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  • 1
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    The In-In2S3 System1 (1952)
    s.l. : American Chemical Society
    Journal of the American Chemical Society 74 (1952), S. 1441-1443 
    Details
    ISSN: 1520-5126
    Source: ACS Legacy Archives
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/ja01126a024
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  • 2
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Detection of Colletotrichum coccodes from soil and potato tubers by conventional and quantitative real-time PCR (2002)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Science Ltd
    Plant pathology 51 (2002), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1365-3059
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Colletotrichum coccodes is the causal agent of the potato blemish disease black dot. Two PCR primer sets were designed to sequences of the ribosomal internal transcribed spacer (ITS1 and ITS2) regions for use in a nested PCR. The genus-specific outer primers (Cc1F1/Cc2R1) were designed to regions common to Colletotrichum spp., and the species-specific nested primers (Cc1NF1/Cc2NR1) were designed to sequences unique to C. coccodes. The primer sets amplified single products of 447 bp (Cc1F1/Cc2R1) and 349 bp (Cc1NF1/Cc2NR1) with DNA extracted from 33 European and North American isolates of C. coccodes. The specificity of primers Cc1NF1/Cc2NR1 was confirmed by the absence of amplified product with DNA of other species representing the six phylogenetic groups of the genus Colletotrichum and 46 other eukaryotic and prokaryotic plant pathogenic species. A rapid procedure for the direct extraction of DNA from soil and potato tubers was used to verify the PCR assay for detecting C. coccodes in environmental samples. The limit of sensitivity of PCR for the specific detection of C. coccodes when inoculum was added to soils was 3·0 spores per g, or the equivalent of 0·06 microsclerotia per g soil, the lowest level of inoculum tested. Colletotrichum coccodes was also detected by PCR in naturally infested soil and from both potato peel and peel extract from infected and apparently healthy tubers. Specific primers and a TaqMan fluorogenic probe were designed to perform quantitative real-time (TaqMan) PCR to obtain the same levels of sensitivity for detection of C. coccodes in soil and tubers during a first-round PCR as with conventional nested PCR and gel electrophoresis. This rapid and quantitative PCR diagnostic assay allows an accurate estimation of tuber and soil contamination by C. coccodes.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1046/j.1365-3059.2002.00690.x
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  • 3
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Identities and pathogenicities of phytophthora spp. causing root rot of red raspberry (1987)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Plant pathology 36 (1987), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1365-3059
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Phytophthora syringae, P. drechsleri, P. cactarutn, P. cambiuora and P. megasperma were isolated from the roots of red raspberry plants affected by severe root and crown rot with associated cane death. Phytophthora megasperma occurred most frequently and consisted of two types of isolates which differed in colony morphology, growth rates, and oogonial, oospore, sporangial and zoospore size, and pathogenicity to a range of plants. One type with large oospores was typical of P. megasperma var. megasperma, and was non-pathogenic to red raspberries, while the other with smaller oospores and which grew more slowly in culture than the first, was highly pathogenic, producing symptoms similar to those observed in the field. Highly pathogenic isolates from Germany and the USA were of this type.All red and black raspberry cultivars tested were susceptible to the pathogenic type, although North American cultivars were generally less affected than British ones. Inoculated plants had reduced shoot and root weights, stem lesions and wilted and yellowed leaves. The blackberry × raspberry hybrid Tayberry and its blackberry parent were immune.Phytophthora drechsleri, P. cactorum and P. cambivora produced small to moderate amounts of root rot on red raspberry, and P. cambivora also caused slight symptoms on shoots.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-3059.1987.tb02235.x
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  • 4
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Development of a species-specific and sensitive detection assay for Phytophthora infestans and its application for monitoring of inoculum in tubers and soil (2005)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Science Ltd
    Plant pathology 54 (2005), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1365-3059
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: A specific and sensitive PCR assay for the detection of Phytophthora infestans, the cause of late blight of potato, in soil and plant tissues was developed. A P. infestans-specific primer pair (INF FW2 and INF REV) was designed by comparing the aligned sequences of rDNA internal transcribed spacer regions of most of the known Phytophthora species. PCR amplification of P. infestans DNA with primers INF FW2 and INF REV generated a 613 bp product, and species specificity was demonstrated against DNA from nine other Phytophthora species and seven potato-blemish pathogens. In a single-round PCR assay, 0·5 pg pure P. infestans DNA was detectable. Sensitivity was increased to 5 fg DNA in a nested PCR assay using Peronsporales-specific-primers in the first round. As few as two sporangia or four zoospores of P. infestans could be detected using the nested assay. Procedures are described for detection of P. infestans in leaves, stem and seed potato tubers before expression of symptoms. A soil assay in which 10 oospores per 0·5 g soil were detectable was developed and validated using samples of field soil. The PCR assay was used to examine the long-term survival of sexual (oospores) and asexual (sporangia and mycelium) inoculum of P. infestans in leaf material buried in a replicated experiment under natural field conditions. Oospores were consistently detected using the PCR assay up to 24 months (total length of the study) after burial in soil, whereas the sporangial inoculum was detected for only 12 months after burial. Sporangial inoculum was shown to be nonviable using a baiting assay, whereas leaf material containing oospores remained viable up to 24 months after burial.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-3059.2005.01175.x
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  • 5
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Frequency of virulence phenotypes of Phytophthora fragariae in the field (1988)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Plant pathology 37 (1988), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1365-3059
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: The virulences of 102 single-zoospore cultures of Phytophthora fragariae from one field site were determined on a range of strawberry differentials, and used to assign the cultures to four clusters (I, II A, IIB, IIC) using cluster analysis. On cv. Favourite, which is susceptible to all known races of the pathogen, isolates in cluster I were recovered most frequently and had the narrowest spectrum of virulence. On cv. Saladin isolates in cluster IIB were more common and were pathogenic to this cultivar. However, c. 30% of the single zoospores from field isolates from Saladin were avirulent on this cultivar and belonged to cluster I. Hyphal-tip and single-zoospore cultures from selected field isolates in cluster IIB did not always have the same virulence phenotype as the parent isolates. One hyphal-tip culture from a field isolate in cluster IIB had a virulence phenotype (IID) which had not been recorded before in Europe, and it attacked some cultivars not previously affected by red core. When cultivars such as Saladin were inoculated with mixtures of zoospores from two isolates from different clusters, with and without the corresponding virulence factors, the isolate with the corresponding virulence factor was selected. However, on the universally susceptible cv. Favourite the results depended on the relative competitiveness of the isolates and not on virulence factors.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-3059.1988.tb02092.x
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  • 6
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Phenotypic and genotypic diversity of Phytophthora infestans populations in Scotland (1995–97) (2003)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Science Ltd
    Plant pathology 52 (2003), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1365-3059
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: In a survey of Scottish potato late blight (Phytophthora infestans) populations from 1995 to 1997, nearly 500 isolates were collected from over 80 disease outbreaks in commercial potato crops and gardens/allotments. The isolates were characterized by mating type, resistance to the fungicide metalaxyl and almost 300 were examined by DNA-based AFLP fingerprinting. These data were examined alongside cropping details to determine the population structure in the context of existing disease management strategies. A1 and A2 mating type isolates were present in both commercial potato crops and gardens or allotments although they coexisted more frequently in the latter sites. One-fifth of the isolates collected were of the A2 mating type and the frequency was similar over the 3 years and amongst sites. In 1995 the proportions of isolates that were sensitive and resistant to metalaxyl were equal (∼40%) but, over the following 2 years, the frequency of resistant isolates decreased and that of intermediate isolates increased. The mating type response to metalaxyl differed markedly, with 52% of A1 and only 5% of A2 isolates being resistant. Considerable molecular diversity was observed, with over half of the isolates having unique AFLP patterns. Analysis of the molecular and phenotypic data revealed a broad clustering of the population into three groups. Many factors point to an A2 population restricted by its sensitivity to phenylamides. The majority of the A2 isolates were found in a single AFLP group, but the presence of mixed mating type samples, an increasing frequency of isolates of intermediate metalaxyl resistance and the extent of the AFLP diversity suggest occasional sexual recombination, and thus gene flow, between groups.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1046/j.1365-3059.2003.00817.x
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  • 7
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Stability of resistance to Phytophthora infestans in potato: an international evaluation (2005)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Science Ltd
    Plant pathology 54 (2005), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1365-3059
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Ten institutions in nine countries joined together to test the stability of resistance of 14 potato genotypes to the oomycete pathogen Phytophthora infestans in three separate trials. Seven of the genotypes were tested in one trial involving seven locations, and all 14 were tested in two subsequent trials, each involving eight locations. Stability of resistance was tested with nonparametric tests and with an additive main effects and multiplicative interaction (AMMI) model. Overall, resistance to P. infestans was robust; resistant genotypes were consistently resistant in all locations and trials. The nonparametric analysis indicated that specific genotypes were basically stable across sites for resistance. In trial 3, the Z statistic for overall stability was significant at 0·05%, indicating a significant level of interaction across the trial, but there were no significant interactions for specific genotypes in this trial. The genotype by environment (G × E) effect of the AMMI model was highly significant in both trials, but the mean square of G × E was less than 10% of the genotype effect in each trial. The first two principal components (PCA1 and PCA2) of the AMMI analyses together explained 75 and 80% of the interaction effects in trials 2 and 3, respectively. Based on both nonparametric and AMMI analyses, Ecuador and Argentina were locations of relatively high interaction effects for both trials 2 and 3, although in Ecuador this interaction was not associated with any particular potato genotype. Other locations also had high interaction effects, but these occurred in only one trial. The genotypes Chata Blanca and, to a lesser extent, Torridon were relatively unstable in trials 2 and 3, but in the case of Torridon, resistant, this did not represent a significant loss of resistance.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-3059.2005.01187.x
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  • 8
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Effect of temperature and host genotype on the production of inoculum by Phytophthora fragariae var. fragariae from the roots of infected strawberry plants (1995)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Plant pathology 44 (1995), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1365-3059
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: A bioassay was used to monitor the release of inoculum in drainage water from strawberry plants inoculated with zoospores of Phytophthora fragariae var. fragariae. The fungus was detected in drainage water from plants that had been held at temperatures between 2 and 20 C. but not from plants held at 26°C. The lag phase before secondary inoculum was first released, the maximum and total amounts of inoculum released, and the length of time over which inoculum was released were all greater at the lower temperature regimes, especially those below 10 C. The results were consistent with observations on the effect of temperature on zoospore production from agar discs and on zoospore motility: more zoospores were produced at lower temperatures and they remained motile for longer. From this it is concluded that the inoculum detected consists mainly of motile zoospores. In most experiments with standardized suspensions c. 10-15 were sufficient to initiate infection of the plants in the bioassay. In general, more inoculum was produced by host genotype/fungal isolate combinations in which there were marked root rot symptoms than in combinations in which the host was resistant.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-3059.1995.tb02711.x
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  • 9
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    The effect of waterlogging on Phytophthora root rot of red raspberry (1989)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Plant pathology 38 (1989), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1365-3059
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Red raspberry plants were subjected to waterlogging after inoculation with different species of Phytophthora isolated from field outbreaks of root rot. The commonest species, a form of P. megasperma, was highly pathogenic to raspberry whether the plants had been waterlogged or not, but waterlogging increased the severity of disease caused by other species. P. cambivora and P. drechsleri were moderately pathogenic and non-pathogenic respectively in non-waterlogged conditions but killed plants that had been waterlogged for 4 days. P. megasperma var. megasperma required longer periods of waterlogging to cause severe symptoms and did not kill plants. Root rotting of waterlogged and non-waterlogged plants was controlled with a metalaxyl and copper mixture. The results indicated that several species of Phytophthora may contribute to poor growth and death of raspberries grown in poorly drained sites.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-3059.1989.tb02129.x
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  • 10
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Methods for assessing the resistance of raspberry genotypes to Phytophthora root rot (1991)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Plant pathology 40 (1991), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1365-3059
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Zoospores and agar discs of the fungus causing raspberry root rot (Phytophthora fragariae) were used as inoculum to assess the resistance of raspberry genotypes in pot experiments. High zoospore concentrations resulted in more severe symptoms than low concentrations. There was a strong correlation between the results obtained with zoospores and with colonized agar discs as inocula. although disease was generally more severe with the former. The severity of root rot was correlated with a number of other symptoms, in particular growth reductions, stem lesions and leaf wilting, and some of these symptoms could possibly be used as measures of resistance. There was no evidence of physiological specialization with the range of isolates and raspberry genotypes used. Pot tests in general gave results which matched reported resistances in the field, and could be used to assess the resistance of breeding lines and selections.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-3059.1991.tb02395.x
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