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  • 1
    ISSN: 1365-3059
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: The differential genotypes R1, R10 and R11, as originally defined by Black, were crossed with R-gene-free cultivars and the progenies divided into two subpopulations comprising those which had inherited the R-gene and those which had not. The underlying level of field resistance of the two groups was compared in a field trial in which they were inoculated with an isolate that could overcome the relevant R-genes. The R-gene-bearing group was significantly (P 〈 0·001) more resistant than the R-gene-free group, with mean scores over four dates in 2000 of 4·86 and 4·09, respectively, on a 1–9 scale of increasing resistance, and of 4·10 and 2·35 on one date in 2001. However, the magnitude of the effect depended on the R-gene and the year of the trial. Data from a progeny of cv. Stirling (with an R-gene and a high level of field resistance) were examined and the same effect of an R-gene found. Fewer of the R-gene-bearing group of clones were highly susceptible, and more were resistant. The most resistant clones always bore the R-gene. It is concluded that increased resistance is conferred by the defeated R-gene or linked genes for field resistance.
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  • 2
    ISSN: 1365-3059
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Ten institutions in nine countries joined together to test the stability of resistance of 14 potato genotypes to the oomycete pathogen Phytophthora infestans in three separate trials. Seven of the genotypes were tested in one trial involving seven locations, and all 14 were tested in two subsequent trials, each involving eight locations. Stability of resistance was tested with nonparametric tests and with an additive main effects and multiplicative interaction (AMMI) model. Overall, resistance to P. infestans was robust; resistant genotypes were consistently resistant in all locations and trials. The nonparametric analysis indicated that specific genotypes were basically stable across sites for resistance. In trial 3, the Z statistic for overall stability was significant at 0·05%, indicating a significant level of interaction across the trial, but there were no significant interactions for specific genotypes in this trial. The genotype by environment (G × E) effect of the AMMI model was highly significant in both trials, but the mean square of G × E was less than 10% of the genotype effect in each trial. The first two principal components (PCA1 and PCA2) of the AMMI analyses together explained 75 and 80% of the interaction effects in trials 2 and 3, respectively. Based on both nonparametric and AMMI analyses, Ecuador and Argentina were locations of relatively high interaction effects for both trials 2 and 3, although in Ecuador this interaction was not associated with any particular potato genotype. Other locations also had high interaction effects, but these occurred in only one trial. The genotypes Chata Blanca and, to a lesser extent, Torridon were relatively unstable in trials 2 and 3, but in the case of Torridon, resistant, this did not represent a significant loss of resistance.
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  • 3
    ISSN: 1432-2242
    Keywords: Potato breeding ; Combining ability analysis ; Late blight ; White potato cyst nematode ; Breeders' visual preference ; Genotypic recurrent selection
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract A diallel set of crosses, including selfs and some reciprocal crosses, was made between 15 parents chosen for their male fertility from those included in a tetraploid potato (Solanum tuberosum subsp. tuberosum) breeding programme at the Scottish Crop Research Institute. Seedling progeny tests were used to evaluate the progenies for non-race-specific resistance to late blight (Phytophthora infestans) in both foliage and tubers, quantitative resistance to the white potato cystnematode (PCN) (Globodera pallida) and the commercial worth of their tubers as judged by breeders' visual preference. No reciprocal differences were found. Comparisons of the selfs and crosses revealed inbreeding depression for breeders' preference, which varied among the parents from negligible to severe, whilst there were also statistically significant differences for foliage and tuber blight, but not for PCN. When the selfs were omitted from the combining ability analyses, large differences in general combining ability (GCA) were found for all four traits, and smaller differences in specific combining ability for tuber blight and breeders' preference. The only statistically significant correlation between GCAs for different traits was a favourable one of r = 0.56 between foliage and tuber resistance to late blight. It was concluded that prospects were good for simultaneously improving all four traits by multitrait genotypic recurrent selection.
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  • 4
    ISSN: 1573-5060
    Keywords: protoplasts ; potato ; somatic hybrids ; sexual hybrids ; late blight ; Phytophthora infestans
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract Intraspecific tetraploid somatic and sexual hybrid plants have been resynthesised following protoplast fusion and by sexual crosses between two dihaploid potato (Solanum tuberosum) lines each possessing complementary agronomic traits. The dihaploid PDH 40 possesses good tuber shape and yield but has foliage susceptibility to late blight (Phytophthora infestans). On the other hand, the dihaploid PDH 727 possesses resistance to blight in the foliage but has a low yield of small and irregular shaped tubers. Since it was only possible to use a partial selection strategy based on culture media to facilitate recovery of somatic hybrid plants-further morphological and esterase isozyme based characterisations were performed to identify somatic hybrid plants from amongst the non-hybrid plant material. When the blight resistance of both the intraspecific somatic and sexual hybrid plants was assessed there was no significant difference in the mean resistance value and it was intermediate between those of their parents. However, the range of resistance was much wider among the sexual hybrids than among the plants derived from somatic fusion. An assessment of tuber yield between tetraploid sexual and somatic hybrids showed no significant difference and it was higher than that of either parent value. The implication of these results in the context of potato genetics and breeding is discussed.
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  • 5
    ISSN: 1871-4528
    Keywords: breeding ; unreduced gametes
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Summary Dihaploids were produced from tetraploids which had resistance to foliage late blight (P. infestans) and had a range of levels of resistance to white potato cyst nematode (PCN) (G. pallida). Twelve of 33 dihaploids tested had useful levels of both resistances, 11 were resistant to blight alone and seven to PCN alone. There were no significant correlations between the resistances of the parents and the mean resistance of their dihaploids, for either character. There was also no correlation between levels of resistance to blight and to PCN. There were significant differences in mean levels of resistance to blight and to PCN between the tetraploid progenies of two dihaploids which possessed combined resistance.
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  • 6
    ISSN: 1871-4528
    Keywords: Helminthosporium solani ; storage conditions ; disease resistance ; Solanum tuberosum L.
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Summary Optimum storage conditions to identify resistance to silver scurf among commercially grown potato cultivars were determined in a series of experiments. Inoculation of field-grown tubers with a conidial suspension ofH. solani (concentration 104 conidia per ml of water) and incubation at 15°C with 95% RH for 1 month followed by 2 months at 85% RH produced the greatest differences in disease severity between potato cultivars. Results with glasshouse-grown tubers were comparable with those from field-grown tubers, indicating that the test could be used to identify resistance in wild species of potato and to understand the inheritance of this resistance.
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  • 7
    ISSN: 1871-4528
    Keywords: disease screening ; late blight ; blight susceptibility
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Description / Table of Contents: Zusammenfassung Die Resistenz von Kartoffelklonen gegen Krautfäule wird in einem Routinetest im Gewächshaus geprüft. Zwei 5 Wochen alte Pflanzen werden mit einem komplexen Pathotyp vonPhytophthora infestans besprüht, 24 Stunden in einer geschlossenen Kammer bei 15–18°C inkubiert und dann in das Gewächshaus bei 15°C zurückgebracht. Der Infektionsgrad wird 7 Tage nach der Inokulation mit Hilfe der von Malcolmson (1976) aufgestellten Boniturskala von 1–9 (Resistenz von 1–9 steigend) bestimmt. Die Ergebnisse werden in einem Feldversuch bestätigt. Von jedem Klon werden 2×3 Knollen randomisiert in 50 m langen Reihen gepflanzt. Jede dritte Reihe besteht aus einer anfälligen Sorte, zwischen die infizierte Pflanzen in Töpfen gestellt werden, um eine Infektionsquelle sicherzustellen. Die Resistenz wird ab Mitte August zwei oder dreimal mit Hilfe der Skala von Malcolmson (1976) bestimmt. Über das ganze Feld sind Standardsorten (Tabelle 1) verteilt, als Vergleich für den Infektionsverlauf (Tabelle 4). Pflanzen, die im Gewächshaus eng zusammengestellt aufwachsen, sind ‘sparrig’ und anfälliger als weiter-gestellte, ‘buschige’ Pflanzen (Tabelle 2). Pflanzen, die während des Frühjahrs aufwuchsen, waren resistenter als solche, die während des Sommers aufwuchsen (Tabelle 3). Wurden sie 4 Wochen nach dem Pflanzen inokuliert waren sie anfälliger als nach 5, 6 oder 7 Wochen. In jedem Fall waren die resistenteren Bonituren denen im Feld gefundenen näher. Die Feldergebnisse von zwei aufeinander folgenden Jahren zeigten eine befriedigende Korrelation, zwischen den Ergebnissen für die Prüfung im Gewächshaus in zwei aufeinander folgenden Jahren und besonders zwischen den ‘Feld’- und ‘Gewächshaus’-Ergebnissen war sie jedoch geringer. Die Prüfung im Gewächshaus kann zu einer Unterschätzung der Resistenz der resistentesten Klone und der Anfälligkeit der anfälligsten Klone im Vergleich mit der Feldprüfung führen (Tabelle 4).
    Abstract: Résumé Des clones de pommes de terre ont été choisis afin d'étudier leur résistance au mildiou sur feuilles par un test de routine en serre. Deux plantes âgées de 5 semaines sont pulvérisées avec un complexe dePhytophthora infestans, puis incubées pendant 24 heures dans une enceinte close à 15–18°C, avant d'être mises en serre à 15°C. La gravité de l'infection est mesurée 7 jours après l'inoculation à l'aide de l'échelle 1 à 9 de résistance croissante de Malcolmson (1976). Les résultats en serre sont complétés par une expérimentation de plein champ. Pour chaque clone, deux lots de 3 tubercules sont plantés en randomisation totale sur rangs de 50 m. Tous les trois rangs une variété sensible est plantée et des plantes infectées, en pot, y sont ajoutées afin d'assurer la source de contamination. La résistance est analysée en 2 ou 3 périodes à partir de la miaoût, avec l'échelle de Malcolmson (1976). Des lots de variétés de référence (tableau 1) sont disposés au hazard dans l'essai, dans le but de contrôler la progression de l'infection (tableau 4). Dans la serre, les plantes plus rapprochées sont plus sensibles au test au moment de la levée que les plantes plus espacées (tableau 2). A la levée au printemps, les plantes sont plus résistantes qu'à la levée en été (tableau 3) et les plantes inoculées 4 semaines après plantation sont plus sensibles que celles infectées 5, 6 ou 7 semaines après. Dans chaque cas, les résistances les plus élevées sont proches des valeurs obtenues en plein champ. Sur deux années successives, les valeurs en plein champ donnent une corrélation satisfaisante, mais sur ces mêmes années, les valeurs ne sont pas autant correlées entre l'expérimentation au champ et le test en serre. Ce dernier semble sous-estimer la résistance des clones les plus résistants et la sensibilité des clones les plus sensibles, par rapport au test de plein champ (tableau 4).
    Notes: Summary Breeders' selections are assessed for resistance to foliage blight (Phytophthora infestans (Mont.) de Bary) at the Scottish Crop Research Institute in both glasshouse and field tests. In attempts to improve the correlation between the two types of test a number of factors affecting the repeatability of the glasshouse test were examined. ‘Sturdy’ (well-spaced) plants were more resistant than ‘straggly’ (closely spaced) plants; plants inoculated 5, 6 or 7 weeks after planting were more resistant than those inoculated after 4 weeks; and plants grown during the spring were more resistant than those raised in the summer. Factors affecting the correlation between field and glasshouse tests are discussed.
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  • 8
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Potato research 25 (1982), S. 213-214 
    ISSN: 1871-4528
    Keywords: late blight ; Phytophthora infestans ; disease assessment
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Summary A series of drawings illustrates Malcolmson's (1976) 1–9 scoring scale of categories of foliage blight.
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  • 9
    ISSN: 1871-4528
    Keywords: late blight ; disease screening ; field test confirmation
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Description / Table of Contents: Zusammenfassung Anhand eines umfangreichen Kreuzungsplanes wurden Samen aus 220 Nachkommenschaften, die sowohl gegen Krautfäule resistente Klone als auch Sorten mit unterschiedlichen Resistenzgraden enthielten, erzeugt. Zwei Töpfe, von denen jeder 25 Sämlinge derselben Nachkommenschaft enthielt, wurden besprüht mit der Rasse 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11 vonPhytophthora infestans, wie bei Stewart et al. (1983) beschrieben. Nach 7 Tagen wurde der Gesamt-Infektionsgrad bewertet mittels einer 1–4 Skala mit sinkender Anfälligkeit, und wurden die stark infizierten und abgestorbenen Sämlinge entfernt. Die überlebenden Pflanzen wurden mit Fungizid besprüht und danach in Einzeltöpfe verpflanzt, in denen sie bis zur Abreife blieben. Die Knollen wurden geerntet. Zwei Töpfe mit Sämlingen wurden ohne Behandlung mitP. infestans in gleicher Weise verpflanzt. Mit Hilfe der mittleren Werte der beiden behandelten Wiederholungen wurde jede Nachkommenschaft den Kategorien 1.0, 1.5, 2.0, 2.5, 3.0, 3.5 oder 4.0 zugeordnet. Acht Nachkommen in jeder Kategorie (ausser der ersten beiden) wurden in einem Feldversuch ausgepflanzt. Jede Nachkommenschaft war durch zwei Knollen von 30 Klonen vertreten: 15 Überlebende aus dem Krautfäuletest und 15 nicht-behandelte Klone. Die Knollen wurden in zwei Blöcken randomisiert, jeder enthielt 1340 Pflanzen in 17 Reihen. Jede dritte Reihe wurde mit der Sorte King Edward bepflanzt, die Anfang Juli mitP. infestans inokuliert worden war. Der Befallsgrad an Krautfäule wurde im August in Intervallen bewertet nach der 1–9 Skala von Malcolmson (1976) mit ansteigender Resistenz. Die am 30. August ermittelten Daten von 30 Knollen der acht über den Versuch verteilten Kontrollsorten sind in Tabelle 1 dargestellt. Im Vergleich zu veröffentlichten Daten zeigen sie eine zufriedenstellende Rangordnung. Tabelle 2 zeigt die Varianzanalyse der Krautfäule-Werte der nicht-behandelten Proben von Nachkommen. Sie zeigt signifikante Variationen zwischen Nachkommenschaften innerhalb der Sämlingstest-Kategorien, zwischen Geschwistern innerhalb der Nachkommenschaften und zwischen Kategorien. In Tabelle 3 ist der durchschnittliche Krautfäule-Index behandelter und nicht-behandelter Populationen jeder Nachkommenschaft aufgelistet, entsprechend ihrer Klassifizierung im Sämlingstest. Feld- und Sämlingstest korrelieren im hohen Masse, und der durchschnittliche Grad an Resistenz jeder behandelten Probe ist höher als der von entsprechenden, nicht-behandelten Proben, zumal ihre Variation geringer ist. Auf diese Weise ergab ein Sämlingstest zuverlässige Bewertungen der Resistenz reifer Pflanzen und kann zur Eliminierung anfälliger Sämlinge in frühen Stadien von Züchtungsprogrammen herangezogen werden. Er kann zudem als Methode zur Prüfung von Nachkommenschaften mit umfangreichem Elternanteil dienen, um die besten Kombinationen für weitere Züchtung zu identifizieren, wobei die Selektion eher auf dem Genotyp als dem Phänotyp beruht.
    Abstract: Résumé Des semences de 220 lignées sont obtenues par un programme de croisements de façon à obtenir des clônes résistants au mildiou du feuillage et des variétés présentant différents degrés de résistance. Deux pots, contenant chacun 25 plantules de la même lignée, sont pulvérisés avec les races 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, dePhytophthora infestans suivant la méthode décrite par Stewart et al. (1983). Après 7 jours, les différentes contaminations sont notées pour chaque pot, selon une échelle l à 4 de sensibilité décroissante; les plantules détruites ou sévèrement atteintes sont retirées. Les plantes restantes sont traitées avec un fongicide et transplantées dans des pots individuels puis laissés jusqu'à maturité. Les tubercules sont ensuite récoltés. Deux pots de plantules ont été transplantés en l'absence de contamination parP. infestans. A partir de la note moyenne des deux répétitions, on attribue à chaque lignée une catégorie 1.0, 1.5, 2.0, 2.5, 3.0, 3.5 ou 4.0. Huit lignées dans chaque catégorie (sauf pour les deux premières où il y en a moins) sont ensuite plantées dans un essai de plein champ. Chaque lignée est représentée par 30 clones de 2 tubercules: 15 clônes ayant survécu au test mildiou et 15 clônes non contaminés. Les tubercules sont plantés de façon aléatoire dans 2 blocs comprenant chacun 1340 plantes sur 17 rangs. La variété King Edward plantée sur chaque troisième rang, a été inoculée avecP. infestans en début juillet. La gravité du mildiou sur feuille est mesurée au cours du mois d'août, suivant l'échelle 1 à 9 de résistance croissante de Malcolmson (1976). Les résultats obtenus le 30 août à partir de tubercules provenant de 8 variétés prises comme témoins et réparties à travers l'essai, sont regroupés dans le tableau 1 et sont en concordance avec des résultats déjà publiés. Le tableau 2 donne l'analyse de variance résultant des notations de mildiou sur les lots non contaminés. On observe une différence significative entre les lignées au sein d'une même catégorie, entre les individus d'une même lignée et entre les catégories. Le tableau 3 regroupe les notations de mildiou sur les populations contaminées et non contaminées de chaque lignée, selon leur classification par le test de résistance à partir des plantules. Les notes obtenues en plein champ et par le test de résistance à partir des plantules sont correlées de façon ha⫲tement significative et le niveau moyen de résistance de chaque lot contaminé est supérieur à celui du lot correspondant non contaminé, bien que la variance soit plus faible. Le test de résistance à partir des plantules donne une bonne estimation de la résistance des plantes à maturité et il peut être utilisé pour supprimer les plantules sensibles à un stade précoce dans un programme de sélection. Il peut être un moyen rapide pour tester un nombre important de lignées en identifiant les combinaisons les meilleures dans la poursuite de la sélection, cette dernière étant fondée sur le génotype plutôt que le phénotype.
    Notes: Summary Batches of 25 seedlings from progenies representing a range of resistance to foliage blight were exposed toP. infestans in a glasshouse seedling test, the surviving seedlings grown on and the tubers harvested. Two tubers of 15 clones of 51 such progenies chosen to represent a range of resistance from high to low were grown in a field trial. An equal number of clones from unexposed populations of the same progenies were included. The mean level of resistance of each exposed progeny was higher than its unexposed counterpart, and there was a high correlation between the seedling score and the field score of unexposed progenies. The mean field scores were higher and variances lower in exposed populations, indicating that truly susceptible seedlings had been eliminated by the seedling test and confirming the validity of this test for assessing horizontal resistance to late blight.
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  • 10
    ISSN: 1871-4528
    Keywords: detached leaflet assay ; resistant cultivars ; plant maturity
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Summary The phytotoxic components of the culture filtrate of the fungusAlternaria solani Sor, which causes early blight in potato, were used in this study to differentiate between resistant and susceptible genotypes selected to represent a range of reactions when screened in the field. Detached leaflet assays, using spores and toxic metabolites from the culture filtrate, were compared with field ratings and a whole-plant glasshouse test. Rank correlations between several detached leaflet tests were highly significant (P〈0.01) but the correlations between these tests and the glasshouse and field tests were poor. The disease ratings obtained in the various tests were clustered into four groups and assigned to resistance classes. For many of the genotypes there was a good correspondence between resistance classes for all test methods. Divergent results between tests were associated with foliage maturity characteristics of the genotypes.
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