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  • Artikel  (71)
  • Rhizobium  (29)
  • Drosophila
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  • Springer  (71)
  • 2005-2009
  • 1980-1984  (71)
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  • Artikel  (71)
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  • 2005-2009
  • 1980-1984  (71)
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  • 1
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Adjacent chromosomal regions can evolve at very different rates: Evolution of theDrosophila 68C glue gene cluster (1984)
    Springer
    Journal of molecular evolution 20 (1984), S. 251-264 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-1432
    Schlagwort(e): Drosophila ; Genome evolution ; 68C Glue gene cluster ; Drosophila melanogaster species subgroup
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Biologie
    Notizen: Summary The 68C puff is a highly transcribed region of theDrosophila melanogaster salivary gland polytene chromosomes. Three different classes of messenger RNA originate in a 5000-bp region in the puff; each class is translated to one of the salivary gland glue proteins sgs-3, sgs-7, or sgs-8. These messenger RNA classes are coordinately controlled, with each RNA appearing in the third larval instar and disappearing at the time of puparium formation. Their disappearance is initiated by the action of the steroid hormone ecdysterone. In the work reported here, we studied evolution of this hormone-regulated gene cluster in themelanogaster species subgroup ofDrosophila. Genome blot hybridization experiments showed that five other species of this subgroup have DNA sequences that hybridize toD. melanogaster 68C sequences, and that these sequences are divided into a highly conserved region, which does not contain the glue genes, and an extraordinarily diverged region, which does. Molecular cloning of this DNA fromD. simulans, D. erecta, D. yakuba, andD. teissieri confirmed the division of the region into a slowly and a rapidly evolving protion, and also showed that the rapidly evolving region of each species codes for third instar larval salivary gland RNAs homologous to theD. melanogaster glue mRNAs. The highly conserved region is at least 13,000 bp long, and is not known to code for any RNAs.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02104731
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  • 2
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Mutations affecting the pattern of the larval cuticle inDrosophila melanogaster (1984)
    Springer
    Development genes and evolution 193 (1984), S. 267-282 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-041X
    Schlagwort(e): Drosophila ; Larval cuticle ; Pattern formation ; Embryonic lethal mutations
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Biologie
    Notizen: Summary In a search for embryonic lethal mutants on the second chromosome ofDrosophila melanogaster, 5764 balanced lines isogenic for an ethyl methane sulfonate (EMS)-treatedcn bw sp chromosome were established. Of these lines, 4217 carried one or more newly induced lethal mutations corresponding to a total of 7600 lethal hits. Eggs were collected from lethal-bearing lines and unhatched embryos from the lines in which 25% or more of the embryos did not hatch (2843 lines) were dechorionated, fixed, cleared and scored under the compound microscope for abnormalities of the larval cuticle. A total of 272 mutants were isolated with phenotypes unequivocally distinguishable from wild-type embryos on the basis of the cuticular pattern. In complementation tests performed between mutants with similar phenotype, 48 loci were identified by more than one allele, the average being 5.4 alleles per locus. Complementation of all other mutants was shown by 13 mutants. Members of the complementation groups were mapped by recombination analysis. No clustering of loci with similar phenotypes was apparent. From the distribution of the allele frequencies and the rate of discovery of new loci, it was estimated that the 61 loci represent the majority of embryonic lethal loci on the second chromosome yielding phenotypes recognizable in the larval cuticle.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00848156
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  • 3
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Isolation and characterization of temperature-sensitivelethal (2) giant larva alleles (1984)
    Springer
    Development genes and evolution 193 (1984), S. 90-97 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-041X
    Schlagwort(e): Drosophila ; Temperature-sensitive ; Neoplasms ; Differentiation ; Imaginal discs
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Biologie
    Notizen: Summary EMS induced temperature-sensitivelethal (2) giant larva, 1(2)gl, alleles were isolated by screening against a knownl(2)gl allele. Analysis of the lethal phase of thel(2)gl ts-deficiency heterozygotes demonstrated: (1) the majority of thel(2)gl tslarvae survive to late third instar, (2) at 29°C the majority of thel(2)gl tslarvae failed to pupate and only rarely did they differentiate adult cuticular structures, (3) at 15°C the majority of the larvae pupated and frequently differentiated adult cuticular structures. Examination of the imaginal discs ofl(2)gl tslarvae reared at 29°C revealed the presence of morphologically abnormal wing, haltere and leg imaginal discs. No morphologically abnormal discs were found in thel(2)gl tslarvae reared at 15°C. Studies on both the histology and the developmental capacity of the morphologically normal and abnormall(2)gl tsdiscs were performed. The morphologically normal discs are histologically normal and produce a full complement of adult cuticular structures. However, the morphologically abnormal discs contained both regions that maintained the normal monolayer epithelium and regions that had lost the normal tissue architecture. The implants obtained when the morphologically abnormal discs are injected into metamorphosing larvae contained only a limited number of the normal complement of adult structures and usually only structures found in the ventral wing hinge region were recovered. In addition, the “metamorphosed” morphologically abnormal discs contained undifferentiated tissue that gave rise to transplantable neoplasms when cultured in adults. The results of the studies on the pathology of thel(2)gl tslarvae are discussed with respect to the role of thel(2)gl tsfunction during normal development, the autonomy of the neoplastic development of thel(2)gl tstissues, and similarities between neoplastic development inDrosophila and mammals.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00848636
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  • 4
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Heterospecific combinations of germ cells and gonadal soma betweenDrosophila melanogaster, D. mauritiana andD. ananassae (1984)
    Springer
    Development genes and evolution 194 (1984), S. 99-106 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-041X
    Schlagwort(e): Drosophila ; Pole cell transplantation ; Heterospecific combinations ; Gametogenesis ; Chorion morphology
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Biologie
    Notizen: Summary We transplanted pole cells betweenDrosophila melanogaster, D. mauritiana andD. ananassae to investigate the ability of germ cells to develop in the gonad of a heterospecific host, and to study the interaction between somatic follicle cells and the cells of the germ line in producing the species-specific chorion. FemaleD. mauritiana germ cells in aD. melanogaster ovary produced functional eggs with normal development potential. The same is true for the reciprocal combination. FemaleD. ananassae pole cells in aD. melanogaster host only developed to a very early stage and degenerated afterwards. None of the interspecific combinations of male pole cells led to functional sperm. We could not determine at what stage the transplanted male pole cells were arrested. The cooperation of follicle cells and the oocyte-nurse cell complex in producing the chorion was studied using the germ-line-dependent mutationfs(1) K10 ofD. melanogaster, which causes fused respiratory appendages and an abnormal chorion morphology. Wild-type femaleD. mauritiana germ cells in a mutantfs(1) K10 D. melanogaster ovary led to the production of wild-type eggs withD. melanogaster-specific, short respiratory appendages. On the other hand,D. melanogaster fs(1) K10 germ cells in aD. mauritiana ovary induced the formation of eggs with mutant fused appendages which were, however, typicallyD. mauritiana in length. When.D. mauritiana pole cells developed in aD. melanogaster ovary, the chorion exhibited a new imprint pattern that differs from both species-specific patterns.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00848349
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  • 5
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Isolation and characterization of temperature-sensitivelethal(2)giant larva alleles (1984)
    Springer
    Development genes and evolution 193 (1984), S. 98-107 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-041X
    Schlagwort(e): Drosophila ; Neoplasms ; Promotion ; Regeneration ; Temperature-sensitive ; Imaginal discs
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Biologie
    Notizen: Summary In this paper we present an analysis of the behavior ofl(2)gl tsimaginal wing discs during culture in adult hosts. Thel(2)gl tslarvae reared at 29° C contain two types of wing discs, those that are morphologically normal and those that are abnormal. When discs of both types are cultured in adult hosts at 29° C, the restrictive temperature, they give rise to transplantable neoplastic tissue. However, when the 29° C reared discs are cultured at 15° C, the permissive temperature, the morphologically normal discs maintain their morphology, but the morphologically abnormal discs give rise to neoplasms. Thel(2)gl tslarvae reared at 15° C contain only morphologically normal discs. When these discs are cultured in adult hosts at 29° C they give rise to neoplasms, however if the discs are cultured at 15° C they maintain their normal morphology. These results demonstrate: (1) that all wing imaginal discs obtained from 29° C rearedl(2)gl tslarvae are competent to undergo neoplastic development, (2) the morphologically abnormal discs obtained from the 29° C rearedl(2)gl tslarvae are committed to neoplastic development, (3) the neoplastic development of the morphologically normal discs is temperature dependent, (4) once the neoplastic development of thel(2)gl tsdiscs has been initiated the process is not readily reversible. In addition, the ability ofl(2)gl tswing discs to perform epimorphic regulation was tested by amputating morphologically normal permissively rearedl(2)gl tswing discs and culturing both fragiments at the permissive temperature. Fragments of control wild-type discs maintained their morphology during culture at the permissive temperature. However, both fragments of txel(2)gl tsdiscs became neoplastic. This result is discussed with respect to a possible role for thel(2)gl +function in epimorphic regulation and with respect to the phenomena of tumor promotion in vertebrates.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00848637
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  • 6
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Changes in the distribution of gap junctions inDrosophila melanogaster wing discs during the third larval and early pupal stages of development (1984)
    Springer
    Development genes and evolution 193 (1984), S. 187-196 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-041X
    Schlagwort(e): Drosophila ; Gap junction ; Imaginal disc ; Pattern formation ; EM Stereology
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Biologie
    Notizen: Summary Developmental changes in the distribution of gap junctions in early, mid and late third larval stage wing discs and in pupariation+6 h and pupariation+24 h stage wing discs fromDrosophila melanogaster were analyzed by quantitative electron microscopy. Gap junctions occur in all 12 intradisc regions examined in each of the five developmental stages. Their distribution is non-random and changes during development which suggests that they are developmentally regulated. The gap junctions are not static structures, rather they grow and regress during development. The changes tend to be gradual ones without sudden increases or decreases. Gap junctions continuously form and grow in size throughout the third larval stage and during the first 6 h following pupariation. Their surface density, number, percent of the lateral plasma membrane area, and absolute area as well as the lateral plasma membrane surface density all increase during this time. Between pupariation+ 6 h and pupariation+24 h all but one of these parameters decrease indicative of gap junctional breakdown. Gap junctions are most numerous and change least during development in the apical cell regions where intercellular contacts are close and stable. They change most in the basal cell regions where intercellular contacts tend to be looser and change during development. The most dramatic change is in the absolute area which increases by a factor of 23 between the early third larval stage and pupariation+24 h. At pupariation the rate of gap junction growth undergoes a transient increase before the phase of disassembly begins. Developmental changes in gap junction surface density are closely coupled with changes in the lateral plasma membrane surface density which suggests that these may be coregulated. Evidence from mutants suggests that when the number and density of gap junctions fail to increase in proportion to lateral plasma membrane growth, wing disc development will be abnormal. Our results support the idea that some minimum gap junction density is required for normal development and that this must increase as development proceeds. The results are consistent with the notion that gap junctions are involved in pattern formation and growth control and are discussed with respect to the acquisition of competence for metamorphosis, disc growth, disc morphogenesis and changes in the hormonal environment.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01260338
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  • 7
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Mutations affecting the pattern of the larval cuticle inDrosophila melanogaster (1984)
    Springer
    Development genes and evolution 193 (1984), S. 296-307 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-041X
    Schlagwort(e): Drosophila ; Larval cuticle ; Pattern formation ; Embryonic lethal mutations
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Biologie
    Notizen: Summary In order to identify X-chromosomal genes required inDrosophila for early patterning and morphogenesis, we examined embryos hemizygous for EMS-induced lethal mutations to determine which of those mutations cause gross morphological defects. Embryos from 2711 lethal lines, corresponding to 3255 lethal point mutations were studied. Only 21% caused death during embryogenesis and of these, only one-sixth, or 3% of the total lethals, were associated with defects visible in the final cuticle pattern. Of the 114 point mutants causing visible cuticle defects, 76 could be assigned to 14 complementation groups. An additional 25 mutations mapping to regions of the X-chromosome not covered by male fertile duplications were assigned to six complementation groups based on similarities of map position and phenotype. Thirteen mutations could not be assigned to complementation groups. All mutations allowed normal development through the cellular blastoderm stage, the first defects associated with the earliest acting loci being observed shortly after the onset of gastrulation. The phenotypes of the various loci range from alterations in segment pattern or early morphogenetic movements to defects in final pigmentation and denticle morphology. Cuticle preparations were also examined for 63 deletions spanning in total 74% of the X-chromosome, as well as for 8 deletions and point mutations derived in saturation mutagenesis screens of the fourth chromosome (Hochman 1976). With the exception of defects in head morphology and defects in cuticle differentiation, none of the hemizygous deletions showed phenotypes other than those predicted by point mutations known to lie in those regions. No deletion caused new or unknown alterations in gastrulation, segmentation or cuticle pattern.These results suggest that the number of genes required zygotically for normal embryonic patterning is small and that most, if not all such loci, are represented by point mutations in our collection.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00848158
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  • 8
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    The role of the peripodial membrane of leg and wing imaginal discs ofDrosophila melanogaster during evagination and differentiation in vitro (1984)
    Springer
    Development genes and evolution 193 (1984), S. 180-186 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-041X
    Schlagwort(e): Drosophila ; Imaginal disc ; Morphogenesis ; Tissue culture
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Biologie
    Notizen: Summary The thin region of the peripodial membrane is confined to the area overlying the distal anlagen in thoracic discs. During the early stages of evagination the peripodial membrane is greatly stretched, but does not rupture. The appendage then evaginates through the stalk, probably by means of a contraction of the peripodial membrane. The cells of the peripodial membrane of leg and wing discs persist and differentiate sheets of trichomes characteristic of the ventral and lateral thorax. This is discussed in relation to imaginal disc fate maps.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00848893
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  • 9
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    TheUbx syndrome ofDrosophila: the prothoracic transformation (ppx) is independent ofbx, bxd andpbx (1984)
    Springer
    Development genes and evolution 193 (1984), S. 263-265 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-041X
    Schlagwort(e): Drosophila ; Biothorax complex ; Prothoracic transformation
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Biologie
    Notizen: Summary If, early in development, theUbx + gene is removed by mitotic recombination from cells of the meso-and metathoracic leg primordia, theseUbx − cells develop as in the posterior prothoracic leg. We show that this transformation, termedpostprothorax, is a discrete genetic function that is independent of other homeotic transformations such asbx, pbx orbxd, which also result from the inactivation of theUbx gene.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01260349
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  • 10
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Mutations affecting the pattern of the larval cuticle inDrosophila melanogaster (1984)
    Springer
    Development genes and evolution 193 (1984), S. 283-295 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-041X
    Schlagwort(e): Drosophila ; Larval cuticle ; Pattern formation ; Embryonic lethal mutations
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Biologie
    Notizen: Summary The present report describes the recovery and genetic characterization of mutant alleles at zygotic loci on the third chromosome ofDrosophila melanogaster which alter the morphology of the larval cuticle. We derived 12600 single lines from ethyl methane sulfonate (EMS)-treatedst e orrucuca chromosomes and assayed them for embryonic lethal mutations by estimating hatch rates of egg collections. About 7100 of these lines yielded at least a quarter of unhatched eggs and were then scored for embryonic phenotypes. Through microscopic examination of unhatched eggs 1772 lines corresponding to 24% of all lethal hits were classified as embryonic lethal. In 198 lines (2.7% of all lethal hits), mutant embryos showed distinct abnormalities of the larval cuticle. These embryonic visible mutants define 45 loci by complementation analysis. For 32 loci, more than one mutant allele was recovered, with an average of 5.8 alleles per locus. Complementation of all other mutants was shown by 13 mutants. The genes were localized on the genetic map by recombination analysis, as well as cytologically by complementation analysis with deficiencies. They appear to be randomly distributed along the chromosome. Allele frequencies and comparisons with deficiency phenotypes indicate that the 45 loci represent most, if not all, zygotic loci on the third chromosome, where lack of function recognizably affects the morphology of the larval cuticle.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00848157
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  • 11
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Early neurogenesis in wild-typeDrosophila melanogaster (1984)
    Springer
    Development genes and evolution 193 (1984), S. 308-325 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-041X
    Schlagwort(e): Neurogenesis ; Pattern of neuroblasts ; Drosophila
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Biologie
    Notizen: Summary This paper deals with morphological aspects of early neurogenesis inDrosophila, in particular with the segregation of neuroblasts from the neurogenic region of the ectoderm and the pattern formed by those wells within both the germ band and the procephalic lobe. The neurogenic ectoderm was found to contain neural precursors intermingled with epidermal precursors, extending from the midline up to the primordia of the tracheal tree along the germ band and laterodorsally in the procephalic lobe. Germ band neuroblasts segregate from the neurogenic ectoderm during a period of several hours according to characteristic spatial and temporal patterns. During the first half of the segregation process the pattern of germ band neuroblasts was found to be the same in different animals in both spatial arrangement and number of cells; this permitted the identification of individual neuroblasts from different embryos. Later in development several difficulties were encountered which precluded an exact description of the neuroblast pattern. The constitution of the neurogenic region is discussed in relation to the phenotype of mutants affecting neurogenesis.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00848159
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  • 12
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    The spatial arrangement of germ line cells in ovarian follicles of the mutantdicephalic inDrosophila melanogaster (1984)
    Springer
    Development genes and evolution 193 (1984), S. 388-393 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-041X
    Schlagwort(e): Drosophila ; Oogenesis ; Ring canals ; Oocyte determination ; Polarity
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Biologie
    Notizen: Summary The pattern of intercellular connections between germ line cells has been studied in follicles of the mutantdicephalic (dic), which possess nurse cell clusters at both poles. Staining of follicles with a fluorescent rhodamine conjugate of phalloidin reveals ring canals and cell membranes and thus allows us to reconstruct the spatial organization of the follicle. Each germ line cell can be identified by the pattern of cell-cell connections which reflect the mitotic history of individual cells in the 16-cell cluster. The results indicate that in both wild-type anddicephalic cystocyte clusters one of the two cells with four ring canals normally becomes the pro-oocyte. However, in some follicles (dicephalic and wild-type) oocytes were found with fewer or more than four ring canals. Indic follicles, one or several nurse cells may become disconnected from the other cells during oocyte growth at stage 9–10. Such disconnected cells cannot later on empty their cytoplasm into the oocyte. This, in turn, might be of consequence for the determination of axial polarity of the embryo.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00848229
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  • 13
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Cell interactions during the fusionin vitro ofDrosophila eye-antennal imaginal discs (1984)
    Springer
    Development genes and evolution 193 (1984), S. 406-413 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-041X
    Schlagwort(e): Drosophila ; Imaginal disc ; Morphogenesis ; Tissue culture
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Biologie
    Notizen: Summary The fusion of the eye-antennal discs during culturein vitro has been investigated, and the complex morphogenetic movements which occur during the formation of the head capsule of the insect are described. The initial contact between the eye anlagen is by means of cell processes spanning the gap between the two discs. Subsequently the two epithelia become firmly apposed, and then the integrity of the epithelium in the region of fusion breaks down, cells appearing to move to new positions in order to form an epithelium which unites the two discs. The epithelium eventually secretes a pattern of cuticular structures which is continuous between the derivatives of the two discs. Bristles on either side of the line of fusion are perfectly aligned, and structures such as the median ocellus, which are formed jointly by the cells of the two discs, differentiate normally. This is also found when left and right eye-antennal discs of different genotypes are placed side-by-side, indicating that processes of pattern regulation can occur in culture.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00848232
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  • 14
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Identification of ononitol and O-methyl-scyllo-inositol in pea root nodules (1984)
    Springer
    Planta 161 (1984), S. 32-36 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-2048
    Schlagwort(e): Ononitol ; O-Methyl-scyllo-inositol ; Pisum (root nodule) ; Rhizobium ; Root nodule
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Biologie
    Notizen: Abstract Ononitol (4-O-methyl-myo-inositol) and O-methyl-scyllo-inositol were identified in pea (Pisum sativum L.) root nodules formed by twoRhizobium leguminosarum strains. Ononitol was the major soluble carbohydrate in nodules formed by strain 1045 while O-methyl-scyllo-inositol and two unidentified components were dominant in the carbohydrate pattern of the nodules formed by strain 1 a. The cyclitols were also present in the denodulated roots, but to a much smaller extent; in the above-ground plant parts only traces were found. The identification of ononitol and O-methyl-scyllo-inositol was established by gas chromatography and gas chromatography-mass spectrometry utilizing trimethylsilyl- and acetyl-derivatives.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00951457
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  • 15
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Denitrification of nitrate to nitrogen gas by washed cells ofRhizobium japonicum and by bacteroids fromGlycine max (1984)
    Springer
    Planta 161 (1984), S. 81-85 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-2048
    Schlagwort(e): Bacteroid ; Glycine (bacteroids) ; Denitrification ; Rhizobium
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Biologie
    Notizen: Abstract Nitrate, nitrite and nitrous oxide were denitrified to N2 gas by washed cells ofRhizobium japonicum CC706 as well as by bacteroids prepared from root nodules ofGlycine max (L.) Merr. (CV. Clark 63). Radiolabelled N2 was produced from either K15NO3 or Na15NO2 by washed cells ofRh. japonicum CC705 grown with either nitrate only (5 mM) or nitrate (5 mM) plus glutamate (10 mM). Nitrogen gas was also produced from N2O. Similar results were obtained with bacteroids ofG. max. The stoichiometry for the utilization of15NO 3 - or15NO 2 - and the produciton of15N2 was 2:1 and for N2O utilization and N2 production it was 1:1. Some of the15N2 gas produced by denitrification of15NO 3 - in bacteroids was recycled via nitrogenase into cell nitrogen.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00951463
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  • 16
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Osmoregulation in Rhizobium meliloti: inhibition of growth by salts (1984)
    Springer
    Archives of microbiology 137 (1984), S. 124-127 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-072X
    Schlagwort(e): Rhizobium ; Osmotic stress ; Salts ; Glutamic acid
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Biologie
    Notizen: Abstract A defined medium of low osmolarity was developed permitting growth of Rhizobium meliloti with generation times of approximately 2.8 h doubling-1. The effects of sodium, potassium, magnesium, ammonium, chloride, sulfate, phosphate, bicarbonate and acetate ions on the growth rate of R. meliloti were determined. Sodium, potassium and ammonium ions had little effect on growth at concentrations of 100 mEq or less; magnesium ion inhibited growth severely at concentrations of 50 mEq (25 mM). Of the anions, chloride and sulfate appeared to have little effect while phosphate, bicarbonate, and acetate inhibited growth at concentrations of as little as 25 mEq. The addition of proline, glutamate, or betaine to cells growing in inhibitory concentrations of NaCl did not relieve the inhibition. When grown in the presence of inhibitory levels of NaCl, the intracellular concentration of glutamate but not of proline or gamma amino butyric acid increased 5-fold.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00414452
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  • 17
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Effect of phosphorus supply on phosphate uptake and alkaline phosphatase activity in Rhizobia (1984)
    Springer
    Archives of microbiology 140 (1984), S. 281-286 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-072X
    Schlagwort(e): Alkaline phosphatase ; Continuous culture ; Glycerol 1-phosphate uptake ; Phosphate exchange ; Phosphate uptake ; Rhizobium ; Snake bean bacteroids
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Biologie
    Notizen: Abstract The effect of P nutrition on phosphate uptake and alkaline phosphatase activity was studied in chemostat culture for four rhizobial and three bradyrhizobial species. Phosphate-limited cells took up phosphate 10- to 180-fold faster than phosphate-rich cells. The four fast-growing rhizobial strains contained high levels of alkaline phosphatase activity under P-limited conditions compared to the repressed levels found in P-rich cells; alkaline phosphatase activity could not be detected in three slow-growing rhizobial strains, regardless of their P-status. Glycerol 1-phosphate-uptake in the cowpea Rhizobium NGR234 was derepressed over 50-fold under P-limited conditions, and appeared to be co-regulated with phosphate uptake. The phosphate-uptake system appeared similar in all strains with apparent K m values ranging from 1.6 μM to 6.0 μM phosphate and maximum activities from 17.2 to 126 nmol · min-1 · (mg dry weight of cells)-1. Carbonyl cyanide m-chlorophenyl hydrazone strongly inhibited phosphate uptake in all strains and a number of other metabolic inhibitors also decreased phosphate uptake in the cowpea Rhizobium NGR234. The phosphate uptake system in all strains failed to catalyse exchange of 32P label in preloaded cells or efflux of phosphate. The results suggest a single, repressible, unidirectional and energy-dependent system for the transport of phosphate into rhizobia.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00454943
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  • 18
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Aromatic metabolism in Rhizobium trifolii —protocatechuate 3,4-dioxygenase (1984)
    Springer
    Archives of microbiology 138 (1984), S. 187-190 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-072X
    Schlagwort(e): Rhizobium ; Aromatic metabolism in protocatechuate 3,4-dioxygenase ; R. trifolii
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Biologie
    Notizen: Abstract Protocatechuate 3,4-dioxygenase (EC 1.13.11.3) has been purified 42-fold from 4-hydroxybenzoate-grown cells of Rhizobium trifolii TA1, where it constitutes about 2% of the cell protein. The dioxygenase has a molecular weight of 220,000, with two dissimilar sub-units of molecular weights 29,000 and 26,500, corresponding to an α4β4 composition. The enzyme is specific for protocatechuate, with a Km of 1.75×10-5 M and maximum activity at pH 9.2. Metal removal and replacement studies indicate that the enzyme contains complexed Fe3+ which is required for activity. Direct atomic absorption analysis gave 1.3–1.5 g atoms Fe3+ per mole of isolated enzyme, but correction for metal-deficient proteins suggests that the value is close to 2.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00402117
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  • 19
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Hydrogen oxidation and efficiency of nitrogen fixation in succinate-limited chemostat cultures ofRhizobium ORS 571 (1984)
    Springer
    Archives of microbiology 139 (1984), S. 53-60 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-072X
    Schlagwort(e): Rhizobium ; Nitrogenase ; Hydrogenase ; Growth yields ; Chemostat ; Cytochromes ; Proton translocation ; ATP/N2 ratio
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Biologie
    Notizen: Abstract Rhizobium ORS 571, isolated from stem nodules of the tropical legumeSesbania rostrata is able to grow in the chemostat with molecular nitrogen as sole nitrogen source at a specific growth rate of 0.1 h-1. Samples from nitrogenfixing cultures showed high acetylene reduction activities: 1,500 nmol ethylene formed per milligram dry weight per hour. Under nitrogen-fixing conditions an uptake hydrogenase is induced. Ammonia-assimilating cultures, without additional hydrogen, did not induce hydrogenase. The addition of hydrogen to succinate-limited nitrogen-fixing cultures resulted in an increase in the molar growth yield on succinate (Y succinate) from 27 to 35 and a slight decrease in the molar growth yield on oxygen ( $$Y_{O_2 }$$ ), showing that hydrogen oxidation is less energy-yielding than the oxidation of endogenous substrates. Respiration-driven proton translocation measured with starved cells indicated the functioning of site 1 and 2 of oxidative phosphorylation. Cytochrome spectra showed that cytochromea 600, present at high dissolved oxygen tension (d.o.t.) almost completely disappeared at low d.o.t. In flash-photolysis spectra only thea-type cytochrome could be detected as an oxidase in cells both grown at high and low d.o.t. Growth yields in ammonia-assimilating cultures were higher than those measured in nitrogen-fixing cultures. Assuming two sites of oxidative phosphorylation, a molar growth yield on ATP (Y ATP) of about 3 and 6 was calculated for respecticely nitrogen-fixing and ammonia-assimilating cultures. TheY ATP under nitrogen-fixing conditions is dependent on the amount of H2 formed per mol N2 fixed (H2/N2 ratio). A method has been described to calculate the total amount of ATP use by nitrogenase during the fixation of 1 mol N2 (ATP/N2 ratio) and H2/N2 ratios in aerobic nitrogen fixing organisms. This calculation yielded that nitrogen fixation inRhizobium ORS 571 is a high ATP-consuming process. The calculated ATP/N2 and H2/N2 ratios were respectively 42 and 7.5.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00692712
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  • 20
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    A continuous culture study of the phosphorus nutrition of Rhizobium trifollii WU95, Rhizobium NGR234 and Bradyrhizobium CB756 (1984)
    Springer
    Archives of microbiology 140 (1984), S. 276-280 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-072X
    Schlagwort(e): Alkaline phosphatase ; Continuous culture ; Growth yields ; Phosphate ; Phosphorus nutrition ; Polyphosphate ; Rhizobium
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Biologie
    Notizen: Abstract With continuous cultures in a fully defined minimal salts medium steady states were achieved at both limiting and non-limiting concentrations of phosphate in the inflowing medium for Rhizobium trifolii WU95, cowpea Rhizobium NGR234, and Bradyrhizobium CB756. Millimolar growth yields obtained from P-limited cultures varied over 2-fold from 3.2 g dry weight·(mmol P)-1 for WU95 to 5.3 g dry weight·(mmol P)-1 for CB756 and 7.2 g dry weight·(mmol P)-1 for NGR234. For both WU95 and NGR234 growth under P-excess conditions resulted in elevated levels of total biomass P and the storage compound polyphosphate, compared with P-limited cultures. However, P-limited cultures of these two strains still contained significant quantities of polyphosphate. The P-status for CB756 cultures did not affect either total biomass P or polyphosphate levels. Alkaline phosphatase was maximally derepressed in P-limited cultures of WU95 and NGR234. However, in CB756 alkaline phosphatase was not detected at significant levels regardless of its P supply. These data suggest that growth of rhizobia is controlled predominantly by the attainment of a critical internal P level.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00454942
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  • 21
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Legume-Rhizobium interactions: host induced alterations in capsular polysaccharides and infectivity of cowpea Rhizobia (1984)
    Springer
    Archives of microbiology 140 (1984), S. 260-264 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-072X
    Schlagwort(e): Rhizobium ; Legume ; Preinfection events ; Symbiont recognition ; Capsular polysaccharide composition ; Root exudate
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Biologie
    Notizen: Abstract The capsular polysaccharides (CPS) of the log phase cells of Rhizobium sp. strain 1001 were altered within 6 h of incubation in the root exudate of cowpea (Vigna sinensis) plants grown in the absence of combined nitrogen. Electrophoretic or DEAE-Sephadex separation of the native CPS yielded two fractions while the CPS of the cultures incubated in root exudate (host induced CPS) yielded three fractions. The relative proportions of sugars in the total CPS were different. The host induced CPS contained two new sugars, arabinose and xylose, in addition to the native components of mannose, glucose and galactose. Addition of the host induced CPS to cowpea roots enhanced the nodulation efficiency of Rhizobium sp. strain 1001 under low inoculum density. None of the above host mediated changes occurred on incubation of the rhizobia with root exudate of cowpea plants grown in the presence of NH 4 + , indicating the regulatory effect of combined nitrogen on the symbiotic properties of legume root secretions.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00454939
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  • 22
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Effect of phosphorus supply on periplasmic protein profiles in Rhizobia (1984)
    Springer
    Archives of microbiology 140 (1984), S. 287-290 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-072X
    Schlagwort(e): Alkaline phosphatase ; Continuous culture ; Periplasmic proteins ; Phosphate uptake ; Phosphorus nutrition ; Rhizobium
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Biologie
    Notizen: Abstract Lysozyme/EDTA treatment of four fast-growing rhizobia released repeatable protein profiles after polyacrylamide slab gel electrophoresis. Similar treatment of slow-growing rhizobia failed to release such periplasmic proteins. For the four-fast-growing rhizobia, both P-repressible and P-inducible protein bands occurred. The only P-repressible protein identified was alkaline phosphatase, which showed strain differences in both electrophoretic mobility and activation by Mg2+. The derepression of the P-repressible periplasmic proteins in cowpea Rhizobium NGR234 correlated with derepression of both phosphate and glycerol 1-phosphate uptake.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00454944
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  • 23
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Variation in the biochemical properties of the Drosophila alcohol dehydrogenase allozymes (1984)
    Springer
    Biochemical genetics 22 (1984), S. 153-168 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-4927
    Schlagwort(e): alcohol dehydrogenase ; Drosophila ; activity ratio ; specific activity
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Biologie , Chemie und Pharmazie
    Notizen: Abstract Thirteen Drosophila Adh variants have been characterized with respect to gene expression, substrate preference, thermostability, and specific activity. The results suggest that the variants may be grouped into two biochemical classes, typified by the properties of the two most common enzyme forms, ADH-F and ADH-S. Membership of these classes cannot be predicted from electrophoretic mobility, nor is any simple classification possible with regard to the characteristics of level of gene expression (in terms of ADH activity or ADH protein) or thermostability of the gene product.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00499295
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  • 24
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Acetaldehyde utilization and toxicity in Drosophila adults lacking alcohol dehydrogenase or aldehyde oxidase (1984)
    Springer
    Biochemical genetics 22 (1984), S. 1015-1029 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-4927
    Schlagwort(e): acetaldehyde ; alcohol dehydrogenase ; aldehyde oxidase ; Drosophila
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Biologie , Chemie und Pharmazie
    Notizen: Abstract Metabolic utilization and toxicity of acetaldehyde were studied in flies lacking alcohol dehydrogenase (ADH), aldehyde oxidase (AO), or both functions. Prior to the experiments, mutant alleles Adh n4 and mal were transferred to the same genetic background by 10 successive backcrosses. By comparison with wild-type flies, various deleterious, pleiotropic effects could be attributed to the mal allele but not to Adh n4 . Of the four genotypes studied (mal, Adh n4 , mal Adh n4 , and wild), all were able to use acetaldehyde as a resource in a similar way. In spite of its high toxicity, acetaldehyde appeared a better resource than ethanol. Flies treated with intermediate acetaldehyde concentrations (around 0.5%) exhibited a very high interindividual heterogeneity which could reflect a physiological adaptation occurring as a consequence of the aldehyde treatment. Toxicity tests showed that ADH-negative flies were more sensitive to acetaldehyde than wild type, but this is most likely explained by the transformation of the aldehyde into alcohol. Our results show that the aldehyde metabolizing enzyme (AME) system in Drosophila is neither ADH nor AO. The existence of an aldehyde dehydrogenase is plausible.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00499628
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  • 25
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Correlated response to phototactic selection (1984)
    Springer
    Behavior genetics 14 (1984), S. 279-293 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-3297
    Schlagwort(e): phototaxis ; Drosophila ; correlated response ; selection ; sepia
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Biologie , Psychologie
    Notizen: Abstract Artificial selection for positive and negative phototaxis was conducted in populations ofDrosophila melanogaster that were polymorphic at thesepia locus. Photoselection response was accompanied by a correlated response in the frequency of thesepia allele. Changes insepia frequency were shown to be significantly different from those predicted by several neutral models. Implications of this correlated response are briefly discussed in terms of the neurogenetic basis of phototaxis.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01065547
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  • 26
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    A note on barometric pressure and behavior inDrosophila pseudoobscura (1984)
    Springer
    Behavior genetics 14 (1984), S. 315-317 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-3297
    Schlagwort(e): Drosophila ; mating and barometric pressure
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Biologie , Psychologie
    Notizen: Abstract During a study ofDrosophila mating behavior we observed unexpected changes in performance under ostensibly identical experimental conditions. We related the behavior during the 17 days of the experiment to changes in ambient humidity and barometric pressure. Humidity had no significant effect, but reduced barometric pressure was found to be associated with reduced mating activity (R 2=0.29,P〈0.025), accounting for close to 30% of the variation in total number of matings.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01065549
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  • 27
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Genetic elements of courtship inDrosophila: Mosaics and learning mutants (1984)
    Springer
    Behavior genetics 14 (1984), S. 383-410 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-3297
    Schlagwort(e): Drosophila ; courtship ; learning ; circadian
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Biologie , Psychologie
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01065442
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  • 28
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Genetic analysis of sex appeal inDrosophila (1984)
    Springer
    Behavior genetics 14 (1984), S. 411-440 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-3297
    Schlagwort(e): Drosophila ; courtship ; pheromones
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Biologie , Psychologie
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01065443
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  • 29
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Drosophila Learning: Behavior and biochemistry (1984)
    Springer
    Behavior genetics 14 (1984), S. 527-557 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-3297
    Schlagwort(e): Drosophila ; learning ; classical conditioning mutants ; cAMP
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Biologie , Psychologie
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01065446
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  • 30
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    A few chemical words exchanged byDrosophila during courtship and mating (1984)
    Springer
    Behavior genetics 14 (1984), S. 441-478 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-3297
    Schlagwort(e): Drosophila ; courtship ; pheromones
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Biologie , Psychologie
    Notizen: Summary Experimental evidence and speculation relative to chemical messages exchanged byDrosophila during courtship and mating are reviewed. Only the speciesD. melanogaster andD. simulans are considered in detail. Emphasis is put on female aphrodisiacs, as they clearly participate in sex and species recognition. All the aphrodisiac molecules described are unsaturated long-chain hydrocarbons, and position 7 for a double bond seems important in both species. InD. melanogaster, only females are able to make 7,11-dienes, compounds which stimulate males of this species to court. InD. simulans, 7-tricosene plays a similar role but is produced by both sexes as well as maleD. melanogaster. In both species, polymorphism is shown for these molecules. Their biosynthesis is also considered and both preliminary biochemical and genetic data are introduced. Male-specific compounds which regulate male and female behaviors are also reviewed. For example,cis-vaccenyl acetate inhibits male courtship; one or two peptides control the female's receptivity and egg laying. Such compounds are transferred from males to females together with sperm.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01065444
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  • 31
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    A reexamination of the negative assortative mating phenomenon and its underlying mechanism inDrosophila melanogaster (1984)
    Springer
    Behavior genetics 14 (1984), S. 45-61 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-3297
    Schlagwort(e): assortative mating ; polymorphism ; partner selection ; pheromone ; behavior ; Drosophila
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Biologie , Psychologie
    Notizen: Abstract Averhoff and Richardson [(1974)Behav. Genet. 4:207–225] reported a trend toward negative assortative mating inDrosophila melanogaster during the course of inbreeding. These authors proposed that the underlying mechanism was based on pheromone polymorphism and male selection. Mass mating experiments were carried out to verify their hypothesis, detailed behavior observations were made to identify the underlying mechanism, and sex pheromone composition and variation were examined by using gas chromatography-mass spectrometry analysis. The results showed that negative assortative mating is not a general phenomenon. Although male pheromones are probably polymorphic, female pheromones are not. We found no evidence for male selection as predicted by Averhoff and Richardson. It is argued that the most parsimonious mechanism underlying negative assortative mating is similar to one proposed by Bryant [(1979)Behav. Genet. 9:249–256], which was based on interstrain differences in female reluctancy and male vigor.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01066068
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  • 32
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    The analysis of mating behavior data (1984)
    Springer
    Behavior genetics 14 (1984), S. 153-156 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-3297
    Schlagwort(e): mating behavior ; statistical analysis ; Drosophila
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Biologie , Psychologie
    Notizen: Abstract Quite different sets of data are shown to generate identical output ratios so that analyses of mating behavior data based on the use of input and output ratios may obscure significant aspects of the mating behavior.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01076411
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  • 33
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Learning in three species of diptera: The blow flyPhormia regina, the fruit flyDrosophila melanogaster, and the house flyMusca domestica (1984)
    Springer
    Behavior genetics 14 (1984), S. 479-526 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-3297
    Schlagwort(e): Drosophila ; learning ; conditioning
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Biologie , Psychologie
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01065445
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  • 34
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Appearance and accumulation of nodulin mRNAs and their relationship to the effectiveness of root nodules (1984)
    Springer
    Plant molecular biology 3 (1984), S. 21-28 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5028
    Schlagwort(e): soybean ; nitrogen fixation ; nodule-specific genes ; Rhizobium ; Northern blots ; RNA dot blots
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Biologie
    Notizen: Summary Cloned cDNAs corresponding to mRNAs which accumulate in nitrogen-fixing root nodules of soybean (nodulin mRNAs) were used as probes to investigate the sizes, sequence relationships, tissue specificities and developmental accumulations of individual nodulin mRNA sequences. Northern blot analysis indicated that the NodB, NodC and NodD mRNA sequences are 1 150, 770, and 3 150 nucleotides long, respectively, which is consistent with the previously determined sizes of the hybrid-selected translation products (27 000, 24 000 and 100 000 MW, respectively). The NodA clones pNodA15 and pNodA25 hybridized to two mRNAs of lengths 1 600 and 1 100 nucleotides, indicating that they contain significant sequence homologies. However, increasing the hybridization stringency showed that the pNodA15 clone encodes the 1 600 nucleotide mRNA corresponding to the major NodA hybrid-selected translation product (44 000 MW) while pNodA25 encodes an mRNA of 1 100 nucleotides. The latter probably corresponds to one of two smaller (23 500 and 24 500 MW) in vitro translation products. RNA dot-blot hybridizations indicated that nodulin and leghemoglobin mRNAs began to appear and accumulate in Rhizobium infected root tissue very early (day 3 to 5) and reached fully induced levels by day 11. This accumulation was specific for nodule tissue (except for the NodD sequence) and preceded the accumulation of nitrogen fixation activity. Nodules produced by different effective Rhizobium strains accumulated similar levels of leghemoglobin and nodulin mRNAs while ineffective strains had a pleiotropic affect. While one ineffective strain (61A24) gave reduced levels of all these mRNAs, the other (SM5) gave levels which were nearly normal by the time nitrogen fixation activity should have reached its maximal level (day 17). Thus, leghemoglobin and nodulin genes are switched on soon after infection, prior to nodule morphogenesis, and the switch occurs prior to and is independent of nitrogen fixation activity.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00023412
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  • 35
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Insertion and deletion mutations within the nif region of Rhizobium japonicum (1984)
    Springer
    Plant molecular biology 3 (1984), S. 159-168 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5028
    Schlagwort(e): electron microscopy ; mutants ; nitrogen fixation ; Rhizobium ; symbiosis
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Biologie
    Notizen: Abstract Insertion and deletion mutants were used to characterize a genomic region of Rhizobium japonicum where the nitrogenase structural genes are located on two separate operons nifDK and nifH. In addition to previously described nifD:: Tn5 and nifK:: Tn5 mutations we have now generated, by localized mutagenesis, further Tn5 insertion mutations in the vicinity of nifDK as well as within and adjacent to nifH. The nifD:: Tn5, nifK:: Tn5, and nifH:: Tn5 mutant strains were of the Nod+ Fix- phenotype whereas all other mutants were symbiotically fully effective (Nod+ Fix+). The nifH:: Tn5 mutation was helpful in the identification of the nifH gene product (the dinitrogenase reductase) by two-dimensional gel electrophoresis: due to its polar effect this insertion specifically abolished the synthesis of that protein under microaerobic culture conditions. The ultrastructure of soybean root nodules infected with either the nif + wild-type or with the nif - (but otherwise isogenic) mutant strains was analyzed by electron microscopy. All contained fully developed bacteroids, but the nitrogen non-fixing mutants showed massive accumulation of PHB. Of Tn5-containing strains, kanamycin sensitive derivatives were obtained which contained deletions. Several classes of deletion mutants were found which, as judged by their physical DNA structure and their phenotypes, allowed the following most important conclusions: (i) deletions lacking both the nifDK and nifH regions indicate linkage between the two operons whereby at least 15 kb of DNA separate them; (ii) one deletion ending upstream from nifH, and lacking only nifDK, indicates that the nifDK operon is located on the 5′-flanking side of the nifH operon; (iii) all deletion mutants are Nod+ indicating that there are no essential nodulation gnes located between and adjacent to nifDK and nifH.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00016063
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  • 36
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Effect of nitrate supply on the in-vivo synthesis and distribution of trifollin A, a Rhizobium trifolii-binding lectin, in Trifolium repens seedlings (1984)
    Springer
    Planta 162 (1984), S. 540-547 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-2048
    Schlagwort(e): Lectin ; Nitrate and lectin formation ; Rhizobium ; Trifoliin A ; Trifolium
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Biologie
    Notizen: Abstract In-vivo synthesis of the white-clover lectin, trifoliin A, was examined by the incorporation of labeled amino acids into protein during heterotrophic growth of intact Trifolium repens L. seedlings. Lectin synthesis was quantified by measuring the level of labeled protein immunoprecipitated from root exudate, from the hapten (2-deoxyglucose) eluate of the roots, and from root and shoot homogenates. The presence of labeled trifoliin A was confirmed by non-denaturing and sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis, followed by fluorography and comparison with trifoliin A standards. In-vivo-labeled trifoliin A was detected in seedling root homogenate 2 h after the addition of labeled amino acids and on the root surface by 8 h. Incorporation of labeled amino acids into protein and trifoliin A was greatest with 2-d-old seedlings and was greater when the plants were grown continuously in the dark than when they were exposed to 14 h light daily. Significantly more labeled lectin accumulated on the root surface of seedlings grown with 1.5 mM KNO3 than of seedlings grown either without N or with 15.0 mM KNO3. The labeled lectin from the root surface in all nitrate treatments and from the rootexudate samples of seedlings grown N-free and with 1.5 mM KNO3 was fully able to bind to Rhizobium trifolii. In contrast, only 2% of the immunoprecipitable protein found in the root exudate of seedlings grown with 15.0 mM KNO3 was able to bind to the bacteria. Thus, excess nitrate does not repress the synthesis of trifoliin A in the root, but does affect the distribution and activity of this newly synthesized lectin in a way which reduces its ability to interact with R. trifolii. By using Western blot analysis, much more total trifoliin A is detected in the homogenates of shoots than roots. However, greater than 80% of the total labeled protein and 85–90% of the total labeled lectin were found in the root homogenates of 2-d-old dark-grown seedlings incubated for 5 h with labeled amino acids. In addition, Western blot analysis indicated that the shoot homogenate contained smaller-molecular-weight peptides which reacted with the specific anti-trifoliin A antibody. These studies indicate that stored trifoliin A in the seed is degraded in the shoots during seedling development, while newly synthesized trifoliin A in the roots is excreted to the root surface and external environment.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00399920
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  • 37
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Chromosome variation in wheat plants regenerated from cultured immature embryos (1984)
    Springer
    Theoretical and applied genetics 67 (1984), S. 249-255 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-2242
    Schlagwort(e): Wheat ; Plant regeneration ; Chromosome variation
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Biologie
    Notizen: Summary A cytological study has been made of plants regenerated from cultured immature embryos of four wheat cultivars (Triticum aestivum, 2n = 6x = 42). In total, 29% of the 192 plants examined were aneuploid with a range in chromosome numbers of 38–45. Evidence of chromosome structural changes was also found. This variation occurred in regenerants of all four cultivars, but there were large differences in the proportions of aneuploids arising from individual cultures which meant that no significant differences could be demonstrated between cultivars. Chromosome abnormalities were present in plants regenerated both from embryogenic cultures and from cultures in which the origin of shoots could not be distinctly defined.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00317047
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  • 38
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Wheat microspore embryogenesis during in vitro anther culture (1984)
    Springer
    Theoretical and applied genetics 67 (1984), S. 439-442 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-2242
    Schlagwort(e): Wheat ; Multicellular pollen grains ; Embryos ; Cytology
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Biologie
    Notizen: Summary Cytological analysis of microspore embryogenesis during in vitro culture reveals a high mortality in the first week and a latency phase of about one week before the first embryogénic mitosis. Genotypic differences observed during our wheat anther culture do not seem to originate at the induction level but are linked to the different abortion rates.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00263409
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  • 39
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    The regeneration of plants from frozen pollen embryos and zygotic embryos of wheat and rice (1984)
    Springer
    Theoretical and applied genetics 67 (1984), S. 525-528 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-2242
    Schlagwort(e): Cryopreservation ; Embryo culture ; Haploids ; Wheat ; Rice ; Germplasm bank
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Biologie
    Notizen: Summary Anther culture derived pollen embryos and immature zygotic embryos of wheat and rice, frozen in liquid nitrogen in the presence of dimethyl sulfoxide, sucrose and glycerol, have been revived. The retrieved cultures proliferated and/or regenerated shoots and plantlets. The prospects of the cryopreservation of embryos for the conservation and multiplication of germplasm and the possibility of the establishment of ‘Germplasm Banks’ are discussed.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00264898
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  • 40
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    The genetic control of grain esterases in hexaploid wheat (1984)
    Springer
    Theoretical and applied genetics 68 (1984), S. 219-226 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-2242
    Schlagwort(e): Hexaploid genotypes ; Allelic variation ; Esterase ; Isozymes ; Isoelectric focusing ; Wheat
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Biologie
    Notizen: Summary Analysis of grain esterase isozymes in Chinese Spring aneuploid genotypes by IEF confirmed that genes on the long arms of chromosomes 3A, 3B and 3D (Est-5) control the production of 19 isozymes. Allelic variants have been found for the isozyme pattern controlled by each chromosome. Segregational data involving null alleles and complex phenotypic differences indicate that the wheat grain esterases are encoded by three compound and probably homoeoallelic loci, each capable of producing at least six different isozymes. In a sample of 138 hexaploid genotypes, seven alleles were distinguished.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00266893
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  • 41
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    A computer-assisted examination of the storage protein genetic variation in 841 accessions of Triticum dicoccoides (1984)
    Springer
    Theoretical and applied genetics 69 (1984), S. 79-86 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-2242
    Schlagwort(e): Electrophoresis ; Endosperm ; Proteins ; Emmer ; Wheat
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Biologie
    Notizen: Summary Triticum turgidum L. var. dicoccoides (wild emmer) is an important genetic resource for increasing the protein content of common wheat (Triticum aestivum L.). Many studies have shown that the presence or absence of bands in sodium dodecyl sulfate polyacrylamide (SDS-PAGE) electrophoregrams of wheat storage proteins to be of a purely genetic character. A total protein extraction and SDS-PAGE technique was used to estimate the storage protein genetic variability among 841 accessions of wild emmer collected from various ecological regions in the Middle East. In addition, a computer data bank was developed, recording the onedimension electrophoregram bands for each accession by molecular weight (MW) and relative Coomassie Blue staining intensity as determined from densitometer scans. Analyses of this information are being used to identify specific accessions for further study by two dimension electrofocusing-electrophoresis and breeding and genetic analyses. The computer-assisted analyses indicated that the greatest genetic variability occurs for proteins in the high MW region (above 70,000 MW) followed by those in the medium range (70,000 to 33,300 MW). Comparatively little variability was revealed for protein subunits of below 33,300 MW.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00262545
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  • 42
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Chromosomal assignment of genes controlling salt-soluble proteins (albumins and globulins) in wheat and related species (1984)
    Springer
    Theoretical and applied genetics 69 (1984), S. 167-172 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-2242
    Schlagwort(e): Chromosomal location ; Genetic control ; Salt soluble proteins ; Wheat ; Barley ; Rye
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Biologie
    Notizen: Summary Salt-soluble proteins from the endosperms of wheat, barley, and rye have been separated by nonequilibrium electrofocusing x electrophoresis. Genes encoding 14 of the 25 components observed in wheat have been unambiguously assigned to 10 different chromosomes (1B, 3B, 3D, 4A, 4D, 5B, 6B, 6D, 7B, 7D) by analysis of the compensated nulli-tetrasomic series. Five more wheat proteins seem to be controlled by group 2 chromosomes. Analysis of wheat-barley and wheat-rye addition lines has led to the location of genes for 6 out of 20 barley proteins in 4 different chromosomes (1H, 3H, 4H, 6H; 1H is homoeologous to group 7 chromosomes of wheat) and of genes for 5 out of 20 rye proteins in two different chromosomes (2R, 4R). The relationship between the proteins reported here and previously characterized ones is discussed.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00272890
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  • 43
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Evidence for maternal effect in the inheritance of grain protein in crosses between cultivated and wild tetraploid wheats (1984)
    Springer
    Theoretical and applied genetics 67 (1984), S. 521-524 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-2242
    Schlagwort(e): Wheat ; Triticum ; Grain protein ; Grain weight ; Maternal effect ; Cytoplasmic effect
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Biologie
    Notizen: Summary Reciprocal crosses were made between cultivated wheat (Triticum turgidum var. ‘durum’) and a high-protein line of wild tetraploid wheat (T. turgidum var. ‘dicoccoides’). F1 grains (on maternal spikes) were very similar to the selfed grains on the maternal parent in protein percentage, weight and protein content. These traits were also analyzed in F3 grains developed on F2 spikes of segregating populations derived from reciprocal crosses between the same cultivated parent and another high-protein line of var. ‘dicoccoides’. No significant differences in the mean values of these traits were found between the reciprocal crosses, indicating no cytoplasmic effect. It has been concluded that these grain characteristics are largely determined by the maternal plant.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00264897
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  • 44
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Heritability of grain yield, plant height and test weight of a population of winter wheat adapted to Southwestern Ontario (1984)
    Springer
    Theoretical and applied genetics 68 (1984), S. 21-23 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-2242
    Schlagwort(e): Wheat ; Heritability ; Yield ; Height
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Biologie
    Notizen: Summary Grain yield, plant height and test weight were studied in a population of winter wheat (Triticum aestivum L.). The population consisted of F2 bulk populations of 42 crosses among 11 genotypes adapted to S. W. Ontario. Heritabilities were: 0.30±0.32 for yield, 0.77±0.15 for height and 0.98±0.08 for test weight. Predicted genetic gain with 10% selection intensity was 0.15 t/ha for yield, 10.1 cm for height and 3.00 kg/hl for test weight. The low heritability for yield indicates that effective selection would require pedigree information and progeny tests, while the high heritabilities for height and test weight indicate that selection for these traits using single plots would be appropriate.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00252304
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  • 45
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Early development ofRhizobium-induced root nodules ofParasponia rigida. I. Infection and early nodule initiation (1984)
    Springer
    Protoplasma 123 (1984), S. 26-37 
    Details
    ISSN: 1615-6102
    Schlagwort(e): Infection ; Invasion ; Multicellular Root Hairs ; Parasponia ; Rhizobium
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Biologie
    Notizen: Summary The first of two major steps in the infection process in roots ofParasponia rigida (Ulmaceae) following inoculation byRhizobium strain RP501 involves the invasion ofRhizobium into the intercellular space system of the root cortex. The earliest sign of root nodule initiation is the presence of clumps of multicellular root hairs (MCRH), a response apparently unique amongRhizobium-root associations. At the same time or shortly after MCRH are first visible, cell divisions are initiated in the outer root cortex of the host plant, always subjacent to the MCRH. No infection threads were observed in root hairs or cortical cells in early stages. Rhizobial entry through the epidermis and into the root cortex was shown to occur via intercellular invasion at the bases of MCRH. The second major step in the infection process is the actual infectionper se of host cells by the rhizobia and formation of typical intracellular infection threads with host cell accommodation. This infection step is probably the beginning of the truly symbiotic relationship in these nodules. Rhizobial invasion and infection are accompanied by host cortical cell divisions which result in a callus-like mass of cortical cells. In addition to infection thread formation in some of these host cortical cells, another type of rhizobial proliferation was observed in which large accumulations of rhizobia in intercellular spaces are associated with host cell wall distortion, deposition of electron-dense material in the walls, and occasional deleterious effects on host cell cytoplasm.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01283179
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  • 46
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Biological and biochemical analysis of soils (1984)
    Springer
    Plant and soil 76 (1984), S. 127-137 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5036
    Schlagwort(e): Adenylate pool ; Biomass volume ; CO2 evolution ; Chitin ; DNA ; Electron microscopy ; Enzymes ; Fluorescent antibody ; Fumigation-respiration ; Fungi Histochemistry ; Imunofluorecence ; Jones-Mollison technique ; Microcosms ; Monoclonal antibodies ; Nitrogen ; Nutrients ; Oxygen consumption ; Phosphorus ; Phytotoxins ; Plate counts ; Rhizobium ; Rhizosphere ; Sulphur ; Xenobiotics
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Land- und Forstwirtschaft, Gartenbau, Fischereiwirtschaft, Hauswirtschaft
    Notizen: Summary There is an immense literature on biological and biochemical analyses of soils. Such analyses have revealed the enormous richness of species in soil and their vast range of metabolic potentials and ecological diversity. Accordingly, the approaches used to investigate the soil biota and its biochemistry usually have to be modified or adapted depending upon the purpose of the investigation. Studies of micro-organisms in the soil environment, are complicated because microbial cells are commonly attached to surfaces where they live side-by-side with other populations in consortia usually containing different morphological and physiological types. Such assemblages of organisms cannot be described quantitatively using cultural techniques, such as plate counts, which underestimate both cell numbers and viable biomass. The development of more powerful observational and staining techniques has improved our knowledge of the diverse morphological and biochemical composition of soil micro-communities. Such findings have been amplified at a grosser level by laboratory studies with multi-component systems (microcosms) to mimic field situations and to assess the range of biochemical potentials of microbial consortia. But despite notable advances in analytical methods we are still, with a few exceptions, unable to detect or identify those microorganisms which carry out specific biochemical transformations or determine whether particular cells are alive, dormant or dead at the time of observation. Considerable work has been done to define some of the fundamental ecological attributes of microbial assemblages in soil. Productive work on the metabolic activities of the soil microbiota, specially geochemical transformations of C, N, S and P, has been under way for more than a century. But only in more recent years have more sensitive and reproducible analytical methods become available to measure viable biomass in soil. This will enable some insight to be gained into the role that microbial biomass plays as a labile source and sink for plant nutrients.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02205573
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  • 47
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    A comparison of a tissue solubilization method with a combustion method for liquid scintillation counting of14C-labelled soil (1984)
    Springer
    Plant and soil 77 (1984), S. 381-385 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5036
    Schlagwort(e): 14C-labelled plant material ; 14C-labelled soil ; Root exudation ; Sample oxidizer ; Scintillation counting ; Sutton series soil ; Tissue solubilization ; Wheat
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Land- und Forstwirtschaft, Gartenbau, Fischereiwirtschaft, Hauswirtschaft
    Notizen: Summary A comparison between a tissue solubilization method and a sample oxidizer technique to measure14C in plant and soil material is described. The solubilization method although not quantitative gives good recoveries and reproducible values of14C-content with soil samples not exceeding 10 mg and should be of value for estimating the14C-content of soils in laboratories without a sample oxidizer.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02182941
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  • 48
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    The antibiotic effect of culture filtrates of some soil fungi on rhizobial growth in cultures (1984)
    Springer
    Plant and soil 77 (1984), S. 387-390 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5036
    Schlagwort(e): Antibiosis ; Culture filtrate ; Fungi ; Peanut ; Rhizobium
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Land- und Forstwirtschaft, Gartenbau, Fischereiwirtschaft, Hauswirtschaft
    Notizen: Summary Four strains ofRhizobium sp. from peanut (Arachis hypogaea L.) root nodules were tested for their sensitivity to metabolites (culture filtrates) of more than ten common soil inhabiting fungi, in yeast extract mannitol agar and broth cultures. Among the rhizobial strains tested strain CB-530, BU-1 and BU-2 were not sensitive to metabolites ofMyrothecium roridum andFusarium moniliforme whereas CB-1024 was sensitive. Culture filtrates ofGliocladium roseum, Thielavia basicola andDrechslera pedicellata inhibited the strains CB-530 and BU-2 but not CB-1024. Most of the soil inhabiting fungi tested were inhibitory to rhizobial growthin vitro and very few were stimulatory, their effect in either case being strain specific.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02182942
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  • 49
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    The behaviour of roots encountering cracks in soil (1984)
    Springer
    Plant and soil 77 (1984), S. 141-149 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5036
    Schlagwort(e): Cracks ; Crack width ; Lateral roots ; Pea ; Penetration ; Penetrometer ; Rape ; Remoulded soil ; Roots ; Safflower ; Seminal axes ; Soil strength ; Undisturbed soil ; Wheat
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Land- und Forstwirtschaft, Gartenbau, Fischereiwirtschaft, Hauswirtschaft
    Notizen: Summary Experimental methods are described for observing the behaviour of roots encountering cracks in soil. The proportions of roots which enter a second soil block after crossing a crack of known width were measured. Soil strength was measured with a penetrometer. Results are presented for the proportions of seminal roots of wheat and primary lateral roots of pea which enter moulded soil of various strengths after crossing cracks. Results are also presented for the proportions of seminal roots of pea, rape and safflower which enter undisturbed soil after crossing cracks. It was found that, in all cases, the proportion of roots penetrating the second soil block decreased with increasing crack width and increasing soil strength. Also, a smaller proportion of thinner roots penetrated the second soil block than thicker roots under similar conditions. Root diameter in the cracks was influenced by both crack width and soil strength, and an empirical equation is presented to describe this effect.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02182918
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  • 50
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Rhizobium inoculant for soybean [Glycine max (L.) Merrill] in Mekong Delta (1984)
    Springer
    Plant and soil 79 (1984), S. 235-240 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5036
    Schlagwort(e): Acid soils ; Inoculant ; Rhizobium ; Soybeans
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Land- und Forstwirtschaft, Gartenbau, Fischereiwirtschaft, Hauswirtschaft
    Notizen: Summary Rhizobial inoculation trials were conducted in an acid heavy clay soil in Mekong Delta, Viet Nam, using peat based inoculants produced locally and the commercial granular product of Nitragin CCo., Wisconsin, USA. The pH of these soils ranged from 4.5 to 5.1. Two soybean cultivars, MTD6 and MTD10, were tested as host plants. There were no significant differences between locally made inoculant treated plants and the uninoculated controls in both cultivars. But, the Nitragin inoculation improved all plant characteristics examined in both cultivars. Grain yields of Nitragin inoculated plants of cultivar MTD6 and cultivar MTD10 were 6.5 and 5.5 times as much as those of the controls; protein content of grain increased 11 and 16 percent, respectively. Well nodulated plants had shorter life cycles, flowering durations, and days to flowering. The Rhizobium symbiosis resulted in an additional 153 kg grain-N/ha. These studies show that a surface coated commercial multistrain inoculant can be used to successfully grow soybeans in the acid, heavy clay soils of the Mekong Delta.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02182345
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  • 51
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Rhizobium inoculant for soybean [Glycine max (L.) Merrill] in Mekong Delta (1984)
    Springer
    Plant and soil 79 (1984), S. 241-247 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5036
    Schlagwort(e): Acid soils ; Nitrogen fertilizer ; Rhizobium ; Soybean
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Land- und Forstwirtschaft, Gartenbau, Fischereiwirtschaft, Hauswirtschaft
    Notizen: Summary Soybean cultivar MTD10 cultivated on a moderate acid paddy soil of the Mekong Delta responded well to a multistrain inoculation and to chemical nitrogen fertilizer. However, the efficiency of chemical nitrogen uptake by the uninoculated plants decreased with increasing nitrogen application rate. Inoculation improved all examined agronomic characteristics of plants. Inoculated plants produced grain yield 10 times greater than the uninoculated controls and 2.5 times greater than the uninoculated plants receiving 80 kg/ha of chemical nitrogen. Inoculation was superior to chemical nitrogen fertilization in all parameters of importance to market-oriented farmers.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02182346
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  • 52
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Studies on potassium release in an inceptisol soil (Holambi Series) at the minimum level of exchangeable potassium (1984)
    Springer
    Plant and soil 79 (1984), S. 3-10 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5036
    Schlagwort(e): Ammonium acetate extractable potassium ; Inceptisol soil ; Minimum level ; Non-exchangeable potassium ; Pearl millet ; Wheat
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Land- und Forstwirtschaft, Gartenbau, Fischereiwirtschaft, Hauswirtschaft
    Notizen: Summary Ammonium acetate extractable potassium in the soil reached a minimum value of 6.8 mg K/100g soil after 14 crops of wheat and pearl millet in the field without applying any potassium fertilizer. At this level of ammonium acetate extractable K both wheat and pearl millet utilized about, 90 per cent of the total K from non-exchangeable sources. Wheat and pearl millet were grown in this soil in the greenhouse at different levels of K. At K0 level wheat utilized 86 per cent of the total K uptake from the non-exchangeable source and pearl millet, 95 per cent. At K1 level, wheat utilized only 19 per cent but at higher levels of K, there was build up in the K status of soils. In the case of pearl millet at K1, K2 and K3 levels 59, 13 and 22 per cent of total uptake were contributed by non-exchangeable forms. The total K uptake by pearl millet was more than double that by wheat. Plant analysis showed that 83 per cent of the total K in wheat was contained in the shoot portion and the rest in the roots. The corresponding figures for pearl millet were 94 and 6 per cent.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02182139
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  • 53
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Evaluation of acid permanganate extraction as an index of soil nitrogen availability (1984)
    Springer
    Plant and soil 79 (1984), S. 249-254 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5036
    Schlagwort(e): Acid KMnO4 extraction ; Chemical index ; Incubation ; Mineralizable N ; Mineral N ; N uptake ; Soil ; Wheat
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Land- und Forstwirtschaft, Gartenbau, Fischereiwirtschaft, Hauswirtschaft
    Notizen: Summary A chemical measure of soil nitrogen (N) availability has been evaluated. The method involved the estimation of initial mineral N, plus mineralizable N released with 0.05N KMnO4 in 1NH2SO4. The results obtained correlated highly significantly with the N uptake by wheat plants (r=0.72,P〈0.01).
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02182347
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  • 54
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Microbial populations in trifluralin-treated soil (1984)
    Springer
    Plant and soil 76 (1984), S. 379-387 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5036
    Schlagwort(e): Actinomycetes ; Bacteria ; Chernozemic soil ; Fungi ; Rhizosphere ; Trifluralin herbicide ; Wheat
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Land- und Forstwirtschaft, Gartenbau, Fischereiwirtschaft, Hauswirtschaft
    Notizen: Summary This study examined the effects of trifluralin (α,α,α-trifluoro-2,6-dinitro-N,N-dipropyl-p-toluidine), a soil incorporated herbicide, on soil microflora both in the general soil environment and in the rhizosphere of trifluralin damaged wheat roots. Two Dark Brown Chernozemic soils were treated with various trifluralin rates in the growth chamber and wheat [Triticum aestivum L. ‘Neepawa’] was seeded. Trifluralin generally had no effect on fungi, bacteria, or actinomycete populations in either the general soil or in the rhizosphere. CO2 evolution was unchanged when trifluralin was added to the soil. In wheat plots, at two field locations, there were no significant effects of trifluralin (1.0 kg ha−1) on soil fungi, bacteria, actinomycete, denitrifying bacteria, and nitrifying Nitrobacter propulations. A pure culture study with 42 soil microorganisms showed that many isolates were inhibited at 400 to 100,000 μg g−1 but not at concentrations 〈16 μg g−1. Similar data were obtained from tests on four different soils. These studies indicate that trifluralin is unlikely to cause changes in the numbers of soil microorganisms when used at recommended levels.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02205595
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  • 55
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Effect of lime, phosphorus and mycorrhizal fungi on growth, nodulation and nitrogen fixation by white clover (Trifolium repens) grown in UK hill soils (1984)
    Springer
    Plant and soil 76 (1984), S. 105-114 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5036
    Schlagwort(e): Hill soils ; Lime ; Mycorrhiza ; Nitrogen fixation ; Nodulation ; Phosphorus ; Rhizobium ; Symbioses ; White clover
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Land- und Forstwirtschaft, Gartenbau, Fischereiwirtschaft, Hauswirtschaft
    Notizen: Summary The responses of white clover (cv NZ Grasslands Huia grown in four UK hill soil types) to additions of lime and P, to inoculation with Rhizobium and mycorrhizal fungi, and to differences in soil water status were assessed in pot and field experiments. With a deep peat soil in pots, shoot production, nodulation and N fixation by clover were increased by 160, 130 and 85% respectively following inoculation with mycorrhiza, but in the field, despite a doubling of root infection, there was no response in growth. On a brown earth soil in the field inoculation with one endophyte (Glomus mosseae L1) out of four tested depressed production of white clover shoots by 42% but enhanced that of leeks (Allium porrum) by 50%; the others were without effect. With dry peaty podzol and brown earth soils in pots, clover shoot production was highest with added P when a water holding capacity of 80% was maintained, but roots from the latter had only 2.6 compared to 68 nodules per plant from the former. Further work is required to explain poor nodulation in the brown earth soils.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02205571
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  • 56
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Ecology of the mycophagous nematodeAphelenchus avenae in wheat-field and pine-forest soils (1984)
    Springer
    Plant and soil 78 (1984), S. 417-428 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5036
    Schlagwort(e): Aphelenchoides spp ; Aphelenchus avenae ; Pinus radiata ; Soil fungi ; Wheat
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Land- und Forstwirtschaft, Gartenbau, Fischereiwirtschaft, Hauswirtschaft
    Notizen: Summary The soils of a wheat-field and pine-forest had different mycofloras and supported different populations ofAphelenchus avenae, a mycophagous nematode. The abundance ofA. avenae was correlated with the composition of the mycoflora in these soils; the greater abundance ofA. avenae in wheat-field soil being associated with a more diverse mycoflora.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02450375
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  • 57
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Dual inoculation with VA mycorrhiza and Rhizobium is beneficial to Leucaena (1984)
    Springer
    Plant and soil 78 (1984), S. 445-448 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5036
    Schlagwort(e): Leucaena ; Rhizobium ; VA mycorrhiza
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Land- und Forstwirtschaft, Gartenbau, Fischereiwirtschaft, Hauswirtschaft
    Notizen: Summary Response ofLeucanea leucocephala to inoculation withGlomus fasciculatum and/or Rhizobium was studied in a phosphorus deficient unsterile soil.G. fasciculatum only inoculation improved nodulation by native rhizobia and Rhizobium only treatment improved colonization of roots by native mycorrhizal fungi. Dual inoculation with both the organisms improved nodulation, mycorrhizal colonization, dry weight, nitrogen and phosphorus content of the plants compared to single inoculation with either organism.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02450380
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  • 58
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Aluminium toxicity and nodulation ofTrifolium repens (1984)
    Springer
    Plant and soil 78 (1984), S. 381-391 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5036
    Schlagwort(e): Aluminium ; Caloium ; Nodulation ; pH Phosphate ; Polymeric hydrolysis ; Rhizobium ; Rhizosphere ; Root elongation ; Root hairs ; Trifolium repens ; White clover
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Land- und Forstwirtschaft, Gartenbau, Fischereiwirtschaft, Hauswirtschaft
    Notizen: Summary Effects of aluminium on theTrifolium repens var Huia-Rhizobium trifolii strain HP3 symbiosis were studied using an axenic solution-culture system. With, 10 μM phosphate, 50 μM aluminium reduced or inhibited root elongation at pH〈5.0, root hair formation at pH〈 5.0–5.5, and Rhizobium multiplication in the rhizosphere and nodule formation at pH〈6.0. In the absence of aluminium, root elongation and root hair formation were reduced at pH〈4.3, and Rhizobium multiplication and nodule formation were inhibited at pH〈5.0. Root hair formation was more sensitive to aluminium at pH〈5 than was root elongation. No effect of aluminium on Rhizobium multiplication and nodule formation at pH〈5 was detected because both were sensitive to pH alone. At pH 5.5 most of the aluminium changed immediately to a form which was susceptible to low-speed centrifugation, but which was detected by the aluminon method of analysis, and after 24 h a precipitate formed. the concentration of phosphate was reduced also, to approximately 1μM. Toxicity was overcome by either increasing the phosphate concentration from 10 to 50 μM, or by increasing the pH to 6.0 and the calcium, concentration to 1000μM.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02450371
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  • 59
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    The behaviour of roots encountering cracks in soil (1984)
    Springer
    Plant and soil 79 (1984), S. 11-28 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5036
    Schlagwort(e): Beta distribution ; Buckling ; Cracks ; Crack width ; Lateral roots ; Pea ; Penetration ; Penetrometer ; Rape ; Remoulded soil ; Roots ; Safflower ; Seminal axes ; Soil strength ; Undisturbed soil ; Wheat
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Land- und Forstwirtschaft, Gartenbau, Fischereiwirtschaft, Hauswirtschaft
    Notizen: Summary It is shown that probabilities of root penetration across cracks in soil can be calculated effectively using a mathematical model involving root stress and soil distributions and penetrometer/root stress ratios. Penetration criteria are developed, and it is found that the effective penetrometer/root stress ratios take values of about 4 for crack widths smaller than about 2 mm and about 8 for wider cracks. Root swelling does not appear to contribute significantly to the probability of root penetration through any effect on root buckling stress. Suggestions are made for further work on the effects of soil structure and strength on root behaviour.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02182140
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  • 60
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Cellulase production by Rhizobium (1984)
    Springer
    Plant and soil 80 (1984), S. 407-415 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5036
    Schlagwort(e): Cellulase ; Infection process ; Rhizobium
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Land- und Forstwirtschaft, Gartenbau, Fischereiwirtschaft, Hauswirtschaft
    Notizen: Summary The production of cellulase byRhizobium species was studied.Rhizobium trifolii cellulase was induced by a variety of polysaccharides, including celluloses and hemicelluloses. Cellobiose and myo-inositol also allowed enzyme expression but mannitol prevented it at concentrations higher than 0.25%. Both soluble and insoluble plant root substances moderately stimulated cellulase production byRhizobium trifolii. Most substances tested did not induce the production of cellulases by the “slow-growing, cowpea type” rhizobia strain CIAT 79. Effective inducers were carboxymethylcellulose, gluconate and myo-inositol. Cellulase production was very low under all conditions tested. In most cases the enzyme activity was loosely bound to the capsular material. The enzyme in fast-growers is an 1,4-β-D-glucan-4-glucanohydrolase (endo-glucanase EC 3.2.1.4) with specificity for high molecular weight polysaccharides. There was no correlation between infectiveness ofRhizobium trifolii strains and cellulase production. One strain, which lacks the nodulation plasmid, produced cellulase at the same rate as its parental infective strain.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02140047
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  • 61
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    The effects of pH and aluminium toxicity on the growth and symbiotic development of cowpeas (Vigna unguiculata (L.) Walp) (1984)
    Springer
    Plant and soil 80 (1984), S. 423-430 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5036
    Schlagwort(e): Acidity ; Aluminium ; Cowpea ; Nitrogen ; Rhizobium
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Land- und Forstwirtschaft, Gartenbau, Fischereiwirtschaft, Hauswirtschaft
    Notizen: Summary The interaction of pH (4 or 6), aluminium (0 or 16 ppm at pH 4) and N source (symbiotic or combined) on the growth and nutrient status of cowpea (Vigna unguiculata) was studied in a glasshouse experiment. Low pH significantly decreased the growth of the plants dependent on symbiotic nitrogen fixation but at pH 4 the addition of 16 ppm Al further depressed growth in both nitrogen regimes. Al-ions appear to exert their effect primarily on the root system, as shown by the reduction in total length and fresh weight. The symbiotic development of the plants was affected by low pH but more markedly by the Al treatment. Shoot nitrogen concentrations were reduced from ca. 2.6% at pH 6 to 1.8% and 0.9% at pH 4 without and with aluminium respectively. Calcium concentration was decreased by low pH and further by Al in both nitrogen regimes. In all Al-treated plants, the aluminium was mainly accumulated in the roots and was associated with an increase in their phosphorus concentration.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02140049
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  • 62
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Nodulation, accumulation and redistribution of nitrogen in soybean (Glycine max (L.) Merrill) as influenced by seed inoculation and scheduling of irrigation (1984)
    Springer
    Plant and soil 81 (1984), S. 235-246 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5036
    Schlagwort(e): Glycine max ; Inoculation ; IW/CPE ratio ; Nitrogen accumulation ; Nitrogen harvest ; Nitrogen re-distribution ; Nodulation ; Rhizobium
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Land- und Forstwirtschaft, Gartenbau, Fischereiwirtschaft, Hauswirtschaft
    Notizen: Summary A field experiment was conducted on soybean (Glycine max (L.) Merrill) with a view to find out the effect of seed inoculation and scheduling of irrigation on nodulation, accumulation and re-distribution of nitrogen in plant tops and soil. The eight treatment combinations consists of two seed inoculations,viz. uninoculated and inoculated with rhizobium culture, and four irrigation schedules,viz. irrigation water to the cumulative pan evaporation (IW/CPE) ratio of 0.5, 0.7, 0.9 and a control (rainfed). Seed inoculation by, rhizobium culture increased the number, dry-weight and N content of nodules per plant. Inoculation of seeds also increased the N accumulation rate in plant top and it was 2.48 kg/ha/day during the flower-initiation to the pod-initiation stage (30–60 days interval). At harvest, 32.2, 47.8 and 26.2 kg N/ha was re-distributed from the stems, leaves and pods-wall of inoculated plants to the grains, respectively. A total of 186.5 kg N/ha was harvested and 64.7 kg N/ha, was accumulated in soil under the inoculated condition. Scheduling of irrigation at 0.7 IW/CPE proved better, than other irrigation schedules and helped in increasing the nodulation, nitrogen accumulation and grain yield. As compared to control, 8.4, 17.8 and 18.4 kg more of N/ha was redistributed from the stems, leaves and pods-wall respectively when the irrigations were scheduled at 0.7 IW/CPE ratio. Under this irrigation schedule the total N harvest was 200.1 kg/ha while the total N increased by 55.9 kg over that present in soil at the time of sowing.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02197157
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  • 63
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Improving nitrogen fixation in legumes by plant breeding; the relevance of host selection experiments in red clover (Trifolium pratense L.) and subterranean clover (T. subterraneum L.) (1984)
    Springer
    Plant and soil 82 (1984), S. 285-301 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5036
    Schlagwort(e): Clover ; Nitrogen fixation ; Rhizobium ; Root nodule ; Selection and plant breeding ; Symbiosis ; Trifolium pratense ; T. subterraneum
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Land- und Forstwirtschaft, Gartenbau, Fischereiwirtschaft, Hauswirtschaft
    Notizen: Summary This paper reviews (i) basic studies on the genetics of symbiosis in red clover (a self-sterile species) and subterranean clover (cleistogamous) and (ii) work on selection and plant breeding to increase nitrogen fixation in these hosts. Symbiotic effectiveness in red clover is influenced by many major and minor genes. The highly effective phenotype is inherited in a complex manner associated with early nodulation and the formation of large amounts of persistent bacteroid-containing tissue. Lines bred to fix more nitrogen with one strain ofRhizobium trifolii do so with most but not all other strains examined. They also show slightly increased vigour when grown on nitrate. The highly effective response is correlated with abundant nodulation and an early flowering habit, the evidence from breeding studies indicating that this correlation is not absolute. Normally effective and highly effective nodules have the same specific nitrogenase activities. The expression of the highly effective response is relatively little affected by environmental factors (temperature, light intensity, day length, supplementary carbon-di-oxide). Inbreeding substantially degrades the symbiotic response. Heterosis is shown in crosses between cultivars of subterranean clover but otherwise selection to increase effectiveness in this host was unsuccessful. The relevance of these results (and their physiological aspects) for the improvement of grain legumes is discussed.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02184268
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  • 64
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Rhizobium inoculation trials designed to support a tropical forage legume selection programme (1984)
    Springer
    Plant and soil 82 (1984), S. 377-386 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5036
    Schlagwort(e): Centrosema ; Desmodium ; Inoculation ; Nitrogen yield ; Nodulation ; Oxisol ; Pueraria ; Rhizobium ; Soil cores ; Stylosanthes ; Tropical forage legumes ; Zornia
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Land- und Forstwirtschaft, Gartenbau, Fischereiwirtschaft, Hauswirtschaft
    Notizen: Summary Three phases of Rhizobium inoculation trials were carried out as part of a programme to select forage legume germplasm adapted to acid, infertile Oxisols of tropical America. Firstly, a range of tropical forage legumes were evaluated for their response to N fertilization or inoculation with strains previously shown to be effective in Leonard jars, using cores of undisturbed soil or in the field at Carimagua, Meta, Colombia. In pure legume stands onlyCentrosema macrocarpum andC. pubescens showed increases in N yield due to both inoculation and N fertilization;C. brasilianum responded only to N fertilization;Zornia latifolia, Z. brasiliensis andStylosanthes capitata responded to neither treatment. Trials in cores and in grass-legume mixtures showed responses ofDesmodium ovalifolium, Pueraria phaseoloides andS. capitata to N fertilization but not to inoculation. In the second phase of experiments strains were screened in soil cores with 16 ecotypes ofDesmodium, Centrosema, Stylosanthes andPueraria spp. Significant increases in N yield due to inoculation occurred with at least one strain in all the legumes exceptS. guianensis ‘tardio’, and in some trials withS. capitata. In the third phase of trials the most effective strains were tested in the field. Significant response ofP. phaseoloides andC. macrocarpum to inoculation at two sites and in the second year after establishment were shown. Further screening trials and field trials at different sites are needed in order to provide better recommendations for inoculation of grazing trials being set up in the region under study.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02184275
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  • 65
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Efficiencies and inefficiencies in the legume/Rhizobium symbiosis—A review (1984)
    Springer
    Plant and soil 82 (1984), S. 273-284 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5036
    Schlagwort(e): Legume ; Nitrogen fixation ; Rhizobium ; C and N economy
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Land- und Forstwirtschaft, Gartenbau, Fischereiwirtschaft, Hauswirtschaft
    Notizen: Summary Studies of the C and N economy of a range of temperate and tropical legume/Rhizobium symbioses indicate considerable variation (up to three-fold) in the cost of N2 fixation. Comparisons between and within symbioses indicate that the proportion of net photosynthate utilized in nodule functioning varies almost ten-fold from as low as 3% to as high as 25%. Factors possibly responsible for variation in efficiency of C use in nodules and in the proportioning of translocated photosynthetic products to nodules are discussed.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02184267
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  • 66
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Developing a breeding strategy to exploit quantitative variation in symbiotic nitrogen fixation (1984)
    Springer
    Plant and soil 82 (1984), S. 329-335 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5036
    Schlagwort(e): Legume breeding ; Medicago sativa ; Nitrogen fixation ; Rhizobium ; Trifolium repens ; Vicia faba
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Land- und Forstwirtschaft, Gartenbau, Fischereiwirtschaft, Hauswirtschaft
    Notizen: Summary This paper examines evidence which quantifies the relative importance of legume and Rhizobium genotypes as determinants of phenotypic variation in symbiotic nitrogen fixation. It demonstrates potentially large and unpredictable effects of the Rhizobium genotype. The likely importance of such effects on crop yield is considered. The information is then used to assess ways in which legume breeding programmes may be altered to encompass the effects of genetic variation in Rhizobium.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02184271
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  • 67
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Potassium fertilization in relation to plant water potential of wheat (1984)
    Springer
    Nutrient cycling in agroecosystems 5 (1984), S. 285-288 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-0867
    Schlagwort(e): Wheat ; potassium chloride ; irrigation ; plant water potential
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Land- und Forstwirtschaft, Gartenbau, Fischereiwirtschaft, Hauswirtschaft
    Notizen: Abstract ‘The water potential of wheat plants increased during the mid-day noon, probably as an adaptation; the rise was greater with less frequent irrigation and was increased by KCl application.’
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01051627
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  • 68
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Growth of wheat and subterranean clover on soil artificially compacted at various depths (1984)
    Springer
    Plant and soil 80 (1984), S. 135-138 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5036
    Schlagwort(e): Hardpans ; Root growth ; Soil compaction ; Subterranean clover ; Wheat
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Land- und Forstwirtschaft, Gartenbau, Fischereiwirtschaft, Hauswirtschaft
    Notizen: Summary Wheat crops with stunted chlorotic patches are widespread in northern Victoria, Australia, and are often associated with dense, compacted layers of soil. Poor growth of subterranean clover, with symptoms of cupped and reddened leaflets, is also a problem in these cropping regions during the pasture phase of the rotation. Artificially compacted soils were created to test the hypothesis that these symptoms of poor growth were caused by soil compaction. Soil compacted from 0–20 cm with a bulk density similar to that measured in problem fields reproduced these symptoms in wheat and subterranean clover. Surface compaction alone also reproduced the symptoms in clover.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02232947
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  • 69
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Yield response of a common spring wheat cultivar to inoculation withAzospirillum brasilense at various levels of nitrogen fertilization (1984)
    Springer
    Plant and soil 80 (1984), S. 255-259 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5036
    Schlagwort(e): Azospirillum brasilense ; Wheat ; Triticum aestivum ; N-fertilizer
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Land- und Forstwirtschaft, Gartenbau, Fischereiwirtschaft, Hauswirtschaft
    Notizen: Summary The yield response of a common spring wheat cultivar,Triticum aestivum, to inoculation withAzospirillum brasilense was studied at four levels of N fertilization. Plant yield increased due to the inoculation treatment only at medium and high levels of N fertilization, with a maximum yield increase of about 8.0 per cent at the highest level (approximately 1.0 g of pure N per plant). Yield increase was mostly due to an increase in the number of grains per spike, and at the highest level of fertilization, also due to a higher number of spikes per plant. At all N levels, the inoculation caused an increase of 0.5–1.4 per cent in the number of fertile spikelets per main spike. Grain protein percentage was unaffected by the inoculation, though significantly increase due to the fertilization treatments. The occurrence of maximum yield response at the highest N level, the response by early-determined yield components, i.e. spikelet number, and the unaffected grain protein content are in accord with the suggestion that the contribution ofAzospirillum brasilense to wheat yield is not through N2-fixation.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02161181
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  • 70
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Effect of osmotically induced leaf moisture stress on nodulation and nitrogenase activity ofGlycine max (1984)
    Springer
    Plant and soil 80 (1984), S. 267-283 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5036
    Schlagwort(e): Abscisic acid ; Gibberellin ; Polyethylene glycol ; Rhizobium ; Roots ; Nitrogenase ; Nodulation ; Soya ; Water stress
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Land- und Forstwirtschaft, Gartenbau, Fischereiwirtschaft, Hauswirtschaft
    Notizen: Summary The effect of 2-day cycles of osmotically induced leaf moisture stress followed by partial recovery on the nodulation and nitrogenase activity of 2 soya cultivars was studied. Fourteen days after plant inoculation (mid-growth stage) the total leaf electrochemical water potential (ψwleaf) of control plants ranged from −0.8 to −1.9 bars, whereas the concentrations of osmoticum (polyethylene glycol 4000) induced ψwleaf values ranging from −1.4 (recovery value) to −3.1 bars (low stress), −1.8 to −4.4 bars (mild stress), and −2.2 to −6.2 bars (medium stress). The low stress treatment reduced nodule numbers and their specific activity in both cultivars, without affecting nodule size or the time required for nodule initiation. Nodule initiation was delayed in both cultivars by the mild and medium stress treatments, the former treatment reducing the number and size of the nodules and such nodules exhibited very low specific activity. The medium stress treatment prevented the further development of nodule initials, which remained inactive throughout the experiment. Such results imply an effect of water stress on the infection process and on nodule morphogenesis. The reduction in nodule numbers observed in water stressed plants was not associated with a reduced number of rhizobia in the rhizoplane nor due to an effect on root growth or root hair formation. At a stage prior to the formation of macroscopic nodule initials, the roots of plants under medium stress (ψwleaf=−5.5 bar)s) had a higher content of abscisic acid (ABA) (4-fold increase) and a lower content of gibberellin (GA)-like substances (21.4% reduction) as compared to control plants (ψwleaf=−1.0 bar). Although the medium stress treatment slightly increased the stomatal resistance of leaves, photosynthetic and transpiration rates were unaffected. Similar alterations of the hormononal balance occurred in the nodulated roots of plants subjected to naturally induced leaf moisture stress. Since the foliar application of ABA (1.92×10−5 M) to unstressed plants inhibited nodulation (45% reduction in nodule numbers), the increased endogenous content of thishormone in the roots of plants under leaf moisture stress may provide some physiological insight into the inhibitory effect of water stress on the nodulation process.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02161183
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  • 71
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Increased nodulation of “non-nodulating” (rj1 rj1) soybeans by high dose inoculation (1984)
    Springer
    Plant and soil 80 (1984), S. 297-300 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5036
    Schlagwort(e): Nodulation ; Non-nodulating soybean ; Rhizobitoxine ; Rhizobium ; Soybean
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Land- und Forstwirtschaft, Gartenbau, Fischereiwirtschaft, Hauswirtschaft
    Notizen: Summary A significant increase in nodulation of “non-nodulating” (rj1 rj1) soybeans was obtained by inoculating with very high numbers (approx. 1011 cells/pot) of certain rhizobia when compared with inoculation at a moderate dose (approx. 109 cells/pot). Nodulating ability of rhizobial strains was not correlated with their ability to produce a detectable level of chlorosis-inducing toxin in culture.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02161186
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