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  • Articles  (991)
  • phosphorus  (271)
  • Solanum tuberosum L.  (270)
  • Zea mays  (240)
  • tomato  (212)
  • Animals
  • Chemical Engineering
  • Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition  (991)
  • 1
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Land use affects the distribution of soil inorganic nitrogen in smallholder production systems in Kenya (2000)
    Springer
    Biology and fertility of soils 31 (2000), S. 348-355 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0789
    Keywords: Key words Agroforestry ; Land use ; Nitrate leaching ; Zea mays ; Musa spp.
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Geosciences , Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract  We hypothesized that the integration of trees and shrubs in agricultural landscapes can reduce NO3 – leaching and increase utilization of subsoil N. A field survey was conducted on 14 farms on acid soils in the subhumid highlands of Kenya, where there is little use of fertilizers, to determine the effect of vegetation types (VT) on soil NH4 + and NO3 – to 4 m depth. The VT included maize (Zea mays) with poor growth and good growth, Markhamia lutea trees scattered in maize, natural weed fallow, banana (Musa spp.), hedgerow, and eucalyptus woodlot. The effect of VT on NH4 + was small (〈1 mg N kg–1). NO3 – within a VT was about constant with depth below 0.25 m, but subsoil NO3 – varied greatly among VT. Mean NO3 –-N concentrations at 0.5–4 m depth were low beneath hedgerow and woodlot (〈0.2 mg kg–1), intermediate beneath weed fallow (0.2–0.7 mg kg–1), banana (0.5–1.0 mg kg–1) and markhamia (0.5–1.6 mg kg–1), and high beneath both poor (1.0–2.1 mg kg–1) and good (1.9–3.1 mg kg–1) maize. Subsoil NO3 – (0.5–4 m) was agronomically significant after maize harvest with 37 kg N ha–1 m–1 depth of subsoil beneath good maize and 27 kg N ha–1 m–1 depth beneath poor maize. In contrast, subsoil NO3 – was only 2 kg N ha–1 m–1 depth beneath woodlot and hedgerow. These results demonstrate that the integration of perennial vegetation and the rotation of annual and perennial crops can tighten N cycling in agricultural landscapes.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s003740050667
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  • 2
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Effect of maize root mucilage on phosphate adsorption and exchangeability on a synthetic ferrihydrite (2000)
    Springer
    Biology and fertility of soils 31 (2000), S. 525-532 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0789
    Keywords: Key words Ferrihydrite ; Phosphate ; Polygalacturonic acid ; Root mucilage ; Zea mays
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Geosciences , Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract  This study was conducted to determine the influence of root mucilage (RM) from Zea mays, polygalacturonic acid (PGA), and galacturonic acid (GA), on the adsorption, desorption, and exchangeability of orthophosphate (P) on a synthetic ferrihydrite in deionized water. The adsorption rate and affinity on the oxide decreased in the order P〉GA〉PGA≥RM. The results suggest that P and GA were adsorbed by ligand exchange on Fe-OH surface sites, while RM and PGA might in addition also be adsorbed by hydrogen and van der Waals bonds to the oxide surface. Whereas P and GA could be adsorbed at sites located inside the micropores of ferrihydrite aggregates, PGA and RM probably remained on the external surfaces because of their large molecular weight. The preliminary adsorption of organic compounds decreased the subsequent P adsorption. The larger decrease of P adsorption occurred when dry ferrihydrite powder was directly added to the RM/water suspension. This effect was due to the flocculation of ferrihydrite aggregates, which limited the transport of P to the adsorption sites. Preliminary adsorption of GA also decreased P adsorption, because both compounds competed for the same Fe-OH sites. The ability of the organic compounds to desorb P from the ferrihydrite was not very pronounced and decreased in the order GA〉PGA≥RM. The preliminary adsorption of organic compounds on the oxide resulted in an increase in isotopically exchangeable P in 300 min compared to the treatment without organic compounds. However, because of its higher affinity for the oxide surface, P exchangeability was not modified when P was added before the organic compounds.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s003740000206
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  • 3
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    A novel method for investigating the uptake and distribution of radiolabelled imazethapyr in potato tubers (2000)
    Springer
    Potato research 43 (2000), S. 203-209 
    Details
    ISSN: 1871-4528
    Keywords: Solanum tuberosum L. ; Storite Clear ; Storite Flowable ; radionuclide ; scintillation counting ; sprout suppression
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Summary The use of imazethapyr as a sprout suppressant in potatoes has been investigated. Novel radionuclide techniques were developed to establish the patterns of uptake and movement of imazethapyr in potatoes. Protocols for tissue analysis were established to homogenise potato tuber tissue samples, enabling radiolabel recovery by liquid scintillation counting to approach 100%. The movement of imazethapyr was also examined in the presence of an acidic formulation of thiabendazole which caused increased uptake. The movement of imazethapyr within the tuber was also influenced by pH and ion trapping.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02358080
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  • 4
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Expression and activity of antioxidant enzymes during potato tuber dormancy (2000)
    Springer
    Potato research 43 (2000), S. 383-393 
    Details
    ISSN: 1871-4528
    Keywords: Solanum tuberosum L. ; plant development ; antioxidant genes ; gene expression
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Summary The expression of antioxidant genes has been analyzed in a potato plant and during tuber dormancy. Manganese superoxide dismutase (MnSOD), cytosolic copper and zinc superoide dismutase (Cu/ZnSOD), catalase class II, cytosolic ascorbate peroxidase (APX) and glutathione peroxidase (GPX) are expressed at the RNA level in all the contexts analyzed. By contrast, the expression of the iron superoxide dismutase (FeSOD) and plastidic Cu/ZnSOD seems to be limited to green tissues, as shown by northern blots and native gels. A complex DAB-peroxidase isozyme pattern (using diaminobenzidine as substrate) has been observed in different developmental contexts analyzed, but hardly observed in tubers. During tuber dormancy, MnSOD and cytosolic Cu/ZnSOD activity was relatively constant in both Désirée and Bintje varieties while catalase activity decreases. Moreover, tuber dormancy breakage did not involve significant changes in the activity of these enzymes. On the basis of these results, the possible link between active oxygen species (AOS) metabolism and dormancy is discussed.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02360542
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  • 5
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Accumulation of mineral elements in tuber periderm of potato cultivars differing in susceptibility to common scab (2000)
    Springer
    Potato research 43 (2000), S. 107-114 
    Details
    ISSN: 1871-4528
    Keywords: actinomycetes ; resistance ; scab incidence ; Solanum tuberosum L. ; Streptomyces scabies
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Summary Concentrations of Ca, P, K, Mg, Al, Fe, Mn, Cu and Zn were determined in healthy tuber peelings of cultivars less (Karin, Santé and Symfonia) and more (Agria, Désirée and Tomensa) susceptible to common scab when grown at two sites that differed in the level of scab incidence. The accumulation of some elements was significantly influenced by site, year, cultivar, maturity and the age of tuber periderm. At both sites, Ca and P in periderm tissue declined but Mg increased during the growing season. The Ca/P ratios in tuber periderm of all cultivars greatly decreased 83 days after planting. Concentrations of mineral elements measured at harvest may not reflect conditions present during the infection period, and consequently may not be related to scab incidence or severity.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02357951
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  • 6
    Electronic Resource
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    Development of amylose-free (amf) monoploid potatoes as new basic material for mutation breeding in vitro (2000)
    Springer
    Potato research 43 (2000), S. 179-189 
    Details
    ISSN: 1871-4528
    Keywords: Solanum tuberosum L. ; prickle pollination ; ploidy level ; flow-cytometry ; adventitious shoots ; in vitro tuber induction
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Summary For the induction and selection of double mutants with altered starch composition, a uniform (homohistont) amylose-free (amf) monoploid as basic plant is of vital importance. Therefore, newamf monoploids had to be developed via prickle pollination. And 26 monoploids were obtained which were screened in vitro for vigour, leaf size and for the percentage of monoploid cells. The number of monoploid cells was underestimated at about 28%. Seven vigorous monoploids were tested in vitro for tuberization capacity, which varied from 0 to 100%. After regeneration in vitro, 0 to 3.7 adventitious shoots per leaf explant were formed. The tuberization capacity of these shoots varied from 0 to 48. Twoamf monoploids were selected which were vigorous and tuberized well in vitro. They are the basis for the application of an in vitro mutation breeding protocol that should lead to the induction and selection of new starch mutants in potato.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02357958
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  • 7
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Slug damage and control of field slug (Deroceras reticulatum (Müller)) by carvone in stored potatoes (2000)
    Springer
    Potato research 43 (2000), S. 253-261 
    Details
    ISSN: 1871-4528
    Keywords: laboratory tests ; storage ; Solanum tuberosum L.
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Summary After a wet autumn and harvesting under wet conditions, slugs brought into potato stores via clods and soil adhering to tubers may cause substantial damage by feeding on the tubers. A carvone sprout inhibitor, Talent®, applied in the potato stores at a dose of 50 ml per tonne potatoes, controlled slugs within a few days. A dose of 25 ml carvone was insufficient. Using a laboratory box test, the slug (Deroceras reticulatum) affected only wounded tubers and, although slime was present on the unwounded potatoes, they were not damaged by slugs.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02358084
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  • 8
    Electronic Resource
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    Reduction of potato damage during grading by radiant heating (2000)
    Springer
    Potato research 43 (2000), S. 273-278 
    Details
    ISSN: 1871-4528
    Keywords: cold storage ; store management ; potato handling ; tuber temperature ; Solanum tuberosum L.
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Summary The effect of using radiant heat to quickly warm potatoes and reduce damage in handling after cold storage was investigated. Two treatments were investigated: tubers dropped 350 mm with no radiant heat applied, and tubers dropped with radiant heat applied. Both treatments were compared with a control set of tubers which were taken directly out of store. The mean damage index per tuber was significantly reduced following radiant heat treatment although there were cultivar and size variations. The temperature profile under radiant heat was also measured which showed an increase in the outside flesh temperature of 8–12°C depending on tuber colour.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02358086
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  • 9
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Expression of the chemically inducible maize GST-27 promoter in potato (2000)
    Springer
    Potato research 43 (2000), S. 335-345 
    Details
    ISSN: 1871-4528
    Keywords: chemical inducible gene expression ; glutathione S-transferase ; Solanum tuberosum L. ; herbicide safener ; tuber
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Summary Chemically inducible gene regulation systems provide a mechanism for a temporal control of expression of transgenes. In this study expression from the herbicide safener inducible maize GST-27 promoter was tested in potato, with the aim of using this to provide inducible expression of transgenes implicated in dormancy control. A binary vector comprising 3.8 kb of the GST-27 promoter was fused to the β-glucuronidase (GUS) reporter gene and transformed into potato. Application of the chemical inducer elevated the expression of GUS up to 40 fold in leaf tissue. However in stems, roots and tubers the GST-27 promoter caused high levels of expression of GUS in the absence of safener, demonstrating that in these tissues it acts as a constitutive promoter. A deleted promoter region of the GST-27 promoter displayed a similar expression pattern. Analysis of GUS activity in dormant and sprouting tubers showed that the GST-27 promoter was a strong constitutive promoter throughout the tuber life cycle.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02360539
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  • 10
    Electronic Resource
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    Subcutaneous tissue discoloration in ware potatoes. 2. Impact measured by an instrumented sphere (2000)
    Springer
    Potato research 43 (2000), S. 225-238 
    Details
    ISSN: 1871-4528
    Keywords: Solanum tuberosum L. ; damage ; bruising ; blackspot ; handling ; velocity change
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Summary Potatoes are exposed to mechanical forces which can lead to subcutaneous tissue discoloration resulting in losses. We investigated the number and intensity of impacts in different phases of representative Dutch ware potato handling chains using an instrumented sphere (IS). Other questions we asked were, to which drop height onto a defined surface do measured impacts correspond, and what is the relation between the number of impacts and damage? Close relationships between peak acceleration and velocity change for different drop heights were found for various cushioning materials, thus allowing interpretation of impact measurements in terms of drops. The IS recorded c. 340 impacts exceeding 30g. The contribution to the total number of impacts was 11% for Harvest, 0% for Storage, 10% for Transport and 79% for Packaging. The number and intensity of impacts correlated well with the amount of subcutaneous tissue discoloration. It is concluded that the produce-friendliness of the handling chains can be improved.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02358082
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  • 11
    Electronic Resource
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    The effect of boron on calcium uptake and growth in micropropagated potato plantlets (2000)
    Springer
    Potato research 43 (2000), S. 287-295 
    Details
    ISSN: 1871-4528
    Keywords: nutrient analysis ; culture media ; Solanum tuberosum L.
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Summary Boron (B) requirements differ widely among plant species and the concentration range between toxicity and deficiency is less for B than for any other nutrient. Excess B can adversely affect calcium (Ca) uptake and plant growth. Potato cvs Bintje and Norland plantlets were micropropagated on Murashige & Skoog (MS) nutrient medium, supplemented with 3 (MS control level) or 9 mM Ca, and a range of H3BO3 levels (0.025 to 0.300 mM B). Medium B levels of 0.100 and 0.300 mM decreased Ca content in leaves and shoots of cv. Norland, but not Bintje. Medium B level of 0.025 mM, which is 25% of the control MS level, enhanced Ca uptake in cv. Norland and did not compromise normal plantlet growth in either cultivar. This lower H3BO3 level (0.025 mM B), and a B-free gelling agent such as Gelrite, could be used for micropropagation of potato and possibly other species susceptible to Ca defifiency disorders.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02358088
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  • 12
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    A SWACROP-based potato root water-uptake function as determined under tropical conditions (2000)
    Springer
    Potato research 43 (2000), S. 19-29 
    Details
    ISSN: 1871-4528
    Keywords: root-water uptake ; modeling ; SWACROP ; Ferralsols ; tropics ; Cuba ; Solanum tuberosum L.
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Summary The SWACROP root-water uptake function for potatoes was determined in the 1994–95 crop season on a Ferralsol in Havana province, west Cuba. The maximum pressure-heads under which water is optimally extracted by potato roots were very similar to the original Feddes function. Nevertheless, the anaerobiosis point and the wilting point pressure-head in both functions were not in agreement. However, the simulated values of soil water contents in the 0–40 cm soil depth by performing SWACROP runs in the 1995–96 potato crop season using both functions were very similar. The original Feddes function seems to be good enough for predicting soil water contents in the tropics and no specific other functions need to be developed for any particular soil or climate condition.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02358510
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  • 13
    Electronic Resource
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    Nutritional value of potato tubers from field grown plants treated with deltamethrin (2000)
    Springer
    Potato research 43 (2000), S. 43-48 
    Details
    ISSN: 1871-4528
    Keywords: Solanum tuberosum L. ; Decis® ; Colorado potato beetle ; tuber quality ; dry matter content
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Summary Tubers showed changes in their nutritional value caused by the treatment of the plants with the insecticide deltamethrin. The level of starch was increased in comparison with control tubers; but the amylose percentage was not affected. In contrast, the total protein content decreased in tubers from treated plants, whereas free amino acids level and ascorbic acid content increased. The results showed that the changes in the tubers caused by the treatment of potato plants with deltamethrin did not adversely affect the nutritional value of the progeny tubers.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02358512
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  • 14
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    Assessment of new potato cultivars in Europe: a survey (2000)
    Springer
    Potato research 43 (2000), S. 97-106 
    Details
    ISSN: 1871-4528
    Keywords: Solanum tuberosum L. ; National List ; Recommended Trials ; growing crop ; tuber ; yield ; quality ; disease ; nematodes
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Summary In 1994, a postal questionnaire was sent to 41 institutes in 27 countries to obtain information on the national potato cultivar testing programmes in Europe. Responses were received from 19 countries. Foliage, tuber and yield characteristics were assessed in all countries but the number of sites and replicated varied considerably between the countries. Cooking and taste qualities were measured in most countries using relatively simple methods but processing characteristics were tested less commonly. Susceptibility to the most common diseases, i.e. late blight, common scab, leafroll and PVYo, was assessed in over 75% of the countries while resistance to another 21 disease and 4 potato cyst nematode pathotypes was assessed by various countries, depending on their national importance. Many of the assessments were based on records of natural infection although controlled inoculation tests were done more frequently for the more important diseases.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02357950
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  • 15
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    Fertilizer management impacts on stand establishment, disease, and yield of Irish potato (2000)
    Springer
    Potato research 43 (2000), S. 49-59 
    Details
    ISSN: 1871-4528
    Keywords: Solanum tuberosum L. ; soil fertility ; soluble salts ; plant spacing ; Rhizoctonia
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Summary Excessive fertilizer application in North Carolina, USA results in high residual soil levels of P, K and total soluble salts in potato fields. Our objectives were to determine the salt sensitivity of three common cultivars (Atlantic. Snowden and Superior), and the effects of planting density and fertilization on stand establishment, soilborne disease, and yield. Greenhouse results suggest that potato growth and emergence, but not shoot initation, are reduced by high salinity. On a Portsmouth fine sandy loam, high fertilizer rates did not reduce stands of cv. Atlantic in the field in 1996 or 1997. Excess N resulted in moreRhizoctonia stem canker in 1996, and lower yields at the lower planting density in 1997. Yield compensation for reduced plant density occurred in 1997 at the lower N rates (56 and 112 kg N ha−1) and at the high PK rate (49 kg P and 139 kg K ha−1).
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02358513
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  • 16
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    Interaction between jasmonic and gibberellic acids on in vitro tuberization of potato plantlets (2000)
    Springer
    Potato research 43 (2000), S. 83-88 
    Details
    ISSN: 1871-4528
    Keywords: Solanum tuberosum L. ; potato tuberization ; growth regulators
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Summary A reverse of the delaying effect of gibberellic acid (GA3) was observed in in vitro tuberization of potato plantlets when the medium contained 0.8×10−5 M jasmonic acid (JA). The promoting effect of JA seemed to be correlated with the initial absence of growing roots, probably through direct activity of JA in microtuber-producing buds in the stoloniferous shoots. This is based on the fact that JA did not inhibit root growth a posteriori. Endogenous gibberellins (GAs) synthesized by roots did not interfere with the previous activity of JA in tuberization. The absence of a JA promoting-effect on tuberization of previously-rooted plantlets could be related to the capacity of potato roots to synthesize endogenous GAs which might antagonize the JA effect on buds of stoloniferous shoots.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02358516
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  • 17
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    Bacillus thuringiensis cry1Ab gene confers resistance to potato againstHelicoverpa armigera (Hubner) (2000)
    Springer
    Potato research 43 (2000), S. 143-152 
    Details
    ISSN: 1871-4528
    Keywords: transgenic plants ; Solanum tuberosum L.
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Summary Helicoverpa armigera is one of the important insect pests adversely affecting the yield of potatoes in India. A synthetic gene encoding the insecticidal crystal protein (Cry1Ab) ofBacillus thuringiensis (Bt) has been introduced into five genotypes of potato usingAgrobacterium tumefaciens. Southern analysis of DNA from transgenic plants confirmed the integration and copy number of the transgene. Double-antibody quantitative sandwich ELISA analysis demonstrated high levels of Cry1Ab protein expression in transgenic plants. Insect bioassays on the leaves of transgenic plants showed considerable protection against the larvae ofH. armigera in terms of leaf area consumed and larval weight reduction.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02357955
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  • 18
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    Subcutaneous tissue discoloration in ware potatoes. 1. A chain analysis in the Netherlands (2000)
    Springer
    Potato research 43 (2000), S. 211-224 
    Details
    ISSN: 1871-4528
    Keywords: Solanum tuberosum L. ; damage ; bruising ; impact ; blackspot ; handling
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Summary In the chain of handling operations from harvesting to packaging inclusive, potatoes are exposed to many brief mechanical forces (impacts) and to long-term pressure. Impact and pressure can lead to subcutaneous tissue discoloration causing qualitative and quantitative losses. We investigated the characteristics of construction and utilization of representative Dutch ware potato handling chains and found that the number and height of drops appeared to be too high, the use of cushioning materials insufficient and the speed of the transporting parts too high and not in balance with each other. The contribution to the total amount of subcutaneous tissue discoloration was 16% for the harvesting to bin filling phases inclusive, 22% for the storage phase, 27% for the shovelling to truck loading phases inclusive and 35% for the truck unloading to packaging phases inclusive. These contributions varied considerably within phases and within links. The results can be used to develop equipment, upgrade present chains and design new, produce-frendly handling chains.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02358081
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  • 19
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    Testing the resistance to silver scurf in commercial potato cultivars under controlled environmental conditions (2000)
    Springer
    Potato research 43 (2000), S. 263-271 
    Details
    ISSN: 1871-4528
    Keywords: Helminthosporium solani ; storage conditions ; disease resistance ; Solanum tuberosum L.
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Summary Optimum storage conditions to identify resistance to silver scurf among commercially grown potato cultivars were determined in a series of experiments. Inoculation of field-grown tubers with a conidial suspension ofH. solani (concentration 104 conidia per ml of water) and incubation at 15°C with 95% RH for 1 month followed by 2 months at 85% RH produced the greatest differences in disease severity between potato cultivars. Results with glasshouse-grown tubers were comparable with those from field-grown tubers, indicating that the test could be used to identify resistance in wild species of potato and to understand the inheritance of this resistance.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02358085
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  • 20
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    Response of tubers of five potato cultivars to co-inoculation with US-1 and US-8 genotypes ofPhytophthora infestans (2000)
    Springer
    Potato research 43 (2000), S. 153-161 
    Details
    ISSN: 1871-4528
    Keywords: Solanum tuberosum L. ; sexual reproduction ; oospores
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Summary The severity of late blight tuber rot in five potato cultivars (Green Mountain, Sebago, Dorita, AC Brador and Island Sunshine) resulting from inoculation with US-1/US-8 combinations of Canadian isolates ofPhytophthora infestans was evaluated. In addition, the potential for mixed (A1∶A2) inoculations to result in oospore formation was examined. In studies conducted in 1996 and 1997, cv. Dorita (and Island Sunshine in 1997) developed the least amount of surface or internal necrosis relative to the other cultivars following co-inoculation with US-1 and US-8 isolates ofP. infestans. Differences also were revealed among isolate combinations used for inoculation. The combination of a US-1 isolate from Prince Edward Island with a US-8 isolate from New Brunswick consistently produced the least amount of necrosis in tubers of the various cultivars. There was no evidence of oospore production in any of the tubers examined.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02357956
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    Structure and Expression In planta of Botrytis cinerea Ubiquitin Genes (2000)
    Springer
    European journal of plant pathology 106 (2000), S. 693-698 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-8469
    Keywords: differential gene expression ; grey mould ; ribosomal biogenesis ; tomato
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract To identify genes of the necrotrophic pathogenic fungus Botrytis cinerea that are expressed during infection of tomato leaves, a differential screening of a genomic library with radioactively labelled cDNA was performed. This resulted in the identification of a B. cinerea gene, denominated Bcubi4, which encodes a precursor protein consisting of four identical head-to-tail repeats of a 76 aa ubiquitin unit. Subsequently a gene denominated Bcubi1CEP79, encoding a single ubiquitin unit joined to a Carboxyl Extension Protein of 79 amino acids, was isolated. The expression of the two ubiquitin genes was studied during pathogenesis of B. cinerea on tomato. Bcubi1CEP79, but not Bcubi4, mRNA was transiently induced at 16 h after inoculation. The increased expression of the Bcubi1CEP79 gene at this stage of pathogenesis might be required for enhanced ribosomal biogenesis.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1008713230963
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    Host Range of Oidium lycopersici Occurring in the Netherlands (2000)
    Springer
    European journal of plant pathology 106 (2000), S. 465-473 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-8469
    Keywords: tomato ; powdery mildew ; Oidium lycopersici ; host range ; host resistance
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract Nine accessions of three cucurbit species, ten of eight legume species, three of lettuce (Lactuca sativa) and 34 of 14 Solanaceae species were inoculated with a Dutch isolate of the tomato powdery mildew fungus (Oidium lycopersici) to determine its host range. Macroscopically, no fungal growth was visible on sweet pepper (Capsicum annuum), lettuce, petunia (Petunia spp.) and most legume species (Lupinus albus, L. luteus, L. mutabilis, Phaseolus vulgaris, Vicia faba, Vigna radiata, V. unguiculata). Trace infection was occasionally observed on melon (Cucumis melo), cucumber (Cucumis sativus), courgette (Cucurbita pepo), pea (Pisum sativum) and Solanum dulcamara. Eggplant (Solanum melongena), the cultivated potato (Solanum tuberosum) and three wild potato species (Solanum albicans, S. acaule and S. mochiquense) were more heavily infected in comparison with melon, cucumber, courgette, pea and S. dulcamara, but the fungus could not be maintained on these hosts. All seven tobacco (Nicotiana tabacum) accessions were as susceptible to O. lycopersici as tomato (Lycopersicon esculentum cv Moneymaker), suggesting that tobacco is an alternative host. This host range of the tomato powdery mildew differs from that reported in some other countries, which also varied among each other, suggesting that the causal agent of tomato powdery mildew in the Netherlands differ from that in those countries. Histological observations on 36 accessions showed that the defense to O. lycopersici was associated with a posthaustorial hypersensitive response.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1008706614291
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    Occurrence and Diagnosis of Tomato chlorosis virus in Portugal (2000)
    Springer
    European journal of plant pathology 106 (2000), S. 589-592 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-8469
    Keywords: Closterovirus ; Crinivirus ; ToCV ; tomato ; whiteflies
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract Tomato chlorosis virus (ToCV), a new whitefly-transmitted and phloem-limited Crinivirus infecting tomatoes in Europe, is reported for the first time in Portugal. Tomato plants with symptoms of interveinal chlorosis, collected during autumn 1998 and summer and autumn 1999 in Algarve, southern Portugal, were positive in RT-PCR assays using ToCV-specific primers. The amplified 439 bp fragment was sequenced and showed 99% homology with the ToCV sequence in the GenBank database. A digoxigenin–DNA probe was produced and tested in dot-blot with total RNAs extracted from tomato samples. Both the RT-PCR and dot-blot hybridisation procedures enabled rapid and reliable detection of ToCV from field samples.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1008738130592
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    Growth analysis of maize field crops under phosphorus deficiency (2000)
    Springer
    Plant and soil 223 (2000), S. 119-132 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5036
    Keywords: leaf area index ; leaf elongation rate ; phosphorus ; phyllochron ; Zea mays L
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract Biomass accumulation by crops depends both on light interception by leaves and on the efficiency with which the intercepted light is used to produce dry matter. Our aim was to identify which of these processes were affected for maize (Zea Mays L., cv Volga) field crops grown under phosphorus (P) deficiency, and assess their relative importance. In this paper, the effects of P deficiency on leaf appearance, leaf elongation rate, final individual leaf area and leaf senescence were studied. The experimental work was carried out in 1995–1977 on a long-term P fertilisation trial located on a sandy soil in the south-west of France. Three P fertilisation regimes have been applied since 1972: no-P (P0 treatment) and different rates of P fertiliser (P1.5:1.5 times the grain P export and P3:3 times the grain P export). These fertilisation regimes have led to contrasted levels of soil P supply, with the P0 treatment being limiting for growth. Very few differences were observed about leaf growth between the P1.5 and P3 treatments. Conversely, the leaf area index (LAI) was significantly reduced in the P0 treatment, especially during the first phases of the crop cycle (up to −60% between the 7- and 14-visible leaves). This effect gradually decreased over time. The lower LAI in P0 treatment was due to two main processes affecting the leaf growth. The final number of leaves per plant and leaf senescence were only slightly modified by P deficiency. Conversely, leaf appearance was delayed during the period between leaf 4 and leaf 9. The value of the phyllochron increased from 47 °C days in the P1.5 treatment to 65 °C days in the P0 treatment. Leaf elongation rates during the quasi-linear phase of leaf expansion were significantly reduced for lower leaves of P0 plants. The final size of leaves L2–L12 was reduced. On the opposite, leaf elongation duration was not greatly affected by P treatments. Before the emergence of leaf 9, the reduction of individual leaf size was the main factor responsible for the reduced LAI in the P0 treatment. After this stage, the delayed leaf appearance accounted for a great part of the reduced LAI in the P0 treatment.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1004877111238
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    Leaf endophyte Neotyphodium coenophialum modifies mineral uptake in tall fescue (2000)
    Springer
    Plant and soil 227 (2000), S. 115-126 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5036
    Keywords: endophyte ; mineral nutrition ; Neotyphodium coenophialum ; phosphorus ; tall fescue
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract Neotyphodium coenophialum (Morgan-Jones and Gams) Glenn, Bacon and Hanlin, a fungal endophyte found primarily in shoots of tall fescue (Festuca arundinacea Shreb.), can modify rhizosphere activity in response to phosphorus (P) deficiency. In a controlled environment experiment, two cloned tall fescue genotypes (DN2 and DN4) free (E-) and infected (E+) with their naturally occurring endophyte strains were grown in nutrient solutions at low P (3.1 ppm) or high P (31 ppm) concentrations for 21 d. Endophyte infection increased root dry matter (DM) of DN4 by 21% but did not affect root DM of DN2. Under P deficiency, shoot and total DM were not affected by endophyte but relative growth rate was greater in E+ than E- plants. In high P nutrient solution, E+ plants produced 13% less (DN2) or 29% more (DN4) shoot DM than E- plants. Endophyte affected mineral concentrations in roots more than in shoots. Regardless of P concentration in nutrient solution, E+ DN2 accumulated more P, Ca, Zn and Cu but less K in roots than E- plants. When grown in high P nutrient solution, concentrations of Fe and B in roots of E+ DN2 plants were reduced compared with those of E- plants. Concentrations of P, Ca and Cu in roots of DN4 were less, but K was greater in E+ than E- plants. In shoots, E+ DN2 had greater concentrations of Fe and Cu than E- DN2, regardless of P concentration in nutrient solution. Genotype DN4 responded to endophyte infection by reducing B concentration in shoots. Nutrient uptake rates were affected by endophyte infection in plants grown in low P nutrient solution. A greater uptake rate of most nutrients and their transport to shoots was observed in DN2, but responses of DN4 were not consistent. Results suggest that endophyte may elicit different modes of tall fescue adaptation to P deficiency.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1026518828237
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    The effects of slash burning on ecosystem nutrients during the land preparation phase of shifting cultivation (2000)
    Springer
    Plant and soil 220 (2000), S. 247-260 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5036
    Keywords: cations ; fire ; nitrogen ; nutrients ; phosphorus ; slash-and-burn ; soil ; tropical forests
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract The most commonly observed change in soil following slash-and-burn clearing of tropical forest is a short-term increase in nutrient availability. Studies of shifting cultivation commonly cite the incorporation of nutrient-rich ash from consumed aboveground biomass into soil as the reason for this change. The effects of soil heating on nutrient availability have been examined only rarely in field studies of slash-and-burn, and soil heating as a mechanism of nutrient release is most often assumed to be of minor importance in the field. Few budgets for above and belowground nutrient flux have been developed in the tropics, and a survey of results from field and laboratory studies indicates that soils are sufficiently heated during most slash-and-burn events, particularly in dry and monsoonal climates, to cause significant, even substantial release of nutrients from non-plant-available into plant-available forms in soil. Conversely, large aboveground losses of nutrients during and after burning often result in low quantities of nutrients that are released to soil. Assessing the biophysical sustainability of an agricultural practice requires detailed information about nutrient flux and loss incurred during management. To this end, current conceptual models of shifting cultivation should be revised to more accurately describe these fluxes and losses.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1004741125636
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    Mineralization of nitrogen from crop residues and N recovery by maize inoculated with vesicular-arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (2000)
    Springer
    Plant and soil 218 (2000), S. 11-20 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5036
    Keywords: Crop residues ; dry-matter yields ; Medicago sativa ; N mineralization ; 15N uptake ; Zea mays ; VAM fungi
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract Legume crop residues serve as a source of nitrogen (N) for succeeding crops in low-input production systems, and characterizing the release of this N supports efforts to develop sound economic and environmental management practices. Nitrogen mineralization of 15N-labelled field crop residues was monitored in a Greenville sandy loam during a 140-day laboratory incubation at 25°C. Residue type strongly influenced the rate of N mineralization; decomposition rate constants were 0.283, 0.083, 0.00047 and 0.0014 day-1 for alfalfa (Medicago sativa L.) stover (above-ground plant parts), alfalfa roots, maize (Zea mays L.) stover (above-ground plant parts excluding cob and kernels) and maize roots, respectively. At the end of the incubation, 50% of alfalfa stover and 25% of alfalfa root residues N were mineralized, whereas these proportions were 8% for maize stover and 12% for root residues. Mineralization of 15N from alfalfa stover residues was also monitored in a greenhouse experiment to determine N availability during the growth of maize inoculated or not with vesicular-arbuscular mycorrhizal (VAM) fungi, and to evaluate the effects of the presence of plants on the decomposition of the residues. Stover and root dry matter yields were greatest for maize inoculated with VAM fungi and grown in residue-amended soil. At the final harvest, maize grown in residue-amended soils had accumulated 44% more dry matter and 40% more N than maize grown in unamended soils. Enhanced VAM colonization of roots inoculated with a mixture of three Glomus spp. increased the residue N accumulation in maize roots at 5 weeks after silking and at the final harvest. Alfalfa stover decomposed rapidly both in the presence and absence of maize plants, but the amount of 15N mineralized at the end of the experiment was influenced by the presence of living roots; 23% of the 15N in alfalfa stover residues was mineralized in soil without plants compared to about 38% when maize plants were present. These results suggest that N mineralization is enhanced by the presence of living roots.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1014958321933
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    The importance of root gravitropism for inter-root competition and phosphorus acquisition efficiency: results from a geometric simulation model (2000)
    Springer
    Plant and soil 218 (2000), S. 159-171 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5036
    Keywords: competition ; roots ; common bean ; mineral nutrition ; models ; phosphorus
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract We have observed that low soil phosphorus availability alters the gravitropic response of basal roots in common bean (Phaseolus vulgaris L.), resulting in a shallower root system. In this study we use a geometric model to test the hypotheses that a shallower root system is a positive adaptive response to low soil P availability by (1) concentrating root foraging in surface soil horizons, which generally have the highest P availability, and (2) reducing spatial competition for P among roots of the same plant. The growth of nine root systems contrasting in gravitropic response over 320 h was simulated in SimRoot, a dynamic three-dimensional geometric model of root growth and architecture. Phosphorus acquisition and inter-root competition were estimated with Depzone, a program that dynamically models nutrient diffusion to roots. Shallower root systems had greater P acquisition per unit carbon cost than deeper root systems, especially in older root systems. This was due to greater inter-root competition in deeper root systems, as measured by the volume of overlapping P depletion zones. Inter-root competition for P was a significant fraction of total soil P depletion, and increased with increasing values of the P diffusion coefficient (De), with root age, and with increasing root gravitropism. In heterogenous soil having greater P availability in surface horizons, shallower root systems had greater P acquisition than deeper root systems, because of less inter-root competition as well as increased root foraging in the topsoil. Root P acquisition predicted by SimRoot was validated against values for bean P uptake in the field, with an r 2 between observed and predicted values of 0.75. Our results support the hypothesis that altered gravitropic sensitivity in P-stressed roots, resulting in a shallower root system, is a positive adaptive response to low P availability by reducing inter-root competition within the same plant and by concentrating root activity in soil domains with the greatest P availability.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1014987710937
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    The effect of agricultural practices on the development of indigenous arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi. I. Field studies in an Indonesian ultisol (2000)
    Springer
    Plant and soil 218 (2000), S. 137-144 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5036
    Keywords: agricultural practices ; extra-radical mycelium ; Gliricidia sepium ; organic matter addition ; Peltophorum dasyrachis ; soil disturbance ; species richness of AMF ; Zea mays
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract Two pre-established agricultural field trials were assessed for the abundance of arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF) in the soil (density of spores, species richness and lengths of extra-radical mycelium [ERM]) in association with one of three tropical plant species (Gliricidia sepium, Peltophorum dasyrachis and Zea mays). The trials were managed by one of three agricultural practices: soil disturbance in a monoculture system, a root barrier to prevent interactions between plants in an agroforestry system or the addition of organic matter (OM) in an agroforestry and a monoculture system. The lengths of ERM of AMF in the soil were greater in the agroforestry system than the monoculture system. These were greater when a root barrier was present, but decreased when OM was added. Soil disturbance reduced the density of spores, species richness and the lengths of ERM of AMF compared with the undisturbed soil. This work indicates that agricultural trials may provide a useful tool to monitor the abundance of AMF in the field. Clearly, there is potential to increase the abundance of AMF, from different genera, in the soil through the management of agricultural practices. The significance of the abundance of AMF for subsequent benefits to plant growth and development and ultimately the sustainability of tropical agro-ecosystems are discussed.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1014966801446
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    Uptake of P from apatite by Pinus sylvestris seedlings colonised by different ectomycorrhizal fungi (2000)
    Springer
    Plant and soil 218 (2000), S. 249-256 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5036
    Keywords: ectomycorrhiza ; phosphorus ; Paxillus ; Suillus ; weathering ; ergosterol
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract The role of ectomycorrhizal (EM) fungi in increasing apatite dissolution was tested in a pot system with Pinus sylvestris (L.) seedlings growing in a sand/peat mixture. Non-mycorrhizal seedlings and seedlings inoculated with one of three different isolates of EM fungi were grown for 210 days in pots divided into a root-containing and a root-free compartment. The EM mycelium was allowed to colonise the root-free compartment, to which apatite had been added as a P source in half of the pots. All mineral nutrients except P were supplied in the form of a balanced nutrient solution. Seedlings grown with apatite as their P source grew significantly better and had higher P concentrations (1.1–1.5 mg/g) compared with seedlings growing without any P source (0.6–1.0 mg/g), indicating that they were able to use apatite-P. A weathering budget based on P uptake indicated that 6.7–18.9 mg apatite was weathered per pot which corresponds to 0.3–0.9% of the added apatite. A similar budget based on Sr uptake indicated that the apatite weathering rate was lower (0.13-0.3%). One Suillus variegatus isolate and an unidentified fungus had a significant positive influence on the dissolution of apatite, while another S. variegatus isolate had colonised roots poorly and did not influence weathering significantly. Oxalic acid was detected in root-free soil and was especially abundant in compartments colonised by S. variegatus. The concentration of oxalic acid was correlated to the concentration of phosphate in the soil solution of root-free soil, indicating that oxalic acid influences apatite dissolution.
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    On variation in forest floor thickness across four red pine plantations in Pennsylvania, USA (2000)
    Springer
    Plant and soil 219 (2000), S. 57-69 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5036
    Keywords: decomposition ; litter quality ; mycorrhiza ; nitrogen ; phosphorus ; saprotrophic microorganisms ; tannins ; forest soils ; acidification
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract We studied variation in forest floor thickness in four plantations of red pine (Pinus resinosa Ait.) which were similar in age, soil type and associated vegetation. The plantations were located (west to east) in the Clear Creek, Moshannon, Sproul and Tiadaghton State Forests of Pennsylvania, USA. A gradient in forest floor thickness exists across these plantations; the forest floor is thickest in the west and it becomes progressively thinner toward the east. Decomposition of imported litter increased from west to east, suggesting that the variation in forest floor thickness is related to variation in the rate of decomposition. Decomposition rates were related to saprotroph abundance. Variation in forest floor N and phenolic concentrations, in overall mycorrhiza density and in the relative proportions of three common mycorrhiza morphotypes could not explain the variation in decomposition rate. The P concentrations and pH of the forest floor were significantly lower at Clear Creek and Moshannon, where decomposition rates were lowest, compared to Sproul and Tiadaghton, where decomposition rates were most rapid. This suggests that P concentration and pH may have exerted some control on decomposition.
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    Copper uptake and translocation in chicory (Cichorium intybus L. cv Grasslands Puna) and tomato (Lycopersicon esculentum Mill. cv Rondy) plants grown in NFT system. II. The role of nicotianamine and histidine in xylem sap copper transport (2000)
    Springer
    Plant and soil 223 (2000), S. 245-254 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5036
    Keywords: amino acids ; chicory ; copper ; tomato ; xylem sap
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract The effect of rooting media Cu concentration (0.05–20 mg Cu L-1) on amino acid concentrations and copper speciation in the xylem sap of chicory and tomato plants was measured using 6 week old plants grown in a nutrient film technique system (NFT). Irrespective of the Cu concentration in the nutrient solutions, more than 99.68% and 99.74% of total Cu in tomato and chicory xylem sap was in a bound form. When exposed to high Cu concentrations in the rooting media, amino acid concentrations in the sap increased. Relative to other amino acids, the concentrations of glutamine (Gln), histidine (His), asparagine (Asn), valine (Val), nicotianamine (NA) and proline (Pro) in tomato xylem saps, and His, γ-aminobutyric acid (Gaba), glutamic acid (Glu), leucine (Leu), NA and phenylalanine (Phe) in chicory xylem saps showed the greatest increases. The data indicate that induced synthesis of some free amino acids as a specific and proportional response to Cu treatment. For a single complexation amino acid, the solution Cu2+concentration vs pH titration curve for NA at 0.06–0.07 mM was most similar, closely followed by His at 0.5–0.6 mM, to the solution Cu2+concentration behaviour in both tomato and chicory xylem sap. It is concluded that increased Cu concentrations in the rooting media induced selective synthesis of certain amino acid which include NA, His, Asn and Gln which have high stability constants with Cu. NA and His have the highest binding constants for Cu and the concentrations of NA and His in chicory and tomato xylem saps can account for all the bound Cu carried in the sap.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1004843505053
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    Growth analysis of maize field crops under phosphorus deficiency. II. Radiation-use efficiency, biomass accumulation and yield components (2000)
    Springer
    Plant and soil 224 (2000), S. 259-272 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5036
    Keywords: light interception ; phosphorus ; radiation-use efficiency ; yield components ; Zea mays L.
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract Biomass accumulation by crops depends on both light interception by leaves and on the efficiency with which the intercepted light is used to produce dry matter. Our aim was to identify which of these processes were affected for maize (Zea mays L., cv Volga) field crops grown under phosphorus (P) deficiency. In the preceding paper (Plénet et al., 2000), it was shown that P deficiency severely reduced leaf growth. In this paper, the effect of P deficiency on the radiation-use efficiency (RUE) was investigated. The experimental work was carried out in 1995, 1996 and 1997 on a long-term P fertilisation trial located on a sandy soil in the south-west of France. Three P fertilisation regimes have been applied since 1972: no- P (P0 treatment) and different rates of P fertiliser (P1.5: 1.5 times the grain P export and P3: 3 times the grain P export). These fertilisation regimes have led to contrasted levels of soil P supply. Only slight differences were observed between the P1.5 and P3 treatment for above-ground biomass accumulation and grain yield. Conversely the grain yield was significantly reduced in P0 (−11%). Above-ground biomass production was severely reduced, with the maximum difference between treatment (−60% in P0) occurring between 400 and 600 °C days after sowing. The lower biomass production in P0 was accounted for by the reduced amount of photosynthetically active radiation (PAR) absorbed by the canopy, which was itself the consequence of the reduced leaf area index (see Plénet et al., 2000). The calculated RUE were found to depend on the plant stage, especially during the pre-flowering period, and on the average air temperature. No effect of P deficiency was observed on the calculated RUE, even during the period when above-ground biomass accumulation was the most severely reduced. These results obtained in field crop conditions strengthen the idea that P deficiency affects plant growth, especially leaf growth, earlier and to a greater extent than photosynthesis per unit leaf area.
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    Autumn leaf colours as indicators of decomposition rate in sycamore (Acer pseudoplatanus L.) (2000)
    Springer
    Plant and soil 225 (2000), S. 33-38 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5036
    Keywords: deciduous tree ; foliar pigmentation ; fungus ; litter mass loss ; nitrogen ; phosphorus
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract We tested the hypothesis that there is a causal connection between autumn colour, nutrient concentration and decomposibility of fresh leaf litter. Samples from patches of different autumn colours within the leaves of the deciduous tree sycamore (Acer pseudoplatanus) were sealed into litter bags and incubated for one winter in an outdoor leaf mould bed. Green leaf patches were decomposed faster than yellow or brown patches and this corresponded with the higher N and P concentrations in the former. Black patches, indicating colonisation by the tar spot fungus Rhytisma acerinum, were particularly high in P, but were decomposed very slowly, owing probably to resource immobilisation by the fungus. The results supported the hypothesis and were consistent with a previous study reporting an interspecific link between autumn coloration and decomposition rate. Autumn leaf colour of deciduous woody plants may serve as a useful predictor of litter decomposibility in ecosystem or biome scale studies where extensive direct measurements of litter chemistry and decomposition are not feasible.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1026530214258
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    Phosphatase activity of extra-radical arbuscular mycorrhizal hyphae: A review (2000)
    Springer
    Plant and soil 226 (2000), S. 199-210 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5036
    Keywords: Histochemical staining ; mineral nutrition ; phosphorus ; stress ; vital staining
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract Phosphatase activity of arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) fungi has attracted attention in three fairly distinct domains: intracellular enzymes with defined metabolic functions that have been studied in intraradical hyphae, histochemical staining of alkaline phosphatase as an indicator of fungal activity measured both intra- and extraradically, and extracellular activity related to mineralization of organic P (Po) compounds that may enhance mycorrhizal utilization of an important nutrient pool in soil. This review focuses on the latter subjects with emphasis on extraradical mycelium (ERM), while it draws on selected data from the vast material available concerning phosphatases of other organisms. We conclude that histochemical staining of alkaline phosphatase is a sensitive and suitable method for monitoring the effect of adverse conditions encountered by ERM both as a symbiotically functional entity in soil, and in vitro without modifying interference of soil or other solid substrates. Furthermore, the quantitative importance of extracellular enzymes for P nutrition of AM plants is estimated to be insignificant. This is concluded from the low quantitative contribution extracellular hyphae of AM fungi give to the total phosphatase activity in soil, and from estimations of which processes that may be rate limiting in organic P mineralization. Maximum values for the former is in the order of a few percent. As for the latter, solubilization of Po seems to be far more important than Po hydrolysis for utilization of Po by AM fungi and plants, as both endogenous soil phosphatase activity and phosphatases of other soil organisms are ubiquitous and abundant. Our discussion of mycorrhizal phosphatases supports the view that extracellular phosphatases of roots and micro-organisms are to a large extent released incidentally into soil, and that the source has limited benefit from its activity.
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    Biological control of root rot-root knot disease complex of tomato (2000)
    Springer
    Plant and soil 227 (2000), S. 163-169 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5036
    Keywords: biological control ; Paecilomyces lilacinus ; Pseudomonas aeruginosa ; root-knot nematode ; root-infecting fungi ; tomato
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract Efficacy of Pseudomonas aeruginosa alone or in combination with Paecilomyces lilacinus was evaluated in the control of root-knot nematode and root-infecting fungi under laboratory and field conditions. Ethyl acetate extract (1 mg/ml) of P. lilacinus and P. aeruginosa,respectively, caused 100 and 64% mortality of Meloidogyne javanica larvae after 24 h. Ethyl acetate fractions of biocontrol agents were more effective than hexane extracts in the suppression of M. javanica larvae, indicating that active nematicidal compounds are intermediary in polarity. In field experiments, biocontrol fungus and bacterium significantly suppressed soilborne root-infecting fungi including Macrophomina phaseolina, Fusarium oxysporum, Fusarium solani, Rhizoctonia solani and Meloidogyne javanica, the root-knot nematode. P. lilacinus parasitized eggs and female of M. javanica and this parasitism was not significantly influenced in the presence of P. aeruginosa. P. aeruginosa was reisolated from the inner root tissues of tomato, whereas P. lilacinusdid not colonize tomato roots.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1026599532684
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    Diverse responses of root cell structure to aluminium stress (2000)
    Springer
    Plant and soil 226 (2000), S. 113-116 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5036
    Keywords: aluminium ; root cells ; stress adaptation ; structural response ; Zea mays
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract Plant cells respond to a certain stress factor in different ways depending on their developmental stage and type of tissue. Structural damage may be severe or even lethal in individual cells within a tissue that exhibits moderate or no effects of stress. In the case of aluminium toxicity, detailed observations of root tips of 3 day old Zea mays L., cv. TO360 seedlings revealed differences in the response of some cells. Two different structural changes appeared within root epidermis just behind the root cap. Cells with dark and shrunken cytoplasm occurred next to swollen cells with preserved cellular compartments. Within the root cortex, individual cells or a few cells of a file have severely damaged cytoplasm, in contrast to almost undisturbed cytoplasm of adjacent cells. Such extremely sensitive cells appear irregularly within the root apex. Their structural similarity with cells that are observed after a hypersensitive response in infected plant tissues suggests a role to accumulate aluminium, in order to allow the surrounding tissue to survive the stress.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1026468403157
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    Response of tomato plants to chilling stress in association with nutrient or phosphorus starvation (2000)
    Springer
    Plant and soil 226 (2000), S. 99-106 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5036
    Keywords: chilling ; chlorophyll fluorescence ; nutrient ; phosphorus ; photosynthesis ; starvation
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract The experiments were conducted on two tomato cultivars: Garbo and Robin. Mineral starvation due to plant growth in 20-fold diluted nutrient solution (DNS) combined with chilling reduced the rate of photosynthesis (P N) and stomatal conductance (g) to a greater extent than in plants grown in full nutrient solution (FNS). In phosphate-starved tomato plants the P N rate and stomatal conductance decreased more after chilling than in plants grown on FNS. In low-P plants even 2 days after chilling the recovery of CO2 assimilation rate and stomatal conductance was low. A resupply of phosphorus to low-P plants (low P + P) did not improve the rate of photosynthesis in non-chilled plants (NCh) but prevented PN inhibition in chilled (Ch) plants. The greatest effect of P resupply was expressed as a better recovery of photosynthesis and stomatal conductance, especially in non-chilled low P + P plants. The F v/F m (ratio of variable to maximal chlorophyll fluorescence) decreased more during P starvation than as an effect of chilling. Supplying phosphorus to low-P plants caused the slight increase in the F v/F mratio. In conclusion, after a short-term chilling in darkness a much more drastic inhibition of photosynthesis was observed in nutrient-starved or P-insufficient tomato plants than in plants from FNS. This inhibition was caused by the decrease in both photochemical efficiency of photosystems and the reduction of stomatal conductance. The presented results support the hypothesis that tomato plants with limited supply of mineral nutrients or phosphorus are more susceptible to chilling.
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    Diversity of heat-stable genotype specific resistance to Meloidogyne in Maranon races of Lycopersicon peruvianum complex (2000)
    Springer
    Euphytica 111 (2000), S. 9-16 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5060
    Keywords: Host plant resistance ; heat-sensitivity ; root-knot nematodes ; tomato ; virulence
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract Accessions of Lycopersicon peruvianum complex and their F1progenies were screened for genotype specific resistance to Mi-1-avirulent M. incognita and M. javanica biotypes at25 °C and at 32 °C (a temperature at which Mi-1resistance is not expressed), and to Mi-1-virulent M.incognita at 25 °C. All entries of the L. peruvianumChotano-humifusum race accessions LA2157 and LA2334 were resistantto Mi-1-avirulent biotype at 25 °C and at 32 °C,indicating that the accessions are homozygous for the heat-stableresistance. The L. peruvianum Maranon race accessions LA1626,LA1708, LA2172, LA2185, LA2326 and LA2328 segregated for heat-stableresistance to Mi-1-avirulent biotype. The F1 progeny tested ofLA392 × LA2157, LA2334 × LA2157, LA2328 × LA2326,LA2328 × LA2185, LA1708 × LA2328 andLA1626 × LA2172 were resistant to Mi-1-avirulent biotype at32 °C. There were differences in the segregating accessions andF1 hybrids for expression of heat-unstable and heat-stable resistanceto Mi-1-avirulent Meloidogyne spp. The L. peruvianumLA392 and LA2163 and L. chilense LA1968, LA1972, LA2404, LA2405,LA2406, LA2748, LA2930, and the L. peruvianum × L.chilense hybrids were homozygous susceptible with all entries testedsusceptible at 32 °C. Cuttings of these L. peruvianumaccessions and their F1 progenies were susceptible to Mi-1-virulent M. incognita biotype at 25 °C.
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    Variation among Andean races of maize for cold tolerance during heterotrophic and early autotrophic growth (2000)
    Springer
    Euphytica 111 (2000), S. 33-41 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5060
    Keywords: Andean maize ; cold tolerance ; germplasm evaluation ; Zea mays
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract Cold in the initial growth stages is an important stressfactor for maize grown in regions with a temperate climate,particularly in case of early sowing. Sources of tolerancehave been identified in adapted genotypes, but promisinggenes for cold tolerance should also be found in materialdeveloped under the lower-temperature margins of the cropdistribution. This research was conducted in order to testAndean maize accessions for cold tolerance expressed duringboth the heterotrophic and early autotrophic growth stages.Experiments were conducted in controlled environments tostudy cold tolerance traits (germination %, germinationindex and plant growth rate) at continuous 10°C (heterotrophic growth) and at varying 10–16°C (autotrophic growth). An experiment was also performed inthe field with early sowing (both heterotrophic and autotrophic growth). In each experiment, a control trialwas conducted in more favourable conditions (i.e. continuous25°C in a controlled environment or late planting inthe field) so that cold tolerance traits could also beexamined as the ratio between the stress and the controltrial. None of the accessions was superior for all coldtolerance traits. However, several Andean maize accessionsoutperformed the US Corn-belt hybrid checks for one or moretraits, both in heterotrophic and autotrophic growth. Overall, BOZM 855, PMS 636, Poblacion D, Poblacion E andBOZM 696 were the best accessions, suggesting that they canbe a promising source of genes for improving cold toleranceof adapted maize genotypes.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1003710431416
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    Expression of mature plant resistance to Striga hermonthica in maize (2000)
    Springer
    Euphytica 115 (2000), S. 149-158 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5060
    Keywords: Maize ; mature plant resistance ; Striga hermonthica ; Zea mays
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract Twelve maize genotypes with different degrees of resistance were evaluated in plots inoculated with seeds of the phytoparasite Striga hermonthica (Del.) Benth. and in Striga-free (control) plots for three seasons between 1991 and 1993. Resistant genotypes, although showing similar levels of underground infection as susceptible 9 weeks after maize planting (WAP), had significantly fewer emerged parasitic plants and sustained lower damage. Host damage was not determined by the severity of infection. Percent height and dry matter reductions increased from 3 to 6 WAP for resistant and susceptible genotypes. While percent height and dry matter reductions for resistant genotypes declined at 9 and 12 WAP, susceptible genotypes either maintained or increased their levels of damage. Correlation between the severity of height and dry matter reductions at the vegetative (3 and 6 WAP) and reproductive (9 and 12 WAP) stages of maize growth were not significant, indicating that damage at early stages of growth cannot be used to predict mature plant response. Maize damage score (1–9) at 8 WAP, a non destructive and composite shoot indicator of host performance under Striga infestation, was significantly correlated (r = 0.88, r = 0.82; p 〈 0.01) to the level of shoot reduction at mature plant stages. Emerged Striga count at 8 WAP was significantly correlated (r = 0.98, p 〈 0.01) to the count at 10 WAP, the time when parasite emergence was highest. Under high and uniform infestation, mature plant resistance can be detected at 8 WAP, the onset of flowering in maize.
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    Accumulation of zeatin O-glycosyltransferase in Phaseolus vulgaris and Zea mays following cold stress (2000)
    Springer
    Plant growth regulation 32 (2000), S. 295-305 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5087
    Keywords: Cold stress ; Immunolocalization ; Phaseolus vulgaris ; Zeatin O-glycosyltransferase ; Zea mays
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract Zeatin O-glycosides have been reported as inactive and stable storage forms of cytokinins whose concentrations increase in cold stressed plants. Zeatin O-glycosides accumulation in developing bean seeds has been correlated with an increase of zeatin O-glycosyltransferase , which is specific to trans-zeatin, and catalyzes the conjugation of zeatin O-glycosides. When Phaseolus vulgaris and Zea mays seedlings were grown for 3 days at 25 and then incubated at 4 or 10 for 6 days no further growth was observed in roots. Hypertrophy was observed in the root tips of both species. In shoot-hypocotyl complexes, in contrast, growth occurred when seedlings were incubated at 10 . Western analysis, with Mabs specific to zeatin O-glycosyltransferase, detected antigenically related proteins in roots, shoot tips and cotyledons after seedlings were cold stressed for 1–6 days at 4 or 10 . Immunolocalization, of both maize and bean root sections grown at 25 revealed antigenically related proteins that were detected at low levels in cortical cells. The signal intensified upon cold stress. The localization of zeatin O-glycosyltransferase in Z. mays root tips was directly comparable to the distribution of the zeatin O-glycosides. The enzyme was detected in the nucleus, cytoplasm, and closely associated with the plasma membrane and in the cell wall of Z. mays root cells. Southern analysis suggested that more than one gene in Z. mays that were homologous to zeatin O-glycosyltransferase in P. vulgaris. Zeatin O-glycosyltransferase may be involved in modulation of cytokinins under cold stress.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1010755901072
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    Indole-3-butyric acid in plant growth and development (2000)
    Springer
    Plant growth regulation 32 (2000), S. 219-230 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5087
    Keywords: Arabidopsis thaliana ; arbuscular mycorrhiza ; biosynthesis ; indole-3-acetic acid ; indole-3-butyric acid ; regulation ; Zea mays
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract Within the last ten years it has been established by GC-MS thatindole-3-butyric acid (IBA) is an endogenous compound in a variety ofplant species. When applied exogenously, IBA has a variety of differenteffects on plant growth and development, but the compound is stillmainly used for the induction of adventitious roots. Using moleculartechniques, several genes have been isolated that are induced duringadventitious root formation by IBA. The biosynthesis of IBA in maize(Zea mays L.) involves IAA as the direct precursor. Microsomalmembranes from maize are able to convert IAA to IBA using ATP andacetyl-CoA as cofactors. The enzyme catalyzing this reaction wascharacterized from maize seedlings and partially purified. The invitro biosynthesis of IBA seems to be regulated by several externaland internal factors: i) Microsomal membranes from light-grownmaize seedlings directly synthesize IBA, whereas microsomal membranesfrom dark-grown maize plants release an as yet unknown reaction product,which is converted to IBA in a second step. ii) Drought and osmoticstress increase the biosynthesis of IBA maybe via the increaseof endogenous ABA, because application of ABA also results in elevatedlevels of IBA. iii) IBA synthesis is specifically increased byherbicides of the sethoxydim group. iv) IBA and IBA synthesizingactivity are enhanced during the colonization of maize roots with themycorrhizal fungus Glomus intraradices. The role of IBA forcertain developmental processes in plants is discussed and somearguments presented that IBA is per se an auxin and does notact via the conversion to IAA.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1010746806891
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    ATP production after pH shift in membrane vesicles from maize coleoptiles (2000)
    Springer
    Plant growth regulation 32 (2000), S. 151-155 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5087
    Keywords: ATP production ; ATPase ; auxin ; membrane vesicles ; Zea mays
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract Microsomal membrane vesicles and purified plasma membranevesicles obtained from coleoptiles of maize (Zea mays L.) weresubjected to pH shifts from pH 7.8 to 4.7. In the presence of ATPaseinhibitors such as vanadate, net accumulation of radiolabelled butyricand indole-3-acetic acid (IAA) remained higher than in controls. When 2min after the pH shift, at 4°C, the microsomal vesicles weredenatured the amount of ATP could be determined using theluciferin/luciferase assay. Significantly increased ATP production overcontrol values – no pH-shift or ionophore treatment – wasfound. Therefore, such vesicles might produce ATP for in vitrotransport processes such as auxin efflux.
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    Sampling Strategies for Mapping Soil Phosphorus and Soil Potassium Distributions in Cool Temperate Grassland (2000)
    Springer
    Precision agriculture 2 (2000), S. 347-357 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-1618
    Keywords: grassland soils ; mapping ; phosphorus ; potassium ; sampling strategies
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract Unlike the situation for arable soils, virtually nothing is known about the spatial dependencies of soil properties in cool temperate grassland or about what the optimal sampling strategies ought to be for mapping soil nutrient distributions in such situations. The aim of this study was to investigate the spatial variability in ‘plant-available’ (soil) phosphorus and potassium in a grass silage field in Northern Ireland and devise ‘optimal’ sampling strategies for mapping their distributions. Soil samples were collected from the field at 25 m intervals in a regular rectangular grid to provide a database of soil properties. Different data combinations were subsequently abstracted from this database for comparison purposes, and ordinary kriging used to produce interpolated soil maps. Soil potassium displayed greater spatial variability than soil phosphorus. In keeping with this observation, the results of three separate statistical procedures demonstrated that the optimal sample size for estimating the ‘true’ population means was about twice as large for soil potassium as for soil phosphorus. Optimal sampling strategies, however, related not just to sample size but to sample combination and field shape as well.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1012399915193
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    Phosphorus (P) management in the ‘De Marke’ dairy farming system (2000)
    Springer
    Nutrient cycling in agroecosystems 56 (2000), S. 219-229 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-0867
    Keywords: phosphorus ; P ; dairy farming ; systems research ; environment ; pollution ; soil fertility ; sandy soils
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract In the sandy regions of the Netherlands water quality is threatened by high losses of nutrients from intensive dairy farms. About 67% (32 kg ha-1yr-1) of farm inputs of P in purchased feeds and fertilisers do not leave in milk or cattle. The Dutch government defined decreasing maximum permitted nutrient surplusses for the period 1998–2008, at 9 kg ha-1yr-1 for P. Farmers suppose that reducing the surplusses will be costly, because it limits application of slurry, which then has to be either exported or additional land has to be purchased. Moreover, farmers are worried about the impact on soil fertility and crop growth. To explore the possibilities of reducing surplusses by improved management, farming systems research is carried out at prototype farm ‘De Marke’. Results indicate that average intensive dairy farms can reduce P surplus sufficiently, without the need to buy land or to export slurry. Key factors are reductions in purchased feeds (by reduced needs per kg milk as a result of a higher milk yield per cow, less young stock and judicious feeding) and fertilisers (by improved management of ‘home-made’ manure and an increased maize area). Initially, P fertility status of the fields of ‘De Marke’ decreased, but stabilised in the seventh year at a level not restrictive to crop production.
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    Tithonia diversifolia as a green manure for soil fertility improvement in western Kenya: A review (2000)
    Springer
    Agroforestry systems 49 (2000), S. 201-221 
    Details
    ISSN: 1572-9680
    Keywords: biomass transfer ; integrated nutrient management ; nitrogen ; nutrient cycling ; phosphorus
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract Tithonia diversifolia, a shrub in the family Asteraceae, is widely distributed along farm boundaries in the humid and subhumid tropics of Africa. Green biomass of tithonia has been recognized as an effective source of nutrients for lowland rice (Oryza sativa) in Asia and more recently for maize (Zea mays) and vegetables in eastern and southern Africa. This paper reviews the potential of tithonia green biomass for soil fertility improvement based on recent research in western Kenya. Green leaf biomass of tithonia is high in nutrients, averaging about 3.5% N, 0.37% P and 4.1% K on a dry matter basis. Boundary hedges of sole tithonia can produce about 1 kg biomass (tender stems + leaves) m−1 yr−1 on a dry weight basis. Tithonia biomass decomposes rapidly after application to soil, and incorporated biomass can be an effective source of N, P and K for crops. In some cases, maize yields were even higher with incorporation of tithonia biomass than with commercial mineral fertilizer at equivalent rates of N, P and K. In addition to providing nutrients, tithonia incorporated at 5 t dry matter ha−1 can reduce P sorption and increase soil microbial biomass. Because of high labor requirements for cutting and carrying the biomass to fields, the use of tithonia biomass as a nutrient source is more profitable with high-value crops such as vegetables than with relatively low-valued maize. The transfer of tithonia biomass to fields constitutes the redistribution of nutrients within the landscape rather than a net input of nutrients. External inputs of nutrients would eventually be required to sustain production of tithonia when biomass is continually cut and transferred to agricultural land.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1006339025728
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    Stock-type patterns of phosphorus uptake, retranslocation, net photosynthesis and morphological development in interior spruce seedlings (2000)
    Springer
    New forests 19 (2000), S. 27-49 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5095
    Keywords: Picea glauca (Moench) Voss × Picea engelmannii Parry ; phosphorus ; phosphorus-use efficiency ; retranslocation ; specific absorption rate ; spring-stock ; stock-type ; summer-stock
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract One-year-old interior spruce (Picea glauca (Moench) Voss × Picea engelmannii Parry) spring-stock and summer-stock were grown under two phosphorus (P) fertility regimes, with (+P) or without (−P), followed by a simulated winter, and a second growing period under an adequate fertility regime in a controlled environment room. The two stock-types differed in their response to low P availability. For spring-stock, morphological development, phosphorus-use efficiency (PUE) and P specific absorption rate (SAR) were similar between −P and +P seedlings. For summer-stock, −P seedlings compared to +P seedlings had lower (p ≤ 0.05) morphological development, but greater PUE and SAR. For both stock-types, P content increased in +P seedlings, remained low in −P seedlings, and P concentration decreased in nursery-needles (i.e., formed in the nursery) of −P seedlings. The difference in stock-type response to low phosphorus availability (−P) was attributed to internal supply of P and it's retranslocation. Assimilation (A) of CO2 in nursery-needles was similar between −P and +P seedlings for both stock-types. For spring-stock, +P seedlings had greater A in new-needles (i.e., needles formed during the trial) than −P seedlings. It was recommended that the spring-stock be selected over summer-stock for sites low in P availability.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1006618312161
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    A novel source of resistance to the two-spotted spider mite in Lycopersicon pimpinellifolium (Jusl.) Mill.: its genetics as affected by interplot interference (2000)
    Springer
    Euphytica 111 (2000), S. 169-173 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5060
    Keywords: interplot interference ; Lycopersicon esculentum ; Lycopersicon pennellii ; Lycopersicon pimpinellifolium ; spider mites ; Tetranychus urticae ; tomato
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract We have previously found an accession of Lycopersicon pimpinellifolium (Jusl.) Mill. (`TO-937') that appeared to resist attack by the two-spotted spider mite (Tetranychus urticae Koch). L. pimpinellifolium is a very close relative of the cultivated tomato (Lycopersicon esculentum Mill.) and thereby a potential source of desirable traits that could be introgressed to the crop species. The objective of this study was to investigate the genetics of the resistance present in `TO-937'. Resistance to infestation by the spider mite was quantified in 24-plant plots of L. pimpinellifolium accessions `TO-937' and `PE-10', L. pennellii accession `PE-45', L. esculentum cultivars `Moneymaker', `Roma' and `Kalohi' (reported to be partially resistant: Stoner & Stringfellow, 1967), and the interspecific F1 cross, L. esculentum `Moneymaker' × L. pimpinellifolium `TO-937'. Only `TO-937', the F1, and`PE-45' were found to be resistant. Resistance of `TO-937' was complete when evaluated in two small greenhouses completely planted with `TO-937' so as to simulate the genotypic homogeneity usual in commercial crops. Generations (P1, P2, F1, F2, BC1P1, and BC1P2) of a P1 (susceptible) × P2 (resistant) cross (`Moneymaker' × `TO-937') were studied for resistance in a single-plant per plot design. Resistance of `TO-937' was inherited with complete dominance and appeared to be controlled by either two or four genes according to whether segregation in the F2 or the BC1P1, respectively, were considered. However, calculation of the number of genes involved in the resistance was complicated by negative interplot interference due to the high frequency of resistant genotypes within most of the generations.
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    Copper uptake and translocation in chicory ( Cichorium intybus L. cv. Grasslands Puna) and tomato (Lycopersicon esculentum Mill. cv. Rondy) plants grown in NFT system. I. Copper uptake and distribution in plants (2000)
    Springer
    Plant and soil 221 (2000), S. 135-142 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5036
    Keywords: chicory ; Cu distribution ; Cu uptake ; free Cu2+ ; tomato ; xylem sap
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract The uptake and distribution of copper was examined in chicory (Cichorium intybus L. cv. Grasslands Puna) and tomato (Lycopersicon esculentumMill. cv. Rondy) plants grown in a Nutrient Film Technique System (NFT) with addition of 0.05, 5, 10 and 20 mg Cu L-1. Biomass production of shoots and roots of both chicory and tomato was strongly depressed by Cu concentrations higher than 5 mg Cu L-1 in the rooting media. Although Cu concentrations in both shoots and roots of both species increased with increasing Cu concentrations in the rooting media, the increase in roots was very much greater than that in shoots, in which the range of concentrations was small. A large proportion of total Cu uptake was retained by roots except when plants were grown in solution Cu concentrations of 0.05 mg Cu L-1. Copper retention by roots limited Cu translocation to xylem and shoots. Copper adsorption by the root appears to buffer against increases of Cu in the rooting media. A cupric-sensitive electrode used in conjunction with total Cu analysis by graphite furnace atomic absorption spectrophotometry (GFAAS) indicated that more than 99.6% of total Cu in xylem sap was in a complexed form. Large differences between measured and predicted Cu accumulation by shoots of tomato (0.134–0.243 mg Cu plant-1, 0.660–4.274 mg Cu plant-1, respectively) and chicory (0.095–0.203 mg Cu plant-1, 0.626–1.620 mg Cu plant-1, respectively) suggest that some xylem transported Cu is recirculated to roots via the phloem.
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    Traits associated with improved P-uptake efficiency in CIMMYT's semidwarf spring bread wheat grown on an acid Andisol in Mexico (2000)
    Springer
    Plant and soil 221 (2000), S. 189-204 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5036
    Keywords: Andisol ; phosphatases ; phosphorus ; roots ; VA mycorrhiza ; wheat
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract Phosphorus deficiency is a major yield limiting constraint in wheat cultivation on acid soils. The plant factors that influence P uptake efficiency (PUPE) are mainly associated with root characteristics. This study was conducted to analyze the genotypic differences and relationships between PUPE, root length density (RLD), colonization by vesicular arbuscular and arbuscular mycorrhizal (V)AM fungi and root excretion of phosphatases in a P-deficient Andisol in the Central Mexican Highlands. Forty-two semidwarf spring-bread-wheat (Triticum aestivumL.) genotypes from CIMMYT were grown without (−P) and with P fertilization (+P), and subsequently in subsets of 30 and 22 genotypes in replicated field trials over 2 and 3 years, respectively. Acid phosphatase activity at the root surface (APASE) was analyzed in accompanying greenhouse experiments in nutrient solution. In this environment, PUPE contributed more than P utilization efficiency, in one experiment almost completely, to the variation of grain yield among genotypes. Late-flowering genotypes were higher yielding, because the postanthesis period of wheat was extended due to the cold weather at the end of the crop cycles, and postanthesis P uptake accounted for 40–45% of total P uptake. PUPE was positively correlated with the numbers of days to anthesis (at −P r=0.57 and at +P r=0.73). The RLD in the upper soil layer (0–20 cm) of the wheat germplasm tested ranged from 0.5 to 2.4 cm cm-3 at –P and 0.7 to 7.7 at +P. RLD was the most important root trait for improved P absorption, and it was positively genetically correlated with PUPE (at –P r=0.42 and at +P r=0.63) and the number of spikes m-2 (at –P r=0.58 and at +P r=0.36). RLD in the upper soil layer was more important with P fertilizer application. Without P fertilization, root proliferation in the deeper soil profile secured access to residual, native P in the deeper soil layer. (V)AM-colonisation and APASE were to a lesser degree correlated with PUPE. Among genoptypes, the level of (V)AM-colonisation ranged from 14 to 32% of the RLD in the upper soil layer, and APASE from 0.5 to 1.1 nmol s-1 plant-1 10-2.
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    Temporal changes in C, P and N concentrations in soil solution following application of synthetic sheep urine to a soil under grass (2000)
    Springer
    Plant and soil 222 (2000), S. 1-13 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5036
    Keywords: carbon ; defoliation ; nitrogen ; phosphorus ; sheep urine ; soil solution
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract We have determined the temporal changes in the concentration of dissolved organic carbon (DOC) and P and N components in soil solution following application of synthetic sheep urine (500 kg N ha-1) to a brown forest soil in boxes sown with Agrostis capillaris. Three contrasting defoliation treatments (no cutting, single cut before urine application and regular cutting twice per week) plus a fallow soil were studied. The synthetic urine contained 15N labelled urea and was P-free. Intact soil cores were taken after 2, 7, 14, 21 and 56 d and centrifuged to obtain soil solution. The urea in the synthetic urine was rapidly hydrolysed in the soil, increasing soil solution pH, DOC and total dissolved phosphorus (TDP) concentrations. For the regularly defoliated sward, DOC and P reached maximum concentrations (4000 mg DOC L-1 and 59 mg TDP L-1) on day 7. From their peak values, pH and DOC and P concentrations generally decreased with time and at day 56 were near those of the control. Concentrations of NH4 + and NO3 - in the no-urine treatments fluctuated and the greatest treatment differences were between the fallow soil and the soil sown with grass. Adding synthetic urine increased NH4 + concentrations during the first week, but NO3 - concentrations decreased. This was consistent with the 15N labelling of the NO3 - pool which required 3 weeks to reach that of 15NH4 +. Dissolved organic nitrogen (DON) reached a maximum value at day 7 with a concentration of 409 mg N L-1. The DON in soil solution contained no detectable amounts of 15N label indicating that it was derived from sources in the soil. Differences in soil solution composition related to the effect of the other cutting treatments and the fallow treatment were small compared to the effect of synthetic urine addition.
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    Root-induced increases in soil pH and nutrient availability to field-grown cereals and legumes on acid sandy soils of Sudano-Sahelian West Africa (2000)
    Springer
    Plant and soil 225 (2000), S. 117-127 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5036
    Keywords: anion/cation uptake ; cowpea ; millet ; phosphorus ; rhizosphere
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract A field experiment with millet (Pennisetum glaucum L.), sorghum [Sorghum bicolor (L.) Moench], cowpea (Vigna unguiculata L.) and groundnut (Arachnis hypogeae L.) was conducted on severely P-deficient acid sandy soils of Niger, Mali and Burkina Faso to measure changes in pH and nutrient availability as affected by distance from the root surface and by mineral fertiliser application. Treatments included three rates of phosphorus (P) and four levels of nitrogen (N) application. Bulk, rhizosphere and rhizoplane soils were sampled at 35, 45 and 75 DAS in 1997 and at 55 and 65 DAS in 1998. Regardless of the cropping system and level of mineral fertiliser applied, soil pH consistently increased between 0.7 and two units from the bulk soil to the rhizoplane of millet. Similar pH gradients were observed in cowpea, but pH changes were much smaller in sorghum with a difference of only 0.3 units. Shifts in pH led to large increases in nutrient availability close to the roots. Compared with the bulk soil, available P in the rhizoplane was between 190 and 270% higher for P-Bray and between 360 and 600% higher for P-water. Exchangeable calcium (Ca) and magnesium (Mg) levels were also higher in the millet rhizoplane than in the bulk soil, whereas exchangeable aluminium (Al) levels decreased with increasing pH close to the root surface. The results suggest an important role of root-induced pH increases for crops to cope with acidity-induced nutrient deficiency and Al stress of soils in the Sudano-Sahelian zone of West Africa.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1026570406777
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    Effects of repeated manure and fertilizer phosphorus additions on soil phosphorus dynamics under a soybean-wheat rotation (1999)
    Springer
    Biology and fertility of soils 28 (1999), S. 150-155 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0789
    Keywords: Key words Phosphorus dynamics ; Olsen ; phosphorus ; Soil phosphorus fractions ; Manure ; Soybean-wheat rotation
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Geosciences , Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract  Soil P availability and efficiency of applied P may be improved through an understanding of soil P dynamics in relation to management practices in a cropping system. Our objectives in this study were to evaluate changes in plant-available (Olsen) P and in different inorganic P (Pi) and organic P (P0) fractions in soil as related to repeated additions of manure and fertilizer P under a soybean-wheat rotation. A field experiment on a Typic Haplustert was conducted from 1992 to 1995 wherein the annual treatments included four rates of fertilizer P (0, 11, 22 and 44 kg ha–1 applied to both soybean and wheat) in the absence and presence of 16 t ha–1 of manure (applied to soybean only). With regular application of fertilizer P to each crop the level of Olsen P increased significantly and linearly through the years in both manured and unmanured plots. The mean P balance required to raise Olsen P by 1 mg kg–1 was 17.9 kg ha–1 of fertilizer P in unmanured plots and 5.6 kg ha–1 of manure plus fertilizer P in manured plots. The relative sizes of labile [NaHCO3-extractable Pi (NaHCO3-Pi) and NaHCO3-extractable P0 (NaHCO3-P0)], moderately labile [NaOH-extractable Pi (NaOH-Pi) and NaOH-extractable P0 (NaOH-P0)] and stable [HCl-extractable P (HCl-P) and H2SO4/H2O2-extractable P (resisual-P)] P pools were in a 1 : 2.9 : 7.6 ratio. Application of fertilizer P and manure significantly increased NaHCO3-Pi and -P0 and NaOH-Pi, and -P0 fractions and also total P. However, HCl-P and residual-P were not affected. The changes in NaHCO3-Pi, NaOH-Pi and NaOH-P0 fractions were significantly correlated with the apparent P balance and were thought to represent biologically dynamic soil P and act as major sources and sinks of plant-available P.
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    Controlling soil water content in fertiliser dissolution experiments (1999)
    Springer
    Nutrient cycling in agroecosystems 55 (1999), S. 7-14 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-0867
    Keywords: fertiliser formulation ; nutrients ; phosphorus ; relative humidity ; soil moisture
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract Phosphorus lost in runoff from agricultural land leads to the enrichment of surface waters and contributes to algal blooms. Fertilisers are one source of this P. To compare the water available P of different fertiliser formulations in the laboratory it is necessary to control environmental conditions, temperature, relative humidity and soil water content, prior to simulating rainfall. Two chambers were designed in which relative humidity and soil water content were controlled using salt solutions. An initial design comprising a sealed chamber with three layers of soil samples over a salt bath was found to be inferior to a single layer design. The changes in water content of soil samples were used to test the single layer chamber in a constant temperature environment (15 °C) using a saturated KCl solution (90% relative humidity). Based on the final soil water content of the samples, the spatial variation within the chamber was within tolerable limits. The single layer chamber was used for a simulation experiment comparing the water available P of two commercial fertilisers. Using a saturated resorcinol solution (95% relative humidity) soil samples were equilibrated at 15 °C for 21 days, fertiliser added, and the water available P measured up to 600 h after fertiliser application. The results indicate that the amount of water available P was related to the fertiliser compound and exponentially related to the time since fertiliser application. It was concluded that the single layer chamber is suitable for controlling relative humidity and soil water content in trials such as these where the water available P of fertilisers are being compared.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1009816716466
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    Transfers of phosphorus within three dairy farming systems receiving varying inputs in feeds and fertilizers (1999)
    Springer
    Nutrient cycling in agroecosystems 55 (1999), S. 63-75 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-0867
    Keywords: dairy systems ; feeds ; fertilizers ; phosphorus ; P surplus
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract Inputs of phosphorus (P) above requirements for production on dairy farms lead to surplus P with increased risk of P transfer in land run-off to surface waters causing eutrophication. The impact of reducing surplus P inputs in purchased feeds and fertilizers on milk and forage production was investigated in a comparison of three dairy farm systems on chalkland soils in southern England over a 3-year period. In accordance with current commercial practice, no attempt was made to regulate P inputs in system 1, which accumulated an average annual surplus of 23 kg P ha-1. Progressive reductions in purchased feed and/or fertilizer inputs into systems 2 and 3 decreased surplus P to 17 and 3 kg ha-1, respectively, without apparently limiting either milk or herbage dry matter production. The estimated reduction in faecal P output from system 3 cows fed a low P diet compared to system 1 cows fed a high P diet was 26%. Milk P concentrations significantly (P 〈0.001) increased in systems 2 and 3 which included maize in the diet. Output of P in milk and meat products, as a proportion of the total dietary P inputs, increased from 28% in system 1 to 36% in system 3. Surplus P was greatest in continuous maize fields receiving both dairy manure and starter P fertilizer. Withholding P fertilizer in system 3 did not reduce P offtake in cut herbage on soils of moderate P fertility. Total annual losses of P in storm run-off and leaching were no greater than annual inputs of P from the atmosphere (0.5 kg ha-1). The results indicate there is scope to reduce surplus P on commercial dairy farms without sacrificing production targets at least in the short term. Purchased feeds are the largest of the P inputs on intensive dairy farms, yet these are rarely quantified on commercial holdings.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1009860915462
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    Applications of poultry litter and triple superphosphate fertilizer to a sandy soil: effects on soil phosphorus status and profile distribution (1999)
    Springer
    Nutrient cycling in agroecosystems 54 (1999), S. 233-242 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-0867
    Keywords: leaching ; phosphorus ; poultry litter ; soil
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract To determine P loadings, added through poultry litter, sufficient to cause downward movement of P from the cultivated layer of a sandy soil, six rates of poultry litter were applied annually for four years to a site in central England. (total loading 0 – 1119 kg P ha-1). A single extra plot also received an extra 1000 kg ha-1 as triple superphosphate (TSP; total loading 2119 kg P ha-1) and three other treatments received 200 – 800 kg ha-1 P as TSP only. Annual soil sampling in 30-cm increments to 1.5-m depth provided information on P build-up in the topsoil and P movement to depth. There were strong linear trends between P balance (P applied – P removed in crops) and total P, Olsen bicarbonate extractable P and water-soluble P in the topsoil. Phosphorus from TSP and poultry litter fell on the same regression lines, suggesting that both would be equally effective as fertilizer sources. We calculated that 100 kg ha-1 surplus total P would increase the Olsen extractable P content by c. 6 mg kg-1 and the water-soluble P by c. 5 mg kg-1. Thus, relatively large amounts of P would need to be applied to raise soil P status. We found some evidence of P movement into the soil layers immediately below cultivation depth. However, neither soil sampling nor soil solution extracted through Teflon water samplers showed evidence of movement into the deep subsoil (1 m) despite large P loadings.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1009744706679
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    Inorganic phosphorus and manure effects on bahiagrass production on a Spodosol (1999)
    Springer
    Nutrient cycling in agroecosystems 54 (1999), S. 259-266 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-0867
    Keywords: bahiagrass ; manure ; pasture fertilization ; phosphorus ; phosphorus cycling ; Spodosol
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract Bahiagrass (Paspalum notatum Flugge) pasture fertilization recommendations have traditionally been based upon clipping studies. Inclusion of P from manure, not originally considered when P recommendations were developed for pastures, may minimize the need for P fertilization without reducing bahiagrass production or P uptake. The objective of this research was to determine if manure contributes greatly to the P crop nutrient requirement. A 2-year field study utilized a factorial arrangement of 0 and 6.9 Mg air-dried manure ha-1 with 0, 17, 34, 51, and 68 kg inorganic P ha-1 from triple superphosphate to evaluate bahiagrass yield, root distribution, and P uptake response on a Myakka fine sand (sandy, siliceous, hyperthermic Aeric Alaquod). Because air-dried manure was used in the field study, a greenhouse study was employed to confirm that there were no differences in bahiagrass yield or P uptake from either air-dried or fresh cattle (Bos spp.) manure sources. There were no manure or manure by P interaction effects on yield or P uptake of bahiagrass indicating that manure source did not effect grass production in the greenhouse. In the field study, bahiagrass roots were distributed into the Bh horizon, and the Bh horizon had at least four times more Mehlich-1 extractable P than that of the Ap horizon. This horizon was most likely acting as a main source for P-uptake by the grass. This observation was further confirmed by no yield response to levels of inorganic P application in 1989. A linear-response-and-plateau (R2=0.196) relationship with a critical point of 15.4 kg P ha-1 was found in 1990. Bahiagrass yield and P uptake were not dependent on P fertilization, either from manure or inorganic P, due to the availability of P from the Bh horizon.
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    Crop yield and tree-leaf production in three planting patterns of temperate-zone alley cropping in Oregon, USA (1999)
    Springer
    Agroforestry systems 46 (1999), S. 273-288 
    Details
    ISSN: 1572-9680
    Keywords: A,nus rubra ; hedgerow intercropping ; Robina pseudoacacia ; Zea mays
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract The objective of this study was to determine crop and tree productivity in several alley cropping planting patterns. The four- year study was conducted in western Oregon, United States and involved irrigated sweet corn (Zea mays) intercropped between hedgerows of red alder (Alnus rubra) and black locust (Robina pseudoacacia). Three alley cropping planting patterns with variable plant populations and tree-crop proximity were tested with each tree species in a randomized block design. Space available to trees and crops determined yield of both plant components. High crop yield coincided with low pruning yield, and vice versa. Compared to monocropping, yield reductions in traditional alley cropping planting patterns with widely spaced, double tree rows ranged from 5% to 15%. A. rubra and R. pseudoacacia coppiced readily and produced 0.9 to 4.7 tons of dry matter pruning biomass per growing season, depending on planting pattern and year. A. rubra yield continually increased during the trial, while the ability of R. pseudoacacia to produce green manure after frequent coppicing appeared to weaken. After four years, soil organic matter was 4 to 7% higher in the topsoil of an alley cropping system compared to a monocropping system. However, continuous growing of sweet corn resulted in decreased soil organic matter levels in both cropping systems compared to original levels. Crop yield reductions and the need for additional management inputs constrain the implementation of alley cropping in temperate climates. Only if benefits other than minor soil fertility improvements are realized is alley cropping a feasible alternative in temperate climate regions.
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    Der Einflu\ variierter Düngung, einer Pflanzenschutzmittel-Anwendung und der Lagerung auf den Glykoalkaloid-Gehalt in Kartoffelknollen zweier Sorten (1999)
    Springer
    Potato research 42 (1999), S. 79-88 
    Details
    ISSN: 1871-4528
    Keywords: Solanin ; Chaconin ; Magnesium ; Kalium ; Stickstoff ; Solanum tuberosum L. ; Phytophthora infestans ; Feldversuch
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Description / Table of Contents: Summary Field experiments were carried out for three years to study the effect of various magnesium, potassium and nitrogen fertilization rates on two medium-early edible potato cultivars. Additionally, one of the experimental areas was sprayed againstPhytophthora infestans to ascertain the effect of fungicides on the content of total glycoalkaloids (TGA) in potato tubers after harvest and after six months of storage. The applied fungicide treatments increased total glycoalkaloids (TGA) of potato tubers (Fig. 4). Fertilization with mineral nitrogen caused different reactions in both cultivars. There was a tendency for cv. Beryl to accumulate more glycoalkaloids with increasing nitrogen fertilization rates, while the opposite was observed for cv. Mila (Fig. 7). Fertilization with potassium and magnesium did not affect the results. On the basis of these results there was no conclusive evidence that the TGA content in the tubers was dependent on cultivar or on the weather during the growing season (Figs 1,2 and 3). The TGA content increased during storage, independently of previous treatments, (Figs 4–7).
    Notes: Zusammenfassung Es wurden Feldversuche in drei Jahren mit zwei Speisekartoffelsorten, verschiedenen Mengen an Mineraldüngern und der Anwendungen eines Pflanzenschutzmittelns gegenPhytophthora infestans angelegt. Die Knollen wurden direkt nach der Ernte sowie nach einer sechsmonatigen Lagerung auf Glykoalkaloidgehalt untersucht. Zwischen den Sorten treten statistisch gesicherte Unterschiede im Gehalt an Glykoalkaloiden auf. Die Anwendung von Pflanzenschutzmitteln während der Vegetation erhöht den Gesamtgehalt an Glykoalkaloiden (TGA) in den Kartoffelknollen kurz nach der Ernte. Eine variierte Mineraldüngung hat keinen statistisch signifikanten Einfluss auf den TGA-Gehalt in den Proben kurz nach der Ernte, N- und K-Düngung verändern diesen jedoch im Laufe der Lagerung. Unabhängig von den übrigen Bedingungen erhöht sich der TGA-Gehalt in diesem Versuch während der Lagerung im Mittel von 5,8 auf 7,7 mg/100g Frischsubstanz.
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    In vitro tuberisation of potato: the interaction of ancymidol and photoperiod (1999)
    Springer
    Potato research 42 (1999), S. 601-606 
    Details
    ISSN: 1871-4528
    Keywords: growth regulator ; sucrose ; Solanum tuberosum L.
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Summary Ancymidol-induced in vitro tuberisation under different photoperiodic regimes (dark, SD=8 h, LD=16 h) and sucrose concentrations (2, 4, 6 and 8%) in cv. Jaerla (early) and cv. Baraka (late) was studied. Tuberisation was scored after 4 (dark) or 8 (light) weeks. Ancymidol significantly increased tuberisation under LD-SD for any sucrose concentration in both cultivars. Ancymidol also significantly increased tuberisation under LD-dark for 6% sucrose in both cultivars. Tuberisation in cv. Jaerla was significantly higher than in cv. Baraka for any photoperiodic treatment in the presence or absence of ancymidol with 4, 6 or 8% sucrose. The photoperiod SD-SD resulted in the higher level of tuberisation for any combination of sucrose, cultivar and ancymidol. The possible role of ancymidol is discussed.
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    Some sprouting characteristics of microtubers (1999)
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    Potato research 42 (1999), S. 611-617 
    Details
    ISSN: 1871-4528
    Keywords: dormancy ; potato ; losses ; Solanum tuberosum L. ; seed potato production
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Summary Microtubers can be stored longer, transported and handled easier than plantlets, but they have some disadvantages related to long dormancy. Dormancy, number of sprouts per tuber and loss of microtubers under different storage temperatures were studied. Microtubers of four genotypes originated from different tuberization treatments (photoperiod combinations) were observed. We found that dormancy depended on cultivar and — in some cases — on the photoperiod treatment applied during tuberization. Generally, the dormacy was long and was greatly elongated by low storage temperature. One of the photoperiod treatments shortened while the other treatment prolonged the rest-period compared to the control, maybe due to a change in temperature accompanying the change in daily light (photoperiod combination). Besides, these treatments affected the number of sprouts per tuber. There was no significant difference in duration of dormancy between different tuber-size groups, but the loss increased significanctly with a decrease in tuber size. Based on this information we can use microtubers more effectively in the seed potato production programme.
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    In vitro evaluation of resistance of potato cultivars toPhytophthora infestans (1999)
    Springer
    Potato research 42 (1999), S. 101-105 
    Details
    ISSN: 1871-4528
    Keywords: late blight ; testing methods ; electrolyte leakage ; Solanum tuberosum L.
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Summary The resistance of ten potato cultivars (Agria, Ajax, Désirée, Liseta, Kennebec, Majestic. Monalisa, Prima, Spunta and Tonda di Berlino) toPhytophthora infestans was analyzed in vitro using 8 fungal strains. An assay based on electrolyte leakage was used for screening leaves and tuber tissues with fungal culture filtrates. With almost all cultivars the resistance of leaves did not correlate with the resistance of tubers. Cv. Ajax appeared the least susceptible in both leaf and tuber tests, while the cv. Prima was the most susceptible in tuber tests.
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    Early potatoes in Italy with particular reference to Sicily (1999)
    Springer
    Potato research 42 (1999), S. 229-240 
    Details
    ISSN: 1871-4528
    Keywords: earliness ; planting season ; Mediterranean area ; off-season production ; Solanum tuberosum L.
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Summary In Italy, the early potato cultivars of greatest economic significance are those grown off-season, in a cycle which is generally much earlier than the typical spring-summer cycle. Of the area given over to early potatoes in Italy, more than 90% is in the southern regions. The economic value of this production is due to its extraseasonality, which allows much of the early potato harvest to be sold on foreign markets. In Sicily, more than 5000 ha of potato are grown, with a high frequency of potato crops on small plots. Early potatoes are often rotated with various fruits and vegetables, and the length of the cycle is variable, from 100 to 140 days. Choosing the most suitable cultivar is the most complex aspect of early potato growing. Of the criteria used, tuber growth rate has shown most validity. In Sicily two cultivars are mainly grown: Sieglinde and the more recent but well-established Spunta. Agricultural techniques used for early potato cultivation vary depending on the area. An overview of the agronomic practices used in different areas is given in this paper.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02357855
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    Recent developments in potato research: scientific highlights of the EAPR conference in Sorrento, Italy, May 1999 (1999)
    Springer
    Potato research 42 (1999), S. 381-395 
    Details
    ISSN: 1871-4528
    Keywords: agronomy ; breeding ; pathology ; physiology ; Solanum tuberosum L. ; storage ; utilisation
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Summary This contribution presents highlights of the oral and poster presentations in the various sessions of the 14th Triennial Conference of the European Association for Potato Research, held in Sorrento, Italy, May 1999. It is based on the reports of the session chairpersons and the book of abstracts. The paper reports the progress made in many aspects of potato research, but also stresses the need for further collaborative work, especially in the fields of molecular physiology, marker assisted breeding, control of late blight, potato tuber moth and other pests and diseases, stress physiology and stress resistance, and sustainable cropping systems with both short and long cycle potato crops.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02357864
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    Characterisation of genes isolated from a potato swellingstolon cDNA library (1999)
    Springer
    Potato research 42 (1999), S. 31-42 
    Details
    ISSN: 1871-4528
    Keywords: Solanum tuberosum L. ; tuberisation ; extensin ; acyl carrier protein thioesterase ; high mobility group protein ; gene expression ; plant development
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Summary In screening to isolate a full-length copy of a previously isolated cDNA clone, a further three cDNAs were also isolated from a library prepared from sub-apical swelling-stolon tissue of potato (Solanum tuberosum L.). Sequence analysis showed these clones to be similar to extensin-like protein genes, acyl carrier protein thioesterase genes and high mobility group protein genes, respectively. A further cDNA, isolated by subtractive hybridisation, was similar to a tomato cDNA previously isolated on the basis of its down-regulation following nematode infection. While all the newly isolated genes were expressed in swelling stolons, for most, maximal expression was seen to be in stem tissue. Possible roles for these genes in the development of potato plants are discussed, as is the significance of gene expression in stems and stolons to the process of tuberisation.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02358389
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    Residues of free and bound maleic hydrazide in potato tubers (1999)
    Springer
    Potato research 42 (1999), S. 89-93 
    Details
    ISSN: 1871-4528
    Keywords: analysis ; HPLC ; β-glucoside ; 1,2-dihydro-3,6-pyridazinedione ; Solanum tuberosum L.
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Summary The method of Vadukul (1991) for determining maleic hydrazide (MH) was modified and gave recoveries of free MH of 89%±4%. The values recorded on individual tubers ranged from 2–14 mg kg−1. Maleic hydrazide was evenly distributed throughout the tuber (peel, outer and inner flesh) but concentration increased slightly as tuber size increased. The concentration of free MH decreased from 7 to 3 mg kg−1 over the storage period of 5 1/2 months. Acid hydrolysis released substantial amounts of MH particularly from older potatoes (13 mg kg−1) compared with 6 mg kg−1 from new potatoes, implying that free MH is gradually converted to a bound form with time after treatment. No evidence was found for the presence of a β-glucoside of MH.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02358394
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    World trends and patterns in the potato crop: An economic and geographic survey (1999)
    Springer
    Potato research 42 (1999), S. 241-264 
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    ISSN: 1871-4528
    Keywords: global distribution ; prospects ; diversification ; specialization ; price risk ; Solanum tuberosum L.
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Summary We examine the changing character of supply and demand for potatoes over time and space with an eye towards implications for agricultural research. Diversification in consumption and specialization in production are our organizing themes. The foundation for comparative analysis is a map of the global distribution of potato growing area. We highlight the adverse impact of price risk on specialization and discuss several sources of uncertainty that condition the size but not the direction of major trends.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02357856
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    In vitro production of potato microtubers in liquid medium using temporary immersion (1999)
    Springer
    Potato research 42 (1999), S. 499-504 
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    ISSN: 1871-4528
    Keywords: Solanum tuberosum L. ; microtuber ; liquid medium ; temporary immersion
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Summary CIRAD developed a new apparatus for plant tissue culture, using temporary immersion in a liquid medium. This apparatus was adapted to the microtuber production in potato. The procedure is as follows: single node cultivation on MS medium containing 30 g/l sucrose in the light for 2 weeks, induction of microtuberisation with 80 g/l sucrose over a 2 week period in the light, followed by a further 6 weeks in the dark. All experiments were performed at 20 °C. The basic vessel had a capacity of approximately 11;30 nodes were cultivated per vessel. Depending on the cultivars tested (Bintje, Ostara and Désirée) 47 to 115 microtubers were harvested per vessel. Between 30 and 60% of the microtubers weighted over 0.5 g and between 10 and 40% over 0.8 g. Sprouting is still under investigation. Preliminary results indicate that the dormancy period was relatively short and several stems were obtained per microtuber. These results seem to be better than those usually reported. Only one simple protocol has been tested and further improvements are probably easy to obtain.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02358166
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    In vitro induction of potato tuberization by organic acids (1999)
    Springer
    Potato research 42 (1999), S. 585-591 
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    ISSN: 1871-4528
    Keywords: Solanum tuberosum L. ; microtubers ; acetic acid ; propionic acid ; asscorbic acid ; salicylic acid ; acetylsalicylic acid
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Summary Potato microtubers are usually induced in media containing growth regulatory, typically cytokinins and growth retardants. However, since these substances may imbalance the physiology of the cultured explants and cause adverse carry-over effects on the subsequent performance of the microtubers, the potential acid-induction of in vitro-mass tuberization was investigated as an alternative. For this purpose, a range of explant types (stolons, single-node or apex-containing multinodal sections), organic acids (acetic, propionic, ascorbic, acetylsalicylic or salicylic acid), and photoperiods (continuous dark, 8 or 16 h photoperiod) were established. Gellified medium or raft membranes on liquid medium were also tested. Although variations due to explant type, photoperiod, organic acid supplemented, and medium type were found, all organic acids tested under the different experiments caused tuberization. Multiple tuber formation or bigger tubers did not develop on multinodal explants. In terms of tuberization rate and mean tuber weight, gellified medium performed better than liquid medium with rafts. The recently established role of the salicylic and acetylsalicylic acids on tuberization is corroborated by our system. The results with the acetic, propionic and ascorbic acids show that in vitro hormone-free tuberization can be easily and rapidly achieved.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02358175
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    Salinity stress and sodium-potassium interactions in micropropagated potatoes (1999)
    Springer
    Potato research 42 (1999), S. 73-78 
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    ISSN: 1871-4528
    Keywords: growth parameters ; K+/Na+ ratio ; Solanum tuberosum L.
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Summary Increased potassium (K) fertilization of saline soils has been implicated in alleviating salt stress in plants. We examined whether varying K concentrations in Murashige & Skoog (MS: 1962) basal medium could affect salt (NaCl) stress in micropropagated potatoes. Plantlets of cvs Sierra and Russet Burbank were evaluated after 1 month of growth in a medium containing 0. 40, or 80 mM NaCl and 6,20, or 30 mMK. The medium K was adjusted using KNO3 while total nitrogen was kept constant using NH4NO3. Growth parameters were less affected in Sierra than Russet Burbank, and roots were less affected than shoots, as the medium salinity increased. Tissue Na levels were greater when the medium K was 6 mM compared with 20 mM MS control. The medium K concentration 50% greater than MS control did not promote growth and did not limit tissue Na levels. While this should be confirmed by field assessment, our results suggest that while K deficiency promotes salt damage, its addition beyond the usual fertilizer recommendations is not beneficial in alleviating salinity stress.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02358392
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    Large scale commercial production of potato minitubers, using in vitro techniques (1999)
    Springer
    Potato research 42 (1999), S. 607-610 
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    ISSN: 1871-4528
    Keywords: seed production ; Greece ; Solanum tuberosum L.
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Summary Large scale, commercial production of potato minitubers, cvs Spunta, Jaerla and Kennebec, has been carried out in VITRO HELLAS S.A. since 1995, according to protocols based on in vitro methods. Apical meristems were cultured on MS medium supplemented with 1 μM IBA, 20 g/l sucrose and 6 g/l agar (pH 5.8). Subculture was carried out every 15 days. Multiplication rate was 4–5 per cycle. Self-rooted microplants were transferred into screen houses (200 plants/m2) in a mixture of peat and perlite 1∶1 (v/v). Cultivation period was 15 August to 15 November each year. During the period 1995–1997, the number of minitubers produced/plant was 2.07 for cv. Spunta, 1.85 for cv. Jaerla and 2.52 for cv. Kennebec and their average weights were 10.8 g, 10.9 g and 9.8 g, respectively. The percentage of minitubers〈10 mm in diameter was 2%, 50.1% were 10–20 mm and 47.9% were〉20 mm.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02358178
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    The potential for production of high quality seed potatoes in Tierra del Fuego Island, Argentina (1999)
    Springer
    Potato research 42 (1999), S. 9-23 
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    ISSN: 1871-4528
    Keywords: cultivar ; virus diseases ; nematodes ; ground cover ; physiological age ; seed production ; Solanum tuberosum L.
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Summary In Argentina, different areas are suitable for seed potato production: however, each has particular problems, mainly related to different pest and diseases. Tierra del Fuego Island is well isolated from traditional potato growing areas. Therefore, it was tested for its potential for seed production. The cultivars Achatt. Mailén INTA. Pampeana INTA and Spunta were grown in Río Grande, San Pablo and Ushuaia from 1991–1994. Nematode presence and aphid population dynamics were recorded. Average tuber yield ranged from 20.1–37.6 t ha−1. After three years PVY and PLRV remained low (0–1% for different cultivars and locations). Moreover, seed tubers obtained were physiologically young. Long days, early frosts and strong winds may limit tuber yield in some years. The island can be considered as an ecological “safe haven” and is very suitable to obtain healthy and physiologically adequate seed potatoes.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02358387
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    Explosion and combustion processes associated with the fogging of stored potatoes (1999)
    Springer
    Potato research 42 (1999), S. 25-29 
    Details
    ISSN: 1871-4528
    Keywords: chlorpropham ; particulates ; dusts ; solvents ; ignition source ; explosive limits ; Solanum tuberosum L.
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Summary An appraisal was undertaken of the key factors involved in explosion and combustion processes mainly associated with the fogging of chlorpropham formulations into potato stores. The key factors considered are source of ignition, solvents, explosive limits of solvents, the presence and atmospheric concentrations of particulate clouds and the role of particulate material in dust explosions. Also the sequence of events that takes place in a dust explosion, including critical concentrations of dust required to initiate the reactions involved and the particular relevance of the above events to the behaviour of chlorpropham fogs both at the time of application and when distributed throughout a store. The relevance of fine dust already present in the store to the initiation of explosions, particularly secondary explosions, which are considered to be a major cause of concern due to their severity, is also emphasised.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02358388
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    The recovery of maleic hydrazide from processed potato products (1999)
    Springer
    Potato research 42 (1999), S. 95-99 
    Details
    ISSN: 1871-4528
    Keywords: analysis ; HPLC ; filter paper model ; Diels-Alder reaction ; 1,2-dihydro-3,6-pyridazinedione ; Solanum tuberosum L.
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Summary A method used for estimating extractable maleic hydrazide (MH) concentrations in fresh potato material, concentration range 5–17 mg kg−1, was found not to be suitable for processed potato products (10–33% recoveries) although, boiling potato pieces enhanced recovery by 20%. Each step of the determination was examined and a modified procedure developed with particular emphasis on the extraction of MH from the dried potato matrix, and the quality of the HPLC column used. Potato slices and model systems based on filter papers plus additives were used. Recoveries from fried potato slices were 74±6%. Based on the effect of glucose in reducing extractable MH recoveries, it is suggested that the remainder of the MH (20–25%) is converted into a conjugated structure on reaction with dehydrated sugar (Diels-Alder reaction).
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02358395
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    Differentiating PVYNTN by unique single-restriction cleavage of PCR products (1999)
    Springer
    Potato research 42 (1999), S. 215-221 
    Details
    ISSN: 1871-4528
    Keywords: potato virus Y ; strain differentiation ; RFLP ; potato tuber necrotic ringspot disease ; Solanum tuberosum L.
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Summary A procedure for differentiating PVYNTN from PVYN is described and is based on the unique cleavage of their respective PCR products with strain specific restriction endonucleases. The PCR products corresponding to the 5′ end of the N and NTN strains of PVY were cloned and sequenced, and a restriction map was constructed which included common enzymes that were used for the differentiation of PVYNTN. Unique, single cleavage of PCR products derived from the 5′ end of the PVYNTN genome by Nco I, and that of the N-strain of PVY by Bgl II restriction endonuclease were demonstrated. The specific digestion patterns in polyacrylamide gel were used for the unequivocal differentiation between the N and NTN strains of the virus. Both single and mixed infections were detected in field samples of potatoes using this procedure.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02358411
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    Breeding and physiological aspects of potato cultivation in the Mediterranean region (1999)
    Springer
    Potato research 42 (1999), S. 265-277 
    Details
    ISSN: 1871-4528
    Keywords: wild species ; gene introgression ; heat stress ; drought stress ; frost stress ; biotic stresses ; off-season production ; Solanum tuberosum L.
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Summary In the Mediterranean area the potato is a very important crop and can be cultivated throughout the year. However, tuber yields are generally much lower than those in Northern European countries. This is because the environmental and agro-economic conditions are different from those of Northern countries where most cultivars were developed. We feel that the objective for the “new Mediterranean potato” must be the availability of potato cultivars for each environment and for each planting season. Breeding programmes should focus on improving potato production within a specific agro-ecological Mediterranean area rather than improving crop production across areas. This paper reports aspects of potato breeding and physiology related to resistance to stress conditions in the Mediterranean area, with particular emphasis given to resistance to abiotic (heat, drought and frost) as well as biotic stresses. We also discuss the potential to produce seed tubers suitable for potato cultivation in the Mediterranean area.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02357857
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    The return ofPhytophthora infestans, a potato pathogen that just won't quit (1999)
    Springer
    Potato research 42 (1999), S. 279-282 
    Details
    ISSN: 1871-4528
    Keywords: late blight ; mating types ; sexual recombination ; Solanum tuberosum L. ; diversification ; aggressiveness ; migration
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Summary Since the early 1980s and continuing through the end of the 20th century, potato late blight caused byPhytophthora infestans has become noticeably more problematic throughout the world. Exotic strains of the pathogen are largely responsible for the increased problems. The new strains were initially detected in Europe, but subsequently they have been detected in Asia, the Middle East, South America and North America. Populations in the Middle East and South America may represent secondary migrations from Europe. Several independent migrations have occurred such that migrant populations in North America are very different from those in Europe. Also, population structures ofP. infestans are different in different worldwide locations. In some locations the migrant strains are resistant to metalaxyl, but in other locations either migrant or indigenous strains may be resistant. In most locations, the migrant strains are more aggressive than the previous indigenous strains.
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    In vitro microtuberization: an evaluation of culture conditions for the production of virus-free seed potatoes (1999)
    Springer
    Potato research 42 (1999), S. 489-498 
    Details
    ISSN: 1871-4528
    Keywords: Solanum tuberosum L. ; microtubers ; nodal cuttings ; in vitro tuberization
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Summary A tissue culture technique is described in which nodal cuttings ofSolanum tuberosum L. are induced to form usable microtubers in order to produce high health status of the seed potato genotypes cultivated in Switzerland.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02358165
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    Tolerance to abiotic stresses in potato plants: a molecular approach (1999)
    Springer
    Potato research 42 (1999), S. 333-351 
    Details
    ISSN: 1871-4528
    Keywords: genes ; transgenic plants ; Solanum tuberosum L.
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Summary Continuing study of the potato plant's response to stressful conditions has led to the identification of a large number of plant genes whose expression, is regulated by external stimuli. Stress-induced genes can be broadly divided into functional or regulatory genes. To the first category belong genes encoding proteins or enzymes of plant metabolic pathway, of molecules involved in repairing cellular damages and/or indispensable for restoring a new cellular homeostasis compatible with the external conditions. The other class includes genes primarily involved in the perception and/or intracellular transduction of the stress signal, such as kinases, phosphatases or transcription, factors. The research objectives in the field of plant stress tolerance has recently evolved from a mere cloning and description of stress-induced genes to the design of the best strategy of producing transgenic plants tolerant to environmental constraints. It is well known that stress tolerance is a complex trait, requiring the coordinated regulation of a network of genes that act synergistically and additively. At best, manipulation of one single down-stream gene may contribute only partially to the tolerance of the transgenic plants. Recent studies have shown that it is feasible to regulate the level of expression of many down-stream stress-induced genes in a coordinated fashion by regulating the expression of genes encoding transcription factors able to bind DNA motifs in the promoter of stress-induced genes. However, the constitutive high level of expression of transcription factors often causes detrimental phenotypic effects. This drawback could be bypassed by putting genes for transcription factors under the control of inducible promoters. In this way, endogenous tolerance genes are activated only when the stress event occurs, minimizing the negative pleiotropic effect. Novel technology (reverse genetics, DNA microarrays, mRNA differential display, T-DNA tagging, complementation and over-expression of plant cDNA in yeast as model for cellular stress tolerance), improvement of genetic transformation techniques (multiple gene transfer, gene targeting by homologous recombination) as well as a better efficiency of foreign gene expression (discovery of plant promoters with cell-specific, tissue-specific, developmental stage-specific, and/or inducible patterns of expression) will give a tremendous impulse to produce stress tolerant commercial cultivars of the main crops through genetic engineering.
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    Extreme resistance to cucumber mosaic virus (CMV) in transgenic tomato expressing one or two viral coat proteins (1999)
    Springer
    Molecular breeding 5 (1999), S. 111-119 
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    ISSN: 1572-9788
    Keywords: cucumber mosaic virus ; tomato ; transgenic resistance
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract For the production of broad commercial resistance to cucumber mosaic virus (CMV) infection, tomato plants were transformed with a combination of two coat protein (CP) genes, representing both subgroups of CMV. The CP genes were cloned from the CMV-D strain and Italian CMV isolates (CMV-22 of subgroup I and CMV-PG of subgroup II) which have been shown to produce severe disease symptoms. Four plant transformation vectors were constructed: pMON18774 and pMON18775 (CMV-D CP), pMON18831 (CMV-PG CP) and pMON18833 (CMV-22 CP and CMV-PG CP). Transformed R0 plants were produced and lines were selected based on the combination of three traits: CMV CP expression at the R0 stage, resistance to CMV (subgroup I and/or II) infection in growth chamber tests in R1 expressing plants, and single transgene copy, based on R1 segregation. The results indicate that all four vector constructs generated plants with extremely high resistant to CMV infection. The single and double gene vector construct produced plants with broad resistance against strains of CMV from both subgroups I and II at high frequency. The engineered resistance is of practical value and will be applied for major Italian tomato varieties.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1009631106873
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    Resistance of transgenic tomato to cucumber mosaic cucumovirus under field conditions (1999)
    Springer
    Molecular breeding 5 (1999), S. 121-130 
    Details
    ISSN: 1572-9788
    Keywords: cucumber mosaic virus ; tomato ; transgenic ; virus resistance ; field
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract Since the summer of 1993, transgenic tomato plants expressing the coat protein (CP) genes of cucumber mosaic cucumovirus have been tested under field conditions to assess the level of resistance and agronomic performance. Trials were performed in different areas in Italy and the target virus in the majority of tests was spread naturally by the indigenous aphid populations. Twenty-three homozygous lines of variety UC82B, transformed to contain four different CP genes of CMV, were evaluated. The lines were preselected for CP expression, single gene copy, and virus resistance in growth chamber experiments. In general, CMV resistance was confirmed under field conditions though resistance in the field was less effective than what was observed in growth chamber experiments. The resistance observed in multi-year and multi-location experiments is of commercial value for several of the most resistant lines. Engineered resistance upon transfer to Italian varieties by breeding or direct transformation will be used in tomato production in Italy or elsewhere.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1009615807781
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    Effects of Potato-cyst Nematodes (Globodera pallida) and Soil pH on Root Growth, Nutrient Uptake and Crop Growth of Potato (1999)
    Springer
    European journal of plant pathology 105 (1999), S. 61-76 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-8469
    Keywords: core sampling ; foliar nutrient concentrations ; minirhizotrons ; nitrogen ; phosphorus ; potassium ; Rhizolab
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract Potato-cyst nematodes (Globodera pallida) cause severe yield losses in potato. Plants infected with potato-cyst nematodes generally have reduced concentrations of nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium in the foliage. This study investigated whether reduced growth of nematode-infected potato is caused by nutrient limitation. Experiments in the field and in containers showed that phosphorus concentration correlated best with total crop biomass at early stages of growth. The role of phosphorus in nematode damage was further investigated in the field and in the Wageningen Rhizolab. The experimental field was infested with potato-cyst nematodes and two levels of nematode density were established by fumigation with a nematicide. Prior applications of calcium carbonate resulted in pHKCl levels of 4.8 and 6.1. Two levels of phosphorus fertiliser were applied: either 0 or 225 kg P ha−1. In the Wageningen Rhizolab, soil of both pH levels from the field was used after treatment with 1 MRad gamma irradiation to kill the nematodes. Subsequently, half of the soil was inoculated with cysts to give a nematode density of 30 viable juveniles per gram of soil. In the field, nine weeks after planting, the total crop biomass ranged from 107 g m−2 for the treatment with nematodes at pHKCl 6.1 without phosphorus fertiliser to 289 g m−2 for the fumigated treatment at pHKCl 4.8 with phosphorus fertiliser. The differences in total biomass for the various treatments were explained by differences in foliar phosphorus concentration. Nematodes induced or aggravated P deficiency and reduced total biomass. This was not the only damage mechanism as at high, non-limiting levels of foliar phosphorus concentration, nematodes still reduced total biomass. In the Wageningen Rhizolab, directly after planting, the number of roots visible against minirhizotrons was reduced by nematodes. However, the increase of root number in the nematode treatment continued longer than in the control, until root number was higher than that of the control. The compensary root growth of the nematode treatment was restricted to the top 30 cm and nematodes reduced rooting depth. High soil pH reduced growth, mainly by reducing the availability of phosphate. Both nematodes and high soil pH reduced nutrient uptake per unit root length. Our results lead us to suggest an interaction between nematodes and soil pH, with nematode damage being higher at pHKCl 6.1 than at pHKCl 4.8.
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    Effect of soil type and plant species on the fluorescent pseudomonads nitrate dissimilating community (1999)
    Springer
    Plant and soil 209 (1999), S. 275-282 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5036
    Keywords: flax ; nitrate dissimilation ; Pseudomonas ; rhizosphere ; soil ; tomato
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract The distribution of nitrogen dissimilative abilities among 618 isolates of fluorescent pseudomonads was studied. These strains were isolated from two uncultivated soils (C and D; collected at Châteaurenard and Dijon, France, respectively) and from rhizosphere, rhizoplane and root tissue of two plant species (flax and tomato) cultivated on these two soils. According to their ability to dissimilate nitrogen, the isolates have been distributed into three metabolic types: non-dissimilators, NO2 - accumulators and denitrifiers. While the three metabolic types were recovered in all the compartments of soil D experiments, only two (non-dissimilators and denitrifiers) were recovered in all the compartments of soil C experiments. Even under the contrasting conditions of the two soil types, both plants were able to select the nitrate dissimilating community among the total community of fluorescent Pseudomonas, but the mode of this selection seems to be dependent on both plant and soil type. The soil type appears to be unable to significantly modulate the strong selective effect of tomato. Indeed, similar dissimilator to non-dissimilator ratios were found in the root tissue of this plant species cultivated in both soils. In contrast, the different dissimilator to non-dissimilator ratios observed in flax roots between soils C and D suggest that the selective effect of flax was modulated by the soil type. Taxonomic identifications showed that the 618 isolates were distributed among three species (P. chlororaphis, P. fluorescens, P. putida) plus an intermediate type between P. fluorescens and P. putida. However, no clear relationship between the distribution of the metabolic types (functional diversity) and the distribution of bacterial species has been found.
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    Effects of phosphorus nutrition on tiller emergence in wheat (1999)
    Springer
    Plant and soil 209 (1999), S. 283-295 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5036
    Keywords: leaf emergence ; phosphorus ; photosynthesis ; tillering ; wheat
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract Phosphorus (P) deficiency limits the yield of wheat, particularly by reducing the number of ears per unit of area because of a poor tiller emergence. The objectives of this work were to (i) determine whether tiller emergence under low phosphorus availability is a function of the availability of assimilates for growth or a direct result of low P availability, (ii) attempt to establish a quantitative relation between an index of the availability of P in the plant and the effects of P deficiency on tiller emergence, and (iii) to provide a better understanding of the mechanisms involved in tiller emergence in field-grown wheat. Wheat (Triticum aestivum L., cv. INTA Oasis), was grown in the field under drip irrigation on a typic Argiudol, low in P (5.5 μg P g-1 soil Bray & Kurtz I) in Balcarce, Argentina. Treatments consisted of the combination of three levels of P fertilization 0, 60 and 200 kg P2O5 ha-1, and two levels of assimilate availability, a control (non-shaded) and 65% of reduction in incident irradiance from seedling emergence until the end of tillering (shaded). Phosphorus treatments significantly modified the pattern of growth and development of the plants. Shading reduced the growth and concentration of water-soluble carbohydrates in leaves and stems. Leaf photosynthetic rate at saturating irradiance was reduced by P deficiency, but was not affected by shading. At shoot P concentrations less than 4.2 g P kg-1 the heterogeneity in the plant population increased with respect to the number of plants bearing a certain tiller. At a shoot P concentration of 1.7 g P kg-1 tillering ceased completely. Phosphorus deficiency directly altered the normal pattern of tiller emergence by slowing the emergence of leaves on the main stem (i.e. increasing the phyllochron), and by reducing the maximum rate of tiller emergence for each tiller.
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    The effect of regeneration burns on the growth, nutrient acquisition and mycorrhizae of Eucalyptus regnans F. Muell. (mountain ash) seedlings (1999)
    Springer
    Plant and soil 210 (1999), S. 273-283 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5036
    Keywords: ectomycorrhizae ; Eucalyptus regnans ; forest burns ; nitrogen ; phosphorus
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract This study was conducted to compare the effects on the growth of Eucalyptus regnans seedlings of unheated soil and soil heated to different extents (as indicated by soil colour–bright red or black) in burnt logging coupes, and to separate the effects of heating of the soil on direct nutrient availability and on morphotypes and effectiveness of ectomycorrhizae. Burnt soils were collected from three logging coupes burnt 2, 14 and 25 months previously and unbumt soil from adjacent regrowth forests. Compared to unburnt soil, the early seedling growth was stimulated in black burnt soil from all coupes (burnt 2, 14 and 25 months previously). Seedling growth was generally poor in red burnt soil, especially in soil collected 2 months after burning. However, the concentration of extractable P was extremely high in red burnt soil, especially in soil collected 2 months after burning. In black burnt soil, extractable P was increased in soil 2 months after burning, but not in the soils collected 14 or 25 months after burning. However, both total P content and concentration in seedlings were increased in all collections of black burnt soil. Frequency of ectomycorrhizae was high in seedlings grown in all black burnt soils, but the mycorrhizal mantles were poorly developed in seedlings in black burnt soil collected 2 months after burning. Seedlings were also ectomycorrhizal in red burnt soil, except in soil collected 2 months after burning. Fine root inocula from seedlings grown in black burnt soils collected 14 and 25 months after burning significantly stimulated both seedling growth and P uptake compared with the uninoculated control, whereas the fine root inocula from the seedlings grown in all the other soils did not. These results suggest that, in black burnt soil, both direct nutritional changes and changes in the ectomycorrhizae may contribute to seedling growth promotion after regeneration burns. The generally poor seedling growth in red burnt soils is likely to have been due to N deficiency as the seedlings in these soils were yellow-green and the tissue concentrations of N were significantly lower than in other treatments.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1004609912315
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    Localization and quantification of net fluxes of H+ along maize roots by combined use of pH-indicator dye videodensitometry and H+-selective microelectrodes (1999)
    Springer
    Plant and soil 211 (1999), S. 29-39 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5036
    Keywords: ammonium ; H+ flux ; H+-selective microelectrode ; mineral uptake ; pH-indicator dye ; nitrate ; Zea mays
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract Two methods for measuring proton fluxes along intact maize roots grown with NH 4 + or NO 3 − at pH 6.5 were compared. Videodensitometric measurement of changes in a pH-indicator dye by video camera was used to map pH around roots and determine the amounts of protons released by various root regions. This method was compared with potentiometric determination of the concentration of H+ in the unstirred layer at the root surface using ion-selective microelectrodes. With NH 4 + the roots released large amounts of H+ in preferential regions where the rate of flux can reach 1.4 or even 2.5 nmol m−1 s−1. Videodensitometry indicated a first region of root acidification in the subapical zone, but this was more difficult to localize with microelectrodes. With NO3 − both methods showed that the roots released small amounts of H+ and that the apical region took up H+ in the first 10 mm then sometimes released H+ over the following 10 mm of root. The H+ flux profiles obtained by both methods were in good agreement in terms of both order of magnitude of the fluxes and spatial differences along the root. These results suggest that videodensitometry, which is easier to use than potentiometry, can be used to screen different plant species or cultivars under various experimental conditions. The microelectrode technique is indispensable, however, for studying the underlying mechanisms of net H+ fluxes.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1004560208777
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    Continuous monitoring of rhizosphere respiration after labelling of plant shoots with 14CO2 (1999)
    Springer
    Plant and soil 212 (1999), S. 189-199 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5036
    Keywords: 14CO2 labelling ; flow detection of beta radiations ; rhizosphere respiration ; Zea mays
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract The present work describes an original method to follow rate of 14CO2 and total CO2 production from rhizosphere respiration after plant shoots had been pulse-labelled with 14CO2. We used a radioactivity detector equipped with a plastic cell for flow detection of beta radiation by solid scintillation counting. The radioactivity detector was coupled with an infrared gas analyser. The flow detection of 14CO2 was compared to trapping of 14CO2 in NaOH and counting by liquid scintillation. First, we demonstrated that NaOH (1 M) trapped 95% of the CO2 of a gaseous sample. Then, we determined that the counting efficiency of the radioactivity flow cell was 41% of the activity of gaseous samples as determined by trapping in NaOH (1 M) and by counting by static liquid scintillation. The sensitivity of the 14CO2- flow detection was 0.08 Bq mL−1 air and the precision was 2.9% of the activity measured compared to 0.9% for NaOH trapping method. We presented two applications which illustrate the relevance of 14CO2-flow detection to investigations using 14C to trace photoassimilates within the plant-soil system. First, we examined the kinetics of 14CO2 production when concentrated acid is added to NaH14CO3. This method is the most commonly used to label photoassimilates with 14C. Then, we monitored 14CO2 activity in rhizosphere respiration of 5-week old maize cultivated in soil and whose shoots had been pulse-labelled with 14CO2. We conclude that alkali traps should be used for a cumulative determination of 14CO2 because they are cheap and accurate. On the other hand, we demonstrated that the flow detection of 14CO2 had a finer temporal resolution and was consequently a relevant tool to study C dynamics in the rhizosphere at a short time scale.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1004681528074
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    Persistence of tree related patterns in soil nutrients following slash-and-burn disturbance in the tropics (1999)
    Springer
    Plant and soil 209 (1999), S. 137-157 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5036
    Keywords: fire ; nitrogen ; phosphorus ; soil nutrient heterogeneity ; tree effects ; tropical dry forest
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract Individual trees are known to influence soil chemical properties, creating spatial patterns that vary with distance from the stem. The influence of trees on soil chemical properties is commonly viewed as the agronomic basis for low-input agroforestry and shifting cultivation practices, and as an important source of spatial heterogeneity in forest soils. Few studies, however, have examined the persistence of the effects of trees on soil after the pathways responsible for the effects are removed. Here, we present evidence from a Mexican dry forest indicating that stem-related patterns of soil nutrients do persist following slash-and-burn removal of trees and two years of cropping. Pre-disturbance concentrations of resin extractable phosphorus (P), bicarbonate extractable P, NaOH extractable P, total P, total nitrogen (N) and carbon (C), KCl extractable nitrate (NO3 -), and net N mineralization and nitrification rates were higher in stem than dripline soils under two canopy dominant species of large-stemmed trees with contrasting morphologies and phenologies (Caesalpinia eriostachys Benth. and Forchhammeria pallida Liebm.). These stem effects persisted through slash burning and a first growing season for labile inorganic and organic P, NaOH inorganic P, and plant-available P, and through a second growing season for labile organic P, NaOH organic P, and plant-available P. While stem effects for extractable NO3 -, net nitrification rates, total N and C disappeared after felling and slash burning, these stem effects returned after the first growing season. These results support the view that tree-influenced patterns of soil nutrients do persist after tree death, and that trees contribute to the long-term spatial heterogeneity of forest soils.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1004503023973
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    Nitrogen and phosphorus requirement of the microbiota in soils of the Bornhöved Lake district (1999)
    Springer
    Plant and soil 212 (1999), S. 173-181 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5036
    Keywords: nitrogen ; phosphatase activity ; phosphorus ; protease activity ; soil microbial biomass ; substrate-induced respiration
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract Estimating in situ N and P status of the soil microbiota is complicated because microbiological features reflect potentials rather than field conditions. Complementary microbiological assays were, therefore, combined to evaluate the N and P requirement of the microbiota in seven agricultural, grassland and forest topsoils of the Bornhöved Lake district as follows: (i) the sensitivity of the substrate-induced respiration (SIR) to supplemental addition of N and P was monitored during microbial growth and (ii) soil protease and phosphatase activities were analysed and related to soil mass and microbial biomass content. Nitrogen addition increased the maximal SIR rate in all except one soil indicating that the growth of organisms is restricted by this element when easily degradable C source is present. Supplemental N (and in some cases also P) retarded the respiratory response within the first 24 h which suggests microbial sensitivity and/or greater anabolic efficiency. With additional N the maximal SIR rate was most strongly enhanced in topsoils of the beech forest and the dystric alder forest. Thus, the microbial growth in these soils that were below litter horizons seems to be mostly restricted by N. Supplemental P positively affected respiratory response of soils under monoculture, wet grassland and dystric alder forest. In the dystric alder forest soil, high rates of alkaline and unbuffered phosphatase activity were observed when activity was related to either soil mass or microbial biomass content. The data of proteolytic and phospholytic enzymes are discussed with reference to nutrient deficiency and microbial strategy for N and P adsorption.
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    Development and validation of a model to describe root length density of maize from root counts on soil profiles (1999)
    Springer
    Plant and soil 214 (1999), S. 61-74 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5036
    Keywords: field root studies ; modelling ; root ; root growth ; root mapping ; root orientation ; Zea mays
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract Root length density (RLD) is an important determinant of crop water and nutrient acquisition, but is difficult to measure in the field. On a soil profile, in-situ counts of root impacts per unit surface on soil profiles (NI) can be used to calculate RLD if crop-specific parameters for preferential root orientation (anisotropy) are known. An improved method for field determinations of RLD was developed and validated for maize at sites in Côte d'Ivoire and Burkina Faso. Root anisotropy was measured with cubes of undisturbed soil with 0.1 m sidelength, based on NI observed on three planes oriented perpendicularly to each other. RLD was also measured for the enclosed volume. Repetition of such measurements enabled estimation of the robustness across sites of empirical and geometric models for the relationship between RLD and NI:RLD = NI CO, with CO being the coefficient of root orientation, theoretically equals 2 for an isotropic distribution. Root systems were found to be nearly isotropic, except near the root front (0.3 to 0.5 m), where roots had a preferentially orthotropic orientation. Measured RLD was generally about 50% larger than RLD calculated from observed NI and CO, indicating that at least one of the measurement techniques had a systematic error. The ratio between measured and calculated RLD (CE), which ranged from 0.8 to 2, increased with the age of the plants and decreased with soil depth. CE was therefore introduced as an additional coefficient, resulting in RLD = NI CO CE. The empirical value for CO CE was between 2 and 5. The empirical coefficients CO and CE were the same for the sites in Cote d'Ivoire (oxisol with an iron pan at 0.6 to 0.9 m) and Burkina Faso (alfisol with an iron pan at 0.4 to 0.8 m). The model was validated with independent data sets at both sites, and gave satisfactory predictions of RLD on the basis of NI obtained from single soil planes, which can be easily measured in the field.
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    Root-induced modifications of the exchange of phosphate ion between soil solution and soil solid phase (1999)
    Springer
    Plant and soil 211 (1999), S. 103-110 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5036
    Keywords: bioavailability ; isotopic evaluation ; phosphate ion exchange ; phosphorus ; rhizosphere ; soil solution
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract The uptake of phosphorus (P) by roots results in a depletion of phosphate ions (PO4) in the rhizosphere. The corresponding decrease in PO4 concentration in the soil solution (CP) gives rise to a replenishment of P from the solid phase which is time- and CP-dependent. This PO4 exchange which reflects the buffer power of the soil for PO4 also varies with the composition and the physico-chemical conditions of the soil. As root activity can modify these physico-chemical conditions in the rhizosphere, the question arises whether these modifications affect the ability of PO4 bound to the soil solid phase to exchange with PO4 in soil solution. The aim of the present work was to measure and compare the parameters which describe the amount of PO4 bound to soil solid phase that is capable to replenish solution P for both rhizosphere and bulk soils. The soil sample was a P-enriched, calcareous topsoil collected from a long-term fertiliser trial. Rhizosphere soil samples were obtained by growing dense mats of roots at the surface of 3 mm thick soil layer for one week. Three plant species were compared: oilseed rape (Brassica napus L., cv Goeland) pea (Pisum sativum L., cv. Solara) and maize ( Zea mays L., cv. Volga). The time- and CP-dependence of the PO4 exchange from soil to solution were described using an isotopic dilution method. The measured CP values were 0.165 mg P L−1 for bulk soil and 0.111, 0.101 and 0.081 mg P L−1 for rhizosphere soils of maize, pea and rape, respectively. The kinetics of the PO4 exchange between liquid and solid phases of soil were significantly different between rhizosphere and bulk soils. However, when changes in CP were accounted for, the parameters describing the PO4 exchange with time and CP between soil solution and soil solid phase were found to be very close for bulk and rhizosphere soils. For this calcareous and P-enriched soil, plant species differed in their ability to deplete PO4 in solution. The resulting changes in the ability of the soil solid phase to replenish solution PO4 were almost fully explained by the depletion of soil solution P.
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    Genetic basis of variation for salt tolerance in maize ( Zea mays L). (1999)
    Springer
    Euphytica 108 (1999), S. 145-150 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5060
    Keywords: maize ; North Carolina model 2 ; salinity tolerance ; Zea mays
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract The genetic basis of salt tolerance was examined in selected salt tolerant and sensitive material from a sample of accessions previously assessed for variability in salinity tolerance. The North Carolina Model 2 Design and analysis was followed, tolerance being assessed in 10-day-old seedlings grown in salinized solution culture at control (0 mM), 60 mM and 80 mM NaCl concentrations). Salinity tolerance was shown to be under the control of genes with additive and non-additive effects, with broad and narrow sense heritability estimates being approximately 0.7 and 0.4 over all treatments.
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    Water-deficit induction of a tomato H1 histone requires abscisic acid (1999)
    Springer
    Plant growth regulation 29 (1999), S. 35-46 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5087
    Keywords: abscisic acid ; gene-expression ; H1 histone ; tomato ; water-deficit-stress
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract Many genes are induced by periods of water deficit, and a subset of these are dependent on elevated ABA content for expression. A number of drought-induced genes are not induced in leaves of the ABA-deficient mutant flacca from tomato (Lycopersicon esculentum) but are induced in detached, wilted wild-type leaves and ABA-treated leaves of both genotypes. The nucleotide sequence of the cDNA and corresponding genomic DNA fragment of one of these genes, his1-s (formerly called le20), encodes an amino acid sequence that is rich in Lys, Ala, and Ser. The predicted protein contains the tripartite structure of H1 histone and is similar to other H1 histones, especially in the globular domain. Since, his1-s is more closely related to a stress-induced gene from Lycopersicon pennellii than to another H1 histone in the tomato genome it is considered a stress-induced variant of H1 histone. his1-s mRNA accumulated in vegetative plants in response to other abiotic stress treatments, including application of polyethylene glycol, and salt. The mRNA preferentially accumulated in leaves as compared to roots. his1-s mRNA accumulation was controlled during development; the level was higher in developing seeds of mature green fruit than in detached wilted leaves. H1 histones have been implicated in the general repression of gene expression and in the regulation of specific genes. The rapid accumulation of his1-s mRNA during stress may indicate that this unique, stress-induced H1 histone is involved in controlling gene expression during plant stress.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1006264001528
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    Differential inhibition of indole-3-acetic acid and tryptophan biosynthesis by indole analogues. I. Tryptophan dependent IAA biosynthesis (1999)
    Springer
    Plant growth regulation 27 (1999), S. 57-62 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5087
    Keywords: auxin biosynthesis ; auxin inhibitors ; indole analogues ; Zea mays
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract Maize liquid endosperm extracts contain the enzymes necessary for all of the steps of the plant IAA biosynthetic pathway from tryptophan, and provide a means to assay the pathway in vitro. We have analyzed the reactions in the presence of a series of indole and indole-like analogues in order to evaluate the potential of these compounds to act as inhibitors of IAA biosynthesis. Such inhibitors will be useful to investigate the tryptophan to IAA pathway, to determine the precursors and intermediates involved, and to select for mutants in this process. A number of such compounds were tested using in vitro enzyme assays for both the tryptophan dependent IAA biosynthesis pathway and for tryptophan synthase β activity. Some compounds showed strong inhibition of IAA biosynthesis while having only a slight effect on the reaction rate of tryptophan synthase β. These results: (1) show that IAA biosynthesis can be selectively inhibited relative to tryptophan biosynthesis; (2) suggest potential ways to screen for IAA biosynthetic pathway mutations in plants; and (3) provide additional tools for studies of IAA biosynthesis in plants.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1006103902155
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    Enhanced ammonium sources to reduce nitrate leaching (1999)
    Springer
    Nutrient cycling in agroecosystems 54 (1999), S. 73-80 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-0867
    Keywords: anhydrous ammonia ; dicyandiamide ; nitrification inhibitor ; urea-ammonium nitrate ; Zea mays
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract One approach to reduce NO3 movement to groundwater is increasing the proportion of N supplied to the crop as NH4–N. Nitrification inhibitors (NI's) can be used to enhance NH4–N supply, but most studies have focused on yield response, with little attention given to environmental impacts. To determine the effect of enhanced NH4 sources on corn grain yield, N uptake and NO3 movement to groundwater, three sidedress materials were compared during three different growing seasons. Application of anhydrous ammonia (AA) and addition of the NI, dicyandiamide (DCD) to urea-ammonium nitrate (UAN) both reduced NO3 leaching losses relative to that incurred with UAN. With AA and UAN + DCD (as compared with UAN) subsoil solution NO3 concentrations were reduced by an average of: 1.1 mg NO3–N kg-1 soil following (fall 1993) a dry growing season; 2.4 mg NO3–N kg-1 soil during (spring and summer 1994) and 1.4 mg NO3–N kg-1 soil after (fall 1994) a wet growing season; and 0.5 mg NO3–N kg-1 soil following (fall 1995) a growing season with intermediate rainfall. Based on average solution NO3 concentrations and approximate drainage after harvest, estimated N losses between harvest and freeze-up were 43, 22 and 19 kg N ha-1 with UAN, UAN + DCD and AA, respectively (average of 3 years). Grain yields and aboveground N uptake were greater with AA and UAN + DCD than with UAN, and residual fertilizer N (applied N less aboveground N uptake) was 18, 6 and -2 kg N ha-1 with UAN, UAN + DCD and AA, respectively (average of 3 years). As is often observed, the trend for greater yield with addition of the NI was not large or consistent enough to meet registration criteria. Data demonstrating reduced NO3 leaching are also relevant, and positive environmental impacts should be a criterion for registration. For growers who are reluctant to use AA, this would provide an alternative source to maximize yield while minimizing NO3 movement to groundwater.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1009773428011
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    Realizing the Potential of Integrated Irrigation and Drainage Water Management for Meeting Crop Water Requirements in Semi-Arid and Arid Areas (1999)
    Springer
    Irrigation and drainage systems 13 (1999), S. 321-347 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-0654
    Keywords: cotton ; drainage ; irrigation ; salinity ; shallow groundwater ; tomato
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract In situ use of ground water by plants is one optionbeing considered to reduce discharge of subsurfacedrainage water from irrigated agriculture. Laboratory, lysimeter, and field studies havedemonstrated that crops can use significant quantitiesof water from shallow ground water. However, moststudies lack the data needed to include the crop wateruse into an integrated irrigation and drainage watermanagement system. This paper describes previousstudies which demonstrated the potential use of groundwater to support plant growth and the associatedlimitations. Included are results from three fieldstudies which demonstrated some of the managementtechniques needed to develop an integrated system. The field studies demonstrated that approximately 40to 45% of the water requirement for cotton can bederived from shallow saline ground water. Thatregulation of the outflow will result in increasinguse. Implementation of integrated management ofirrigation and subsurface drainage systems is a viableand sustainable alternative in the management ofsubsurface drainage water from arid and semi-aridareas only if soil salinity can be managed and if thesystem is profitable.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1006390421589
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  • 98
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    Electronic Resource
    Nutrient cycling and growth in forest ecosystems of south western Australia: Relevance to agricultural landscapes (1999)
    Springer
    Agroforestry systems 45 (1999), S. 215-244 
    Details
    ISSN: 1572-9680
    Keywords: biodiversity ; disturbance ; nitrogen ; phosphorus ; resilience ; resistance
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract Nutrient and hydrologic cycles in harvested native forests in southern Australia are largely balanced. For example, we have little or no evidence of any decline in nutrient capital or availability in harvested forests. Short-term and small-scale reductions in evapotranspiration due to loss of leaf area after harvesting are adequately balanced at the landscape scale by large areas of regenerating or older-age forest. In contrast, agricultural systems on similar soils are a) dependent on large inputs of fertilisers to maintain growth and b) frequently subject to increasing salinity and waterlogging or other forms of degradation. The large-scale replacement of long-lived communities of perennial and often deep- rooting native species with annual crops or other communities of shallow-rooting species might be better managed within the framework of knowledge developed from studies of native plant communities. However, application of such a mimic concept to systems of low natural productivity is limited when agricultural systems require continued high productivity. Nonetheless, the mimic concept may help in developing sustainable management of agriculture on marginal lands, and contribute to the nutritional resilience of agroecosystems. Relevant characteristics for mimic agroecosystems in south western Australia include: high species diversity, diversity of rooting attributes, utilisation of different forms of nutrients (especially of N and P) in space and time, and the promotion of practices which increase soil organic matter content.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1006267604313
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  • 99
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Effect of nitrogen and phosphorus addition on phenanthrene biodegradation in four soils (1999)
    Springer
    Biodegradation 10 (1999), S. 43-50 
    Details
    ISSN: 1572-9729
    Keywords: biodegradation ; nitrogen ; nutrients ; phenanthrene ; phosphorus
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering , Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract Phenanthrene mineralization rates were found to vary widely among four soils; differences in soil nutrient levels was one hypothesis to explain this variation. To test this hypothesis, phenanthrene mineralization rates were measured in these soils with, and without, added nitrogen and phosphorus. Mineralization rates either remained unchanged or were depressed by the addition of nitrogen and phosphorus. Phenanthrene degradation rates remained unchanged in the soil which had the highest indigenous levels of nitrogen and phosphorus and which showed the largest increase in phosphorus levels after nutrients were added. The soils in which degradation rates were depressed had lower initial phosphorus concentrations and showed much smaller or no measurable increase in phosphorus levels after nutrients were added to the soils. To understand the response of phenanthrene degradation rates to added nitrogen and phosphorus, it may be necessary to consider the bioavailability of added nutrients and nutrient induced changes in microbial metabolism and ecology.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1008359606545
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  • 100
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Functional male sterility (ps-2) in tomato (Lycopesicon esculentum Mill.) and its application in breeding and hybrid seed production (1999)
    Springer
    Euphytica 107 (1999), S. 13-21 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5060
    Keywords: functional male sterility ; hybrid seed production ; tomato
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract Data and findings concerning the development of an effective male sterility system (as already applied in the practice of producing tomato hybrid seed) through the use of the positional sterility (ps 2) gene are reported. Undesirable selfing and the necessity of emasculation are discussed as the two main disadvantages that limit the use of ps 2-sterile seed parents in tomato hybrid seed production. The following specific characteristics in the performance of ps 2-lines were evaluated: 1) the percentage of selfing in the ps 2-lines varies within and between the years of growing, being forever lowest during the period of hybrid seed production; 2) the percentage of selfed seeds when using a ps 2-line as seed parent in producing hybrid seed is significantly lower than the percentage of selfing, observed on this same line; 3) the ps 2-gene expressivity varies depending on the genotype. This enables the breeding of ps 2-lines exhibiting very low percentage of selfing; 4) stamen emasculation at anthesis (as applied in ps 2-lines) is significantly easier and more rapid than emasculation in floral buds. The easy maintenance of the sterile lines – by artificial selfing it is possible to produce 100% ps 2 progeny – and the high yield of hybrid seed obtained are discussed as important advantages in using this type of sterility in tomato hybrid seed production.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1003527714805
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