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  • 1
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    IAA-overproducer mutants of Hebeloma cylindrosporum Romagnesi mycorrhizal with Pinus pinaster (Ait.) Sol. and P. sylvestris L. in hydroponic culture (1994)
    Springer
    Mycorrhiza 4 (1994), S. 247-250 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-1890
    Keywords: Key words: IAA overproducers – Ectomycorrhiza –Hebeloma cylindrosporum
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract. Indole-3-acetic acid (IAA) is thought to play a role in the regulation of ectomycorrhiza development, and vigorous mycorrhiza formers such as Pisolithus and Laccaria have previously been shown to accumulate large amounts of IAA in the culture medium in vitro, particularly in the presence of tryptophan. Recently, 5-fluoroindole-resistant and IAA-overproducing mutant strains of Hebeloma cylindrosporum Romagnesi have been developed and described by Durand et al. (1992). We have used some of these and corresponding wild-type strains as mycobionts on seedlings of Pinus pinaster (Ait.) Sol. and P. sylvestris L. in semi-hydroponic culture in an attempt to study IAA effects independent of species-specific differences. However, no significant differences between strains were found in host growth rate, shoot carbohydrate concentration, root morphology, root IAA concentration or mycorrhizal biomass. Since previous work showed a stimulation by these and other mutants and strains on mycorrhiza formation in Petri dish and test tube cultures, we assume that a semi-hydroponic culture system prevents the build up of tryptophan of fungal origin, which is most likely a precondition for enhanced IAA production.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s005720050028
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  • 2
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    IAA-overproducer mutants of Hebeloma cylindrosporum Romagnesi mycorrhizal with Pinus pinaster (Ait.) Sol. and P. sylvestris L. in hydroponic culture (1994)
    Springer
    Mycorrhiza 4 (1994), S. 247-250 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-1890
    Keywords: IAA overproducers ; Ectomycorrhiza ; Hebeloma cylindrosporum
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Indole-3-acetic acid (IAA) is thought to play a role in the regulation of ectomycorrhiza development, and vigorous mycorrhiza formers such as Pisolithus and Laccaria have previously been shown to accumulate large amounts of IAA in the culture medium in vitro, particularly in the presence of tryptophan. Recently, 5-fluoroindole-resistant and IAA-overproducing mutant strains of Hebeloma cylindrosporum Romagnesi have been developed and described by Durand et al. (1992). We have used some of these and corresponding wild-type strains as mycobionts on seedlings of Pinus pinaster (Ait.) Sol. and P. sylvestris L. in semi-hydroponic culture in an attempt to study IAA effects independent of species-specific differences. However, no significant differences between strains were found in host growth rate, shoot carbohydrate concentration, root morphology, root IAA concentration or mycorrhizal biomass. Since previous work showed a stimulation by these and other mutants and strains on mycorrhiza formation in Petri dish and test tube cultures, we assume that a semi-hydroponic culture system prevents the build up of tryptophan of fungal origin, which is most likely a precondition for enhanced IAA production.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00206772
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  • 3
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Elemental composition of ectomycorrhizal mycelia identified by PCR–RFLP analysis and grown in contact with apatite or wood ash in forest soil (2003)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    FEMS microbiology ecology 44 (2003), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1574-6941
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: The aim of this study was to identify ectomycorrhizal species with a potential to release elements from apatite and wood ash and accumulate them in the mycelia. Fungal rhizomorphs and mycelia were sampled from sand-filled mesh bags with or without amendment of apatite or wood ash. The mesh bags were buried in forest soil in the field for 13 or 24 months. Elemental composition of the samples was analyzed with particle-induced X-ray emission and the fungus was identified by polymerase chain reaction–restriction fragment length polymorphism analysis of the ITS-region of ribosomal DNA. The majority of rhizomorphs and mycelia collected from the mesh bags were of mycorrhizal origin with Paxillus involutus being the most common species (31%). Other identified species were Thelephora terrestris, Suillus granulatus and Tylospora fibillosa. S. granulatus contained 3–15 times more K (3 mg g−1) than the other species and had large calcium-rich crystals deposited on the surface of rhizomorphs when grown in contact with apatite. P. involutus contained the largest amount of Ca (2–7 mg g−1). Wood ash addition increased the amount of Ti, Mn and Pb in the rhizomorphs while apatite addition increased the amount of Ca in the rhizomorphs. The high concentration of K in S. granulatus rhizomorphs suggests that this fungus is a good accumulator of K while P. involutus appeared to accumulate heavy metals originating from wood ash.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1574-6941.2003.tb01090.x
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  • 4
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Soil and rhizosphere microorganisms have the same Q10 for respiration in a model system (2003)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Science Ltd
    Global change biology 9 (2003), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1365-2486
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Biology , Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering , Geography
    Notes: We compared the Q10 relationship for root-derived respiration (including respiration due to the root, external mycorrhizal mycelium and rhizosphere microorganisms) with that of mainly external ectomycorrhizal mycelium and that of bulk soil microorganisms without any roots present. This was studied in a microcosm consisting of an ectomycorrhizal Pinus muricata seedling growing in a sandy soil, and where roots were allow to colonize one soil compartment, mycorrhizal mycelium another compartment, and the last compartment consisted of root- and mycorrhiza-free soil. The respiration rate in the bulk soil compartment was 30 times lower than in the root compartment, while that in the mycorrhizal compartment was six times lower. There were no differences in Q10 (for 5–15°C) between the different compartments, indicating that there were no differences in the temperature relationship between root-associated and non-root-associated organisms. Thus, there are no indications that different Q10 values should be used for different soil organism, bulk soil or rhizosphere-associated microorganisms when modelling the effects of global climate change.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1046/j.1365-2486.2003.00692.x
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  • 5
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Interactions between ectomycorrhizal fungi and the bacterial community in soils amended with various primary minerals (1998)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    FEMS microbiology ecology 27 (1998), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1574-6941
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: The influence of ectomycorrhizal fungi on the soil bacterial community was studied by growing pine seedlings in artificial soils consisting of a peat/sand mixture amended with microcline, biotite or apatite. In the microcline-amended and unamended soils both Suillus variegatus and Paxillus involutus reduced bacterial activity as measured by thymidine incorporation. S. variegatus grew best in the biotite soil, where it increased both bacterial activity and biomass as measured by microscopic counts and specific bacterial fatty acids. Further, the positive influence of S. variegatus on the bacteria in the biotite soil modified the bacterial community, as reflected in the bacteria-specific phospholipid fatty acid composition. The increases in bacterial biomass and activity and changes in the bacterial community induced by S. variegatus may be due to the production of organic substances by this fungus, as indicated by an 10-fold increase in soil-solution citric acid. Two isolates of S. variegatus and an unidentified ectomycorrhizal fungus all tended to stimulate bacterial activity in the apatite-amended soil in compartments isolated from roots by a mesh. We conclude that the same ectomycorrhizal fungus may stimulate bacterial growth under certain conditions and inhibit bacterial growth under other conditions.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1574-6941.1998.tb00537.x
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  • 6
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    The impact of forest residue removal and wood ash amendment on the growth of the ectomycorrhizal external mycelium (2002)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    FEMS microbiology ecology 39 (2002), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1574-6941
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Intensive harvesting of forest residues for energy production may lead to the depletion of organic matter and mineral nutrients in the forest floor. In order to restore nutrient content wood ash has been suggested as a fertiliser. Ectomycorrhizal (EM) fungi are involved in the nutrient uptake of forest trees and this study investigates the influence of intensive harvesting and wood ash fertilisation on the external EM mycelium in forest soil. Nylon mesh bags filled with sand were buried in September 1997 in field plots which had or had not been intensively harvested. The effect of wood ash on the production of external EM mycelium was studied in mesh bags amended with wood ash. Mesh bags were retrieved in May and October 1998. The relative amount of fungal mycelia in the mesh bags was estimated with phospholipid fatty acid analysis. The fungi colonising the mesh bags were mainly (〉90%) ectomycorrhizal. Fungal biomass in the mesh bags was low in the spring but high in the autumn. No significant effect on EM fungal biomass was observed in the mesh bags collected from intensively harvested plots compared with those from control plots, but wood ash amendment resulted in 2.4 times more EM fungal biomass (P〈0.05). The effect of external EM mycelium on the dissolution of wood ash was studied in mesh bags filled with wood ash, using mesh bags buried in soil isolated from roots as EM-free controls. The external EM mycelium had no effect on the dissolution rate of the wood ash. 80% of the potassium was lost from the wood ash within a month, whereas no phosphorus was lost during the experimental period (up to 13 months).
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1574-6941.2002.tb00915.x
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  • 7
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Solubilisation and colonisation of wood ash by ectomycorrhizal fungi isolated from a wood ash fertilised spruce forest (2001)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    FEMS microbiology ecology 35 (2001), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1574-6941
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: In Sweden application of granulated wood ash has been suggested as a method to supplement nutrient loss resulting from harvesting of forest residues for bioenergy production. Mycelia of two ectomycorrhizal fungi Piloderma sp. 1 and Ha-96-3, were commonly found to colonise ash granules in a wood ash fertilised spruce forest. Thirty-eight fungal isolates were selected from 10 taxa to investigate the possible role of different ectomycorrhizal fungi in nutrient mobilisation from ash. The taxa were Cenococcum geophilum Fr., Piloderma croceum Erikss. and Hjortst., Piloderma sp. 1, Thelephora terrestris (Ehrenb.) Fr., Tylospora fibrillosa Donk, and five unidentified species, all originating from a wood ash fertilised spruce forest. The isolates were tested for their ability to solubilise tricalcium phosphate (TCP) or hardened wood ash (HWA) in vitro. Ha-96-3, P. croceum and Piloderma sp. 1 were the only taxa which solubilised TCP. Abundant calcium oxalate crystals were formed in TCP and HWA plates with Piloderma sp. 1. Ha-96-3 and two isolates of P. croceum produced intermediate amounts of crystals. Ha-96-1 and T. fibrillosa produced low amounts of crystal but no crystal formation was observed by any of the other isolates. Piloderma sp. 1 from HWA plates had significantly higher concentrations of P, compared to P. croceum or Ha-96-3. Piloderma sp. 1 and P. croceum were further tested for their ability to colonise wood ash in microcosms containing intact mycorrhizal associations. After 7 months Piloderma sp. 1 colonised ash amended patches with a dense, mat like mycelium, whereas P. croceum mycelia avoided the ash patches. Possible differences between these fungi in patterns of carbon allocation were investigated by labelling seedlings with 14CO2. Piloderma sp. 1 mycelia allocated significantly more 14C to ash patches than P. croceum. P. croceum allocated relatively more 14C to control patches than to the ash patches. The possible role of ectomycorrhizal fungi in mobilisation of nutrients from wood ash is discussed.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1574-6941.2001.tb00799.x
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  • 8
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Effects of hardened wood ash on microbial activity, plant growth and nutrient uptake by ectomycorrhizal spruce seedlings (2003)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    FEMS microbiology ecology 43 (2003), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1574-6941
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Plant growth, nutrient uptake, microbial biomass and activity were studied in pot systems containing spruce seedlings colonised with different ectomycorrhizal fungi from an ash-fertilised forest. The seedling root systems were enclosed in mesh bags inside an outer compartment containing crushed, hardened wood ash. Three different species of mycorrhizal fungi and a non-mycorrhizal control were exposed to factorial combinations of ash and N addition. Ash treatment had a highly significant, positive effect on plant growth and on shoot and root concentrations of K, Ca and P, irrespective of mycorrhizal status. Mycorrhizal inoculation had a significant effect on plant growth, which was proportionally greater in the absence of ash. N addition had a significant positive effect on plant biomass in mycorrhizal treatments with ash, but no effect in non-mycorrhizal treatments or most of the mycorrhizal treatments without ash. Piloderma sp. 1, which was earlier found to colonise wood ash granules in field studies, appeared to accumulate Ca from ash in the mycorrhizal roots. 5–6.7% of the total P in the ash was solubilised, with 0.9–1.5% in solution, 3.6–4.6% in the plants and 0.5–1.5% in microbial biomass. Bacterial activity as determined by [3H]-thymidine and [14C]-leucine incorporation was significantly greater in ash treatments than in controls with no ash addition. Principal component analysis (PCA) of phospholipid fatty acids (PLFAs) showed a clear difference in bacterial community structure between samples collected from ash-treated pots and controls without ash.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1574-6941.2003.tb01051.x
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  • 9
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    PIXE analysis to estimate the elemental composition of ectomycorrhizal rhizomorphs grown in contact with different minerals in forest soil (2002)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    FEMS microbiology ecology 39 (2002), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1574-6941
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: The aim of this study was to investigate possible interactions between minerals and ectomycorrhizal (EM) mycelia. Fungal rhizomorphs growing in association with apatite and/or biotite were sampled both from a laboratory experimental system (Rhizopogon sp. and Pinus muricata) and from mesh bags buried in forest soil in the field. The elemental composition of the samples was analyzed with particle-induced X-ray emission (PIXE). Many EM rhizomorphs associated with apatite in laboratory systems and in mesh bags contained larger amounts of Ca (mean ranges between 12 and 31 mg Ca g−1) than similar rhizomorphs connected to acid-washed sand (range 0.3–3.5 mg Ca g−1). Ca originating from apatite was deposited as calcium oxalate crystals on the surface of the rhizomorphs. EM mycelium produced in mesh bags had a capacity to mobilize 0.6 mg P kg−1 year−1 from apatite-amended sand (which is 0.04% of the added apatite). A high concentration of K in some rhizomorphs (up to 11 mg K g−1) suggests that these fungi are good accumulators of K and may have a significant role in transporting K to trees.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1574-6941.2002.tb00916.x
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  • 10
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Uptake of 15N-labelled alanine, ammonium and nitrate in Pinus sylvestris L. ectomycorrhiza growing in forest soil treated with nitrogen, sulphur or lime (1997)
    Springer
    Plant and soil 195 (1997), S. 329-338 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5036
    Keywords: ectomycorrhizal community ; nitrogen uptake ; organic nitrogen ; PCR ; Suillus
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract The uptake of 15N-labelled alanine, ammonium and nitrate was studied in ectomycorrhizal morphotypes of intact Pinus sylvestris seedlings. PCR-RFLP analysis of the ITS-region of fungal rDNA was used to identify the morphotypes. Seedlings were grown in forest soil collected at an experimental site in southern Sweden. The treatments compared were a control, N fertilisation (600 kg N ha-1 as urea), sulfur application (1200 kg S ha-1) and lime application (6000 kg CaCO3 ha-1). The forest, which had been dominated by Picea abies, was clear-cut two years before the forest soil was sampled. Soil was also collected from an adjacent standing forest. The aim of the present study was to detect changes in the ectomycorrhizal communities in forest soils and relate these changes to the functional parameter of uptake of nitrogen from organic (alanine and protein) and inorganic (ammonium and nitrate) sources. Liming resulted in the detection of a morphotype not found in other samples, and one morphotype was only found in samples from the standing forest (the fungi in these two morphotypes could not be identified). All mycorrhizal root tips showed a higher 15N concentration after exposure to different nitrogen forms than non-mycorrhizal long roots. Uptake of15 N from a labelled solution of alanine or ammonium was higher (about tenfold) than uptake from a 15N-labelled solution of nitrate. Uptake of ammonium and alanine varied between 0.2 and 0.5 mg N g-1 h-1 and between 0.1 and 0.33 mg N g-1 h-1, respectively, among the different morphotypes. In seedlings grown in the control soil and in soil from standing forest, alanine and ammonium were taken up to a similar degree from a supply solution by all morphotypes, whereas ammonium uptake was higher than alanine uptake in seedlings grown in lime-treated soil (about twofold) and, to a lesser extent, in the nitrogen- and sulfur-treated soils. The higher ammonium uptake by morphotypes from the limed soil was confirmed in pure culture studies. In cases where ammonium was used as the N source, an isolate of the S. variegatus morphotype collected in the limed soil produced more biomass compared with isolates of S. variegatus collected in nitrogen- or sulphur-treated soil. One isolate of a silvery white morphotype produced about equal amounts of biomass on alanine and ammonium, whereas all S. variegatus isolated performed better with ammonium as their N source. Based on the results it is hypothesised that liming can induce a shift in the ectomycorrhizal community, favouring individuals that mainly utilise inorganic nitrogen over those that primarily utilise organic nitrogen.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1004280401423
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