borer,Eldana saccharina, we have, in an earlier note, reported the presence of several other terpenoid, aromatic, and unbranched-chain compounds such as, (Z)-3,7-dimethylocta-2,6-dienoic acid, 6,10,14-trimethyl-2-pentadecanol, 4-hydroxy-3-methoxybenzyl alcohol, 1-octadecane thiol, 16-hexadecanolide, and 18-octadecanolide in these secretions. In the present paper experimental details and spectral evidence supporting the identification of these compounds, as well as the identification of (Z)-9-hexadecenal and cw-3,7-di-methyl-6-octen-4-olide (cis-eldanolide), are reported. Using electroantennography it was found that male and female antennae reacted approximately equally strongly to both secretions. This result was confirmed in analyses of the secretions using coupled gas chromatography-electroantennography and it was found that male as well as female antennae responded to eldanolide. Vanillin, substituted phenols related to vanillin, and some oxygenated monoterpenes elicited weak responses in male and female antennae. In some analyses 6,10,14-trimethyl-2-pentadecanol, present in the secretions of the insect, gave a strong antennal response. The results obtained in dynamic and static headspace determinations showed that several of the organic compounds present in the glandular secretions are released in detectable quantities and are present in widely varying quantitative ratios in the effluvia of individual calling male moths.
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    Diel rhythms of calling behavior and pheromone production of oriental tobacco budworm moth,Helicoverpa assulta (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae) (1993)
    Springer
    Journal of chemical ecology 19 (1993), S. 2953-2963 
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    ISSN: 1573-1561
    Keywords: Helicoverpa assulta ; sex pheromone ; calling ; diel periodicity ; Lepidoptera ; Noctuidae ; (Z)-9-hexadecenal ; hexadecanal ; (Z)-11-hexadecenal ; (Z)-9-hexadecenyl acetate
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Abstract Both calling behavior and titer of (Z)-9-hexadecenal (Z9-16: Al), the major sex pheromone component ofHelicoverpa assulta, in pheromone glands showed distinct diel periodicity, and these two were synchronous. Calling was most actively performed and the pheromone titer reached a maximum from 2 to 6 h after lights-off. During photophase, no calling was shown and only a relatively small amount of Z9-16:A1 was detected. However, there was a time lag of a few days between peak calling activity and maximum pheromone titer. The pheromone titer was maximal from age 1 day to age 5 days and thereafter decreased while calling was most actively performed after age 3 days. Titers of three minor components, hexadecenal, (Z)-11-hexadecenal, and (Z)-9-hexadecenyl acetate, showed similar daily fluctuation patterns to that of Z9-16:Al, but relative to the titer of Z9-16:Al, the titer of the two aldehyde components remained relatively constant whereas that ofZ9-16:Ac increased in the late scotophase.
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    Behavioral and electrophysiological responses of the banana weevilCosmopolites sordidus to host plant volatiles (1993)
    Springer
    Journal of chemical ecology 19 (1993), S. 267-277 
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    ISSN: 1573-1561
    Keywords: Coleoptera ; Curculionidae ; Cosmopolites sordidus ; banana ; weevil ; Musa sp. ; pseudostem ; rhizome ; EAG ; olfactometer
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Abstract Male and femaleCosmopolites sordidus were attracted to freshly cut banana rhizome and pseudostem in a still-air olfactometer. Females responded similarly to odors from a comparatively resistant and from a susceptible cultivar of banana, when presented as either freshly cut tissue or as Porapak-trapped volatiles. Females were also attracted to rotting banana pseudostem and to volatiles collected from it. Males and females gave similar responses to host tissue in both the behavioral bioassay and to collected volatiles in EAG recordings. Weevils did not respond, either behaviorally or electrophysiologically, to a synthetic mixture of mono- and sesqiterpenes, which made up over 9% of the volatiles collected from pseudostem.
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    Olfactory receptor cell responses ofIps grandicollis (eichhoff) (Coleoptera: Scolytidae) to intra- and interspecific behavioral chemicals (1993)
    Springer
    Journal of chemical ecology 19 (1993), S. 699-712 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-1561
    Keywords: Ips ; Dendroctonus ; Coleoptera ; Scolytidae ; interspecific attraction ; behavioral chemicals ; single olfactory cells ; electrophysiology ; pheromones
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Abstract Electrophysiological recordings from antennal olfactory receptor cells were obtained fromIps grandicollis. Recordings were made from olfactory receptor cells from nine regions of the antennae in response to stimulation with the semiochemicalsα-pinene, frontalin,endo-brevicomin, verbenone,trans-verbenol,cis-verbenol, ipsdienol, and ipsenol. In many cases, up to two cells were recorded concurrently from the same location. When compared to males, females had a greater percentage of cells responsive to the primary pheromones ofDendroctonus frontalis, frontalin andtrans-verbenol, and ofIps spp., ipsdienol and ipsenol. Among females, more cells responded totrans-verbenol and theIps-produced volatiles than to host or otherD. frontalis-produced compounds. Olfactory cells of males responded mostly tocis-verbenol, followed byα-pinene, verbenone,trans-verbenol, andendo-brevicomin. Of those cells responsive primarily to one compound, the greatest percentage were responsive totrans-verbenol in females and to verbenone in males. The response of the antennal olfactory receptor cells to semiochemicals used by male and femaleI. grandicollis is consistent with the presence of these compounds during the host colonization period for each sex. Our results, which show a lack of specificity in most pheromone and host odor receptor cells, is in contrast with previously published accounts of olfactory receptor cell specificity in otherIps species.
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    Sex pheromone catabolism in the redbanded leafroller moth (1993)
    Springer
    Journal of chemical ecology 19 (1993), S. 751-762 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-1561
    Keywords: Lepidoptera ; Tortricidae ; Argyrotaenia velutinana ; tritiated pheromone ; 11-tetradecenyl acetate ; sensory biochemistry ; catabolism
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Abstract Tritium-labeled components of the red-banded leaf-roller female sex pheromone, (Z)- and (E)-[11,12-3H2]-11-tetradecenyl acetate (57 Ci/mmol), applied to antennae of males and females were degraded causing formation of tritiated 11-tetradecenol, 11-tetradecenoic acid, and water. Results indicate that the catabolic pathway involves acetate hydrolysis, oxidation of alcohol to fatty acid, and degradation of the acid viaβ-oxidation. Both geometric isomers were degraded equally well by males but degradation proceeded comparatively less rapidly with female antennae. It is surmised that under natural conditions of olfactory sensing, sex pheromone impinging upon the moth's antennae is probably subject to a similar catabolic fate.
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    Evidence for allelochemical attraction of the coffee berry borer,Hypothenemus hampei, by coffee berries (1993)
    Springer
    Journal of chemical ecology 19 (1993), S. 763-769 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-1561
    Keywords: Coleoptera ; Scolytidae ; Hypothenemus hampei ; host selection ; kairomones ; olfaction ; Coffea sp
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Abstract Petri dish choice tests conducted on the coffee berry borer (CBB),Hypothenemus hampei, showed that females were able to discriminate between coffee berries at different ripening stages. A Y-shaped glass olfactometer was used to demonstrate that coffee berries emitted volatile chemicals that elicited upwind movement by female CBB. Olfactometer tests with three different solvent extracts of berries showed that at least some of the attractive chemical(s) released by the coffee berries could be extracted with acetone.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00985007
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    The effect of short-range host odor stimuli on host fruit finding and feeding behavior of plum curculio adults (Coleoptera: Curculionidae) (1993)
    Springer
    Journal of chemical ecology 19 (1993), S. 825-835 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-1561
    Keywords: Conotrachelus nenuphar ; Coleoptera ; Curculionidae ; host odor ; host location ; feeding
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Abstract In laboratory assays, we investigated responses of female plum curculios (PCs),Conotrachelus nenuphar (Herbst), to host and nonhost fruit or leaf odor when PCs were crawling on experimental tree branchlets or twigs. In choice tests where test specimens were hung from the ends of a wooden crosspiece, PCs made significantly more visits to host plum fruit than to plum leaves, nonhost tomato fruit, wax models of plum fruit, or blanks (wire). In similar tests, PCs made significantly more visits to plum leaves compared to nonhost maple leaves or to blanks. PCs in test chambers that contained host or nonhost odor were significantly more prone to feed on wax plum models in the presence of odor from host fruit or host leaves compared to odor from nonhost fruit or leaves or a water blank. In choice tests offering alternating cluster types on an apple branchlet, PCs visited leaf clusters bearing a host apple fruit more than leaf clusters without a fruit. In tests to assay the distance at which PCs can detect an individual host fruit, PCs crawled from the central stem of an apple branchlet onto a side stem significantly more often when an apple fruit on a side stem was hung 2 cm from the central stem compared to 4 or 8 cm away. Our combined results suggest that PCs use host fruit odor to locate host fruit at close range.
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    (6Z,9Z-3R,4S)-Epoxy-heptadecadiene: major sex pheromone component of the larch looper,Semiothisa sexmaculata (Packard) (Lepidoptera: Geometridae) (1993)
    Springer
    Journal of chemical ecology 19 (1993), S. 843-850 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-1561
    Keywords: Lepidoptera ; Geometridae ; Semiothisa ; S. sexmaculata ; S. marmorata ; S. neptaria ; sex pheromone ; sex attractant ; enantiomer ; (3Z,6Z,9Z)-heptadecatriene ; (6Z,9Z-3R,4S)-epoxy-heptadecadiene ; (6Z,9Z-3S,4R)-epoxy-heptadecadiene
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Abstract Gas chromatographic-electroantennographic analysis (GC-EAD) of female larch looper,Semiothisa sexmaculata (Packard), gland extracts revealed two EAD-active compounds. Retention index calculations, GC-mass spectroscopy in selected ion monitoring mode, and GC-EAD analysis of authentic standards identified the compounds as (3Z,6Z,9Z)-heptadecatriene (3Z,6Z,9Z-17∶H) and (6Z,9Z)-cis-3,4-epoxy-heptadecadiene (6Z,9Z-cis-3,4-epoxy-17∶H). Chirality determination of the monoepoxydiene in gland extracts was impeded by small quantities, but field experiments indicated that maleS. sexmaculata were most strongly attracted to enantiomerically enriched 6Z,9Z-3R,4S-epoxy-17∶H (69% ee), while maleS. neptaria (Guenée) responded well to various blends of theR,S- and S,R-epoxide enantiomers. Binary combinations of theR,S-epoxide enantiomer with 3Z,6Z,9Z-17∶H significantly inhibited response by maleS. sexmaculata, but strongly enhanced attraction of sympatric maleS. marmorata Ferguson. Enantiomerically enriched 6Z,9Z-3R,4S-epoxy-17∶H can be used as a trap bait to monitor populations of the larch-defoliatingS. sexmaculata. Whether 6Z,9Z-3R,4S-epoxy-17∶H serves as single component sex pheromone inS. sexmaculata or small amounts of 6Z,9Z-3S,4R-epoxy-17∶H synergize or suppress optimal attraction, will be tested as chirally pure monoepoxydienes become available.
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    Interactions between components of the aggregation pheromone during chemotaxis by the bark beetleIps paraconfusus (1993)
    Springer
    Journal of chemical ecology 19 (1993), S. 863-879 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-1561
    Keywords: Olfaction ; ipsenol ; ipsdienol ; cis-verbenol ; chemotaxis ; perception ; discrimination ; neural models ; logit models ; stimulus-response models ; Ips paraconfusus ; Coleoptera ; Scolytidae
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Abstract The male-produced aggregation pheromone inIps paraconfusus is composed of three compounds. Female bark beetles were exposed to combinations of these compounds, presented as point sources in an enclosed, circular arena. By itself,cis-verbenol (cV) had no effect on the number of beetles that reached the source. Either ipsenol (Ip) alone or ipsdienol (Id) alone strongly increased the number that reached the source, with Id producing a dose-response curve with a much steeper slope. cV moved the onset of the response to Id to higher doses of Id, but the response rose more rapidly after onset than when cV was absent. Overall, cV inhibited the effect of Id except at the highest dose. cV affected the onset of the response to Ip little or none, but strongly increased the slope of the response, synergizing the effect of Ip. The responses to combinations of Id and Ip were related to the log of a linear combination of their doses. The results are consistent with a model where Id and Ip act at a single site of action, but with different potencies, while cV appears to modify the effects of Id and Ip, rather than affecting the site of action directly.
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    Structure-activity relationships for analogs of (+)-(E)-endo-Β-bergamoten-12-oic acid, an oviposition stimulant ofHelicoverpa zea (Boddie) (1993)
    Springer
    Journal of chemical ecology 19 (1993), S. 11-27 
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    ISSN: 1573-1561
    Keywords: Oviposition ; insect chemoreception ; corn earworm ; Helicoverpa zea ; Lepidoptera ; Noctuidae ; Lycopersicon hirsutum ; host-plant selection ; sesquiterpenes ; carboxylic acids
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Abstract Β-Bergamotenoic acid, a compound previously shown to stimulate oviposition inH. zea, was converted into a set of bicyclic analogs and tested with a set of acyclic side chain analogs to ascertain the molecular structure that maximizes insect behavioral response. While changes in the bicyclic ring elicited no variation in response, alteration in the side chain structure ofΒ-bergamotenoic acid resulted in significant changes in moth preference. Free rotation about the C-C bond proximal to the carboxylic acid group appears to be an important structural factor, since saturation of the side chain double bond significantly increased activity. The carboxylic acid group seems to be required for strong oviposition stimulation, since analogs lacking the carboxylic acid group exhibited no significant oviposition activity. Oviposition preference ofH. zea was also influenced by the length of the hydrocarbon chain to which the carboxylic acid is attached. While hexanoic acid was found inactive, the ovipositional preference for the heptanoic and octanoic acids was greatest for the one 8-carbon tested. This and other work suggest that carboxylic acids of specific chain lengths influence the oviposition behavior of bothHelicoverpa andHeliothis species and may be associated with host-plant selection. The potential use of this information in designing integrated pest management strategies for control ofH. zea is discussed.
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    Effect of relative humidity conditions on responsiveness of European corn borer (Ostrinia nubilalis) males to female sex pheromone in a wind tunnel (1993)
    Springer
    Journal of chemical ecology 19 (1993), S. 61-69 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-1561
    Keywords: European corn borer ; Ostrinia nubilalis ; Lepidoptera ; Pyralidae ; male responsiveness ; relative humidity ; wind tunnel
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Abstract The responsiveness pf 3-day-old European corn borer males to three concentrations of 97∶3 Z∶E 11-tetradecenyl acetate, the female sex pheromone, was studied over a range of relative humidities (43–100%) in a wind tunnel. The proportion of males taking flight and reaching the source decreased, while the proportion exhibiting in-flight arrestment of upwind progress increased under high humidity conditions at all three concentrations of pheromone tested. The relationships between relative humidity and these behaviors were best described by polynomial equations.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00987471
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    Male-produced aggregation pheromone ofCarpophilus mutilatus (Coleoptera: Nitidulidae) (1993)
    Springer
    Journal of chemical ecology 19 (1993), S. 107-118 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-1561
    Keywords: Carpophilus mutilatus ; sap beetle ; Coleoptera ; Nitidulidae ; aggregation pheromone ; hydrocarbon ; triene ; date ; host volatiles
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Abstract Males ofCarpophilus mutilatus Erichson produce an aggregation pheromone to which both sexes respond. The pheromone includes two hydrocarbon components, (3E,5E,7E)-5-ethyl-7-methyl-3,5,7-undecatriene (1) and (3E,5E,7E)-6-ethyl-4-methyl-3,5,7-decatriene (2). These were emitted in a 10∶1 ratio and in a total amount of ca. 5 ng per feeding male per day. All tested doses of1 and2, from 0.03 to 30 ng, were more attractive than controls in wind-tunnel tests, but there was no evidence of synergism between these trienes. Dramatic synergism between the pheromone and a food-type coattractant occurred in the field, however. In a date garden in southern California, traps with a combination of synthetic1 and fermenting whole-wheat bread dough attracted 22 times more beetles than dough by itself and 295 times more than1 by itself. Volatile collections from males also contained three oxygenated compounds that were absent from females. One of these was tetradecanal (ca. 5 ng per male per day), but the structures of the other two are presently undetermined (0.8 and 1.1 ng per male per day). No function for these was demonstrated. One compound originating in the artificial diet, 2-phenylethanol, was particularly attractive in the wind-tunnel bioassay, as was the chromatographic solvent, methanol.
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    Photoisomerization of antiaggregation pheromone verbenone: Biological and practical implications with respect to the mountain pine beetle,Dendroctonus ponderosae Hopkins (Coleoptera: Scolytidae) (1993)
    Springer
    Journal of chemical ecology 19 (1993), S. 1749-1759 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-1561
    Keywords: Mountain pine beetle ; Dendroctonus ponderosae ; Coleoptera ; Scolytidae ; antiaggregation pheromone ; verbenone ; chrysanthenone ; photoisomerism
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Abstract Release of the antiaggregation pheromone, verbenone, at 3.8 mg/ day from a concentrated source within a multiple-funnel trap completely inhibited response by the mountain pine beetle (MPB),Dendroctonus ponderosae Hopkins, to attractive semiochemical lures. When aerial applications were simulated and verbenone was released at the same rate from beads lying in a 2×2-m area on the forest floor 15–35 cm below a trap, the response of the MPB was inhibited by only 50%. This reduced inhibition may be explained in part by the photoisomerism of verbenone. When exposed to full sunlight on two occasions, the times required for 50% of verbenone vapors to be converted to chrysanthenone were 75 and 100 min, respectively. Trap and tree-baiting experiments indicated no biological activity of chrysanthenone. Rapid photoisomerization could reduce the concentration of verbenone below biologically active levels and would allow the MPB to colonize trees close to already occupied hosts, contributing to the characteristic clumped distribution of MPB attack. The rate of verbenone photoisomerization may vary according to geographic location, stand elevation and density, and should be considered before verbenone is applied to control the MPB and other bark beetles.
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    Emetic voidance of stomach lining induced by massive beetle ingestion in a beluga whale (1993)
    Springer
    Journal of chemical ecology 19 (1993), S. 1833-1836 
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    ISSN: 1573-1561
    Keywords: Beluga whale ; Delphinapterus leucas ; Coleoptera ; Carabidae ; emesis
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00982311
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    Male response to natural sex pheromone ofMigdolus fryanus westwood (Coleoptera: Cerambycidae) females as affected by daily climatic factors (1993)
    Springer
    Journal of chemical ecology 19 (1993), S. 2347-2351 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-1561
    Keywords: Migdolus fryanus ; Coleoptera ; Cerambycidae ; mating behavior ; sex pheromone ; climatic factors
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Abstract Males of the sugarcane borer,Migdolus fryanus (Coleoptera: Cerambycidae), are attracted to females by means of a sex pheromone. Mating usually occurs during a few days from October to March under field conditions in São Paulo State, Brazil. This work reports on mating of this species as affected by daily climatic factors, during a single nuptial flight. Maximum male capture by the natural sex pheromone occurred from 10∶00 to 11∶00 AM at air and soil temperatures of 30.0°C and relative humidity of 57.0%. As these temperatures increased, females burrowed into the soil, as they are more sensitive to heat than males. Thus, it was concluded that sex pheromone-mediated mating in this cerambycid is directly affected by temperatures of air and soil.
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    Effects of α-Terthienyl on the midgut detoxification enzymes of the European corn borer,Ostrinia nubilalis (1993)
    Springer
    Journal of chemical ecology 19 (1993), S. 2047-2054 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-1561
    Keywords: Ostrinia nubilalis ; European corn borer ; Pyralideae ; Lepidoptera ; cytochrome P-450 ; cytochrome b5 ; cytochromec reductase ; glutathioneS-transferase ; α-terthienyl ; phototoxin
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Abstract The biochemical basis for the tolerance of the European corn borer,Ostrinia nubilalis, to the phototoxinα-terthienyl was investigated by measuring the midgut polysubstrate monooxygenases and glutathioneS-transferase activities.α-Terthienyl administered in the diet to the corn borers increased the level of cytochromeb 5, NADH-cytochromec reductase,O-demethylase, and glutathioneS-transferase activities. The induced detoxification enzyme activities should enable the corn borer to metabolizeα-terthienyl more efficiently and therefore render the corn borer highly tolerant toα-terthienyl.
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    Chemical and ultrastructural analysis of corn cuticular lipids and their effect on feeding by fall armyworm larvae (1993)
    Springer
    Journal of chemical ecology 19 (1993), S. 2055-2074 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-1561
    Keywords: Spodoptera frugiperda ; Lepidoptera ; Noctuidae ; Zea mays ; scanning electron microscopy ; cuticular lipids ; host-plant resistance
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Abstract The cuticular lipid composition of lower and upper leaves of five genotypes of field-grown corn,Zea mays L., was determined by combined gas chromatography-mass spectrometry. Surface lipids of the upper leaves had a higher proportion ofn-alkanes (45–52%) than the lower leaves, while the lower leaves had higher percentages of fatty alcohols (12–18%) than the upper leaves. Scanning electron microscopy showed that the upper leaves of two corn genotypes, MpSWCB-4 and Cacahuacintle X's, had a smooth amorphous appearance, while the lower leaves had a dense array of wax crystals.Spodoptera frugiperda (J.E. Smith) larvae weighed more and developed more rapidly when they were reared on diet containing corn foliage from which the cuticular lipids had been removed than when they were fed untreated foliage. However, growth was not inhibited when larvae were fed diet containing the cuticular lipid extracts or individual cuticular lipid components.
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    C18 Dienes as attractants for eighteen clearwing (Sesiidae), tineid (Tineidae), and choreutid (Choreutidae) moth species (1993)
    Springer
    Journal of chemical ecology 19 (1993), S. 799-813 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-1561
    Keywords: Lepidoptera ; Sesiidae ; Tineidae ; Choreutidae ; (E2,Z13)-octadecadien-1-ol/acetate ; 3,13-octadecadien-1-ol/acetate ; isomers ; stereoselective synthesis ; sex attractants ; inhibitors ; field trapping
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Abstract By screening singly and binary mixed 2,13- and 3,13-octadecadien-yl acetates and alcohols (2,13- and 3,13-18: Ac/OH)in Lithuania, Armenia, Azerbaijan, Turkmenistan, Ukraine, and the far east of Russia, sex attractants were discovered for 12 Sesiidae, four Tineidae, and one Choreutidae moth species. Males ofSesia yezoensis andBembecia puella as well asNemapogon flavifrons were attracted by mixture ofZ3,Z13-18:Ac/OH in a ratio of 9∶1,Pyropteron sp. n. by the same mixture (ratio 1∶9),Bembecia romanovi andB. zuwandica byZ3,Z13-18:Ac andE3,Z13-18:Ac (9∶1),Synanthedon caucasicum by the same mixture in the opposite ratio (1∶9),B. scopigera by 23,213-18:Ac andE2,Z13-18:OH in a ratio 9∶1,Synasphecia triannuliformis byZ3,Z13-18:OH andE3,Z13-18:OH (9∶1),Similipepsis takizawai andArchimeessia sp. n. by E3,Z13-18:OH andE2,Z13-18:Ac (1∶1),Prochoreutis sechestediana by a mixture ofE3,Z13-18:Ac plusE2,Z13-18:OH (1∶),Microsphecia brosiformis by E3,Z13-18:Ac,Synanthedon conopiformis by the analogous alcohol,Synanthedon scoliaeformis andNemaxera betulinella byE2,Z13-18:Ac,Triaxomera fulvimitrella byZ3,Z13-18:Ac. An analogous alcohol component is essential for the attraction ofB. ichneumoniformis males. Inhibitors forB. romanovi, B. scopigera andB. zuwandica attraction were discovered. Preliminary data on attractants for six other species as well as on the diurnal rhythm of sexual activity of three species are presented. A new method for the stereoselective synthesis of 3,13–18:Ac/OH andE2,Z13-18:Ac/OH is described.
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    Oviposition stimulants for the black swallowtail butterfly: Identification of electrophysiologically active compounds in carrot volatiles (1993)
    Springer
    Journal of chemical ecology 19 (1993), S. 919-937 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-1561
    Keywords: Papilio polyxenes ; Papilionidae ; Lepidoptera ; Daucus carota ; Apiaceae ; host-plant selection ; oviposition behavior ; electroantennogram ; combined GC-EAG ; plant volatiles ; sabinene hydrate ; 4-terpineol ; bomyl acetate ; (Z)-3-hexenyl acetate
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Abstract Headspace volatiles were collected from undamaged foliage of carrot,Daucus carota, a host-plant species of the black swallowtail butterfly,Papilio polyxenes. The volatiles were fractionated over silica on an open column, and the fractions were tested in behavioral assays withP. polyxenes females in laboratory experiments. The polar fractions, as well as the total mixture of volatiles, increased the landing frequency and the number of eggs laid on model plants with leaves bearing contact-oviposition stimulants. The nonpolar fraction, containing the most abundant compounds in carrot odor, was not stimulatory. Gas Chromatographic (GC) separation of the fractions was coupled with electroantennogram (EAG) recordings to identify the compounds perceived byP. polyxenes females. The EAG activity corresponded to the behavioral activity of the fractions. None of the nonpolar compounds, identified as various monoterpenes, evoked a major EAG response, but several constituents of the polar fractions elicited high EAG responses. Sabinene hydrate (both stereoisomers), 4-terpineol, bomyl acetate, and (Z)-3-hexenyl acetate were identified by GC-MS as active compounds.
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    Quantification of insect growth and its use in screening of naturally occurring insect control agents (1993)
    Springer
    Journal of chemical ecology 19 (1993), S. 1109-1118 
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    ISSN: 1573-1561
    Keywords: Bioassay ; tobacco budworm ; Heliothis virescens ; beet armyworm ; Spodoptera exigua ; Lepidoptera ; Noctuidae ; insect growth inhibitors ; allelochemicals ; quassinoids ; chaparrin ; chaparrinone
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Abstract In studies of the effects of allelochemicals or other factors on the development of different insect species, comparison of growth-inhibiting activities is difficult using the parameters currently employed. We introduce two new parameters, growth index (GI) and relative growth index (RGI), which can unify the quantification of insect development. This quantification can also eliminate the effects of different growth characteristics due to the genetic differences between insect species. By measuring growth-inhibiting effects of two phytochemicals, chaparrin and chaparrinone, on the tobacco budworm,Heliothis virescens, and the beet armyworm,Spodoptera exigua, bioassay procedures and GI and RGI calculations are demonstrated.
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    Chirality of 5,11-dimethylheptadecane, the major sex pheromone component of the hemlock looper,Lambdina fiscellaria (Lepidoptera: Geometridae) (1993)
    Springer
    Journal of chemical ecology 19 (1993), S. 1057-1062 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-1561
    Keywords: Lepidoptera ; Geometridae ; eastern hemlock looper ; western hemlock looper ; sex pheromone ; pheromone chirality ; dimethylated hydrocarbons ; field trapping ; electrophysiological recordings ; (5R, 11S)-5 ; 11-di-methylheptadecane ; (55,11R-5 ; 11-dimethylheptadecane ; (5R, 11R-5 ; 11-di-methylheptadecane ; (5S,11S)-5 ; 11-dimethyIheptadecane
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Abstract Of the four possible stereoisomers of 5,11-dimethylheptadecane, the major sex pheromone component of the eastern hemlock looper (EHL),Lambdina fiscellaria fiscellaria Guen., and the western hemlock looper (WHL),Lambdina fiscellaria lugubrosa Hulst, (5R,11S)-5,11-dimethylheptadecane was the only stereoisomer eliciting electrophysiological responses by male EHL and WHL antennae. In field bioassays with EHL and WHL populations, traps baited with (5R,11S)-5, 11-dimethylheptadecane caught as many males as did traps baited with all four stereoisomers combined or a synthetic mixture of 5,11-dimethylheptadecanes. Catches in traps baited with the other three stereoisomers did not significantly differ from those in the unbaited control traps. We conclude that male antennae lack chemoreceptors for the other three stereoisomers of 5,11-dimethylheptadecane and hypothesize that only (5R,115)-5,11-dimethylheptadecane is produced by female EHLs and WHLs.
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    Laboratory and field evidence for maleproduced aggregation pheromone inRhynchophorus cruentatus (F.) (Coleoptera: Curculionidae) (1993)
    Springer
    Journal of chemical ecology 19 (1993), S. 1195-1203 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-1561
    Keywords: Coleoptera ; Curculionidae ; Rhynchophorus cruentatus ; Sabalpalmetto ; aggregation pheromone ; olfactometer ; field trapping
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Abstract Laboratory and field assays were conducted to determine if palmetto weevil,Rhynchophorus cruentatus (F.), adults produce an aggregation pheromone. Attraction of females in a Y-tube olfactometer to conspecific males was greater than to clean air. Male and female attraction to conspecific male volatiles combined with host-palm,Sabal palmetto (Walter), volatiles was greater than to host-palm volatiles alone. Similarly, more weevils were caught in the field in traps baited with conspecific males plus host-palm tissue than in similar traps baited with only males, or palm tissue, or females, or females plus palm tissue. These results suggest thatR. cruentatus males produce an aggregation pheromone(s) that is highly attractive to conspecific adults of both sexes when combined with host-palm volatiles. This study is an important step towards understanding the chemical ecology ofR. cruentatus.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00987380
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    Chemical correlates of α-tocopherol (Vitamin E) alteredMalacosoma disstria herbivory inFraxinus pennsylvanica var.Subintegerrinia, green ash (1993)
    Springer
    Journal of chemical ecology 19 (1993), S. 1205-1217 
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    ISSN: 1573-1561
    Keywords: α-Tocopherol ; vitamin E ; elicitor ; alterable resistance ; antiherbivory ; ash tree ; Malacosoma disstria ; forest tent caterpillar ; Lepidoptera ; Lasiocampidae
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Abstract The antioxidant α-tocopherol (vitamin E), applied in a basal trunk band to the green ash tree,Fraxinus pennsylvanica var.subintergerrinia, elicited an alteration of foliar feeding byMalacosoma disstria larvae (Lepidoptera: Lasiocampidae). The bioassayed effects were dependent on the dosage of elicitor, the time after elicitation, and the position in the tree. Leaves for chemical analysis were collected from trees receiving two dosages and at two intervals after elicitation. Compounds in the ethyl acetate extractables from the ash tree leaves were separated by TLC and HPLC. TLC separations showed differences in the nonhydrolyzed extractables attributable to elicitor dosage and time after elicitation. TLC-resolved differences were also evident among acid-hydrolyzed samples. HPLC-resolved profiles revealed eight peaks in the nonhydrolyzed extractables that were quantitatively negatively correlated with larval feeding preference between elicited versus control foliage on at least one of the two sampling dates. Results from this study and other investigations reported in the literature indicate that the antioxidantα-tocopherol (vitamin E) can function as an environmental-stress elicitor of alterable defensive chemistry in green ash and other plants.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00987381
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    Insecticidal effect of essential oils from mediterranean plants uponAcanthoscelides Obtectus Say (Coleoptera, Bruchidae), a pest of kidney bean (Phaseolus vulgaris L.) (1993)
    Springer
    Journal of chemical ecology 19 (1993), S. 1233-1244 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-1561
    Keywords: Essential oils ; Labiatae ; Umbelliferae ; Lauraceae ; citrus limon ; Cymbopogon nardus ; alyptus globulus ; istica fragrans ; insecticidal ; effect ; LC50 ; Acanthoscelides obtectus Say ; Bruchidae ; Coleoptera ; terpenoids ; benzenoids
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Abstract The bioactivity of 22 essential oils from aromatic and medicinal plants was tested uponAcanthoscelides obtectus Say (Coleoptera, Bruchidae), a pest of kidney bean (Phaseolus vulgaris L.). The insecticidal effect was evaluated by determination of 24- and 48-hr LC50 and LC50 (from 1.50 mg/ dm3 to more than 1000 mg/dm3). Isoprenoids and phenylpropanoids were identified by gas chromatography. The most efficient essential oils were extracted from plants belonging to Labiatae.Origanum marjorana andThymus serpyllum essential oils were the most toxic.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00987383
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    The scarab beetleAnomala cuprea utilizes the sex pheromone ofPopillia japonica as a minor component (1993)
    Springer
    Journal of chemical ecology 19 (1993), S. 1303-1313 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-1561
    Keywords: Japanese beetle ; cupreous chafer ; GC-EAD ; (R,Z)-5-(−)-(oct-1-enyl)oxacyclopentan-2-one ; (R,Z)-5-(−)-(dec-1-enyl)oxacyclopentan-2-one ; sex pheromone ; Anomala cuprea ; Popillia japonica ; Coleoptera ; Scarabaeidae
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Abstract GC-EAD analyses revealed that the scarab beetleAnomala cuprea, the cupreous chafer, utilizes, in addition to the previously identified major sex pheromone (R,Z)-5-(−)-(oct-1-enyl)oxacyclopentan-2-one, a minor component, (R,Z)-5-(−)-(dec-1-enyl)oxacyclopentan-2-one, which has been previously identified as the sex pheromone of the Japanese beetle. Release of the sex pheromone blend did not significantly differ when collected from feeding or starving female beetles, nor did it differ from volatiles collected in the scoto- and photophase. However, after mating, the amount and the ratio of the two components changed. Field tests revealed that traps baited with the synthetic sex pheromone captured more beetles than traps containing only virgin females. Based on field experiments, 10 mg of a 90∶10 blend of the pheromone was suggested as appropriate for monitoring of the cupreous chafer, although the optimal ratio for attractiveness is yet to be established. The occurrence of minor components in the pheromone system of other scarab beetles is also discussed.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00984877
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    3,13-Dimethylheptadecane: Major sex pheromone component of the western false hemlock looper,Nepytia freemani Munroe (Lepidoptera: Geometridae) (1993)
    Springer
    Journal of chemical ecology 19 (1993), S. 1501-1510 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-1561
    Keywords: Lepidoptera ; Geometridae ; sex pheromone ; 3,13-dimethylheptadecane ; 3,13-dimethylhexadecane ; 3, 13-dimethyloctadecane ; 5,13-dimethylheptadecane ; 3,11 -dimethylhexadecane ; 3, 11-dimethylpentadecane
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Abstract 3,13-Dimethylheptadecane (3,13-dime-17Hy) is the major sex pheromone component of the western false hemlock looper (WFHL),Nepytia freemani Munroe. It was identified in extracts of female pheromone glands by coupled gas chromatographic-electroantennographic detection (GC-EAD) and coupled GC-mass spectroscopy (GC-MS). Traps baited with 100μg of 3,13-dime-17Hy attracted large numbers of male WFHL. Of five additional candidate pheromone dimethylated hydrocarbons, only 3,13-dimethylhexadecane attracted male WFHL. However, neither 3,13-dime-16Hy nor the other four compounds enhanced attraction to 3,13-dime-17Hy when tested in binary or ternary combination at respective ratios of 100∶10, 100∶1, or 100∶1∶1. Identification of the complete WFHL sex pheromone requires structural elucidation of all 12 EAD-active components in gland extracts, determination of their chirality, and field testing of antennally active isomers in appropriate combinations and ratios. Stereoisomeric 3,13-dime-17Hy as trap bait may already be used to monitor WFHL populations.
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    Determination of release rates of pheromone dispensers by air sampling with C-18 bonded silica (1993)
    Springer
    Journal of chemical ecology 19 (1993), S. 2513-2519 
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    ISSN: 1573-1561
    Keywords: Sex pheromone ; release rate ; pheromone dispenser ; mating disruption ; Lobesia botrana ; Cydia pomonella ; Lepidoptera ; Tortricidae ; (E,E)-8,10-dodecadien-l-ol ; (E,Z)-7,9-dodecadienyl acetate
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Abstract Release rates of pheromones from commercial dispensers for mating disruption inLobesia botrana andCydia pomonella have been measured by sampling an air stream with C-18 bonded silica (Sep-Pak cartridges) followed by extraction and gas chromatographic analysis. The flow chamber is made from inexpensive materials that can be replaced when contaminated. The results correspond with those obtained by gravimetry; the method supplies additional information on the composition of the airborne material.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00980687
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    Interactions amongHeliothis virescens larvae, cotton condensed tannin and the CryIA(c) δ-endotoxin ofBacillus thuringiensis (1993)
    Springer
    Journal of chemical ecology 19 (1993), S. 2485-2499 
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    ISSN: 1573-1561
    Keywords: Bacillus thuringiensis subsp.kurstaki strain HD-73 ; insecticidal proteins ; cotton condensed tannin ; Heliothis virescens ; Lepidoptera ; Noctuidae ; relative growth rate ; relative consumption rate ; bioassays ; Gossypium hirsutum ; tritrophic interactions
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Abstract The potential interactions among a plant-produced allelochemical, a phytophagous insect, and an endotoxin produced byBacillus thuringiensis were investigated using purified cotton condensed tannins, the CryIA(c)δ-endotoxin fromB. thuringiensis subsp.kurstaki strain HD-73, and larvae ofHeliothis virescens. Purified condensed tannin from cotton fed to neonateH. virescens reduced feeding and mortality caused by insecticidal crystals ofB. thuringiensis. In fifth instars, tannin reduced relative growth rate (RGR), relative consumption rate (RCR), but antagonized the effects of the crystalδ-endotoxin. Tannin did not deter feeding of fifth instars in choice tests with cellulose-ester disks. Masking tannin from interacting with the dietary ingredients of artificial diets and crystal protein by encapsulation in alginate gel suggested that tannin adversely affected feeding after ingestion.These results suggest that insect control tactics that employδ-endotoxins in microbial insecticides and transgenic cotton plants may not be compatible when used in conjunction with plants containing high tannin concentrations.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00980685
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    Evidence for a multicomponent sex pheromone inEriborus terebrans (Gravenhorst) (HYM.: Ichneumonidae), a larval parasitoid of the European corn borer (1993)
    Springer
    Journal of chemical ecology 19 (1993), S. 2563-2576 
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    ISSN: 1573-1561
    Keywords: Sex pheromone ; multicomponent pheromone ; parasitoid ; bioassay ; Hymenoptera ; Ichneumonidae ; Eriborus terebrans ; Lepidoptera ; Pyralidae ; Ostrinia nubilalis
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Abstract Sex pheromone activity ofEriborus terebrans (Gravenhorst) (Hymenoptera: Ichneumonidae) was recovered from acetone rinses of flasks that previously contained females. The acetone flask rinses elicited the following male responses: upwind anemotaxis, casting, hovering, landing, wingfanning, and mating attempts with other nearby males. Activity of the acetone flask rinse lasted up to four days on a glass substrate. Polar component and nonpolar components were demonstrated in the acetone flask rinse. The polar component elicited male behavioral responses similar to those by the acetone flask rinse, although retention of males at the pheromone source and the period of wing-fanning were of shorter duration. Chromatography data and chemical derivatization indicated that the polar component had the properties of a carboxylic acid with an additional oxygen-containing functional group. The non-polar component acted as a synergist since it was inactive alone but increased male behavioral responses when added to the polar component. Florisil open column chromatography suggested that the nonpolar component was a hydrocarbon(s).
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00980691
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    Chirality of synergistic sex pheromone components of the western hemlock looperLambdina fiscellaria lugubrosa (HULST) (Lepidoptera: Geometridae) (1993)
    Springer
    Journal of chemical ecology 19 (1993), S. 2547-2561 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-1561
    Keywords: Sex pheromone ; enantiomer ; Lepidoptera ; Geometridae ; western hemlock looper ; (5R)-2,5-dimethylheptadecane ; (5S)-2,5-dimethylheptadecane ; (7R)-7-methylheptadecane ; (7S)-7-methylheptadecane ; chirality
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Abstract Bakers' yeast reduction of (2E)-3-(2′-furanyl)-2-methyl-2-propenal yielded the synthetic intermediate, (2S)-3-(2′-furanyl)-2-methylpropanol, of high chiral purity (〉97% ee) for the synthesis of the enantiomers of 2,5-dimethylheptadecane and 7-methylheptadecane, two synergistic sex pheromone components of the western hemlock looper (WHL),Lambdina fiscellaria lugubrosa Hulst. In electrophysiological bioassays, (7S)- but not (7R)-7-methylheptadecane elicited strong antennal responses by male WHL antennae. In field trapping experiments, addition of (7S)- but not (7R)-7-methylheptadecane to (5R,11S)-5,11-dimethylheptadecane, the major sex pheromone component of WHL, increased attraction. Attraction to (5R,11S)-5,11-dimethylheptadecane in combination with (7S)-7-methyiheptadecane was further enhanced by the addition of (5S)- but not (5R)-2,5-dimethylheptadecane. Similarly, attraction to (5R,11S)-5,11-dimethylheptadecane combined with (5S)-2,5-dimethylheptadecane increased when 7S- but not (7R)-7-methylheptadecane was added as a third component. We conclude that (7S)-7-methylheptadecane and (5S)-2,5-dimethylheptadecane are the synergistic sex pheromone components of WHL. The synthetic methodology described is applicable to the synthesis of chiral methyl-branched pheromones in other orders of the Insecta, particularly Coleoptera, Diptera and Orthoptera.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00980690
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    Species discrimination in five species of winter-flying geometrids (Lepidoptera) based on chirality of semiochemicals and flight season (1993)
    Springer
    Journal of chemical ecology 19 (1993), S. 2721-2735 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-1561
    Keywords: Chirality ; enantiomers ; sex pheromones ; (3Z,9Z)-(6R,7S)-epoxynonadecadiene ; (3Z,9Z)-(6S,7R)-epoxynonadecadiene ; (6Z,9Z)-(3S,4R)-epoxynonadecadiene ; Colotois pennaria ; Erannis defoliaria ; Agriopis aurantiaria ; A. marginaria ; A. leucophearia ; Lepidoptera ; Geometridae ; electroantennogram ; field trapping
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Abstract Enantiomer separation of (6Z,9Z)-cis-3,4-epoxynonadecadiene and (3Z,9Z)-cis-6,7-epoxynonadecadiene could be achieved using chiral high-resolution gas chromatography and a cyclodextrin-bond column. (3Z,9Z)-(6R,7S)-Epoxynonadecadiene was identified from ovipositor extracts ofColotois pen-Naria, while inErannis defoliaria the 6S,7R-enantiomer was found. In field trapping tests pure synthetic enantiomers caught only conspecific males of these species. (3Z,6Z,9Z)-Nonadecatriene was found in both species, while the presence of (3Z,6Z,9Z)-heneicosatriene was indicated inC. Pennaria only. A 10∶10∶3 blend of (3Z,9Z)-(6R,7S)-epoxynonadecadiene, (3Z,6Z,9Z)-heneicosatriene, and (3Z,6Z,9Z)-nonadecatriene was found to be optimal for catchingC. Pennaria, whileE. Defoliaria males were optimally caught by a 1∶1 mixture of (3Z,9Z)-(6S,7R)-epoxynonadecadiene and (3Z,6Z,9Z)-nona-decatriene. (6Z,9Z)-(3S,4R)-Epoxynonadecadiene was identified from ovipositor extracts ofAgriopis (Erannis) aurantiaria. In field tests the pure enantiomer proved to be a highly specific sex attractant for both the late autumn/early winter flyingA. Aurantiaria and the late winter/early spring flyingA. Leucophearia. Males ofAgriopis marginaria, which fly in late winter/early spring, were attracted to (3Z,9Z)-(6S,7R)-epoxynonadecadiene. The addition of (3Z,6Z,9Z)-nonadecatriene to theS,R-enantiomer increased captures. Optimal catches were recorded with a 10∶3 epoxide-hydrocarbon blend. Enantiomer specificity in all species was confirmed in EAG measurements.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00980703
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    Survival of pine sawflies in cocoon stage in relation to resin acid content of larval food (1993)
    Springer
    Journal of chemical ecology 19 (1993), S. 2881-2890 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-1561
    Keywords: Three-trophic-level interaction ; Pinus sylvestris ; diterpenoid resin acids ; Neodiprion sertifer ; Hymenoptera ; Diprionidae ; predators ; Sorex araneus ; carabid beetle ; Coleoptera ; Carabidae ; parasitoids
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Abstract Several experiments were conducted to determine whether the ingestion of diterpenoids (resin acids) by pine sawfly larvae influences the survival of postlarval stages. Larvae of two diprionid sawfly species were reared on shoots of two Scots pine clones, one with a low (1.5% dry wt) concentration of resin acids and the other with a high (5.2% dry wt) concentration. No significant treatment-related differences were found in any of the experiments with respect to (1) resistance against parasitoids, (2) preference of predatory shrews and carabids, and (3) apparency of cocoons in the field to predators. A preference of sawfly prepupae to spin cocoon in feces from larvae reared on high resin acid needles was found. Possible explanations for these results are discussed. Detection of an unknown compound, possibly a breakdown product of the major resin acid in pine needles (pinifolic acid), in prepupae indicate that resin acids may be metabolized by the sawflies.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00980589
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    Developmental inhibition ofSpodoptera litura (Fab.) larvae by a novel caffeoylquinic acid from the wild groundnut,Arachis paraguariensis (Chod et Hassl.) (1993)
    Springer
    Journal of chemical ecology 19 (1993), S. 2917-2933 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-1561
    Keywords: Spodoptera litura ; Lepidoptera ; Noctuidae ; Arachis paraguariensis ; wild groundnuts ; caffeoylquinic acids ; resistance ; rutin ; quercetin ; phenolics ; growth inhibition ; Arachis hypogaea
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Abstract A novel compound, 1-caffeoyl-4-deoxyquinic acid (1-CdQA) has been identified along with 3-caffeoylquinic acid (3-CQA) and 5-caffeoylquinic acid (5-CQA) (syn. chlorogenic acid) in the foliage ofArachis paraguariensis, a wild species of groundnut that is highly resistant to attack by the larvae ofSpodoptera litura. When neonate larvae were fed on diets treated with 3-CQA or 1-CdQA, their development was severely inhibited compared to larvae on untreated diets, and the effects were similar in nature and magnitude to those observed for larvae feeding on diets treated with 5-CQA, rutin, and quercetin. The effects of all the compounds were dose related, and their optimal concentration was approximately 3 mM, which corresponds to the total foliar concentration of both caffeoylquinic acids and quercetin diglycosides inA. paraguariensis. After 24 h, the development of third stadium larvae feeding on diets treated with 5-CQA, rutin and 1-CdQA was promoted compared to larvae on control diets, but after 96 hr larvae feeding on treated diets had gained significantly less weight than those on the control diets. 1-CdQA, 3-CQA, and quercetin dyglycosides (previously identified in the foliage ofA. paraguariensis) are considered to be valuable components in resistance of groundnuts toS. litura and may provide useful genetic markers in future breeding for resistance to this pest.
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    Sugar beet crown borer,Hulstia undulatella (Clemens) 1: Identification and field tests of female sex pheromone gland components (1993)
    Springer
    Journal of chemical ecology 19 (1993), S. 433-440 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-1561
    Keywords: Lepidoptera ; Pyralidae ; Phycitinae ; Hulstia undulatella ; sex pheromone ; (Z)-9-tetradecen-1-ol acetate ; (Z)-9-tetradecen-1-ol ; (Z)-11-hexa-decen-1-ol acetate
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Abstract Electroantennogram profiles of saturated and monounsaturated 12-, 14-, and 16-carbon acetates, and 12- and 14-carbon alcohols implicated (Z)-9-tetradecen-1-ol acetate (Z9-14: Ac) as a component of the female sex pheromone ofHulstia undulatella (Clemens). Gas chromatography-mass spectrometric analysis of extract of the female sex pheromone glands showed the presence of Z9-14:Ac (8.5 ng/female), (Z)-9-tetradecen-1-ol (Z9-14:OH), and (Z)-11-hexadecen-1-ol acetate (Z11-16:Ac) in a ratio of 100∶4∶21, respectively. In tests in sugar beet fields, Z9-14:Ac alone produced some trap catch. Addition of Z9-14: OH did not increase catch while addition of Z11-16:Ac eliminated catch, but addition of both Z9-14:OH and Z11-16: Ac increased catch sevenfold. A combination of Z9-14: OH and Z11-16: Ac without Z9-14: Ac did not produce trap catch. A lure of 200 μg Z9-14:Ac+16 μg Z9-14:OH+42 μg Z11-16:Ac is suggested for use in monitoring traps.
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    Localization of tandemly repeated DNA sequences in beetle chromosomes by fluorescentin situ hybridization (1993)
    Springer
    Chromosome research 1 (1993), S. 167-174 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-6849
    Keywords: rDNA ; satellite DNA ; FISH ; Coleoptera
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract In situ hybridization to chromosomes and nuclei ofTenebrio molitor shows the massive presence of a species-specific satellite DNA in all chromosomes and six sites of rDNA in mitotic chromosomes. These sites are located in two autosomal pairs and in the X and Y chromosomes. In a related species,Misolampus goudoti, in which two different families of highly repetitive DNA have been previously characterized, one family is located in centromeric regions of all chromosomes with the exception of chromosome Y, while the other repeated DNA family is present both in centromeric and distal regions of all chromosomes. rRNA genes in this species are present in a medium-sized autosomal pair only. These results show that molecular cytogenetics can be applied to coleopteran chromosomes and open the way for a physical mapping of DNA sequences in these organisms. The results also provide insights into the type of meiotic association of the X and Y chromosomes in Coleoptera and the distribution of repeated DNAs within the genome of these insects.
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    Diversity patterns of soil macro-Coleoptera in Mexican shaded and unshaded coffee agroecosystems: an indication of habitat perturbation (1993)
    Springer
    Biodiversity and conservation 2 (1993), S. 70-78 
    Details
    ISSN: 1572-9710
    Keywords: Coleoptera ; Scarabaeidae ; coffee agroecosystems
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: The soil Coleoptera community was sampled with pitfall traps in shaded and unshaded coffee agroecosystems in Veracruz, Mexico. The insect collection resulted in a total of 31 species which belong to nine families. The most frequent families collected in this study (in terms of species and number of organisms) were Scarabaeidae and Carabidae. Species diversity was measured using the Hill's family of diversity numbers. The Coleoptera community was more diverse in shaded than in unshaded coffee. Also, the collected organisms were more evenly distributed between species in shaded coffee. The diversity of the scarab beetles was shown to be strongly affected by the degree of forest perturbation. The richness and evenness of scarab beetles was correlated with the diversity of shade trees present in coffee agro-ecosystems; scarab richness drops from 19 species collected in virgin tropical rain-forests, to five species in polyspecific shade (more than ten species of shade trees) and six species in monogeneric shade (three species of shade trees) coffee agro-ecosystems, and to three scarab species in unshaded coffee. Evenness in scarab beetles follows a similar pattern: a single species tends to gradually become dominant as more shade trees are removed from the agro-ecosystem. It is suggested that some shade trees should be preserved within the agro-ecosystem during the intensification of coffee production in Mexico.
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    Orientation of bark beetlesPityogenes chalcographus andIps typographus to pheromonebaited puddle traps placed in grids: A new trap for control of scolytids (1993)
    Springer
    Journal of chemical ecology 19 (1993), S. 2297-2316 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-1561
    Keywords: Semiochemical ; pheromone ; pest control ; insect trap ; Scolytidae ; Coleoptera ; mass trapping ; computer simulation ; disruption ; effective catch radius
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Abstract A puddle trap was designed that is simple to build and efficient in catching bark beetles (Coleoptera: Scolytidae). The trap is insensitive to wind and should be much easier to manufacture than the more complicated perforated pipe and barrier traps commercially available. A 7 × 7 grid of 49 puddle traps baited with aggregation pheromone components ofPityogenes chalcographus (chalcogran and methyl decadienoate) was placed at either 1.5-, 3-, 6-, or 12-m spacing between traps in the field for two or more replicates of one day length (June 1989, Torsby, Sweden). The resulting catches showed that beetles were trapped as they flew into the grid since the inner square-ring of 24 traps caught less beetles per trap than the outer square-ring trap average (36 traps) in most experiments.Ips typographus also landed in puddle traps primarily on the periphery of the grid (6-m spacing only) when traps were baited with its pheromone components, (S)-cis-verbenol and methyl butenol. Computer simulation of flying bark beetles in grids of traps of various spacings and catch radii estimated that the experimental pheromone traps had an effective catch radius of 1.3 m or less forP. chalcographus, depending on the spacing between traps. An effective catch radius of 2 m forI. typographus was found for the 6-m grid spacing.P. chalcographus beetles were increasingly disrupted in their orientation to pheromone at the closer trap spacings since the effective catch radius declined linearly with closer trap spacing. However, landing was still precise since unbaited puddle traps within the grid did not catch any bark beetles.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00979665
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    Trail following and recruitment: Response of eastern tent caterpillarMalacosoma americanum to 5β-cholestane-3,24-dione and 5β-cholestan-3-one (1993)
    Springer
    Journal of chemical ecology 19 (1993), S. 449-457 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-1561
    Keywords: 5β-Cholestane-3 ; 24-dione ; 5β-cholestan-3-one ; trail following ; recruitment ; eastern tent caterpillar ; Malacosoma americanum ; Lepidoptera ; Lasiocampidae
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Abstract Studies were conducted to determine the relative effectiveness of 5β-cholestane-3,24-dione (diketone) and 5β-cholestan-3-one (monoketone) in eliciting trail following from eastern tent caterpillars,Malacosoma americanum. In Y maze tests, trails prepared from the monoketone were followed preferentially over diketone trails, even when the diketone trail was several orders of magnitude stronger. Under field conditions, colonies readily abandoned well-developed trail systems in favor of artificial trails that were established with the monoketone. Other tests in which the caterpillars selected trails prepared from the monoketone (but not the diketone) more often than their own recruitment trails indicate that the monoketone constitutes the chemical basis of recruitment communication in this insect. The study also shows that tent caterpillars are highly sensitive to small differences in the amount of monoketone in a trail and can distinguish between new and aged trails prepared from the compound.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00994318
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    Enantiomers of methyl substituted analogs of (Z)-5-decenyl acetate as probes for the chirality and complementarity of its receptor inAgrotis segetum 1: Synthesis and structure-activity relationships (1993)
    Springer
    Journal of chemical ecology 19 (1993), S. 459-484 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-1561
    Keywords: Lepidoptera ; Noctuidae ; Agrotis segetum ; (Z)-5-decenyl acetate ; pheromone analog ; methyl substitution ; structure-activity ; single-sensillum recordings ; receptor interaction ; conformational analysis ; molecular mechanics ; enantiomers ; chirality
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Abstract The enantiomers of analogs of (Z)-5-decenyl acetate, a pheromone component ofAgrotis segetum, substituted by a methyl group in the 2, 3, 4, 7, and 8 positions and dimethyl substituted in the 4,7 positions, have been synthesized and studied by an electrophysiological single-cell technique and by molecular mechanics calculations. The results demonstrate that the electrophysiological activity as well as the ability of the (Z)-5-decenyl acetate receptor to differentiate between enantiomers depends on the position of the methyl substituent. For analogs methyl substituted in the 2, 4, or 8 position, no differences in the activities of the enantiomers could be observed. In contrast, the enantiomers of the 3- and 7-methyl analogs display a significant difference in the activities, theR-enantiomers being more active than theS-enantiomers. From an analysis of the structure-activity results of the enantiomers of the 4,7-dimethyl-substituted analogs, the chiral sense of the alkylchain of the natural pheromone component on binding to its receptor could be deduced.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00994319
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    Pheromone-mediated responses of male cabbage looper moths,Trichoplusia ni, following various exposures to sex pheromone or (Z)-7-dodecenol (1993)
    Springer
    Journal of chemical ecology 19 (1993), S. 503-515 
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    ISSN: 1573-1561
    Keywords: Trichoplusia ni ; Lepidoptera ; Noctuidae ; sex pheromone ; behavioral inhibitor ; (Z)-7-dodecenol ; wind tunnel ; habituation ; adaptation
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Abstract Prolonged preexposure (three days) of maleTrichoplusia ni to its six-component sex pheromone blend or its major pheromone component, (Z)-7-dodecenyl acetate, reduced subsequent upwind flight responses to a pheromone source. Preexposure to (Z)-7-dodecenol increased upwind flight responses to a pheromone source combined with (Z)-7-dodecenol. The impact of long-term preexposures was moderate when compared to the more immediate effects of background noise. When (Z)-7-dodecenyl acetate was presented as background noise, all maleT. ni failed to respond to a plume of the full pheromone blend. However, most moths succeeded in locking on to the pheromone plume and contacting the pheromone source in the presence of the five minor pheromone components as background noise. When (Z)-7-dodecenol was released as background noise the response rate to a pheromone source containing (Z)-7-dodecenol was increased dramatically. This indicates that males became adapted to (Z)-7-dodecenol while responding to the pheromone source. The results of this study indicate that both long-term preexposure treatments and immediate exposure to background noise can limit the ability of maleT. ni to respond to sex pheromone sources.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00994321
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    Fall armyworm sensitivity to flavone: Limited role of constitutive and induced detoxifying enzyme activity (1993)
    Springer
    Journal of chemical ecology 19 (1993), S. 645-667 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-1561
    Keywords: Detoxification ; Spodoptera frugiperda ; Lepidoptera ; Noctuidae ; flavone ; induction ; polysubstrate monooxygenase ; glutathione transferase ; general esterase ; synergism
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Abstract We used inhibition and induction of detoxifying enzymes to determine whether these enzymes allow a generalist species (Spodoptera frugiperda; fall armyworms) to cope with ingestion of the flavonoid, flavone. Flavone induces polysubstrate monooxygenases (PSMO), general esterases (GE), and glutathioneS-transferases (GST) inS. frugiperda, yet this species is affected deleteriously by low dietary concentrations of this allelochemical. First, in a series of experiments, larvae were fed artificial diets containing increasing concentrations of flavone, either alone or with known inhibitors of either PSMO, GE, or GST enzymes. In an additional treatment, flavone and inhibitors of all three enzyme systems were administered in diets simultaneously. PSMO and GE activities were reduced in vivo by their respective inhibitors, whereas that of GST was induced or unchanged. Significant synergism of flavone's growth-reducing activity occurred at the highest concentration tested (0.125% fresh mass, fm) when the PSMO inhibitor, piperonyl butoxide, or the GST inhibitor, diethyl maleate, was added to the diet, and at 0.08% fm flavone, when combined with the GE inhibitor, tri-tolyl phosphate. In many cases, however, the additive effect (i.e., reduction in growth owing to flavone alone + inhibitor alone) was greater than the synergistic effect, and no synergism occurred in the treatment with the three inhibitors combined. In the second approach, caterpillars were preexposed to a concentration of flavone (0.02% fm) that induced these enzymes ca. 1.5- to 2.5-fold, prior to switching larvae to a diet containing a higher (growth-reducing) flavone concentration (0.125% fm). The relative growth rates (RGR) of induced larvae were significantly greater (14%) than those of the uninduced larvae on the 0.125% fm flavone diet. Additionally, in two of the three experiments, relative consumption rate (RCR) was significantly greater (7–24%) in induced compared with uninduced larvae. The variable responses to inhibitor treatment and the relatively small benefit of enzyme induction suggest that these enzyme systems have minimal impact on the detoxification of flavone inS. frugiperda, even though this allelochemical induces enzyme activity and has been reported to be metabolized in vitro.
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    Identification of the sex pheromone of the guernsey carpet beetle,Anthrenus sarnicus Mroczkowski (Coleoptera: Dermestidae) (1993)
    Springer
    Journal of chemical ecology 19 (1993), S. 971-983 
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    ISSN: 1573-1561
    Keywords: Anthrenus sarnicus ; Coleoptera ; Dermestidae ; pheromone ; decyl butyrate ; decanol ; volatile components ; EAG ; bioassay
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Abstract It has been confirmed that adult virgin females ofAnthrenus sarnicus Mroczkowski exhibit a characteristic headstand posture that is associated with the release of a sex pheromone. Volatiles trapped on filter papers suspended above calling females were attractive to adult virgin males when tested in a two-choice target bioassay. Separate aeration extracts of males and females were analyzed by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry and showed that decanol and decyln-butyrate were released by females only. These components were present in approximately equal amounts and accounted for about 90% of the total area of the chromatogram. Decyl butyrate produced an electroantennogram response with a larger response from males than females. Behaviorally, a mixture of 10μg of decanol and 10μg of decyl butyrate attracted 88% of males and 10μg of decyl butyrate alone attracted 82% of males in the bioassay. The role of decyl butyrate as a sex pheromone is convincing, but this is not the case for decanol.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00992532
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    Iridoid glycoside sequestration byThessalia leanira (Lepidoptera: Nymphalidae) feeding onCastilleja integra (Scrophulariaceae) (1993)
    Springer
    Journal of chemical ecology 19 (1993), S. 1155-1166 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-1561
    Keywords: Thessalia leanira fulvia ; Chlosyne leanira fulvia ; Lepidoptera ; Nymphalidae ; Castilleja integra ; Scrophulariaceae ; iridoid glycosides ; sequestration ; herbivory
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Abstract A small population of a polyvoltine checkerspot butterfly,Thessalia leanira fulvia (also known asChlosyne leanira ssp.fulvia), was found to useCastilleja integra as a larval food plant at a localized site (Burnt Mill) southwest of Pueblo, Colorado. Field-captured adult butterflies contained the major iridoid glycosides (catalpol and macfadienoside) of theCastilleja. The content of a third iridoid glycoside, methyl shanzhiside, was also relatively high in the collected butterflies even though most individualCastilleja plants at Burnt Mill contained little or no methyl shanzhiside. Only a few plants, restricted to a small area, did contain appreciable methyl shanzhiside. Most of the plants that lacked the ester methyl shanzhiside contained shanzhiside, the corresponding free carboxylic acid.Thessalia larvae did not normally methylate the acid to produce methyl shanzhiside. Larvae that stopped feeding at an early instar, but yet survived several weeks, did contain major amounts of methyl shanzhiside. It is suggested that only larvae that overwinter or otherwise enter diapause convert shanzhiside to methyl shanzhiside. TheCastilleja food plant also contained iridoids other than catalpol and macfadienoside, sometimes in major amounts, but these were never found in larvae, pupae, or butterflies.
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    Potential role of ascorbate oxidase as a plant defense protein against insect herbivory (1993)
    Springer
    Journal of chemical ecology 19 (1993), S. 1553-1568 
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    ISSN: 1573-1561
    Keywords: Ascorbic acid ; ascorbate oxidase ; plant resistance ; plant defense ; oxidative stress ; Helicoverpa zea ; Lepidoptera ; Noctuidae ; cotton ; tomato ; soybean
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Abstract Ascorbic acid is essential for both nutritive and antioxidant functions in phytophagous insects; however, maintaining sufficient quantities of reduced ascorbate may be problematical for them. In this investigation, we show that the plant enzyme ascorbate oxidase retains activity in the digestive system of the herbivoreHelicoverpa zea. High levels of the enzyme are present in several host plants ofH. zea, including cotton, tomato, soybean, crimson clover, and vetch. The enzyme oxidizesL-ascorbic acid to dehydro-L-ascorbic acid, a potentially toxic product. The oxidation of ascorbic acid also produces active oxygen species such as the highly reactive hydroxyl radical. The nutritional quality of protein for larvalH. zea was significantly reduced by treatment with ascorbate and ascorbate oxidase. Oxidative damage to the protein was indicated by decreased lysine content, increased carbonyl formation, and the occurrence of protein fragmentation and polymerization. Furthermore, the oxidative loss of ascorbate in the herbivore's digestive system prevents ascorbate from functioning as an important antioxidant against a plethora of dietary prooxidants.
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    Aristolochic acids fromThottea spp. (Aristolochiaceae) and the osmeterial secretions of Thottea-feeding troidine swallowtail larvae (Papilionidae) (1993)
    Springer
    Journal of chemical ecology 19 (1993), S. 1587-1594 
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    ISSN: 1573-1561
    Keywords: Aristolochic acid ; Aristolochiaceae ; Thottea ; osmeteria ; swallowtail butterfly ; Papilionidae ; Troides ; Pachliopta ; Lepidoptera ; defense
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Abstract Two aristolochiaceous plants in the genusThottea were shown to contain aristolochic acids. Larvae of two Malaysian troidine swallowtail butterflies,Troides (Troides) amphrysus andPachliopta (Losaria) neptunus, that fed onThottea leaves were found to sequester corresponding aristolochic acid analogs in the osmeterial glands.
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    Defensive secretion of two notodontid caterpillars (Schizura unicornis, S. badia) (1993)
    Springer
    Journal of chemical ecology 19 (1993), S. 2089-2104 
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    ISSN: 1573-1561
    Keywords: Lepidoptera ; Notodontidae ; Schizura ; defensive secretion ; formic acid ; 2-tridecanone ; (5)-2-tridecanol ; 2-tridecyl formate ; 2-pentadecanone
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Abstract The cervical gland secretion of larvae ofSchizura unicornis andS. badia (Lepidoptera: Notodontidae) contains formic acid, acetic acid, and a mixture of lipophilic compounds, including 2-alkanones, 2-alkanols, and formates of the alkanols. InS. unicornis, the secretion also contains severalω-monounsaturated analogs of the alcohols, ketones, and formates. The absolute configuration of two of the alcohols (2-tridecanol and 2-pentadecanol) was established asS in both species. The larvae spray their secretion when physically disturbed, aiming it accurately in the direction of the offending agent.
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    Simulation and equation models of insect population control by pheromone-baited traps (1993)
    Springer
    Journal of chemical ecology 19 (1993), S. 1939-1956 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-1561
    Keywords: Semiochemical ; pheromone ; pest ; biological control ; insect trap ; personal computer program ; Scolytidae ; Coleoptera ; mass trapping
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Abstract A spatial-temporal model for personal computers is developed that simulates trapping of an insect population based on trap and population parameters that can be varied independently. The model allows individual “insects” to move forward at any step size with right or left turns within any specified angle taken at random. Thex andy axes of the area within which insects move can be varied as well as the number of insects, their flight speed, and the duration of the control period. In addition, the number of pheromonebaited traps, their placement in a grid or at random (with a variable degree of spacing), and their effective catch radius (proportional to pheromone release rate) can also be varied. Simulations showed that catch was similar regardless of whether traps were placed in a grid or practically at random (random placement but no traps were allowed to overlap in their effective catch radii). Iterative equations were developed for computer that can rapidly obtain values that correspond to the mean results from the slower simulation model. Based on a set of input parameters, the equations determine the percentage of the population that should be caught during a specified time, the time required to catch a specified proportion of the insects, and the number of traps necessary to catch the population proportion in the time period. The effects of varying the number of insects, flight speed, trap radius, and number of traps on the percent control or time to catch all insects are presented. Population control of the bark beetleIps typographus was simulated using realistic pheromone trap and population parameters. A discussion of insect and bark beetle (Coleoptera: Scolytidae) population control using pheromone traps is presented.
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    Deterrent and insecticidal effects of extracts of pithraj,Aphanamixis polystachya (Meliaceae), againstTribolium castaneum in storage (1993)
    Springer
    Journal of chemical ecology 19 (1993), S. 2463-2471 
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    ISSN: 1573-1561
    Keywords: Pithraj ; Aphanamixis polystachya ; Meliaceae ; repellent ; feeding deterrent ; Tribolium castaneum ; red flour beetle ; Coleoptera ; Tenebrionidae
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Abstract Laboratory experiments were carried out to investigate the efficacy of seed extracts of pithraj,Aphanamixis polystachya (Wall & Parker), a locally grown plant in Bangladesh, against the red flour beetle,Tribolium castaneum (Herbst.). Results of three different bioassays showed that crude extracts of pithraj seeds have strong repellent effects and moderate feeding deterrent and insecticidal (direct-contact) effects on adultTribolium castaneum.
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    Toxicity of linear furanocoumarins toSpodoptera exigua: Evidence for antagonistic interactions (1993)
    Springer
    Journal of chemical ecology 19 (1993), S. 2473-2484 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-1561
    Keywords: Spodoptera exigua ; Lepidoptera ; Noctuidae ; psoralen ; 5-methoxypsoralen ; 8-methoxypsoralen ; furanocoumarins ; antagonistic toxicity ; plant-insect interactions ; Apium prostratum
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Abstract The linear furanocoumarins psoralen, bergapten, and xanthotoxin were tested for toxicity to the beet armywormSpodoptera exigua (Hübner) under short ultraviolet (UVB) radiation. Increased dietary concentrations of each furanocoumarin significantly decreased insect larval weight, extended generation time, and induced higher mortality. Xanthotoxin was the most toxic, followed by psoralen and bergapten. Combining psoralen with bergapten, xanthotoxin, or both resulted in significantly antagonistic effects on insect mortality. The combination of bergapten and xanthotoxin, however, produced additive effects. The implications of these observations forS. exigua resistance in the wild plant accession ofApium prostratum and the enigma the findings represent for plant-insect relationships are discussed.
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    Responses of maxillary sensilla styloconica inBombyx mori to glucosides fromOsmunda japonica, a nonhost plant (1993)
    Springer
    Journal of chemical ecology 19 (1993), S. 2501-2512 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-1561
    Keywords: Bombyx mori ; Lepidoptera ; Bombicidae ; Noctuidae ; Spodoptera litura ; sensilla styloconica ; royal fern ; Osmunda japonica ; electrophysiological response
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Abstract We isolated glucosides from the royal fern,Osmunda japonica, which elicit a deterrent response in larvae ofBombyx mori. These compounds were absent in taro (Colocasia antiquorum) and castor-oil plant (Ricinus communis) leaves and did not evoke responses of sensory cells in the lateral and medial sensilla styloconica ofSpodoptera litura. This glucoside extract of the royal fern leaves stimulates receptors generally associated with deterrent. It is also possible that this compound may act as a behavioral deterrent, and from actual feeding tests, it is suggested that this compound may prevent feeding in some monophagous insects, such asBombyx mori. The deterrent glucoside possesses a noncyclic aglycon.
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    Xanthine toxicity to caterpillars synergized by allopurinol, a xanthine dehydrogenase/oxidase inhibitor (1993)
    Springer
    Journal of chemical ecology 19 (1993), S. 2635-2650 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-1561
    Keywords: Allelochemical ; allopurinol ; Anticarsia gemmatalis ; detoxification ; dose-response ; consumption rate ; food utilization ; Lepidoptera ; Noctuidae ; purine ; Spodoptera frugiperda ; synergism ; uric acid ; xanthine
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Abstract Xanthine (2,6-dioxypurine), which occurs in certain legumes and other plants, was fed in artificial diet to larvae of two noctuid moth species, a legume specialist,Anticarsia gemmatalis, and a generalist,Spodoptera frugiperda. In addition, diets either lacked or contained allopurinol (4-hydroxypyrazolo(3,4-d)-pyrimidine), an inhibitor of xanthine dehydrogenase and oxidase, enzymes that convert xanthine to uric acid. Xanthine alone (up to 2% fresh mass, fm) had little deleterious effect on either species, whereas allopurinol alone (up to 1% fm) had moderate but significant effects, increasing mortality, slowing development, and reducing insect biomass. At 0.5% fm allopurinol, the decrease in biomass-relative growth rate (RGR) was associated with reductions in the efficiency of conversion to biomass of digested food (ECD; both species) and in the biomass-relative consumption rate (RCR;A. gemmatalis). In addition, pupae of each species from allopurinol-fed larvae had increased water retention (i.e., lower percentage dry mass) compared with insects consuming control diet. When fed diet containing both compounds (1% fm xanthin+0.5% fm allopurinol), noA. gemmatalis and only 40% ofS. frugiperda larvae reached the prepupal stage; additionally for the latter species, there was a substantial slowing of growth and reductions in final biomass, RGR, RCR, and ECD. These results indicate a synergistic interaction, in which the effects of xanthine and allopurinol combined in the diet were significantly greater than the additive effects of each compound tested separately. Presumably, the inhibition of xanthine dehydrogenase by allopurinol prevented the absorbed xanthine from being converted to uric acid and excreted. In addition, this study expands the phenomenon of phytochemical detoxification by insects to include xanthine dehydrogenase, an enzyme generally not considered within this context.
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    Sex pheromone components of the fruit-tree leaf roller,Archips argyrospilus (Walker) (Lepidoptera: Tortricidae), in British Columbia (1993)
    Springer
    Journal of chemical ecology 19 (1993), S. 2855-2864 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-1561
    Keywords: Archips argyrospilus ; fruit-tree leaf roller ; Lepidoptera ; Tortricidae ; sex pheromone ; (11Z)-tetradecen-1-ol acetate ; (11E)-tetradecen-1-ol acetate ; (9Z)-tetradecen-1-ol acetate ; dodecan-1-ol acetate ; (11Z)-tetradecen-1-ol
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Abstract In field experiments in the Okanagan Valley, British Columbia, the pheromone blend of (11Z)-tetradecen-1-ol acetate (Z11-14:OAc), (11E)-tetradecen-1-ol acetate (E 11-14:OAc), (9Z)-tetradecen-1-ol acetate (Z9-14:OAc) and dodecan-1-ol acetate (12: OAc) at a 100∶64∶2∶1 ratio (western FTLR blend) attracted significantly more male fruit-tree leaf roller (FTLR),Archips argyrospilus (Walker), than did the previously reported four-component blend and modifications thereof. Addition of (11Z)-tetradecen-1-ol (Z11-14:OH) to the western FTLR blend in a ratio of 4% relative toZ11-14: OAc further significantly enhanced attraction. Compounds were identified and their ratio determined by coupled gas chromatographic-electroantennographic (GC-EAD) and coupled GC-mass spectrometric analyses of female FTLR pheromone gland extracts and by retention index calculations of candidate pheromone components. Determination and use of geographically specific pheromonal blends may be required for optimal, semiochemical-based biorational control of FTLR and other lepidopteran orchard pests.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00980587
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    Induction of cytochrome P-450 activities by nicotine in the tobacco hornworm,Manduca sexta (1993)
    Springer
    Journal of chemical ecology 19 (1993), S. 2903-2916 
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    ISSN: 1573-1561
    Keywords: Cytochrome P-450 ; induction ; nicotine ; Manduca sexta ; Lepidoptera ; Sphingidae
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Abstract The induction by dietary nicotine of a series of cytochrome P-450 enzyme activities was investigated in early fifth-instarManduca sexta larvae. At a low nicotine concentration in the diet (0.1 %), three of 12 midgut microsomal enzyme activities were significantly increased. At a higher concentration (0.75%) commonly found in plants of the genusNicotiana, nine of 12 activities were induced by 1.4- to 10.0-fold. Total cytochrome P-450, P-450 reductase activity, and midgut microsomal metabolism of nicotine were also increased by feeding 0.75% nicotine. Nicotine was metabolized by midgut microsomes to nicotine-1-N-oxide and cotinine-N-oxide. Fat body microsomal nicotine metabolism was low and unaffected by dietary nicotine. Isolated nerve cords were able to metabolize nicotine in vitro but this metabolism was not inducible by dietary nicotine. Nicotine-fed fifth-instarM. sexta larvae showed an increased tolerance to subsequent nicotine injection when compared to larvae fed a control diet. These results support the idea that induction of midgut cytochrome P-450-related metabolism is an adaptation ofManduca sexta to dietary nicotine.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00980591
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