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  • RFLP  (201)
  • maize  (201)
  • Springer  (402)
  • MDPI Publishing
  • Springer Science + Business Media
  • 1990-1994  (402)
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  • Springer  (402)
  • MDPI Publishing
  • Springer Science + Business Media
  • Wiley-Blackwell  (2)
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  • 1
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Self-incompatibility is codominant in intraspecific hybrids of self-compatible and self-incompatible Lycopersicon peruvianum and L. hirsutum based on protein and DNA marker analysis (1994)
    Springer
    Sexual plant reproduction 7 (1994), S. 297-302 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-2145
    Keywords: Gametophytic self incompatibilityself-compatibility ; Lycopersicon peruvianum Lycopersicon hirsutum ; S-associated proteins ; RFLP
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Self-compatibility was investigated separately in two species of tomato, Lycopersicon peruvianum and L. hirsutum. The codominant expression of self-compatibility (SC)/self incompatibility (SI) was established using intraspecific hybrids of SC and SI hybrids. In SC L. peruvianum, a major stylar protein of approximately 29 kDa cosegregates with self-compatibility in the progeny of SC/SI hybrids. The SC/SI hybrids are self-fertile, but only partially so, since the SI allele present in the hybrids is capable of eliminating certain genotypes in the resultant progeny. In L. hirsutum, the majority of hybrids between one accession of SI L. hirsutum f. hirsutum and one of SC L. hirsutum f. glabratum are self-fertile. Analysis of the progeny revealed that the SC and SI alleles are codominant in this species as well. A protein product for the SC allele is not obvious in style extracts of L. hirsutum f. glabratum. Segregating progeny from SC/SI hybrids of L. hirsutum were used to map the S locus against five RFLP markers on chromosome 1, and estimated map distances are given. In addition, evidence is presented that indicates that one of the DNA markers, CD15, is duplicated in L. hirsutum f. glabratum, and the duplication is not linked to the S locus.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00227713
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  • 2
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Variability in genome organization of the zygomycete Parasitella parasitica (1994)
    Springer
    Current genetics 26 (1994), S. 456-460 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0983
    Keywords: Parasitella parasitica ; Zygomycetes ; RAPD ; PCR ; RFLP ; Electrophoretic karyotype ; Molecular taxonomy
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract In addition to conventional methods for the identification of fungi, molecular techniques at the DNA level are increasingly being employed. In order to check the validity of such experimental approaches, we have analyzed the well-defined species Parasitella parasitica, which belongs to the family Mucoraceae (Mucorales, Zygometes). The seven strains of this species, which are available from international strain collections, were analyzed by several molecular methods: restriction fragment length polymorphism analysis (RFLP), the random primer-dependent polymerase chain reaction (RAPD-PCR), and electrophoretic karyotyping. Unexpectedly, these strains are highly diverse at the molecular level. By these techniques they can be divided consistently into two different groups. Nevertheless, all seven strains belong to a single species. They show no morphological differences and sexual spores (zygospores) were found in all possible combinations either within or between the two groups. Southern-blot analysis of genomic DNA of all P. parasitica strains with RAPD-PCR-derived labelled probes shows the existence of repetitive elements characteristic for only one group of P. parasitica. In addition, chromosome sizes, which were separated by rotating-field electrophoresis, were highly divergent, and ranged from 3 to 6.5 Mb in one group and between 2 and 4.5 Mb in the other. The RAPD-PCR patterns also discriminate both groups of P. parasitica. However, they are very similar if strains of a single group are compared. Therefore, we propose that the determination of fungal species by molecular techniques should be vetted at least by morphological and physiological parameters and, whenever possible, by mating experiments.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00309934
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  • 3
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    A unique sequence located downstream from the rice mitochondrialatp6 may cause male sterility (1994)
    Springer
    Current genetics 25 (1994), S. 52-58 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0983
    Keywords: Cytoplasmic male sterility ; Antisense RNA ; RFLP ; Cybrids
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Asymmetric cell-fusion of the japonica cultivar ofOryza sativa (rice) with cytoplasmic-male-sterile (CMS) plants bearing cytoplasm derived from Chinsurah Boro II, resulted in two classes of cytoplasmic hybrids (cybrids), fertile and CMS. Southern-blot analysis of the mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) indicates recombination events around a number of genes; however, the appearance of the CMS character is tightly correlated to reorganization around theatp6 gene, suggesting recombination downstream from theatp6 gene is involved in CMS. The nucleotide sequence downstream fromatp6 contains a pseudogene which was probably created by recombination of the mitochondrial genome. Sense and antisense transcripts of the downstream region ofatp6 were found in CMS-and restored CMS (fertile)-lines, but not in the normal (fertile) line. In the CMS line, several antisense transcripts of theatp6 gene were also found. However, in the restored line which contains a nuclear-encoded gene,Rf-1, the levels of these transcripts were lower than in the CMS line. These results suggest abnormal transcripts of theatp6 gene produced in the antisense direction may be involved in CMS, and that products of the nuclear-encoded restorer gene may reduce abnormal transcription in this region of the mitochondrial genome.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00712968
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  • 4
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Characterization of four new β-tubulin genes and their expression during male flower development in maize (Zea mays L.) (1994)
    Springer
    Plant molecular biology 24 (1994), S. 295-315 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5028
    Keywords: β-tubulin ; microtubules ; maize ; gene expression
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Four different β-tubulin coding sequences were isolated from a cDNA library prepared from RNA from maize seedling shoots. The four genes (designated tub4, tub6, tub7 and tub8) represented by these cDNA clones together with the tub1 and tub2 genes reported previously encode six β-tubulin isotypes with 90–97.5% amino acid sequence identity. Results from phylogenetic analysis of 17 β-tubulin genes from monocot and dicot plant species indicated that multiple extant lines of β-tubulin genes diverged from a single precursor after the appearance of the two major subfamilies of α-tubulin genes described previously. Hybridization probes from the 3′ non-coding regions of six β-tubulin clones were used to quantify the levels of corresponding tubulin transcripts in different maize tissues including developing anthers and pollen. The results from these dot blot hybridization experiments showed that all of the β-tubulin genes were expressed in most tissues examined, although each gene showed a unique pattern of differential transcript accumulation. The tub1 gene showed a high level of transcript accumulation in meristematic tissues and almost no accumulation in the late stages of anther development and in pollen. In contrast, the level of tub4 transcripts was very low during early stages of male flower development but increased markedly (more than 100 times) during the development of anthers and in pollen. Results from RNAse protection assays showed that this increased hybridization signal resulted from expression of transcripts from one or two genes closely related to tub4. The tub4-related transcripts were not present in shoot tissue. Transcripts from the tub2 gene accumulated to very low levels in all tissues examined, but reached the highest levels in young anthers containing microspore mother cells. RNAse protection assays were used to measure the absolute levels of α- and β-tubulin transcripts in seedling shoot and in pollen. The α-tubulin gene subfamily I genes (tua1, tua2, tua4) contributed the great majority of α-tubulin transcripts in both shoot and pollen. Transcripts from the β-tubulin genes tub4, tub6, tub7, and tub8 were predominant in shoot, but were much less significant than the tub4-related transcripts in pollen.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00020169
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  • 5
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Addition of A- and U-rich sequence increases the splicing efficiency of a deleted form of a maize intron (1994)
    Springer
    Plant molecular biology 24 (1994), S. 449-463 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5028
    Keywords: AU-rich ; intron ; maize ; splicing
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Plant introns are generally short (〈200 nt) and AU-rich, and an elevated AU content is necessary for efficient splicing. Further, an intron in some plant genes enhances gene expression by a post-transcriptional mechanism that results in an increase of cytoplasmic mRNA. The specific intron features responsible for efficient splicing and enhancement are not well characterized in plants. Internal deletions of up to 80% of two maize introns, Adh1 intron 1 and maize actin intron 3, indicate that large segments of these introns are dispensable for normal function. However, extensive deletion (〉75%) of Adh1 intron 1 diminishes both intron enhancement and splicing efficiency. This finding suggests that there are internal sequence motifs required for intron function, and that these motifs are redundant. We attempted to repair a deletion-impaired Adh1 intron 1 variant by adding back either oligomers of defined sequence content or fragments of maize internal intron sequence. The addition of AU-rich oligomers improved splicing efficiency and in one example, a U-rich oligomer activated a cryptic 3′ splice acceptor. We also found that replacing the region proximal to the Adh1 intron 1 3′ acceptor with U-rich sequence improved splicing. We found that adding G- and C-rich oligomers did not improve intron function, but a C-rich oligomer activated a cryptic 3′ acceptor. The addition of internal intron sequence to an impaired intron improved splicing, and in one case, resulted in the activation of a cryptic 3′ acceptor. We present evidence that U-rich sequence immediately upstream of the 3′ splice junction increases splicing efficiency and contributes to, but does not uniquely specify, 3′ acceptor AG choice.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00024113
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  • 6
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Differential transcription of plastome-encoded genes in the mesophyll and bundle-sheath chloroplasts of the monocotyledonous NADP-malic enzyme-type C4 plants maize and Sorghum (1994)
    Springer
    Plant molecular biology 25 (1994), S. 669-679 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5028
    Keywords: C4 photosynthesis ; maize ; plastid gene expression ; Sorghum
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract The transcription of plastome-encoded genes in mesophyll and bundle-sheath chloroplasts of the monocotyledonous NADP-malic enzyme-type C4 species Zea mays L. (maize) and Sorghum bicolor (L.) Moench. was investigated. RNA accumulation and transcription were assayed starting from isolated mesophyll and bundle-sheath chloroplasts and using quantitative northern and run-on transcription analysis. Determination of the mesophyll to bundle-sheath ratios of transcript abundance in maize and Sorghum chloroplasts showed that the mRNAs of the plastome-encoded photosystem II genes analysed (psbA, psbB, psbD, psbH and psbE/F) varied from 2.5- to 4.0-fold (maize) and 3.1- to 5.2-fold (Sorghum), respectively. The rbcL transcript, in contrast, was more abundant in bundle-sheath chloroplasts of both species, about 3-fold in maize and more than 10-fold in Sorghum. On the other hand, transcripts of genes encoding the 16S ribosomal RNA (r16) and subunits of photosystem I (psaA) and the cytochrome b/f complex (petB, petA) accumulated to similar levels in both types of chloroplasts. Determination of absolute transcript levels for rbcL and psbA in chloroplasts from maize and Sorghum demonstrated that for both genes, the mesophyll to bundle-sheath differences in transcript abundance were more pronounced in Sorghum. Measurements of the transcriptional activities of rbcL and psbA showed that the transcription rate of rbcL is higher in bundle-sheath chloroplasts while psbA is more actively transcribed in mesophyll chloroplasts. The differences in the transcription rates between the two chloroplast types were again more pronounced in Sorghum, thus reflecting the differences between maize and Sorghum in the relative levels of the rbcL and psbA transcripts. However, although transcription rate and mRNA abundance are correlated, they did not exactly match one another. This indicates additional regulation of transcript abundance at the level of RNA stability.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00029605
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  • 7
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Structure and function of selectable and non-selectable transgenes in maize after introduction by particle bombardment (1994)
    Springer
    Plant molecular biology 25 (1994), S. 951-961 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5028
    Keywords: Cell biology ; epigenetics ; maize ; transformation ; transgenes
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Zea mays transformants produced by particle bombardment of embryogenic suspension culture cells of the genotype A188 × B73 and selected on kanamycin or bialaphos were characterized with respect to transgene integration, expression, and inheritance. Selection on bialaphos, mediated by thebar orpat genes, was more efficient than selection on kanamycin, mediated by thenptII gene. Most transformants contained multicopy, single locus, transgene insertion events. A transgene expression cassette was more likely to be rearranged if expression of that gene was not selected for during callus growth. Not all plants regenerated from calli representing single transformation events expressed the transgenes, and a non-selectable gene (uidA) was expressed in fewer plants than was the selectable transgene. Mendelian inheritance of transgenes consistent with transgene insertion at a single locus was observed for approximately two thirds of the transformants assessed. Transgene expression was typically, but not always, predictable in progeny plants-transgene silencing, as well as poor transgene transmission to progeny, was observed in some plant lines in which the parent plants had expressed the transgene.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00014669
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  • 8
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Partial sequencing and mapping of clones from two maize cDNA libraries (1994)
    Springer
    Plant molecular biology 26 (1994), S. 1085-1101 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5028
    Keywords: cDNA clones ; EST sequencing ; maize ; RFLP mapping
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract As one component of a maize genome project, we report the analysis of a number of randomly selected cDNAs, by a combination of measuring mRNA expression, ‘single-pass’ sequencing (SPS), and genome mapping. Etiolated seedling (490) and membrane-free polysomal endosperm cDNA clones (576) were evaluated for their transcription levels by hybridizing with a probe prepared from total mRNA and categorized as corresponding to abundantly or rarely expressed mRNAs and as either constitutive or tissue-specific. A total of 313 clones from the two libraries were submitted to ‘single-pass’ sequencing from the presumed 5′ end of the mRNA and the nucleotide sequence compared with the GenBank database. About 61% of the clones showed no significant similarities within GenBank, 14% of the clones exhibited a high degree of similarity, while the remaining 25% exhibited a lesser degree of similarity. The chromosomal location of more than 300 clones was determined by RFLP mapping using standard populations. The results demonstrate that a combination of analyses provides synergistic information in eventually deducing the actual function of these types of clones.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00040691
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  • 9
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    A method for examining expression of homologous genes in plant polyploids (1994)
    Springer
    Plant molecular biology 26 (1994), S. 1065-1071 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5028
    Keywords: Brassica ; polyploid ; gene expression ; RT-PCR ; RFLP
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract One of the essential issues regarding evolution of polyploid species is how duplicate genes are expressed. Most studies on gene expression in polyploids have been based on isozyme analyses; RNA analysis has not been widely used partially due to difficulties in distinguishing homologous transcripts which usually have the same length and similar or almost identical sequences. In this study, a method combining RT-PCR with RFLP was used to analyze transcripts of homologous genes in natural and synthetic Brassica amphidiploids. Sequences coding for several known genes were selected and used to synthesize gene-specific primers. Total RNAs were used as templates for RT-PCR to amplify homologous transcripts in three diploid parental species, three cultivated amphidiploid species and six synthetic amphidiploids. For each gene, initial PCR products amplified in all species had identical length; however, homologous transcripts in the diploid and amphidiploid species could be distinguished after digesting the PCR products with restriction enzymes. Preliminary results based on three genes indicated that both transcripts from the diploid parents were expressed in the synthetic and natural amphidiploids. This study represents the first application of RT-PCR and RFLP analysis to investigate expression of homologous genes in higher plants. The technique is a sensitive, simple and efficient method for distinguishing homologous transcripts in a mixed RNA population and can be applied to many types of studies on expression of homologous genes.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00040689
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  • 10
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Non-systemic expression of a stress-responsive maize polyubiquitin gene (Ubi-1) in transgenic rice plants (1994)
    Springer
    Plant molecular biology 26 (1994), S. 1007-1012 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5028
    Keywords: cell cycle ; maize ; non-systemic expression ; polyubiquitin gene ; stress response
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract We have used the promoter, 1st exon and 1st intron of the maize polyubiquitin gene (Ubi-1) for rice transformation experiments and revealed the characteristic expression of Ubi-1 gene: (1) Ubi-1 gene is not regulated systemically but rather individual cells respond independently to the heat or physical stress; (2) Ubi-1 gene changes its tissue-specific expression in response to stress treatment; (3) the expression of Ubi-1 gene is dependent on cell cycle.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00028868
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  • 11
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Isolation and characterisation of a maize cDNA that complements a 1-acyl sn-glycerol-3-phosphate acyltransferase mutant of Escherichia coli and encodes a protein which has similarities to other acyltransferases (1994)
    Springer
    Plant molecular biology 26 (1994), S. 211-223 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5028
    Keywords: maize ; 1-acyl-sn-glycerol-3-phosphate acyltransferase ; complementation cloning
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract We selected cDNA plasmid clones that corrected the temperature-sensitive phenotype of Escherichia coli strain JC201, which is deficient in 1-acyl-sn-glycerol-3-phosphate acyltransferase activity. A plasmid-based maize endosperm cDNA library was used for complementation and a plasmid that enabled the cells to grow at 44°C on ampicillin was isolated. Addition of this plasmid (pMAT1) to JC201 restored 1-acyl-sn-glycerol-3-phosphate acyltransferase activity to the cells. Total phospholipid labelling showed that the substrate for the enzyme, lysophosphatidic acid, accumulated in JC201 and was further metabolised to phosphatidylethanolamine in complemented cells. Membranes isolated from such cells were able to convert lysophosphatidic acid to phosphatidic acid in acyltransferase assays. The cDNA insert of pMAT1 contains one long open reading frame of 374 amino acids which encodes a protein of relative molecular weight 42 543. The sequence of this protein is most similar to SLC1, which is thought to be able to acylate glycerol at the sn-2 position during synthesis of inositol-containing lipids. Homologies between the SLC1 protein, the 1-acyl-sn-glycerol-3-phosphate acyltransferase of E. coli (PlsC) and the maize ORF were found with blocks of conserved amino acids, whose spacing was conserved between the three proteins, identifiable.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00039533
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  • 12
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    In vivo analysis of intron processing using splicing-dependent reporter gene assays (1994)
    Springer
    Plant molecular biology 26 (1994), S. 1785-1795 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5028
    Keywords: intron ; maize ; splicing ; vectors ; Zea mays
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract The mechanisms of intron recognition and processing have been well-studied in mammals and yeast, but in plants the biochemistry of splicing is not known and the rules for intron recognition are not clearly defined. To increase understanding of intron processing in plants, we have constructed new pairs of vectors, pSuccess and pFail, to assess the efficiency of splicing in maize cultured cells. In the pFail series we use translation of pre-mRNA to monitor the amount of unspliced RNA. We inserted an ATG codon in the Bz2 (Bronze-2) intron in frame with luciferase: this construct will express luciferase activity only when splicing fails. In the pSuccess series the spliced message is monitored by inserting an ATG upstream of the Bz2 intron in frame with luciferase: this construct will express luciferase activity only when splicing succeeds. We show here, using both the wild-type Bz2 intron and the same intron with splice site mutations, that the efficiency of splicing can be estimated by the ratio between the luciferase activities of the vector pairs. We also show that mutations in the unique U-rich motif inside the intron can modulate splicing. In addition, a GC-rich insertion in the first exon increases the efficiency of splicing, suggesting that exons also play an important role in intron recognition and/or processing.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00019492
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  • 13
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    An RFLP linkage map for loblolly pine based on a three-generation outbred pedigree (1994)
    Springer
    Theoretical and applied genetics 88 (1994), S. 273-278 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-2242
    Keywords: RFLP ; Genetic linkage mapping ; Pinus taeda L.
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract A genetic linkage map for loblolly pine (Pinus taeda L.) was constructed using segregation data from a three-generation outbred pedigree consisting of four grandparents, two parents, and 95 F2 progeny. The map was based predominantly on restriction fragment length polymorphism (RFLP) loci detected by cDNA probes. Sixty-five cDNA and three genomic DNA probes revealed 90 RFLP loci. Six polymorphic isozyme loci were also scored. One-fourth (24%) of the cDNA probes detected more than 1 segregating locus, an indication that multigene families are common in pines. As many as six alleles were observed at a single segregating locus among grandparents and it was not unusual for the progeny to segregate for three or four alleles per locus. Multipoint linkage analysis placed 73 RFLP and 2 isozyme loci into 20 linkage groups; the remaining 17 RFLP and 4 isozyme loci were unlinked. The mapped RFLP probes provide a new set of codominant markers for genetic analyses in loblolly pine.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00223631
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  • 14
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Genetic diversity among wild and cultivated populations of Hevea brasiliensis assessed by nuclear RFLP analysis (1994)
    Springer
    Theoretical and applied genetics 88 (1994), S. 199-207 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-2242
    Keywords: Hevea brasiliensis ; RFLP ; Nuclear probes ; Isozyme ; Genetic diversity
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Restriction fragment length polymorphism was assessed in wild and cultivated populations of Hevea brasiliensis using random probes from an Hevea nuclear library. One-hundred-and-sixty-four individuals were surveyed, and the results discussed in the light of previous work performed on isozyme variation. Both studies show that germplasm collections have led to an effective enrichment of the genetic resources available for Hevea breeding, and that cultivated clones have conserved a relatively high level of polymorphism, despite their narrow genetic base and their high level of inbreeding. An equivalent level of polymorphism is revealed by random nuclear probes and isozymes. However, the genetic structuring of the diversity appears more striking using RFLP markers. Wild accessions can be divided into three genetic groups according to their geographical origin. The present results are an essential guide to the incorporation of wild material in breeding schemes.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00225898
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  • 15
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Chromosome assignment of four photosynthesis-related genes and their variability in wheat species (1994)
    Springer
    Theoretical and applied genetics 88 (1994), S. 383-394 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-2242
    Keywords: Photosynthesis-related genes ; Copy numbers ; Chromosome assignments ; RFLP ; Origin of polyploid wheats
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Copy numbers of four photosynthesis-related genes, PhyA, Ppc, RbcS and Lhcb1 *1, in wheat genomes were estimated by slot-blot analysis, and these genes were assigned to the chromosome arms of common wheat by Southern hybridization of DNA from an aneuploid series of the cultivar Chinese Spring. The copy number of PhyA was estimated to be one locus per haploid genome, and this gene was assigned to chromosomes 4AL, 4BS and 4DS. The Ppc gene showed a low copy number of small multigenes, and was located on the short arm of homoeologous group 3 chromosomes and the long arm of chromosomes of homoeologous group 7. RbcS consisted of a multigene family, with approximately 100 copies in the common wheat genome, and was located on the short arm of group 2 chromosomes and the long arm of group 5 chromosomes. Lhcb1 *1 also consisted of a multigene family with about 50 copies in common wheat. Only a limited number of restriction fragments (approximately 15%) were used to determine the locations of members of this family on the long arm of group 1 chromosomes owing to the multiplicity of DNA bands. The variability of hybridized bands with the four genes was less in polyploids, but was more in the case of multigene families. RFLP analysis of polyploid wheats and their presumed ancestors was carried out with probes of the oat PhyA gene, the maize Ppc gene, the wheat RbcS gene and the wheat Lhcb1 *1 gene. The RFLP patterns of common wheat most closely resembled those of T. Dicoccum (Emmer wheat), T. urartu (A genome), Ae. speltoides (S genome) and Ae. squarrosa (D genome). Diversification of genes in the wheat complex appear to have occurred mainly at the diploid level. Based on RFLP patterns, B and S genomes were clustered into two major groups. The fragment numbers per genome were reduced in proportion to the increase of ploidy level for all four genes, suggesting that some mechanism(s) might operate to restrict, and so keep to a minimum, the gene numbers in the polyploid genomes. However, the RbcS genes, located on 2BS, were more conserved (double dosage), indicating that the above mechanism(s) does not operate equally on individual genes.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00223649
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  • 16
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    RFLP analysis in chrysanthemum. I. Probe and primer development (1994)
    Springer
    Theoretical and applied genetics 88 (1994), S. 472-478 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-2242
    Keywords: RFLP ; PCR ; Chrysanthemum ; Genetic diversity ; Polyploidy
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract In order to study genetic variability at the DNA level in chrysanthemum (Dendranthema grandiflora Tzvelev) PstI and HindIII genomic libraries were constructed. Probes from both libraries were tested for the presence of restriction fragment length polymorphisms (RFLPs). Of the probes from the PstI library 91% appeared to hybridize to low-copy genes, while only 35% of those from the HindIII library appeared to do so. The PstI probes were used in further analyses as 79% of them showed RFLPs, whereas the HindIII low-copy number probes gave only 14% polymorphic patterns. Because of the hexaploid character of chrysanthemum, complex patterns generally consisting of 6–12 fragments were visible on a Southern blot after hybridization. To simplify the genetic analysis, locus-specific polymerase chain reaction (PCR) primers were developed that gave simple polymorphic patterns in a number of cases. The RFLP probes and primers developed will be used in future marker-assisted selection in this polyploid crop.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00223663
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  • 17
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Comparative RFLP mapping of Hordeum vulgare and Triticum tauschii (1994)
    Springer
    Theoretical and applied genetics 89 (1994), S. 865-872 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-2242
    Keywords: Comparative mapping ; RFLP ; Barley ; Triticum tauschii ; Genome evolution
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Hordeum vulgare (barley) and Triticum tauschii are related, but sexually incompatible, species. This study was conducted to determine the extent of homology between the genomes of barley and T. tauschii using a common set of restriction fragment length polymorphism (RFLP) markers. Results showed that 〉95% of low-copy sequences are shared, but 42% of the conserved sequences showed copy-number differences. Sixty-three loci were mapped in T. tauschii using RFLP markers previously mapped in barley. A comparison of RFLP marker order showed that, in general, barley and T. tauschii have conserved linkage groups, with markers in the same linear orders. However, six of the seven linkage groups of T. tauschii contained markers which mapped to unrelated (i.e., non-homoeologous) barley chromosomes. Additionally, four of the T. tauschii linkage groups contained markers that were switched in order with respect to barley. All the chromosome segments differing between T. tauschii and barley contained markers that were detected by multi-copy probes. The results suggest that the observed differences between the T. tauschii and barley genomes were brought about by duplications or deletions of segments in one or both species. The implications of these findings for genetic mapping, breeding, and plant genome evolution are discussed.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00224511
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    RFLP-based genetic relationships of Einkorn wheats (1994)
    Springer
    Theoretical and applied genetics 88 (1994), S. 818-823 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-2242
    Keywords: Diploid wheat ; Einkorn ; RFLP ; Taxonomy
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract To study the relationships between different species of the Einkorn group, 55 different accessions ofTriticum monococcum,T. boeoticum,T. urartu,T. sinskajae,T. thaoudar andT. aegilopoides were analyzed. Fifteen anonymous probes and four clones corresponding to storage protein genes were used for detecting restriction fragment length polymorphisms (RFLPs). The DNA was restricted with the restriction enzymesAluI,HaeIII,RsaI andTaqI. The 25 probe/enzyme combinations employed yielded a total of 488 polymorphic fragments. Statistical analyses were performed using Jaccard's coefficient of similarity and principal coordinate analysis. Different values of similarity within the three main taxa,monococcum,boeoticum andurartu, were obtained; the grouping at the species level was quite well reflected by the RFLP analysis done here. The coincidence between RFLP data and the subspecies classification of theT. monococcum group was only partial. OneT. urartu accession is clearly different from all of the other 54 accessions. The need for an RFLP based revision of the Einkorn taxonomy is evident.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01253991
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    Restriction site and length polymorphism of the rDNA unit in the cultivated basidiomycetePleurotus cornucopiae (1994)
    Springer
    Theoretical and applied genetics 88 (1994), S. 824-830 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-2242
    Keywords: Pleurotus cornucopiae ; rDNA unit ; RFLP ; Ribosomal polymorphism
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract In the ribosomal DNA unit ofPleurotus cornucopiae, the rDNA coding regions are in the order 5′, 5S-18S-5.8S-25S, 3′, with the 5′ location of the 5S gene differing from its 3′ location found in other basidiomycetes. The most discriminating probe used to study the rDNA polymorphism consisted of a fragment that included the 5S, 18S and part of the 5.8S and 25S genes flanking three intergenic sequences. A high degree of rDNA polymorphism was observed in the sevenP. cornucopiae dikaryons studied. For the first time within a basidiomycete species, the restrictions maps distinguished two types of rDNA units (I and II). In each rDNA type, length variations in the external intergenic sequence IGS 1 located between the 25S and 5S genes allowed characterization of two different rDNA units in type I and four rDNA units in type II. This suggested that theP. cornucopiae rDNA units were derived from two kinds of ancestors (type I and II) by insertion or deletion events (100–700 bp) in the IGS 1. In four dikaryotic strains, two rDNA units of the same type (I or II) differing only by the IGS 1 length, were found in a similar number of copies, and presented a meiotic segregation in homokaryotic progeny. In one progeny, some homokaryotic strains possessed two different rDNA units: one with a high copy number and another with a lower one, showing that two different rDNA units could coexist in a single nucleus.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01253992
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    Comparison of RFLP and RAPD markers to estimating genetic relationships within and among cruciferous species (1994)
    Springer
    Theoretical and applied genetics 88 (1994), S. 973-980 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-2242
    Keywords: DNA ; RFLP ; RAPD ; Brassica ; Genetic relationships
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Restriction fragment length polymorphism (RFLP) and random amplified polymorphic DNA (RAPD) markers are being used widely for evaluating genetic relationships of crop germplasm. Differences in the properties of these two markers could result in different estimates of genetic relationships among some accessions. Nuclear RFLP markers detected by genomic DNA and cDNA clones and RAPD markers were compared for evaluating genetic relationships among 18 accessions from six cultivated Brassica species and one accession from Raphanus sativus. Based on comparisons of genetic-similarity matrices and cophenetic values, RAPD markers were very similar to RFLP markers for estimating intraspecific genetic relationships; however, the two marker types gave different results for interspecific genetic relationships. The presence of amplified mitochondrial and chloroplast DNA fragments in the RAPD data set did not appear to account for differences in RAPD- and RFLP-based dendrograms. However, hybridization tests of RAPD fragments with similar molecular weights demonstrated that some fragments, scored as identical, were not homologous. In all these cases, the differences occurred at the interspecific level. Our results suggest that RAPD data may be less reliable than RFLP data when estimating genetic relationships of accessions from more than one species.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00220804
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    Genetic diversity in European wheat and spelt breeding material based on RFLP data (1994)
    Springer
    Theoretical and applied genetics 88 (1994), S. 994-1003 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-2242
    Keywords: Wheat ; Spelt ; RFLP ; Marker Genetic diversity
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Fifty-two winter wheat (Triticum aestivum L.), nine spring wheat, and 20 spelt (Triticum spelta L.) lines representing part of the European breeding germplasm, were assayed for RFLPs (restriction fragment length polymorphisms) with 56 wheat DNA clones and two barley cDNA clones. Objectives of this study were to (1) determine the level of variation for RFLPs in the wheat and spelt breeding lines, (2) characterize the genetic diversity within the European winter wheat germplasm, and (3) evaluate the usefulness of RFLP markers for pedigree analysis and the grouping of wheat and spelt lines of various origins. Seventy-three of the 166 RFLP loci detected with 58 probes and one restriction enzyme were polymorphic for the 81 lines. The percentage of polymorphic loci was greatest for the B genome (58%) and smallest for the D genome (21%). Among the 81 lines, 271 different RFLP bands were detected. RFLP band frequencies of the winter wheat lines differed considerably (≥0.5) from those of the spring wheat lines at five loci, and from those of the spelt lines at 17 loci. Eight cultivars that had a major impact as progenitors on the development of improved winter wheat cultivars accounted for 93% of the observed RFLP bands in winter wheat. Genetic distance (GD) estimates between two lines ranged between 0.01 and 0.21. Mean GD estimates within winter wheat (0.083), within spring wheat (0.108) and within spelt (0.096) were smaller than between spring and winter wheat (0.114), and greatest between winter wheat and spelt (0.132) and spring wheat and spelt (0.148). Principal coordinate analysis performed on GD estimates revealed a clear separation of wheat and spelt germplasm. Novel spelt lines with various proportions of wheat germplasm were positioned between wheat and traditional spelt lines. The spring wheat lines formed a distinct group at the periphery of the distribution of the winter wheat lines. Subgroupings of the winter wheat lines according to the cluster analysis were in good agreement with their origin, and lines with common ancestors were grouped together.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00220807
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    Crossover distribution in barley analysed through RFLP linkage data (1994)
    Springer
    Theoretical and applied genetics 89 (1994), S. 211-216 
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    ISSN: 1432-2242
    Keywords: Hordeum vulgare ; RFLP ; Genetic map ; Recombination ; Crossover
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract The pattern of recombination in barley with regard to (1) the distribution of crossover points among whole gametes, (2) the distribution of crossover points among individual chromosomes and (3) the distribution of crossover points within chromosomes has been analysed using data sets underlying two recently published restriction fragment length polymorphism (RFLP) linkage maps representing male and female meiosis, respectively. The data indicated that the process of recombination had been random with no interference. The two data sets gave similar results, indicating that male and female meiosis in barley do no differ significantly. The possibility of using RFLP data in studies of crossover distribution is stressed.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00225144
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    Characterization of a family of tandemly repeated DNA sequences in Triticeae (1994)
    Springer
    Theoretical and applied genetics 89 (1994), S. 217-225 
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    ISSN: 1432-2242
    Keywords: Evolution ; Tandemly repeated DNA sequences ; Phylogenetic relationships ; RFLP ; Poaceae
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract The recombinant plasmid dpTa1 has an insert of relic wheat DNA that represents a family of tandemly organized DNA sequences with a monomeric length of approximately 340 bp. This insert was used to investigate the structural organization of this element in the genomes of 58 species within the tribe Triticeae and in 7 species representing other tribes of the Poaceae. The main characteristic of the genomic organization of dpTa1 is a classical ladder-type pattern which is typical for tandemly organized sequences. The dpTa1 sequence is present in all of the genomes of the Triticeae species examined and in 1 species from a closely related tribe (Bromus inermis, Bromeae). DNA from Hordelymus europaeus (Triticeae) did not hybridize under the standard conditions used in this study. Prolonged exposure was necessary to obtain a weak signal. Our data suggest that the dpTa1 family is quite old in evolutionary terms, probably more ancient than the tribe Triticeae. The dpTa1 sequence is more abundant in the D-genome of wheat than in other genomes in Triticeae. DNA from several species also have bands in addition to the tandem repeats. The dpTa1 sequence contains short direct and inverted subrepeats and is homologous to a tandemly repeated DNA sequence from Hordeum chilense.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00225145
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    Estimation of sampling variance of molecular marker data using the bootstrap procedure (1994)
    Springer
    Theoretical and applied genetics 89 (1994), S. 259-264 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-2242
    Keywords: RFLP ; Bootstrap ; Sampling variance ; Zea mays
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Knowledge of genetic relationships among genotypes is useful in a plant breeding program because it permits the organization of germplasm and provides for more efficient sampling. The genetic distance (GD) among genotypes can be estimated using random restriction fragment length polymorphisms (RFLPs) as molecular markers. Knowledge of the sampling variance associated with RFLP markers is needed to determine how many markers are required for a given level of precision in the estimate of GD. The sampling variance for GD among all pairs of 37 maize (Z. mays L.) inbred lines was estimated from 1202 RFLPs. The 1202 polymorphisms were generated from 251 enzyme-probe combinations (EPC). The sampling variance was used to determine how large a sample of RFLPs was required to provide a given level of precision. The coefficient of variation (CV) associated with GD has a nearly linear relationship between its expected standard deviation and mean. The magnitude of the decrease in the mean CV for GD with increasing numbers of bands was dependent upon the sampling unit; e.g., individual polymorphic bands vs EPC, and the degree of relatedness among the inbreds compared. The rate of reduction in mean CV with increasing sample size was the same regardless of the restriction enzyme used, BamHI, EcoRI or HindIII, when the bootstrap sampling units were individual polymorphic bands. In constrast, although the rate of reduction (slopes) was the same, the intercepts of the mean CVs were different when EPCs were used as the bootstrap sampling unit. This difference was due to the higher number of bands per EPC in BamHI (4.94) compared with EcoRI (4.83) and HindIII (4.63).
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00225151
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    A study of genetic variation and evolution of Phyllostachys (Bambusoideae: Poaceae) using nuclear restriction fragment length polymorphisms (1994)
    Springer
    Theoretical and applied genetics 89 (1994), S. 265-270 
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    ISSN: 1432-2242
    Keywords: Bamboo ; Phyllostachys ; RFLP ; Variation ; Evolution
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Phylogenetic and taxonomic difficulties are common within the woody bamboos, due to their unique life cycle, which severely limits the availability of floral characters. To addresss some of these problems, 20 species of woody bamboos in the genus Phyllostachys were analyzed using nuclear restriction fragment length polymorphisms (RFLPs). The RFLP data were used to generate genetic distances between all pairs of taxa and to examine the degree of genetic variation within and among bamboo species. The genetic distances were also used to create dendrograms of accessions and species. These trees supported the current division of the genus into two sections and provided some information on the thorny taxonomic problems in this group. We show that RFLPs can be used for species identification and the delineation of species limits.
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    Molecular evidence for the hybrid origin of Paulownia Taiwaniana based on RAPD markers and RFLP of chloroplast DNA (1994)
    Springer
    Theoretical and applied genetics 89 (1994), S. 271-275 
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    ISSN: 1432-2242
    Keywords: RAPD ; RFLP ; Chloroplast DNA ; Natural hybrid ; Paulownia taiwaniana
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Genomic DNA of Paulownia fortunei, P. kawakamii and P. taiwaniana were amplified with 10-base primers of arbitrary sequences using the polymerase chain reaction (PCR). A total of 351 DNA fragments were amplified from 23 primers and of these 265 fragments (75.5%) were polymorphic. Almost all of the PCR-amplified products of P. taiwaniana were shared by either P. fortunei or P. kawakamii, or both, and the number of polymorphic fragments shared by P. taiwaniana and P. fortunei was about equivalent to those shared by P. taiwaniana and P. kawakamii. Restriction fragments of chloroplast DNA (cpDNA) purified from Paulownia species and from reciprocal crosses between P. fortunei and P. kawakamii were analyzed. Restriction enzyme SalI-digested cpDNA showed an identical pattern in both P. kawakamii and P. taiwaniana. These results further support the hypothesis that P. taiwaniana is the natural hybrid between P. fortunei and P. kawakamii and that the maternal parent of P. taiwaniana is P. kawakamii.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00225153
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    Molecular markers shared by diverse apomictic Pennisetum species (1994)
    Springer
    Theoretical and applied genetics 89 (1994), S. 636-642 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-2242
    Keywords: Apomixis ; Agamospermy ; Pearl Millet ; Interspecific hybrids ; RFLP ; RAPD
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Two molecular markers, a RAPD (randomly amplified polymorphic DNA) and a RFLP/STS (restriction fragment length polymorphism/sequence-tagged site), previously were found associated with apomictic reproductive behavior in a backcross population produced to transfer apomixis from Pennisetum squamulatum to pearl millet. The occurrence of these molecular markers in a range of 29 accessions of Pennisetum comprising 11 apomictic and 8 sexual species was investigated. Both markers were specific for apomictic species in Pennisetum. The RFLP/STS marker, UGT 197, was found to be associated with all taxa that displayed apomictic reproductive behavior except those in section Brevivalvula. Neither UGT197 nor the cloned RAPD fragment OPC-04600 hybridized with any sexually reproducing representatives of the genus. The cloned C04600 was associated with 3 of the 11 apomictic species, P. ciliare, P. massaicum, and P. squamulatum. UGT197 was more consistently associated with apomictic reproductive behavior than OPC04600 or cloned C04600, thus it could be inferred that UGT197 is more closely linked to the gene(s) for apomixis than the cloned C04600. The successful use of these probes to survey other Pennisetum species indicates that apomixis is a trait that can be followed across species by using molecular means. This technique of surveying species within a genus will be useful in determining the relative importance of newly isolated markers and may facilitate the identification of the apomixis gene(s).
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00222459
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    RFLP analysis of mitochondrial DNA from cytoplasmic male-sterile lines of pearl millet (1994)
    Springer
    Theoretical and applied genetics 88 (1994), S. 441-448 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-2242
    Keywords: RFLP ; Mitochondrial DNA ; Cytoplasmic male sterility ; Pearl millet
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) from 13 cytoplasmic male-sterile (cms) lines from diverse sources were characterized by Southern blot hybridization to pearl millet and maize mtDNA probes. Hybridization patterns of mtDNA digested with PstI, BamHI, SmaI or XhoI and probed with 13.6-, 10.9-, 9.7- or 4.7-kb pearl millet mtDNA clones revealed similarities among the cms lines 5141 A and ICMA 1 (classified as the S-A1 type of cytoplasm based on fertility restoration patterns), PMC 30A and ICMA 2. The remaining cms lines formed a distinct group, within which three subgroups were evident. Among the maize mitochondiral gene clones used, the coxI probe revealed two distinct groups of cytoplasms similar to the pearl millet mtDNA clones. The atp9 probe differentiated the cms line 81 A4, derived from P. glaucum subsp. monodii, while the coxII gene probe did not detect any polymorphism among the cms lines studied. MtDNA digested with BamHI, PstI or XhoI and hybridized to the atp6 probe revealed distinct differences among the cms lines. The maize atp6 gene clone identified four distinct cytoplasmic groups and four subgroups within a main group. The mtDNA fragments hybridized to the atp6 gene probe with differing intensities, suggesting the presence of more than one copy of the gene in different stoichiometries. Rearrangements involving the coxI and/or rrn18-rrn5 genes (mapped within the pearl millet clones) probably resulted in the S-A1 type of sterility. Rearrangements involving the atp6 gene (probably resulting in chimeric form) may be responsible for male sterility in other cms lines of pearl millet.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00223658
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    Use of recombinant substitution lines in the construction of RFLP-based genetic maps of chromosomes 6A and 6B of tetraploid wheat (Triticum turgidum L.) (1994)
    Springer
    Theoretical and applied genetics 89 (1994), S. 703-712 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-2242
    Keywords: RFLP ; Genetic mapping ; Triticum turgidum Recombinant substitution lines (RSLs) ; Mapmaker G-Mendel
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract RFLP-based genetic maps of chromosomes 6A and 6B of Triticum turgidum have been constructed using data obtained by the study of Triticum turgidum var ‘durum’ cv ‘Langdon’-T. t. var ‘dicoccoides’ recombinant substitution lines (RSLs) supplemented with data obtained from F3 families derived from ‘Langdon’ dicoccoides 6A and 6B disomic substitution lines. The average RFLP frequencies detected for the two chromosomes in a test of 45 DNA clones with six restriction enzymes were 56% and 53%, respectively, and a subset of 32 clones gave frequencies of 75% and 72%, respectively. Seventeen loci were mapped in 6A and 18 in 6B. With the possible exception of 5 loci in the centromeric region of 6A, all of the mapped 6A and 6B loci are located in the same arm as are homologous loci in hexaploid wheat, and the linear order of the loci is the same in the two chromosomes, except possibly close to the centromere. Major differences in genetic distances exist between homologous loci located in the proximal regions of the 6AL and 6BL linkage groups, however, the distances being much larger in the former than in the latter. The 6B maps that were constructed using data from both the RSL and the F2 populations and using data from the RSL population alone closely resemble one another, indicating that the 6B RSL population, composed of 85 lines, can be reliably used for genetic mapping. Additional studies must be conducted before the utility of the 6A RSL population, composed of 66 lines, can be adequately assessed.
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    Sequence-tagged sites (STSs) as standard landmarkers in the rice genome (1994)
    Springer
    Theoretical and applied genetics 89 (1994), S. 728-734 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-2242
    Keywords: STS ; RFLP ; Rice ; Genetic map ; Coding region
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Generating sequence-tagged sites (STSs) is a prerequisite to convert a genetic map to a physical map. With the help of sequence information from these STSs one can also isolate specific genes. For these purposes, we have designed PCR primer sets, of 20 bases each, by reference to sequences of restriction fragment length polymorphism (RFLP) landmarkers consisting of rice genomic clones. These markers were evenly distributed over the 12 chromosomes and were shown to be single copy by Southern-blot analysis. With improved PCR protocols, 63 standard STS landmarkers in the rice genome were generated. Similarity searches of all partial sequences of RFLP landmarkers by the FASTA algorithm showed that 2 of the 63 RFLP landmarkers, G357 and G385, contained part of the ORFs of aspartate aminotransferase and protein kinase, respectively.
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    Somatic hybrids between Solanum etuberosum and diploid, tuber bearing Solanum clones (1994)
    Springer
    Theoretical and applied genetics 89 (1994), S. 775-782 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-2242
    Keywords: Somatic hybrid ; Solanum etuberosum ; S. tuberosum ; S. berthaultii ; RFLP
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Electrofusion was used to obtain somatic hybrids between Solanum etuberosum (2n=2x=24) and two diploid potato lines. These hybridizations were conducted to determine if haploidxwild species hybrids are better fusion partners than conventional S. tuberosumGp. Tuberosum haploids. Restriction fragment length polymerase (RFLP) analyses of the putative somatic hybrids confirmed that each parental genome was present. The somatic hybrids between S. etuberosum and a haploid S. tuberosum clone, US-W730, were stunted and had curled, purple leaves. In contrast, somatic hybrids between S. etuberosum and a haploidxwild species hybrid (US-W 730 haploidx S. berthaultii), were vigorous and generally tuberized under field conditions. These hybrids were designated as E+BT somatic hybrids. Analyses of 23 E+BT somatic hybrids revealed a statistically significant bias towards the retention of S. etuberosum chloroplasts. Stylar incompatibilities were observed when the E+BT somatic hybrids were used as pollen donors in crosses with S. tuberosum cultivars. Reciprocal crosses did not show this incompatibility. The progeny were vigorous and had improved tuber traits when compared to the maternal E+BT parent. RFLP analyses of three sexual progeny lines confirmed the presence of all 12 S. etuberosum chromosomes. In two of these lines, RFLPs that marked each of the 24 chromosome arms of S. etuberosum were present. However, RFLP markers specific for regions on chromosomes 2, 7, and 11 were missing from the third clone. Because other markers for these chromosomes were present in the progeny line, these results indicated the likelihood of pairing and recombination between S. etuberosum and S. tuberosum chromosomes.
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    Molecular analysis of plants regenerated from embryogenic cultures of wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) (1994)
    Springer
    Theoretical and applied genetics 87 (1994), S. 821-828 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-2242
    Keywords: RFLP ; Tissue culture ; Triticum aestivum ; Wheat
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Total DNAs of plants regenerated from immature embryo-derived 2-month-old embryogenic calli of wheat (cultivars Florida 302, Chris, Pavon, RH770019) were probed with six maize mitochondrial genes (atpA, atp6, apt9, coxI, coxII, rrn18-rrn5), three hypervariable wheat mitochondrial clones (K′, K3, X2), five random pearl millet mitochondrial clones (4A9, 4D1, 4D12, 4E1, 4E11) and the often-used wheat Nor locus probe (pTA71), in order to assess the molecular changes induced in vitro. In addition, protoplast-derived plants, and 24-month-old embryogenic and non-embryogenic calli and cell suspension cultures of Florida 302 were also analyzed. No variation was revealed by the wheat or millet mitochondrial clones. Qualitative variation was detected in the nonembryogenic suspension culture by three maize mitochondrial genes (coxI, rrn18-rrn5, atp6). A callus-specific 3.8-kb Hind III fragment was detected in all four cultivars after hybridization with the coxI gene. The organization of the Nor locus of the plants regenerated from Florida 302 and Chris was stable when compared to their respective control plants and calli. The Nor locus in regenerants of Pavon and RH, on the other hand, was found to be variable. However, Nor locus variability was not observed in 14 individual seed-derived control plants from either Pavon or RH sources. In Pavon, a 3.6-kb Taq I or a 5.6-kb Bam HI+ Eco RI fragment was lost after regeneration. In one of the RH regenerants, which lost a fragment, an additional fragment was observed.
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    QTL analysis of trichome-mediated insect resistance in potato (1994)
    Springer
    Theoretical and applied genetics 87 (1994), S. 973-987 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-2242
    Keywords: Potato ; Trichome ; Insect resistance ; RFLP ; QTL
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Genetic mapping of several components of a complex type of insect resistance has been undertaken as a means toward more efficient use of the valuable characteristics of a wild relative of potato. RFLP maps constructed on interspecific diploid progenies of Solanum tuberosum × S. berthaultii were used in conjunction with morphological, biochemical and biological phenotyping to identify quantitative trait loci (QTLs) contributing to trichome-mediated insect resistance. By superimposing QTL data for a wide range of phenotypes including biochemical assays, correlative and direct screens for insect resistance, and adaptation to the target environment on the genetic maps, we have addressed the organization, action and interaction of genes controlling the resistance mechanism. The outcome contributes to an understanding of the association between component traits and between desirable and undesirable features of the donor species generated in an applied breeding program. Research is proceeding toward the development of selectable markers for the introgression and transfer of this resistance among potato gene pools.
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    RFLP-based phylogenetic analysis of wide compatibility varieties in Oryza sativa L. (1994)
    Springer
    Theoretical and applied genetics 88 (1994), S. 65-69 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-2242
    Keywords: Oryza sativa L. ; RFLP ; Wide compatibility ; Subspecies differentiation ; Heterosis
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Twenty-one wide compatibility varieties (WCVs) of rice together with three indica and three japonica testers were assayed with 160 DNA probes that were selected to represent the entire RFLP map at an average interval of 11 cM. On the basis of four enzyme digestion 125 probes detected polymorphisms among the WCVs and subspecies' testers. Among these polymorphic probes there were 68 that could distinguish the indica from the japonica testers. Two dendrograms were constructed on the basis of 398 polymorphic fragments of 125 probes and 139 polymorphic fragments of 68 subspecies' differentiating probes in combination with single enzymes, respectively. The reliability and representativeness of the testers and the levels of DNA variations among WCVs were estimated. The potential of WCVs in the utilization of intersubspecific heterosis is discussed.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00222395
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    Identification and localization of molecular markers linked to the Lr9 leaf rust resistance gene of wheat (1994)
    Springer
    Theoretical and applied genetics 88 (1994), S. 110-115 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-2242
    Keywords: Leaf rust ; RAPD ; RFLP ; Triticum aestivum ; Triticum spelta
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Near-isogenic lines (NILs) for the leaf rust resistance gene Lr9 were screened for polymorphisms at the molecular level. RAPD (random amplified polymorphic DNA) primers as well as RFLP (restriction fragment length polymorphism) markers were used. Out of 395 RAPD primers tested, three showed polymorphisms between NILs, i.e., an additional band was found in resistant lines. One of these polymorphic bands was cloned and sequenced. Specific primers were synthesized, and after amplification only resistant lines showed an amplified product. Thus, these primers define a sequence-tagged site that is specific for the translocated fragment carrying the Lr9 gene. A cross between a resistant NIL and the spelt (Triticum spelta) variety ‘Oberkulmer’ was made, and F2 plants were analyzed for genetic linkage. All three polymorphisms detected by the PCR (polymerase chain reaction) and one RFLP marker (cMWG684) showed complete linkage to the Lr9 gene in 156 and 133 plants analyzed, respectively. A second RFLP marker (PSR546) was closely linked (8±2.4 cM) to the Lr9 gene and the other four DNA markers. As this marker maps to the distal part of the long arm of chromosome 6B of wheat, Lr9 and the other DNA markers also map to the distal region of 6BL. All three PCR markers detected the Lr9 gene in independently derived breeding lines and varieties, thus proving their general applicability in wheat breeding programs.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00222402
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    Relationships among Cichorium species and related genera as determined by analysis of mitochondrial RFLPs (1994)
    Springer
    Theoretical and applied genetics 88 (1994), S. 159-166 
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    ISSN: 1432-2242
    Keywords: Mitochondrial DNA ; RFLP ; Asteraceae ; Cichorium
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Mitochondrial DNA polymorphism was employed to assess cytoplasmic diversity among cytoypes of the genus Cichorium and related genera of the tribe Lactuceae (Asteraceae). Hybridization patterns of total DNA using six restriction enzymes and five heterologous mtDNA probes were examined. From estimates of mtDNA diversity, Cichorium spinosum appeared as an ecotype of C. intybus rather than a separate species. Interspecific mtDNA polymorphism in the genus Cichorium was higher than that observed in Cicerbita Crepis, Lactuca and Tragopogon. Molecular data seemed to indicate that Catananche is very distant from the other genera examined. Intergeneric comparisons allowed the clustering of Cicerbita, Lactuca and Cichorium, genera which belong to different subtribes. However, further molecular investigations on a larger number of genera are needed to clarify the relationships among genera within and between subtribes of the tribe Lactuceae.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00225892
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    A unique cytoplasmic male sterility (CMS) determinant is present in three Phaseolus species characterized by different mitochondrial genomes (1994)
    Springer
    Theoretical and applied genetics 88 (1994), S. 314-320 
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    ISSN: 1432-2242
    Keywords: RFLP ; mtDNA diversity ; Phaseolus coccineus ; P. polyanthus ; P. vulgaris ; cytoplasmic male sterility
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Previous results have shown that cytoplasmic male sterility (CMS) in lines from Phaseolus coccineus and Phaseolus vulgaris contain the same CMS-specific sequence, raising the question of whether this sequence rearrangement arose before divergence of the two species or afterward with subsequent transfer by introgression. Hybridization patterns of total DNA from eight P. vulgaris lines with cytoplasm from P. coccineus and three P. vulgaris lines were examined in order to analyze the mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) diversity within each species and to determine differences between CMS lines derived from the two species. Three restriction enzymes and 17 heterologous mtDNA sequences were used. The analysis of the different hybridization patterns revealed a considerable diversity in mtDNA organization particularly within P. coccineus. We obtained distinctive hybridization patterns for the five CMS lines tested. The resulting classification showed that mitochondrial genomes from P. coccineus CMS lines group with those of fertile P. coccineus but not with CMS lines from P. vulgaris. The groupings concur with the taxonomic classification of these lines. The results support the hypothesis of a single ancient origin of the CMS determinant and exclude the transfer of cytoplasm by introgression from P. vulgaris to P. coccineus and P. coccineus ssp polyanthus.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00223638
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    RFLP markers associated with Sr22 and recombination between chromosome 7A of bread wheat and the diploid species Triticum boeoticum (1994)
    Springer
    Theoretical and applied genetics 89 (1994), S. 1039-1045 
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    ISSN: 1432-2242
    Keywords: RFLP ; Sr22 ; Triticum aestivum ; T. boeoticum ; Recombination
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Analysis of the bread wheat variety Schomburgk, and related lines in its pedigree, identified RFLP markers associated with the segment of chromosome 7A carrying the Sr22 gene derived from the diploid species T. boeoticum. The distribution of the RFLP markers indicated that at least 50% of 7AS and 80% of 7AL in Schomburgk is of T. boeoticum origin. Evaluation of five sets of nearisogenic lines, backcross lines in 20 different genetic backgrounds and an F2 population segregating for Sr22 demonstrated a very low level of recombination between the 7A chromosomes of T. boeoticum and T. aestivum. Several recombinants carrying Sr22 but with a much reduced segment of T. boeoticum were identified and these may prove useful in the breeding of further varieties with Sr22.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00224536
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    RFLP diversity in cultivated sorghum in relation to racial differentiation (1994)
    Springer
    Theoretical and applied genetics 88 (1994), S. 838-844 
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    ISSN: 1432-2242
    Keywords: Sorghum ; RFLP ; Genetic diversity Cultivated ; Racial differentiation
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Careful assessment of the comparative diversity for molecular markers and for potentially-useful morpho-agronomic traits is paramount to the analysis of a genome through the mapping of favorable genes. Sorghum (Sorghum bicolor ssp.bicolor) varieties are traditionally classified into five races on the basis of morphological traits, especially panicle and grain traits. Isozyme diversity has provided a new insight into genetic diversity, and showed a marked geographic structure. We performed RFLP analysis on 94 varieties, chosen to represent the main cross combinations (race × geographic origin), using 35 maize probes that detect polymorphism with at least one of the two restriction enzymesHindIII andXbaI. A total of 50 polymorphic probe-enzyme combinations yielded 158 polymorphic bands. The bicolor race appeared highly variable and included many rare markers. Among the other races multivariate analysis of the data differentiated six clusters corresponding, by decreasing magnitude of divergence, to: the margaritiferum types (a sub-race of race guinea); the guinea forms from western Africa; race caudatum; race durra; race kafir; and the guinea forms from southern Africa.The apparent geographic differentiation was related to the contrasting distribution of these races and to a higher similarity between races localized in southern Africa. The data agree with the current hypotheses on sorghum domestication but reveal associations between neutral markers and traits probably highly subjected to human selection. Whether such associations will be observed with other useful traits, and to what extent they are maintained by genetic linkage, is worth exploring.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01253994
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    Molecular cloning and analysis of one member of a polymorphic family of GACA-hybridising DNA repeats in tomato (1994)
    Springer
    Theoretical and applied genetics 88 (1994), S. 845-851 
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    ISSN: 1432-2242
    Keywords: Tomato ; Lycopersicon esculentum ; GACA ; Genetic fingerprinting ; RFLP ; PCR
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Simple sequence repeat oligonucleotides were used to probe the tomato genome for elements displaying variability amongst commercial cultivars. The oligonucleotide (GACA)4 was found to be particularly informative on genotype screening blots, hybridising to a highly polymorphic family of elements, and was used to clone one such member from a lambda library. The GACA-hybridisation was localised to a 1.3-kbHinfI fragment within the original 15-kb lambda insert. This 1,349-bp subclone (pT-GACA-2:1.3) was used to probe 27 Californian processing varieties and found to be capable of distinguishing all from each other, thus demonstrating its utility as a genetic fingerprinting probe for cultivar identification. Hybridisation occurred to approximately 10 major high molecular weight (〉 4-kb) bands, most of which segregated independently in F2 populations, as well as a large number of less clearly resolvable smaller fragments. Sequence analysis of the cloned element reveals that it is almost entirely composed of GACA or GATA repeats. These tetranucleotides are organised into distinct repetitive domains, consisting either of tandem arrays of each tetranucleotide or interspersions of GACA and GATA to form dodecanucleotides that are then further repeated. The boundaries between domains contain sufficient departures from the concensus repeat to allow construction of unique polymerase chain reaction (PCR) primers. Amplification from two such contiguous regions identifies length variation in both, thus yielding a genotype screen appropriate for high-throughput applications, such as assessment of purity in F1 hybrid seed lots.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01253995
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    The semidwarf gene, sd-1, of rice (Oryza sativa L.). II. Molecular mapping and marker-assisted selection (1994)
    Springer
    Theoretical and applied genetics 89 (1994), S. 54-59 
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    ISSN: 1432-2242
    Keywords: Rice ; Semidwarf gene (sd-1) ; RFLP ; Molecular marker ; Marker-assisted selection
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract To establish the location of the semidwarf gene, sd-1, the anthocyanin activator (A), purple node (Pn), purple auricle (Pau), and the isozyme locus, EstI-2, in relation to DNA markers on the molecular linkage map of rice, 20 RFLP markers, previously mapped to the central region of chromosome 1 (McCouch et al. 1988), were mapped onto an F2 population derived from the cross Taichung 65 (A,Pn,Pau)/Taichung 65 (sd-1). sd-1 and EstI-2 were determined to be linked most tightly to RFLP markers RG 109 and RG 220, which cosegregated with each other. The distance between these RFLP markers and sd-1 was estimated to be 0.8 cM, based on an observed recombination value of 0.8%. The order of genes and markers in this region of chromosome 1 was determined to be sd-1 — (EstI-2 — RG220 — RG109) — RG381 — A — Pn — Pau. To test the efficacy of selection for sd-1 based on these linked markers, 50-day-old F2 seedlings derived from another cross, Milyang 23/Gihobyeo, were analyzed for marker genotype. At this age, the semidwarf character could not be clearly detected based on phenotype. In addition, plant height was normally distributed in this population, making it difficult to unambiguously identify plants carrying sd-1. Thirteen seedlings homozygous for the sd-1-associated allele at EstI-2, RG220 and RG109, and 13 seedlings homozygous for the Sd-1-associated allele at all three marker loci were selected for further genetic analysis. At 20 days after heading, the culm lengths of these 26 plants were measured and the expected phenotype was confirmed in every case. These 26 plants were then selfed for four generations and F6 lines were again evaluated to determine whether any recombination among the three molecular markers, or between these markers and the sd-1 gene, could be detected. No recombinants were identified, confirming the tight linkage of these loci and the usefulness of genotypic selection for this recessive semidwarf character prior to the time when it can be evaluated based on phenotype.
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    Identification of wheat-Agropyron cristatum monosomic addition lines by RFLP analysis using a set of assigned wheat DNA probes (1994)
    Springer
    Theoretical and applied genetics 89 (1994), S. 70-75 
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    ISSN: 1432-2242
    Keywords: Triticum aestivum ; Agropyron cristatum ; Alien addition ; RFLP ; Non-radioactive labelling
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract A non-radioactive digoxigenin-labelled DNA method was used successfully to identify RFLP markers in 54 Triticum aestivum cv ‘Chinese Spring’ — Agropyron cristatum (2n=28, genome PPPP) P-genome monosomic addition lines. Southern analysis using a set of 14 DNA probes identifying each homoeologous chromosome arm, combined with two restriction enzymes HindIII and EcoRI, indicated that six A. cristatum chromosomes (1P, 2P, 3P, 4P, 5P and 6P) and five A. cristatum chromosome arms (2PS, 2PL, 5PL, 6PS and 6PL) have been individually added to the wheat genome. The added chromosomes of three lines were Agropyron translocated chromosomes. It was also found that two addition plants possessed an Agropyron-wheat translocation. These results showed that RFLP analysis using the set of assigned wheat probes was a powerful tool in detecting and establishing homoeology of alien A. cristatum chromosomes, or arms, added to wheat, as well as in screening the alien addition material. The creation of the monosomic addition lines should be useful for the transfer of disease-resistance genes from A. cristatum to wheat.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00226985
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    Chromosomal localization and molecular-marker tagging of the powdery mildew resistance gene (Lv) in tomato (1994)
    Springer
    Theoretical and applied genetics 89 (1994), S. 76-79 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-2242
    Keywords: Powdery mildew (Leveillula taurica) ; Tomato ; RAPD ; RFLP ; Lv
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract We report the tagging of a powdery mildew [Leveillula taurica (Lév.) Arnaud.] resistance gene (Lv) in tomato using RAPD and RFLP markers. DNA from a resistant (cv Laurica) and a susceptible cultivar were screened with 300 random primers that were used to amplify DNA of resistant and susceptible plants. Four primers yielded fragments that were unique to the resistant line and linked to the resistance gene in an F2 population. One of these amplified fragments, OP248, with a molecular weight of 0.7 kb, was subsequently mapped to chromosome 12, 1 cM away from CT134. Using RFLP markers located on chromosome 12, it was shown that approximately one half of chromosome 12 (about 42 cM), in the resistant variety is comprised of foreign DNA, presumably introgressed with the resistance gene from the wild species L. chilense. Further analysis of a backcross population revealed that the Lv gene lies in the 5.5-cM interval between RFLP markers, CT211 and CT219. As a prelude to map-based cloning of the Lv gene, we are currently enriching the density of markers in this region by a combination of RAPD primers and other techniques.
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    Structure and organization of the B genome based on a linkage map in Brassica nigra (1994)
    Springer
    Theoretical and applied genetics 89 (1994), S. 590-598 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-2242
    Keywords: Linkage map ; Brassica nigra ; RFLP ; RAPD
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract We constructed a genetic map on Brassica nigra based on a segregating population of 83 F2 individuals. Three different types of molecular markers were used to build the map including isozymes, restriction fragment length polymorphisms (RFLP), and random amplified polymorphic DNA (RAPD). The final map contained 124 markers distributed in 11 linkage groups. The map covered a total distance of 677 cM with the markers distributed within a mean distance of 5.5cM. Of the sequences found in the B. nigra map, 40% were duplicated and organized into three different types of arrangements. They were either scattered throughout the genome, organized in tandem, or organized in blocks of duplicated loci conserved in more than 1 linkage group.
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    Phylogenetic analysis of the genus Hordeum using repetitive DNA sequences (1994)
    Springer
    Theoretical and applied genetics 89 (1994), S. 801-810 
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    ISSN: 1432-2242
    Keywords: Hordeum ; Phylogeny ; Repetitive DNA sequences ; RFLP ; In situ hybridization
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract A set of six cloned barley (Hordeum vulgare) repetitive DNA sequences was used for the analysis of phylogenetic relationships among 31 species (46 taxa) of the genus Hordeum, using molecular hybridization techniques. in situ hybridization experiments showed dispersed organization of the sequences over all chromosomes of H. vulgare and the wild barley species H. bulbosum, H. marinum and H. murinum. Southern blot hybridization revealed different levels of polymorphism among barley species and the RFLP data were used to generate a phylogenetic tree for the genus Hordeum. Our data are in a good agreement with the classification system which suggests the division of the genus into four major groups, containing the genomes I, X, Y, and H. However, our investigation also supports previous molecular studies of barley species where the unique position of H. bulbosum has been pointed out. In our experiments, H. bulbosum generally had hybridization patterns different from those of H. vulgare, although both carry the I genome. Based on our results we present a hypothesis concerning the possible origin and phylogeny of the polyploid barley species H. secalinum, H. depressum and the H. brachyantherum complex.
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    Genetic diversity in cocoa revealed by cDNA probes (1994)
    Springer
    Theoretical and applied genetics 88 (1994), S. 193-198 
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    ISSN: 1432-2242
    Keywords: Theobroma cacao ; RFLP ; diversity study seed cDNA
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract The variability of the cocoa (Theobroma cacao) nuclear genome was investigated. A total of 203 cocoa clones was surveyed for restriction fragment length polymorphisms (RFLPs) using four restriction endonuclease and 31 seed cDNA probes. A high level of polymorphism has been found. This study points to a structuring of the species that fits with the distinction between the Criollo and Forastero populations. These results combined with previously obtained nuclear rDNA and mtDNA data allow us to propose new hypotheses on the origin and evolution of the different cocoa populations.
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    Mapping genes for resistance to barley stripe rust (Puccinia striiformis f. sp. hordei) (1994)
    Springer
    Theoretical and applied genetics 88 (1994), S. 215-219 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-2242
    Keywords: Barley stripe rust ; RFLP ; QTL mapping ; Molecular marker-assisted backcrossing
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Two genes conferring resistance to the barley stripe rust found in Mexico and South America, previously identified as race 24, were mapped to the M arms of barley chromosomes 7 and 4 in a doubled haploid population using molecular markers and the quantitative trait loci (QTL) mapping approach. The resistance gene on chromosome 7 had a major effect, accounting for 57% of the variation in disease severity. The resistance gene on chromosome 4 had a minor effect, accounting for 10% of the variation in trait expression. Two pairs of restriction fragment length polymorphism markers are being used to introgress the resistance genes to North American spring barley using molecular marker-assisted backcrossing.
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    Plastid DNA inheritance and plastome-genome incompatibility in interspecific hybrids of Zantedeschia (Araceae) (1994)
    Springer
    Theoretical and applied genetics 88 (1994), S. 255-260 
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    ISSN: 1432-2242
    Keywords: RFLP ; Hybrid variegation ; Plastid DNA ; Interspecific incompatibility ; Zantedeschia
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Plastid DNA (ptDNA) probes were used in RFLP analysis to determine ptDNA inheritance in interspecific hybrids in Zantedeschia. Biparental and maternal ptDNA inheritance was found in albino hybrids between the evergreen species Z. aethiopica and several winter-dormant species. From two albino hybrids, different types of ptDNA were detected in shoots derived from different parts of an embryo. This result indicates that plastids were sorted out during embryo development. Only maternal ptDNA was detected in the hybrids of Z. aethiopica × Z. odorata (a summer-dormant species) but paternal, biparental, and maternal ptDNA were found in the hybrids of the reciprocal cross. Z. odorata × Z. aethiopica. By correlating these ptDNA inheritance patterns with the leaf colour (albino, pale-green, and green) of the hybrids, it is suggested that the Z. odorata plastome is incompatible with the Z. aethiopica genome. The Z. aethiopica plastome is partially compatible with the Z. odorata genome but the development of Z. aethiopica plastids appears to be blocked by the presence of the Z. odorata plastids.
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    Molecular-marker-facilitated investigation of host-plant response to Exserohilum turcicum in maize (Zea mays L.): components of resistance (1994)
    Springer
    Theoretical and applied genetics 88 (1994), S. 305-313 
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    ISSN: 1432-2242
    Keywords: Breeding ; Helminthosporium turcicum ; RFLP ; QTLs ; Disease-resistance ; Genetics
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract RFLPs were used to investigate components of host-plant response to Exserohilum turcicum in 150 unselected F2∶3 lines of a B52/Mo17 maize population. Following inoculation with spore suspensions of the pathogen (race 0), components of disease development were measured and then quantitative trait mapping was performed to identify the location and effects of quantitative trait loci (QTLs) determining host-plant response. Components of interest were the average number of lesions per leaf, the average percent leaf tissue diseased (severity) and the average size of lesions (cm2). Based on a LOD threshold of 2.31 (P〈0.05), the number of lesions appears to be associated with QTLs on chromosomes 1S, 3L, 5S. Severity was associated with analogous regions and, in addition, QTLs on chromosomes 7L and 8L. Most QTLs, for either of these two components, involve additive gene action and partial dominance or overdominance. In contrast, lesion size was associated with QTLs on chromosomes 7L and 5L; recessive gene action may be involved at 7L.
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    Epistatic expression of quantitative trait loci (QTL) in soybean [Glycine max (L.) Merr.] determined by QTL association with RFLP alleles (1994)
    Springer
    Theoretical and applied genetics 88 (1994), S. 486-489 
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    ISSN: 1432-2242
    Keywords: RFLP ; QTL ; Epistasis ; Soybean ; Recombinant inbreds
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Quantitative trait values for seed oil and protein content or for maturity were measured in recombinant inbred lines (RIL) of soybean derived from a cross between two soybean cultivars: ‘Minsoy’ PI 27890 and ‘Noir 1’ PI 290136. Seed oil was found to be inversely correlated to protein content. By analyzing DNA from plants with extreme phenotypes, we were able to identify quantitative trait loci (QTL) for these traits as being linked to several restriction fragment length polymorphism (RFLP) loci, including R183 for oil and protein content and R79 for maturity. Cumulative distributions of trait values were graphed for those RIL with ‘Minsoy’ alleles and for those with ‘Noir 1’ alleles. As already suggested by the alleles found associated with extreme phenotypes, the distributions were consistent with an independent and additive expression of the maturity QTL linked to R79. That is, the cumulative distributions for plants with ‘Minsoy’ alleles and for plants with ‘Noir 1’ alleles were similar in shape, but the entire ‘Noir 1’ curve had been shifted to later maturity dates. In contrast, the trait distributions for a locus affecting oil and protein content linked to R183 were not compatible with an additive model. These results suggest that this approach can be used for rapid identification of QTLs with epistatic expression.
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    Mitochondrial DMA variation in somatic embryogenic cultures ofLarix (1994)
    Springer
    Theoretical and applied genetics 88 (1994), S. 727-732 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-2242
    Keywords: Mitochondria ; Larix ; RFLP ; Somatic embryogenesis ; Somaclonal variation
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract outhern hybridization analysis using wheat mitochondrial gene-specific probes indicates that changes in mitochondrial genomic organization and the relative representation of certain genomic regions occur during in vitro somatic embryogenic cell culture ofLarix species. We observed differences in the mitochondrial (mt)DNA hybridization patterns between somatic embryogenic cell cultures and trees grown from seed forLarix leptolepis,L. decidua, and the reciprocal hybrids of these twoLarix species. This is the first study to describe the correlation of molecular changes in a gymnosperm mitochondrial genome with in vitro somatic embryogenic cell culture. Quantitative differences in mtDNA hybridization signals were also observed among a 4-year-old somatic embryogenic cell culture ofLarix ×eurolepis trees regenerated from this culture, and the seed source tree from which the somatic embryogenic cell cultures were initiated.
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    CMS in rye: comparative RFLP and transcript analyses of mitochondria from fertile and male-sterile plants (1994)
    Springer
    Theoretical and applied genetics 89 (1994), S. 1014-1018 
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    ISSN: 1432-2242
    Keywords: CMS-Secale ; RFLP ; Differential transcription ; cob ; atpA ; atp9
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract The mitochondrial (mt) genomes of rye (Secale cereale L.) lines with “normal” and cytoplasmic male sterility (CMS) inducing “Pampa” cytoplasm were compared by detailed restriction fragment length polymorphism (RFLP) and Northern analyses. RFLP analyses using several heterologous mt genes as probes revealed considerable differences in the overall structure of the two mt genomes. With cob and atpA, the data indicate intragenic recombination and/or different copy numbers of these genes in the two cytoplasms. In spite of this heterogeneity at DNA level, the transcriptional patterns of nine out of ten mitochondrial genes analysed are unaffected. The exception is in the “Pampa” cytoplasm which contains an additional cob-homologous transcript. Since this transcript is strongly reduced in the presence of restorer genes, it might causally be correlated to the CMS phenotype.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00224532
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    Genetic mapping of the Gy4 and Gy5 glycinin genes in soybean and the analysis of a variant of Gy4 (1994)
    Springer
    Theoretical and applied genetics 89 (1994), S. 297-304 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-2242
    Keywords: Storage protein ; Genome ; RFLP
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract The predominant storage protein of soybean [Glycine max (L.) Merr.] seed is a globulin called glycinin. Thus far five genes encoding glycinin subunits have been described, and these are denoted by the gene symbols Gy1 to Gy5. The objectives of this study were to map two of these genes, Gy4 and Gy5, and to conduct a genetic analysis of a subunit size-variant from an allele of Gy4. For this purpose a population was formed with an interspecific cross between PI 468916 (G. soja) and A81-356022 (G. max). The two size forms of G4, the subunit from Gy4, segregated codominantly in the mapping population, and were due to a short insertion in the hypervariable region of the mutant protein. The biochemical and molecular characteristics of the two subunits indicate that they are produced from alternate alleles of the same gene. The gene symbols Gy a and Gy b have been assigned to the normal and variant genes, respectively. When genomic DNA from the two parents was probed with a Gy4 cDNA, RFLPs were identified for both Gy4 and Gy5. Using these genetic markers, the Gy4 and Gy5 glycinin genes were mapped in linkage group “O” and “F” on the public soybean genomic map.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00225158
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    Identification of homoeologous chromosomes in hexaploid oat (A. byzantina cv Kanota) using monosomics and RFLP analysis (1994)
    Springer
    Theoretical and applied genetics 89 (1994), S. 329-335 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-2242
    Keywords: Avena byzantina ; A. sativa ; RFLP ; Homoeology ; C-banding ; Aneuploids ; RFLP mapping
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract The use of RFLP markers, together with a partial set of monosomics available in Avena byzantina cv Kanota, has enabled us to identify putative homoeologous chromosome sets in hexaploid Avena species (2n = 6x = 42, AACCDD). We first identified probes producing distinct three-band patterns on Southern blots that possibly reflect orthologous loci of the three genomes present in the hexaploid. Using monosomic analysis, 51 different restriction fragments that hybridized to 26 probes were localized to 12 different chromosomes for which monosomic stocks were available. These DNA restriction fragments were localized to specific monosomics using image analysis to quantify band intensity relative to other bands in the same lane. From these data, we have tentatively identified two complete homoeologous sets of three chromosomes each and two partial sets of two of the three chromosomes. The results indicate that RFLP dosage analysis is useful in the characterization of homoeologous chromosomes in hexaploid oat where nullisomics for many of the chromosomes are not available. Mention of a trademark or proprietary product does not constitute a guarantee or warranty by the USDA-ARS or the University of Minnesota and does not imply approval over other products that also may be suitable
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00225163
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    Detection and inheritance of RFLPs in Eucalyptus nitens (1994)
    Springer
    Theoretical and applied genetics 89 (1994), S. 397-402 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-2242
    Keywords: RFLP ; Eucalypts ; Inheritance
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract The level of polymorphism using genomic and cDNA probes with a number of restriction enzymes and the inheritance of the RFLP loci was investigated in E. nitens. The polymorphism detected with 366 genomic and cDNA probes and three to six restriction enzymes was analysed in three-generation outbred pedigrees. No difference in the level of polymorphism detected with genomic versus cDNA probes was observed. There was a difference in the efficiency of detection of polymorphism with six different restriction enzymes, with three of the enzymes (BglII, DraI and EcoRI) showing substantially more polymorphism than the others. There was no significant correlation between the size of the DNA fragments generated by the enzymes and the detection of polymorphism. Several cases of restriction-site mutations resulting in a polymorphism were observed. The inheritance of 69 loci was analysed in two pedigrees resulting from interpopulational crosses. The majority of the loci segregated according to expected ratios with distortion observed in only 3% of loci. Probes from the cDNA library detected a greater proportion of loci with more than two alleles than did probes from the genomic library. The high polymorphism, large number of alleles, and ease of interpretation of RFLPs in E. nitens means that they will be useful in a range of applications such as genetic linkage maps and paternity analysis.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00225372
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    RFLP studies of genetic relationships among inbred lines of the cultivated sunflower, Helianthus annuus L.: evidence for distinct restorer and maintainer germplasm pools (1994)
    Springer
    Theoretical and applied genetics 89 (1994), S. 419-425 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-2242
    Keywords: Sunflower ; RFLP ; Genetic diversity ; Cytoplasmic male sterility
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract One-hundred-and-eighty-one nuclear DNA probes were used to examine restriction-fragment length polymorphism in inbred lines of the cultivated sunflower (Helianthus annuus L.). The probes were from six libraries: two genomic libraries — one made with PstI and the other with HindIII, and four cDNA libraries — from etiolated plantlets, green leaves, ovaries, petals and anthers. Total DNA from 17 inbred lines representing an overview of the genetic stocks of sunflower, including restorer and maintainer lines of the classical cytoplasmic male sterility, was digested with four different restriction enzymes and probed in 331 probe-enzyme combinations. Of 181 clones analysed, 73 probes were found to be polymorphic. Genetic distances between inbreds were calculated from the resultant proportion of shared bands and submitted to principal component analysis and the UPGMA ‘tree-making’ method. The RFLP analysis allowed a clear differentiation between restorer and maintainer lines of the cytoplasmic male sterility, together with a grouping of some of the genotypes from the same origin. The analysis of the accuracy of distance estimation as a function of the number of probe-enzyme combinations used, indicates that 40–50 combinations ensure a confidence level of near 95%. Considering the inbreds as representatives of the range of cultivated inbreds, estimates of gene diversity, as well as estimates of average gene diversity between and within the sets of restorer and maintainer lines, were calculated. Estimation of gene diversity showed that the available genetic variability in cultivated sunflower, based on allelic frequencies, is lower than that of other plants (H=0.20). Moreover, we show that the proportion of genetic variability due to the difference between maintainer and restorer lines (Dm) is about 2%.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00225376
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    An RFLP-based genetic map of pearl millet (Pennisetum glaucum) (1994)
    Springer
    Theoretical and applied genetics 89 (1994), S. 481-487 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-2242
    Keywords: Pearl millet ; RFLP ; Translocation Genetic maps
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Analysis of a sample of diverse pearl millet genotypes with 200 genomic DNA probes revealed this crop species to be extremely polymorphic. Among these genotypes, 85% of probes detected polymorphism using only two restriction enzymes, with an average pair-wise polymorphism between all of the probe-enzyme combinations of 56%. Two crosses were employed to construct an RFLP-based genetic map. In an intervarietal F2 population, derived from a single F1 plant, 181 loci were placed on a linkage map. The total length of this map, which comprised seven linkage groups, was 303 cM and the average map distance between loci was about 2 cM, although a few intervals in excess of 10 cM were present at the ends of a few linkage groups. Very few clones, including those which hybridized to more than one copy, detected more than one locus in the pearl millet genome. The analysis was complicated initially because 83 of the 181 loci mapped to a single linkage group. Analysis of a second cross identified a probable translocation breakpoint in the middle of this large linkage group.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00225384
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    Task specialization in a wild bee, Apis florea (Hymenoptera: Apidae), revealed by RFLP banding (1994)
    Springer
    Behavioral ecology and sociobiology 34 (1994), S. 25-30 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0762
    Keywords: Honey bee ; Subfamily ; RFLP ; Task specialization ; Dwarf honey bee ; Thailand ; Multiple mating
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Workers in a wild in situ colony of the dwarf honey bee, Apis florea, were observed undertaking the following behavior: liquid foraging, pollen foraging, guarding, stinging, fanning and wagging abdomen. Bees of each behavioral class were separately collected and frozen. Collections were made over a period of 10 days. Random samples of brood and workers were also collected. DNA was extracted from each bee and “fingerprinted” using a probe of unknown sequence obtained from an A. mellifera genomic library. Patterns of fingerprints (Fig. 1) were dissimilar among behavioral classes (Tables 1 and 2), strongly suggesting a genetic component to division of labor in this species. This result supports similar findings in A. mellifera in a species that is not troubled by many of the experimental difficulties inherent in A. mellifera.
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    Molecular and physiological evaluation of transgenic tobacco plants expressing a maize phosphoenolpyruvate carboxylase gene under the control of the cauliflower mosaic virus 35S promoter (1994)
    Springer
    Transgenic research 3 (1994), S. 287-296 
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    ISSN: 1573-9368
    Keywords: C4-plant ; maize ; phosphoenolpyruvate carboxylase ; quantum yield ; transgenic tobacco
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract The expression of maize (Zea mays) phosphoenolpyruvate carboxylase (PEPC) gene constructs in transgenic tobacco plants (Nicotiana tabacum) was studied. Where transcription was under the control of a CaMV 35S promoter, maize PEPC transcripts of the correct size were detected. Western blot analysis indicated that the transgenic plants contained about twice as much PEPC as non-transformed plants. Furthermore, the enzymatic activity of PEPC in the leaves of these transgenic plants was up to twice as high as that in non-transformed plants. Two forms of PEPC with different kinetic properties were identified in leaf extracts of the transgenic plants: one form (the maize isoform) gave a high apparentK m value for phosphoenolpyruvate (PEP) and a high maximum activity, and the other (the tobacco isoform) exhibited a low apparentK m value for PEP and a low maximum activity. These biochemical differences resulted in several significant physiological changes in the transgenic plants: (1) the growth rate of the transgenic plants was lower than that of non-transgenic plants: (2) chlorophyll content per leaf area was relatively lower in the transgenic plants; and (3) the quantum yield of photosynthesis in the transgenic plants was not affected by changes in leaf temperature.
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    Restriction fragment length polymorphisms distinguish among accessions ofCeratopteris thalictroides andC. richardii (Parkeriaceae) (1994)
    Springer
    Plant systematics and evolution 189 (1994), S. 193-202 
    Details
    ISSN: 1615-6110
    Keywords: Homosporous ferns ; Parkeriaceae ; Ceratopteris ; C. thalictroides ; C. richardii ; RFLP ; cDNA ; polyploidy
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract We have used cDNA clones as probes on Southern blots to detect restriction fragment length polymorphisms among sevenCeratopteris thalictroides accessions, threeC. richardii accessions, and one putative interspecific hybrid. We found that the stringency of post-hybridization washes was a critical parameter affecting the quality of our blots; even with homologous cDNA sequences low stringency conditions resulted in a smear of signal, but high stringency washes gave blots with distinct bands. Most probes showed hybridization with four or more genomic fragments. Similarities in the number and size of fragments between and within species indicated that (i)C. richardii shows limited polymorphism among accessions tested, (ii)C. thalictroides is highly polymorphic, and (iii) Hawaiian accessions ofC. thalictroides are divergent relative to their continental cohorts and among themselves. The putative interspecific hybrid did not group closely with either of these species.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00939725
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    Restriction fragment length polymorphisms of the phytohemagglutinin genes inPhaseolus andVigna (Leguminosae) (1994)
    Springer
    Plant systematics and evolution 191 (1994), S. 131-146 
    Details
    ISSN: 1615-6110
    Keywords: Leguminosae ; Phaseolus ; Vigna ; Lectin genes ; phylogeny ; diversity ; RFLP
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Restriction fragment length polymorphisms at the phytohemagglutinin (PHA) locus were determined among 21 genotypes ofPhaseolus vulgaris, P. coccineus, P. acutifolius, P. lunatus, and threeVigna species, using five restriction enzymes and one double digestion, in order to provide molecular evidence for their genetic relatedness. The dissimilarity between genotypes was estimated from binary RFLP data. The dissimilarity was high among species (from 0.75 to 0.95), and of variable extent among genotypes of the same species (0.33–0.89). InP. vulgaris, two different DNA hybridization patterns were found, giving further evidence for two major gene pools in that species. The restriction patterns ofP. vulgaris var.aborigineus, the putative ancestral form ofP. vulgaris, exhibit clear homology toP. vulgaris genotypes. An undefined landrace from Taiwan could be identified as aP. vulgaris genotype. RFLP-based trees for the phytohemagglutinin genes of the species studied were computed with several distance matrix and parsimony methods.
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    Segregation analysis and RFLP mapping of the R1 and R3 alleles conferring race-specific resistance to Phytophthora infestans in progeny of dihaploid potato parents (1994)
    Springer
    Molecular genetics and genomics 242 (1994), S. 749-754 
    Details
    ISSN: 1617-4623
    Keywords: Potato ; Solanum tuberosum ; Phytophthora infestans ; RFLP ; R genes
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Phytophthora infestans (Mont.) de Bary is the most important fungal pathogen of the potato (Solanum tuberosum). The introduction of major genes for resistance from the wild species S. demissum into potato cultivars is the earliest example of breeding for resistance using wild germplasm in this crop. Eleven resistance alleles (R genes) are known, differing in the recognition of corresponding avirulence alleles of the fungus. The number of R loci, their positions on the genetic map and the allelic relationships between different R variants are not known, except that the R1 locus has been mapped to potato chromosome V The objective of this work was the further genetic analysis of different R alleles in potato. Tetraploid potato cultivars carrying R alleles were reduced to the diploid level by inducing haploid parthenogenetic development of 2n female gametes. Of the 157 isolated primary dihaploids, 7 set seeds and carried the resistance alleles R1, R3 and R10 either individually or in combinations. Independent segregation of the dominant R1 and R3 alleles was demonstrated in two F1 populations of crosses among a dihaploid clone carrying R1 plus R3 and susceptible pollinators. Distorted segregation in favour of susceptibility was found for the R3 allele in 15 of 18 F1 populations analysed, whereas the RI allele segregated with a 1:1 ratio as expected in five F1 populations. The mode of inheritance of the R10 allele could not be deduced as only very few F1 hybrids bearing R10 were obtained. Linkage analysis in two F1 populations between R1, R3 and RFLP markers of known position on the potato RFLP maps confirmed the position of the R1 locus on chromosome V and localized the second locus, R3, to a distal position on chromdsome XI.
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    Quantitative trait loci (QTLs) for pollen thermotolerance detected in maize (1994)
    Springer
    Molecular genetics and genomics 245 (1994), S. 424-430 
    Details
    ISSN: 1617-4623
    Keywords: Pollen thermotolerance ; Maize ; Quantitative trait loci (QTLs) ; RFLP
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Pollen thermotolerance is an important component of the adaptability of crops to high temperature stress. The tolerance level of the different genotypes in a population of 45 maize recombinant inbred lines was determined as the degree of injury caused by high temperature to pollen germinability (IPGG) and pollen tube growth (IPTG) in an in vitro assay. Both traits revealed quantitative variability and high heritability. The traits were genetically dissected by the analysis of molecular markers using 184 mapped restriction fragment length polymorphisms (RFLPs). Significant genetic correlation between the markers and the trait allowed us to identify a minimum number of five quatitative trait loci (QTLs) for IPGG and six QTLs for IPTG. Their chromosomal localization indicated that the two characters are controlled by different sets of genes. In addition, IPGG and IPTG were shown to be basically independent of the pollen germination ability and pollen tube growth rate under non-stress conditions. These results are discussed in relation to their possible utilization in a breeding strategy for the improvement of thermotolerance in maize.
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    Transgenic tomato lines containing Ds elements at defined genomic positions as tools for targeted transposon tagging (1994)
    Springer
    Molecular genetics and genomics 243 (1994), S. 666-673 
    Details
    ISSN: 1617-4623
    Keywords: Lycopersicon esculentum ; Ac/Ds ; Transposon tagging ; Inverse PCR ; RFLP ; linkage analysis
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract We have introduced a genetically marked Dissociation transposable element (Ds HPT ) into tomato (Lycopersicon esculentum) by Agrobacterium tumefaciens-mediated transformation. Probes for the flanking regions of the T-DNA and transposed Ds HPT elements were obtained with the inverse polymerase chain reaction (IPCR) technique and used in RFLP linkage analyses. The RFLP map location of 11 T-DNAs carrying Ds HPT was determined. The T-DNAs are distributed on 7 of the 12 tomato chromosomes. To explore the feasibility of gene tagging strategies in tomato using Ds HPT , we examined the genomic distribution of Ds HPT receptor sites relative to the location of two different, but very closely linked, T-DNA insertion sites. After crosses with plants expressing Ac transposase, the hygromycin phosphotransferase (HPT) marker on the Ds element and the excision markers β-glucuronidase (GUS) and Basta resistance (BAR) facilitated the identification of plants bearing germinally transposed Ds HPT elements. RFLP mapping of 21 transposed Ds HPT elements originating from the two different T-DNA insertions revealed distinct patterns of reintegration sites.
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    Molecular phylogeny in the Lardizabalaceae (1994)
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    Journal of plant research 107 (1994), S. 339-348 
    Details
    ISSN: 1618-0860
    Keywords: Chloroplast DNA ; Lardizabalaceae ; Molecular phylogeny ; rbcL ; RFLP ; Sequencing
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Eleven species belonging to seven genera in the Lardizabalaceae were analyzed in terms of restriction fragment length polymorphism (RFLP) of chloroplast DNA and the sequence of the chloroplast gene,rbcL, of Lardizabalaceae and its related families. Phylogenetic trees inferred from parsimony, neighbor joining and maximum likelihood methods based on RFLP data showed that two South American genera,Boquila andLardizabala, and three East Asian genera,Akebia, Holboellia andStauntonia are closely related to each other, respectively. On the other hand, the parsimony, neighbor joining and maximum likelihood trees constructed using sequence data of therbcL gene showed thatAkebia, Stauntonia, Boquila andLardizabala clustered as(((Akebia, Stauntonia), Boquila), Lardizabala). This difference may be attributable to fewer informative sites inrbcL genes than in RFLP in this family.Decaisnea diverges at the very base of the Lardizabalaceae.
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    Response of root mRNA population to sulphate shortage in maize seedlings (1994)
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    Plant and soil 162 (1994), S. 309-313 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5036
    Keywords: in vitro translation ; maize ; nutrient stress proteins ; Poly(A)+RNA ; sulphate deprivation
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract Roots of ten-days-old seedlings obtained from a maize hybrid grown in complete or in sulphate-deprived medium were used to extract Poly(A)+RNA. The response to sulphate deprivation, which is known to increase the uptake capacity up to ten times, was manifested also by the expression of three mRNA species, as shown by the in vitro translation of the mRNA population. One hour after transfer to complete nutrient medium all three mRNAs were still present.
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    Plagiogravitropism of maize roots (1994)
    Springer
    Plant and soil 165 (1994), S. 327-332 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5036
    Keywords: gravitropism ; maize ; nodal roots ; plagiogravitropism ; seminal roots ; Zea mays L.
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract The direction of root growth can be studied by analyzing the trajectories of roots growing in soil. Both the primary seminal root and nodal roots of maize attain a preferred, or liminal, angle of growth that deviates from the vertical. These roots are said to be plagiogravitropic. Experiments using plants grown in soil-filled boxes revealed that the primary seminal root is truly plagiogravitropic. It shows both positive and negative gravitropism in response to gravity stimuli and tends to maintain its direction even after growing around obstacles. These are experimental results suggesting that plagiogravitropic growth is controlled by internal factors. The orientation of the grain affects the establishment of the liminal angle of the primary seminal root, and both the position of their node of origin and the root diameter are closely related to the plagiogravitropic behaviour of nodal roots. Several external factors are also known to influence plagiogravitropism. Low soil water content causes a decrease in the angle of growth and soil mechanical resistance suppresses the gravitropic curvature. Plagiogravitropic behaviour of both seminal and nodal roots plays a significant role in shaping the root system.
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    Relationships among ancestral species of sugarcane revealed with RFLP using single copy maize nuclear probes (1994)
    Springer
    Euphytica 78 (1994), S. 7-18 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5060
    Keywords: introgression ; phylogeny ; polyploidy ; RFLP ; Saccharum ; sugarcane
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Summary DNA restriction fragment length polymorphism (RFLP) analysis was performed on 50 wild and old cultivated sugarcane accessions. Ninety-four maize low copy nuclear DNA sequences of known chromosomal position were screened for hybridization to digested sugarcane genomic DNA blots. Seventy-five (80%) gave very strong hybridization signals and usually yielded many bands and detected profuse polymorphism. Twenty-nine probes and 36 probe/enzyme combinations were selected on the basis of the scorability of the banding profiles. A total of 1110 fragments were separately identified among the 50 genotypes. Multivariate analyses of the data allowed the separation of the three basic species, Saccharum spontaneum, S. robustum and S. officinarum, showed that S. spontaneum had structure which could be related to the geographic origin of the clones and supported current hypotheses on the origin of secondary species S. barberi and S. sinense. The use of more probes did not improve the resolution between the various species examined but identified a few key polymorphisms which were not accounted for by current phylogenetic hypotheses and can guide future analyses. RFLPs in sugarcane will be useful essentially for depicting the genomic constitution of modern varieties of interspecific origin.
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    Genetic and environmental effects on abscisic acid accumulation in leaves of field-grown maize (1994)
    Springer
    Euphytica 78 (1994), S. 81-89 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5060
    Keywords: abscisic acid ; inheritance ; drought stress ; Zea mays ; maize
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Summary This study analyzes the components of phenotypic variation for abscisic acid (ABA) content in maize (Zea mays L.) leaves and the correlations with drought sensitivity index (DSI) and silk delay (SD), involved in the reaction to water deficit. Eight early- and seven medium-maturity inbreds were examined in field trials: in 1990 with low irrigation volume and in 1991 with low and high irrigation volumes. ABA concentration and DSI were investigated at growth stages (S) corresponding to stem elongation (S3), appearance of the first husks (S4), and mid-end of silking (S5). The ABA concentration was significantly higher in conditions of water deficit and in the later growth stage. The genetic component for ABA concentration attained higher relative values than those shown by DSI in the same growth stages and by SD; moreover, it increased from growth stage 3 to stage 5. The genotype × year and genotype × irrigation volume interactions were smaller for ABA concentration than for DSI and SD. The broad sense heritability on a plant basis, estimated in drought conditions, for ABA concentration ranged from 21.4 to 55.1% according to maturity group and growth stage. A wide variation was observed among lines for ABA concentration: the medium-maturity group showed a three-fold range (from 219 to 605 ng ABA g−1 dry weight). No clear relationships between ABA concentration, DSI and SD were found. These results indicate the feasibility of a selection for ABA concentration within segregating populations derived from crosses between the inbred lines herein tested.
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    Feedback control of gene expression (1994)
    Springer
    Photosynthesis research 39 (1994), S. 427-438 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5079
    Keywords: acetate ; glucose ; maize ; metabolic repression ; photosynthetic genes ; transcription regulation
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Although feedback regulation of photosynthesis by carbon metabolites has long been recognized and investigated, its underlying molecular mechanisms remain unclear. The recent discovery that glucose and acetate trigger global repression of maize photosynthetic gene transcription provides the first direct evidence that a fundamental mechanism is used for feedback regulation of photosynthesis in higher plants. The metabolic repression of photosynthetic genes has now been found in many higher plants and is likely universal. It overrides other regulation by light, tissue type and developmental stage, and serves potentially as the molecular basis of interactions between sink and source tissues. Using simplified and convenient cellular systems and transgenic plants, the study of metabolic regulation of gene expression offers an excellent opportunity for the understanding of global and coordinate gene control and metabolite-mediated signal transduction in higher plants.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00014596
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    Evaluation of parameters describing the root system architecture of field grown maize plants (Zea mays L.) (1994)
    Springer
    Plant and soil 164 (1994), S. 155-167 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5036
    Keywords: axile roots ; maize ; nodal roots ; root length ; root system ; seminal roots ; Zea mays L.
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract The objective of this work was to study elongation curves of maize axile roots throughout their elongation period under field conditions. Relationships between their elongation rate and the extension rate of their branched region were also studied. Maize, early-maturing cultivar Dea, was grown on a deep, barrier-free clay loam (depth 1.80m). Trenches were dug during four periods until after silking and axile roots were excavated. Parameters measured were total length and the lengths of basal and apical unbranched zones. The rank of the bearing phytomer and general data about the carrying plant were also recorded. Results showed that axile roots from lower phytomers had similar elongation rates irrespective of the rank of the carrying phytomer. This elongation rate declined with root age. A monomolecular elongation model was fitted to the experimental data. Elongation was much slower in roots from upper phytomers. A rough linear relationship was found between the elongation rate of axile roots and the length of the apical unbranched zone. This result suggests that laterals appeared on a root segment a constant time after it was formed. Possible mechanisms with may account for the declining elongation rate with root age (increasing distance from aerial parts or adverse environmental conditions in deep soil layers) and variability between individual roots are also discussed.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00010067
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    Evaluation of parameters describing the root system architecture of field grown maize plants (Zea mays L.) (1994)
    Springer
    Plant and soil 164 (1994), S. 169-176 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5036
    Keywords: branching ; growth ; lateral roots ; maize ; root morphology ; Zea mays L.
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract The architecture of the root system is related to its water and mineral uptake. In this paper, the number, growth, and branching of first-order lateral roots are studied on field grown maize (early maturing cultivar ‘Dea’), mainly in relation to the depth and to the rank of the bearing phytomer. The soil was a deep clay loam, without any barrier until 1.80 m. The branching density was studied along axile roots until 1.40 m from the base, on a sample of individually excavated axile roots. A strong gradient of density was shown: the mean branching density decreased from 12 roots.cm−1 near the base to 4 roots.cm−1 at a 60 cm depth. Seminal roots were less densely branched than nodal roots. The mean difference was about 4 roots.cm−1. The length and branching density of lateral roots were studied on mature parts of the root systems where the growth and branching of the laterals were completed, using samples extracted from large soil monoliths. The length distribution of lateral roots was highly asymmetrical, for every source phytomer (mean: 25 mm; median: 16 mm). Many lateral roots were very short, and only 2 % reached a length higher than 10 cm. Only 29 % of all the laterals bore second-order lateral roots. Vigorous laterals branched more systematically and more profusely: the branching density varied from 2 to 5 roots.cm−1 according to the length of the mother lateral root. Both the number and length of lateral roots appeared to be affected by the soil bulk density which varied with the depth.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00010068
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    Amino-acid influx at the soil-root interface of Zea mays L. and its implications in the rhizosphere (1994)
    Springer
    Plant and soil 163 (1994), S. 1-12 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5036
    Keywords: amino-acids ; maize ; rhizosphere ; root exudates
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract The aim of the study was to investigate the ability of intact Zea mays. L. roots to regulate the amount of free amino-acids present in the rhizosphere. Using metabolic inhibitors it was demonstrated that the release of amino-acids from the root occurred by passive diffusion, whilst free amino-acids outside the root could be re-captured by an active transport mechanism. The influx of amino-acids into the root was shown to be relatively independent of spatial location along the root and was little affected by the presence of other organic compounds in solution. It was deduced from root concentration gradients that the main site of amino-acid exudation was at root tips. Amino-acid uptake by the root was shown to be independent of both inorganic-N concentration and the presence of other organic solutes in solution. A computer simulation model was constructed to assess the contribution of organic-N uptake (acidic, basic and neutral amino-acids) to the plant's N budget, in comparison to the inorganic solutes NO3 and NH4. Simulations of N uptake from a 0.5 mm radius rhizosphere indicated that when inorganic-N concentrations in soil were limiting (≤0.1 μmoles cm-3 soil), the uptake of amino-N accounted for up to 90% the total N taken up by the roots. In situations where fertilizer inputs are high, and levels of organic matter in soil are low, the contribution of amino-N might still be expected to form 〈30% of the total N taken up by the root system. It was concluded that the uptake of amino-acids from the rhizosphere may be important in both N nutrition and in the minimization of root C and N losses to the soil. Consequently this may be important in governing the size of the rhizosphere microbial population.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00033935
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    Molecular diversity and genome structure in modern sugarcane varieties (1994)
    Springer
    Euphytica 78 (1994), S. 217-226 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5060
    Keywords: aneuploidy ; linkage disequilibrium ; polyploidy ; RFLP ; sugarcane varieties ; Saccharum officinarum
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Summary RFLP analysis was performed on 40 sugarcane cultivated varieties. Twenty-two maize low copy DNA clones located on different regions of the 10 maize chromosomes were used as probes to survey variability among the sugarcane varieties. A total of 425 fragments, 411 of which were polymorphic, were identified for 22 probe/enzyme combinations. Each variety displayed an average of 7.28 fragments per combination, revealing the complex polyploid origin of modern sugarcane varieties. The average genetic similarity between sugarcane varieties was 0.61. Although cultivated varieties appear closely related to S. officinarum clones, the genes of S. spontaneum seem to constitute the principal component of varietal diversity. A very weak global structuring among the 40 varieties is observed, in agreement with the profuse exchanges of parental materials between sugarcane breeding stations. Traces of linkage disequilibrium can be attributed to the distribution of S. spontaneum chromosomes among sugarcane varieties. The possibility of using modern varieties as a population for detecting associations between molecular markers and agronomic traits is suggested.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00027520
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    Light differentially regulates lateral and longitudinal auxin transport in the mesocotyl of etiolated maize seedlings (1994)
    Springer
    Plant growth regulation 14 (1994), S. 167-171 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5087
    Keywords: auxin-transport ; indoleacetic acid ; maize ; photoinhibition ; transport ; Zea mays
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract The uptake of IAA into excised mesocotyls of non-irradiated maize seedlings was linear up to a concentration of about 4×M and in this range there was a tight coupling between the IAA in the stele and the cortex. Prior irradiation with white light of intact seedlings unbalanced this coupling. Lateral and longitudinal transport were affected differently. In the stele, the effect of prior irradiation on longitudinal transport was multiphasic, with an initial stimulatory effect followed by a negative effect at longer prior irradiation times. The lateral transport from the stele to the cortex showed no stimulatory effect and appeared to be inhibited within at least 15 min. The effect of the prior irradiation on longitudinal transport in the stele appeared to be a high intensity effect. In contrast, the effect of the prior irradiation on the lateral transport from the stele to the cortex was saturated at much lower intensities. The data suggest that the light induced change in the lateral transport of IAA between the two tissues may be due to changes either in the number of open lateral transport channels/carriers or in the conductivity of these channels/carriers.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00025219
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    Comparative isozyme polymorphisms of north American eastern gamagrass,Tripsacum dactyloides var.dactyloides and maize,Zea mays L. (1994)
    Springer
    Genetica 94 (1994), S. 77-83 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-6857
    Keywords: isozymes ; Tripsacum ; maize ; wide hybridizations
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Random samples, consisting of at least 100 individual seedlings, were taken from the diploid (2n=2x=36) eastern gamagrass (Tripsacum dactyloides var.dactyloides) and assayed to determine which of 12 enzyme marker loci and isozyme systems would be most informative in providing satisfactory resolution of both maize andTripsacum isozyme systems. For comparison, eight maize inbreds were included in the study to aid evaluation and comparison of the various isozyme systems. In addition, evaluations were conducted to identify if the identified optimum isozyme system could be used to detectTripsacum introgression in maize following a maize ×Tripsacum backcrossing scheme. Using the established isozyme techniques for maize (Zea mays L.), theAdh, Pgd, Cat, Est, B-Glu, Got, Idh, Tpi isozyme systems detected no polymorphism among theTripsacum individuals assayed. TheEst andB-Glu systems forTripsacum were unscorable due to poor staining and resolution. TheAcp, Mdh, Pgm, andPhi isozyme systems were found to be satisfactory markers for differentiating between eastern gamagrass individuals as well as detectingTripsacum introgression in maize. The availability of useful isozyme systems which can simultaneously provide significant isozyme resolution of maize,Tripsacum and maize-Tripsacum backcross hybrids, on a single gel system, will be useful for the detection of marker assistedTripsacum introgression into maize. In addition, the identification of a set of variable biochemical markers should also assist breeding, selection and genetic manipulations in eastern gamagrass.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01429223
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    Light inducibility and tissue specificity of theR gene family in maize (1994)
    Springer
    Genetica 94 (1994), S. 225-234 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-6857
    Keywords: anthocyanin ; maize ; helix-loop-helix ; tissue specificity ; paramutation
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract The red and purple anthocyanin pigments of plants are visible genetic markers and their spatial and temporal accumulation is strictly regulated. Anthocyanin biosynthesis is also modulated by environmental factors such as light and temperature. Thus this process represents an appealing model system for the study of gene regulation, as well as for studying developmental biology. In maize, the pattern of pigmentation of the plant is controlled by theR, Sn andB genes, a small family of HLH transcription factors. Here we report the pattern of light induction and tissue specific expression of the regulatory and structural genes involved in this biosynthesis. TwoSn alleles differing in their light response have been considered and analyzed by Northern andin situ hybridization experiments. An unusual phenomenon of interaction between the homologousR andSn genes leading to a partial gene silencing is reported. We hypothesize a model in which silencing is achieved through methylation of specific sites.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01443436
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    Microbiological changes in mawè during natural fermentation (1994)
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    World journal of microbiology and biotechnology 10 (1994), S. 410-413 
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    ISSN: 1573-0972
    Keywords: Enterobacteriaceae ; fermentation ; lactic acid bacteria ; maize ; mawè ; yeast
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Abstract Lactic acid bacteria increased from 3.2 × 106 and 1.6 × 107 c.f.u./g (wet wt) to 2 × 109 and 1.6 × 109 c.f.u./g after 12 to 24 h of fermentation of home-produced mawè (a dough produced from dehulled maize) and commercial mawè, respectively. In commercial mawè, the yeast count increased from 1.3 × 105 to 2.5 × 107 c.f.u./g after 48 h of fermentation before decreasing, whereas in the home-produced mawè it increased from 2.5 × 104 to 3.2 × 107 c.f.u./g after 72 h of fermentation; the dominant yeasts were mainly Candida krusei, although C. kefyr, C. glabrata and Saccharomyces cerevisiae were also present. Enterobacteriaceae counts increased slightly during the initial stage ofthe fermentation, but decreased below the detection level after 24 to 48 h. Enterobacter cloacae was mostly found in commercial mawè and Escherichia coli mostly in homeproduced mawè.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00144462
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    Alley cropping and mulching withErythrina poeppigiana (Walp.) O. F. Cook andGliricidia sepium (Jacq.) Walp.: effects on maize/weed competition (1994)
    Springer
    Agroforestry systems 25 (1994), S. 119-134 
    Details
    ISSN: 1572-9680
    Keywords: alley cropping ; Erythrina poeppigiana ; Gliricidia sepium ; weeds ; maize ; mulch ; weed competition ; weed reduction potential
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract The potential of allye cropping systems to sustain a high productivity with low external inputs and the reduction of maize/weed competition through weed suppression in different alley cropping and sole-cropped mulched systems was studied in Costa Rica at CATIE. Data were recorded eight years after establishment of the experiment. Plant residues ofErythrina poeppigiana trees (10 t/ha dry matter) planted at 6 by 3 m reduced weed biomass by 52%, whileGliricidia sepium trees (12 t/ha dry matter) planted at 6 by 0.5 m reduced weed biomass by 28%, in comparison to controls.Erythrina had a considerable impact on grass weeds, whileGliricidia reduced the incidence of some dicot weeds. Weed competition significantly reduced maize yield in all systems. Nevertheless weed suppression contributed to the higher maize grain yield underErythrina andGliricidia alley cropping of 3.8 t per hectare as opposed to the unmulched control yield of 2.0 t per hectare.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00705672
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    Evaluation of phytotoxic effects ofGliricidia sepium (Jacq.) Walp prunings on maize and cowpea seedlings (1994)
    Springer
    Agroforestry systems 26 (1994), S. 249-254 
    Details
    ISSN: 1572-9680
    Keywords: phytotoxicity ; cowpea ; Gliricidia sepium prunings ; maize ; seedlings
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract Phytotoxic effects ofGliricidia prunings were tested on maize seedlings in the laboratory and on maize and cowpea seedlings in the field. In the laboratory test, growth of maize seedlings was significantly depressed by addition of leachate ofGliricidia prunings. In the field, leaf, chlorosis of maize and cowpea seedlings occurred when mulched withGliricidia prunings; number of affected leaves increased with increasing mulch rate. Maize was more susceptible than cowpea. This phytotoxic effect, however, did not reduce growth of maize and cowpea seedlings in the field. ApplyingGliricidia mulch one week before planting eliminated the phytotoxic effects on maize.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00711214
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    The effects of alley cropping withLeucaena leucocephala and of different management practices on the productivity of maize and soil chemical properties in lowland coastal Kenya (1994)
    Springer
    Agroforestry systems 27 (1994), S. 31-51 
    Details
    ISSN: 1572-9680
    Keywords: alley cropping ; leucaena mulch ; dairy cattle slurry ; maize ; cowpea ; lowland coastal tropics
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract The effects of leucaena hedgerows, mulching with leucaena foliage (0,50 and 100% of harvested foliage), cowpea intercropping and adition of dairy cattle slurry (55 t ha−1 per maize crop) on the yield of maize from a sandy soil were assessed. The four-year results from five maize crops are reported. Except in the first year, yields of maize grain and stover were significantly reduced by 30% in the presence of leucaena hedgerows. Use of leucaena mulch eliminated this effect; application of all the harvested leucaena mulch (100%) increased the total maize grain yield of the five crops by 44% over sole maize. Hedgerow and mulching management required an additional 36 mandays labour ha−1 which was more than compensated by the increased maize yields. Furthermore leucaena hedgerows substantially depressed the growth of weeds between cropping seasons. Intercropping with cowpea significantly depressed yields of maize grain and stover when both crops were sown together, but not in later seasons when cowpea was sown four weeks after the maize. Application of slurry increased the total yields of maize grain and stover by 35 and 37%, respectively. The grain yield of maize in leucaena hedgerow treatments fertilized with slurry did not respond to application of more than 50% of leucaena foliage, which suggested that half of the foliage could be spared for feeding to livestock. The cumulative yield of maize grain from the highest yielding organic system was 85% of the yield from the fertilizer treatment. The study, which is continuing, demonstrates that large increases in agricultural productivity are possible through the intercropping of maize with woody forage and grain legumes and the integration of dairy cattle production into the system. It thus shows the importance of exploiting crop/livestock interactions.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00704833
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    Population biology ofHortaea werneckii based on restriction patterns of mitochondrial DNA (1994)
    Springer
    Antonie van Leeuwenhoek 65 (1994), S. 21-28 
    Details
    ISSN: 1572-9699
    Keywords: black yeasts ; Hortaea werneckii ; mtDNA ; RFLP ; tinea nigra
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Fifteen isolates ofHortaea werneckii, causative agent of tinea nigra in man, were examined with respect to restriction fragment length polymorphisms of mitochondrial DNA. Seven types of mtDNA, interpreted as populations, could be distinguished, with similarities between the restriction patterns ranging from 32 to 79%. Much of the variance originated from length mutations. Of the seven populations four represented isolates from man, two of which also comprised isolates from other sources. This makes adaptation ofH. werneckii towards association with man in its evolution unlikely; similarity in the chemical and/or physical characteristics of the different isolation sources, viz. salinity, seems more probable. mtDNA types were not correlated with geographic origin. Isolates with the same mtDNA type are widely geographically distributed.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00878275
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    Relationships among American and Spanish populations of maize (1994)
    Springer
    Euphytica 79 (1994), S. 149-161 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5060
    Keywords: maize ; germplasm ; cluster analysis ; landraces ; Zea mays
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Summary Two experiments were carried out with two objectives. First, to establish the phenetic relationships among the maize (Zea mays L.) landraces from Galicia (Northwestern Spain) maintained at the Misión Biológica de Galicia. Second, to assess the resemblance between a collection of Spanish populations (including the landraces from Galicia) and a set of US Corn Belt varieties. For the first objective 73 varieties from Galicia, along with 9 hybrid checks, were grown in 9×9 simple lattices at two locations for two years. For the second objective 131 populations from the US Corn Belt and Spain, along with 9 hybrid checks, were grown for three years in unreplicated experiments. Cluster analyses were carried out with the first principal components that accounted for a significant amount of the total variation. Four groups were found among the landraces from Galicia. The populations from Spain and America were classified as belonging to nine main groups. The replicated experiment was more accurate than the unreplicated one. However, it is concluded that an unreplicated test grown in several environments is accurate enough to detect the main groups, although some inaccuracies should be expected.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00023586
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    A genomic library of Lycopersicon pennellii in L. esculentum: A tool for fine mapping of genes (1994)
    Springer
    Euphytica 79 (1994), S. 175-179 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5060
    Keywords: Gene mapping ; genomic library ; Lycopersicon ; RFLP ; wild germplasm
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract The cultivated tomato contains only a small fraction of the genetic variation present in its wild relatives. In order to use the wild germplasm in tomato breeding and genetic studies we developed a new kind of genetic resource which is composed of 50 L. esculentum lines each containing a single introgression from the green fruited species L. pennellii (LA 716). Each of the introgression lines is nearly isogenic to the cultivated tomato; these lines provide complete coverage of the wild species genome. The lines contain on the average an introgression of 33 cM from a total genome size of 1200 cM. The size and identity of the introgressed segments was determined based on RFLP analysis of 350 markers. This resource can be viewed as a genomic library of the wild species in the cultivated background. It covers the entire genome with single independent ‘inserts’ per line and therefore every phenotypic difference between the introgression lines can be associated with the unique introgressed segment. The development and potential application of this resource are discussed.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00022516
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    Genetic variation for resistance to low-temperature photoinhibition of photosynthesis in maize (Zea mays L.) (1994)
    Springer
    Euphytica 80 (1994), S. 85-93 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5060
    Keywords: maize ; Zea mays ; photoinhibition ; photosynthesis ; low-temperature adaptation ; breeding
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Summary Sixty-seven inbred lines of maize were evaluated for resistance to low-temperature photoinhibition of photosynthesis, using a pulse-modulated chlorophyll fluorescence technique. The evaluation procedure was based on leaf discs, which were exposed to a high irradiance (1000 µmol/m2/s) at 7°C. The efficiency of open PSII reaction centres as a reflection of overall photosynthesis was measured before and after a photoinhibition-inducing treatment. Exposure of leaf discs to photoinhibitory condition for 2, 4, and 8 hours resulted in an efficiency reduction of 30, 53 and 83%, respectively. Testing of inbred lines showed large differences for photoinhibition susceptibility. The difference in photosynthetic efficiency between the most extreme lines after a treatment of eight hours was 39%. Resistance to photoinhibition was shown to be relevant under cool field conditions. It proved to be a trait strongly amenable to selection.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00039302
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    RFLP characterization of Indian Musa germplasm for clonal identification and classification (1994)
    Springer
    Euphytica 80 (1994), S. 95-103 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5060
    Keywords: RFLP ; cpDNA ; clonal identification ; germplasm classification ; banana ; plantain ; Musa species
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Summary Nineteen single-copy clones isolated from a PstI genomic library (cv. Maiden Plantain), and eight Vigna chloroplast DNA clones were used to probe total genomic DNA digests of 57 genotypes of Musa from India. The 19 genomic clones detected a total of 107 polymorphisms among the 57 genotypes. Principal coordinates and phenetic analyses of these data placed cultivars and species into distinct groups that were in general agreement with a previously published RAPD-based classification of these same plant materials. The 107 polymorphisms were sufficient to differentiate each clone from every other clone. Heterologous Vigna chloroplast DNA probes were used to characterize the cytoplasm of Musa cultivars and species. PCO analysis of these RFLPs were detected both within and between the generally recognized genome groups, indicating multiple hybridization pathways in the origin of hybrid clones. Data presented demonstrate that RFLPs are sufficiently abundant to classify Musa germplasm and that genetic relationships among Musa cultivars, based upon RFLP data, are in general agreement with relationships determined by analysis of morphology and RAPDs.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00039303
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    Response of vesicular-arbuscular mycorrhizas of maize to various rates of P addition to different rooting zones (1994)
    Springer
    Plant and soil 158 (1994), S. 119-128 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5036
    Keywords: maize ; P placement ; P supply ; rooting zone ; VAM colonization
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract Colonization of plant roots by vesicular-arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi is known to be reduced as the phosphorus nutrition of the plant is increased. It is generally accepted that the concentration of P in the plant rather than the soil regulates VAM colonization. Whether it is the shoot P concentration, the mean P concentration in the root system or the P concentration in the specific root being colonized is not known, but is of agronomic significance because fertilizer P is frequently applied in concentrated zones which would be expected to result in higher P concentration in roots growing in the fertilized zone than in the remainder of the root system. Growth chamber and field experiments were conducted to determine the effect on colonization of supplying varying amounts of P to different portions of the rooting zone. In growth chamber studies using a split-pot technique, the proportion of maize (Zea mays L.) root length containing arbuscules in a high-P zone was lower than that of roots of the same plant growing in a low- or medium-P zone. Root P concentration was higher in the high-P zone. In a field experiment conducted over a two-year period, VAM colonization of roots of young maize plants growing in fertilized soil was affected differently than that of roots growing outside the fertilized zone. A small addition of fertilizer P increased colonization of roots in the fertilized soil, but further additions resulted in an abrupt decline followed by a slower further decline, although colonization was not eliminated even by rates of 1600 μg P g-1 soil. Colonization of roots growing outside the fertilized zone declined gradually with increasing P addition but the overall decline was less than for roots in the fertilized zone. The data support the hypothesis that it is P concentration in the portion of the root system being colonized rather than the general P status of the plant which regulates VAM colonization. The agronomic implication of this is that, although a fertilizer band may reduce VAM colonization of roots in the band volume, roots growing outside this volume may be well colonized so the mycorrhizal symbiosis may be an important contributor to P nutrition.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00007924
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    Stably transformed cell lines from protoplasts of maize endosperm suspension cultures (1994)
    Springer
    Plant cell, tissue and organ culture 37 (1994), S. 39-46 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5044
    Keywords: endosperm cell culture ; maize ; protoplast ; transformation ; zeins
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Protoplasts were isolated from Zea mays (L.) A69Y endosperm suspension cultures and transformed by polyethylene glycol mediated DNA uptake with chimaeric gene constructs containing β-glucuronidase (GUS) or neomycin phosphotransferase II (NPTII); GUS-expressing and Kanamycin-resistant cultures were recovered. The transformed cells showed integration of the introduced foreign genes into genomic DNA and maintained their ability to synthesize endosperm-specific reserve proteins (zeins). No deletion or rearrangement of zein genes were observed in transformed cultures. Stable transformation of cultured maize endosperm cells may therefore represent a new methodological approach for the study of the transcriptional regulation of endosperm-expressed genes.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00048115
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  • 89
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    Resistance to soybean cyst nematode and molecular polymorphism in various sources of Peking soybean (1994)
    Springer
    Euphytica 75 (1994), S. 63-70 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5060
    Keywords: cyst nematode ; Heterodera glycines ; diversity ; resistance ; RFLP ; RAPD ; soybean ; Glycine max
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Summary Cultivar Peking has been extensively used as a source of resistance to Race 3 and Race 5 of soybean cyst nematode, Heterodera glycines I., and Peking genes for resistance are present in a wide range of resistant soybean cultivars. Peking is also used as a host differential in the soybean cyst nematode race classification system. Thirteen Peking lines maintained in the USDA Soybean Germplasm Collection and in several breeding programs were surveyed using RFLP and RAPD markers for genetic characterization. Based on the molecular diversity combined with reaction to soybean cyst nematode, Peking genotypes from a common original source were identified. Peking lines PI 297543 (introduction from Hungary), and PI 438496A, PI 438496B and PI 438496C (introductions from Russia) represented unrelated germplasms. Identified molecular polymorphism can be used to validate the genetic purity of Peking lines used as host differentials for soybean cyst nematode classification system as well as utilization of an individual germplasm line in genetic-breeding programs.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00024532
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  • 90
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    Identification of DNA probes that reveal polymorphisms among closely related Phaseolus vulgaris lines (1994)
    Springer
    Euphytica 76 (1994), S. 177-183 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5060
    Keywords: M13 ; minisatellite ; common bean ; Phaseolus vulgaris ; genetic diversity ; RFLP ; DNA fingerprinting
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Summary Analyses of genetic diversity within populations could be of great benefit to plant genetic resources conservation. In order to identify genetic markers that are variable within populations, the genome of Phaseolus vulgaris was screened with several DNA sequences in order to identify hypervariable sequences. Polymorphisms were observed between Middle American and Andean cultivars using the protein III tandem repeat of the M13 phase and the 33.15 human minisatellite. Extensive differences were observed when the DNA of two divergent lines—BAT93 and Jalo EEP558, of Middle American and Andean origin, respectively—were digested with HinfI, TaqI, HaeIII and hybridized with the 33.15 human minisatellite. Similarly, numerous polymorphisms were observed when the M13 protein III tandem repeat region was hybridized with TaqI digests of these cultivars. Polymorphism was also detected among sister lines of two F6 backcross materials involving Middle American and Andean lines when genomic DNA was digested with TaqI and hybridized with M13 tandem repeat region. In addition, polymorphism was observed among Porrillo cultivars that resulted from selection within a single landrace population. Whereas only one isozyme difference had been observed previously among the Porrillo cultivars, eleven restriction fragments detected by the M13 protein III tandem repeat sequence differentiated these cultivars. Ribosomal DNA also hybridized to several polymorphic bands on TaqI and EcoRI genomic Southern blots of the F6 backcross material. Only one polymorphism was observed with EcoRI-digested genomic DNA of BAT93 and Jalo EEP558 was hybridized with microsatellite (GACA)4. This probe might be useful in ascertaining relationships at the species and subspecies level, and as a marker in mapping studies. Our results show that both the human 33.15 minisatellite and M13 should be useful probes to detect within-population variability in common bean.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00022162
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  • 91
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    Phylogenetic relationships of Manihot species revealed by restriction fragment length polymorphism (1994)
    Springer
    Euphytica 76 (1994), S. 227-234 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5060
    Keywords: cassava ; Manihot ; RFLP ; phylogenetic relationships ; multilocus probes
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Summary Two cloned cassava genes (pCAS6, pHNL) and a barley gene (pBLT63) which is highly conserved in higher plants, were evaluated as potential multilocus probes for RFLP analysis of phylogenetic relationships of species within the genus Manihot. For M. rubricaulis, M. chlorosticta and M. esculenta subsp. flabellifolia dendrograms based on 13 probe-restriction enzyme combinations show very little variation between accessions of the same species. A close relationship is demonstrated between the Mexican species M. chlorosticta and the M. esculenta subsp. flabellifolia accessions, which does not support the classification of flabellifolia as a true South American wild species.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00022167
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  • 92
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    Properties of maternal haploid maize plants and potential application to maize breeding (1994)
    Springer
    Euphytica 79 (1994), S. 13-18 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5060
    Keywords: Zea mays ; haploid induction ; maternal haploids ; inducer line ZMS ; maize
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Summary Presented are the results of a two-year study of haploid maize plants in the field. The haploids were produced with the aid of inducer line ZMS. In total, 604 and 1030 haploids were obtained and studied in the first and second years, respectively. Tassels of haploid plants were found to be almost completley sterile. Fertility of ears was studied by pollinating them with the pollen from diploid inbred lines, the cross resulting in almost all of the haploid ears carrying kernels. On average 27.4 kernels per ear of haploid plant were obtained in the first year of study and 26.3 in the second. These gave rise to normal diploid plants. This property allows genotypes selected at the level of haploid plants to be involved in breeding process. Unusual plants were found among haploids, phenotypically resembling homozygous lines. It was assumed that the plants had resulted from spontaneous chromosome doubling in haploids. The results of comparative studies of progenies of unusual plants and inbred lines derived from the same synthetic population are presented.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00023571
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  • 93
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    Changes in the photosynthetic light response curve during leaf development of field grown maize with implications for modelling canopy photosynthesis (1994)
    Springer
    Photosynthesis research 42 (1994), S. 217-225 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5079
    Keywords: photosynthesis ; leaf age ; maize
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Changes in the photosynthetic light-response curve during leaf development were determined for the fourth leaf of maize crops sown on 23 April and 10 June. Temperatures were unusually mild during late spring/early summer and neither crop experienced chilling damage. The concept of thermal time was used to take into account the effects of different temperature regimes on developmental stage, thereby enabling photosynthetic light-response data to be combined for both crops to describe the general response. Large variations in the upper asymptote (Asat) and convexity (Θ) of the light-response curve occurred during leaf development, but the maximum quantum yield of CO2 assimilation remained relatively constant throughout. Dark respiration rates showed a small but significant decrease with leaf age and generally ranged between 5 and 10% of Asat. A simple mathematical model was developed to assess the sensitivity of daily leaf photosynthesis (AL) to reductions in the Asat, Θ and the initial slope (Φ) of the light-response curve at different stages of leaf development. On bright sunny days, and at all developmental stages, AL was ca. twice as sensitive to reductions in Asat than to reductions in Φ and Θ. In overcast conditions, however, all three parameters contributed significantly to reductions in leaf photosynthesis, although the contribution of Φ was greatest during early leaf growth, while older leaves were most sensitive to depressions in Asat. The implications of these results for modelling the sensitivity of canopy photosynthesis to chill-induced photoinhibition of the light-response curve are discussed.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00018264
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  • 94
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    A Y-associated allele is shared among a few ethnic groups of Asia (1994)
    Springer
    Journal of human genetics 39 (1994), S. 299-304 
    Details
    ISSN: 1435-232X
    Keywords: Y2 allele ; RFLP ; Y chromosome ; Chinese ; Japanese
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary In our previous study, both of Y-associated alleles, Y1 and Y2, were detected in Japanese and Koreans, but only the Y1 allele was detected in each of other populations including Chinese in both Beijin and Guangzhou areas, Caucasians, Africans, and Jewish. In the present study, these observations were extended to other ethnic groups in East Asia. Evenks in central Siberia and Khalkhs in Mongolia had only the Y1 allele. On the other hand, two ethnic groups, Fo-lo and Hakka, in Taiwan had both of the Y1 and the Y2 alleles. Three of the eight Y2-positive men, 2 Fo-lo and a Hakka, shared family name Chen. Both Hakka people and ancesters of Chen families could be traced to the Province of Henan in northern China in early 4th century. They arrive din Fujian/Guangdong area in the south-east Chinavia various routes and then some of them migrated to Taiwan in the 18th century. It is tempting to speculate that the Y2 allele may be originated from an ancestral population in Henan from which, Japanese, Koreans, and some of the Taiwanese diverged.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01874048
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  • 95
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    Identification and inter-relationship analysis of Bradyrhizobium japonicum strains by restriction fragment length polymorphism (RFLP) and random amplified polymorphic DNA (RAPD) (1994)
    Springer
    World journal of microbiology and biotechnology 10 (1994), S. 648-652 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-0972
    Keywords: Bradyrhizobium japonicum ; nitrogen fixation ; RAPD ; RFLP ; strain identification
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Abstract Genomic DNA of 13 Bradyrhizobium japonicum strains was prepared and analysed by restriction fragment length polymorphism (RFLP) with nif and nod probes, and by random amplified polymorphic DNA (RAPD) with 11 primers of arbitrary nucleotide sequence. Polymorphism was observed in both analyses. The RFLP and RAPD banding patterns of different strains were used to calculate genetic divergence and to construct phylogenetic trees, allowing studies on the relationships between the strains. RFLP with nif and nod probes permitted the separation of the strains into two divergent groups, whereas RAPD separated them into four main groups. RAPD allowed closely related strains to be distinguished.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00327952
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  • 96
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    Survey for parasites ofSesamia calamistis (Lep.: Noctuidae) andEldana saccharina (Lep.: Pyralidae) in southwestern Nigeria (1994)
    Springer
    BioControl 39 (1994), S. 367-376 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-8248
    Keywords: Insect parasitoid ; parasitic nematode ; stem borer ; maize ; West Africa
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Description / Table of Contents: Résumé Des enquêtes sur le terrain ont été effectuées entre 1990 et 1992 en vue d'étudier les espèces présentes et l'abondance relative des parasites des lépidoptères foreurs des tigesSesamia calamistis Hampson etEldana saccharina Walker dans des champs de maïs du sud-ouest du Nigéria. Parmi les espèces de parasitoïdes découvertes sur les deux foreurs de tiges figuraient les parasitoïdes des larves et pupes,Sturmiopsis parasitica Curran (Diptera: Tachinidae) etBrachymeria feae Masi (Hymenoptera: Chalcididae), ainsi que le parasitoïde des larves,Dolichogenidea polaszeki Walker (Hymenoptera: Braconidae). Des attaques du braconidéCotesia sesamiae (Cameron) ont été observées surS. calamistis. L'hyperparasitoïdeExoristobia dipterae (Risbec) (Hymenoptera: Encyrtidae) a été observé sur une pupe deS. parasitica. Des nématodes parasites appartenant àMermis sp. et/ouHexamermis sp. ont été observés sur des larves des deux foreurs des tiges. Dans l'ensemble, le parasitisme larvaire était faible avec des valeurs comprises entre 4.2 et 22.8% pourS. calamistis, et 1.2 et 13% pourE. saccharina. Parmi les parasitoïdes observés, l'espèce la plus courante étaitS. parasitica. Des attaques de quatre hyménoptères parasitoïdes des oeufs ont été observées surS. calamistis: Telenomus busseolae Gahan,T. isis Polaszek (Scelionidae),Lathromeris ovicida Risbec, etTrichrogrammatoidea eldanae Viggiani (Trichogrammatidae). Les oeufs étaient parasités à des valeurs comprises entre 0 et 33%. L'unique parasitoïde des oeufs observé surE. saccharina étaitT. applanatus Bin et Johnson (Scelionidae) qui ne provoquait qu'un parasitisme de 5%.
    Notes: Abstract Field surveys were conducted during 1990–92 to document the relative abundance of different species of parasites of the lepidopterous stem borersSesamia calamistis Hampson andEldana saccharina Walker in maize fields in southwestern Nigeria. Species of parasitoids detected on both stem borers included the larvalpupal parasitoidsSturmiopsis parasitica Curran (Diptera: Tachinidae) andBrachymeria feae Masi (Hymenoptera: Chalcididae), and the larval parasitoidDolichogenidea polaszeki Walker (Hymenoptera: Braconidae). The braconidCotesia sesamiae (Cameron) was found attackingS. calamistis. The hyperparasitoidExoristobia dipterae (Risbec) (Hymenoptera: Encyrtidae) was detected on a pupa ofS. parasitica. Parasitic nematodes belonging toMermis sp. and/orHexamermis sp. were found infesting larvae of both stem borers. Overall, larval/pupal parasitization levels at Ibadan were low and ranged from 4.2 to 22.8% forS. calamistis and 1.2 to 13% forE. saccharina. Of the parasites found,S. parasitica was the most common, followed by nematodes. Four hymenopteran egg parasitoids were found attackingS. calamistis: Telenomus busseolae Gahan,T. isis Polaszek (Scelionidae),Lathromeris ovicida Risbec, andTrichogrammatoidea eldanae Viggiani (Trichogrammatidae). Egg parasitization ranged from 13.4 to 41.5%. The only egg parasitoid detected onE. saccharina wasTelenomus applanatus Bin and Johnson, which inflicted only 5% parasitization.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02373042
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    Production ofNosema marucae for biological control of cereal stem borers (1993)
    Springer
    Entomologia experimentalis et applicata 67 (1993), S. 143-148 
    Details
    ISSN: 1570-7458
    Keywords: Nosema marucae ; microsporidium ; production ; biological control ; cereal stem borer ; Chilo partellus ; maize ; sorghum
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract In a study covering 3 years, experiments were carried out in order to determine the feasibility of producing a microsporidian pathogenNosema marucae in the spotted stalkborerChilo partellus. A maximum yield of 4.9×108 spores/larva (equivalent to 3.1×1010 spores/g fresh larval body weight) was obtained in 3rd instar larvae. It is considered that the production is inexpensive and can be readily adapted for small scale pathogen propagation systems in the tropics.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02386519
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    Distribution of second generation European corn borer,Ostrinia nubilalis, egg masses in field corn and relationship to subsequent tunneling damage (1993)
    Springer
    Entomologia experimentalis et applicata 68 (1993), S. 15-23 
    Details
    ISSN: 1570-7458
    Keywords: insecta ; Ostrinia nubilalis ; egg distribution ; maize
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract The relationship between second generation European corn borer (Ostrinia nubilalis Hübner) egg mass numbers and subsequent field corn damage, as measured by stalk cavity numbers, was studied in 79 fields in northeastern North Carolina over three years. A mean of 0.028 egg masses per plant (645 egg masses/23400 plants) was found over the course of the study. Significant differences in oviposition rate were detected between fields and years. Ca. 85% of egg masses were deposited in a five leaf zone surrounding the primary ear; of these, 89% were found on the lower four leaves in this zone. Egg masses appeared to be distributed randomly within fields but at low rates of incidence, and oviposition was relatively uniform between sampling areas within individual fields. Under moderate to high oviposition pressure (mean number of egg masses per plant over the duration of the oviposition period 〉ca. 0.02), eggs laid during the early phases of the oviposition period account for more subsequent stalk damage than eggs laid during the later phases of the oviposition period. Variations in second generation egg mass numbers accounted for ca. 70% of variation in stalk cavity numbers.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02380577
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  • 99
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    Effects of nitrification inhibitors and time and rate of slurry and fertilizer N application on silage maize yield and losses to the environment (1993)
    Springer
    Nutrient cycling in agroecosystems 34 (1993), S. 267-277 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-0867
    Keywords: animal manure ; leaching ; maize ; nitrification inhibitor ; nitrogen recovery
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract Field experiments with silage maize during eight years on a sandy soil in The Netherlands, showed that dicyandiamide (DCD) addition to autumn-applied cattle slurry retarded nitrification, thus reducing nitrate losses during winter. Spring-applied slurry without DCD, however, was on average associated with even lower losses and higher maize dry matter yields. Economically optimum supplies of mineral N in the upper 0.6 m soil layer in spring (EOSMN), amounted to 130–220 kg ha−1. Year to year variation of EOSMN could not be attributed to crop demand only. According to balance sheet calculations on control plots, apparent N mineralization between years varied from 0.36 to 0.94 kg ha−1 d−1. On average, forty percent of the soil mineral N (SMN) supply in spring, was lost during the growing season. Hence, the amounts of residual soil mineral N (RSMN) were lower than expected. Multiple regression with SMN in spring, N crop uptake and cumulative rainfall as explanatory variables, could account for 79 percent of the variation in RSMN. Postponement of slurry applications to spring and limiting N inputs to economically optimum rates, were insufficient measures to keep the nitrate concentration in groundwater below the EC level for drinking water.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00750573
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  • 100
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    Effect on maize growth of the interaction between increased nitrogen availability and competition with trees in alley cropping (1993)
    Springer
    Agroforestry systems 21 (1993), S. 239-249 
    Details
    ISSN: 1572-9680
    Keywords: Erythrina ; Gliricidia ; alley cropping ; maize ; competition ; nitrogen availability ; Costa Rica
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract Maize growing next toErythrina hedgerows had 44% lower biomass (p〈0.01) and 35% lower N content (p〈0.1) than maize growing in the middle of the alleys. Maize growing next toGliricidia hedgerows had the same biomass but 56% higher N content (p〈0.1) than maize growing in the middle of the alleys. However these differences did not develop until 2 months after sowing of the maize. Spatial variability in soil nitrogen mineralization and mulch nitrogen release did not explain any of the differences in growth or N uptake of the maize with respect to distance from the trees. It is hypothesized that the slower growth of the maize next to theErythrina trees after 2 months is due to increasing light and/or nutrient competition from the trees as the trees recover from pollarding. The apparent lack of competition fromGlirigidia may be due to different rates of regrowth or different shoot and root architecture. A theoretical model is described demonstrating that if a crop is to take advantage of the higher nutrient availability under alley cropping it must complete the major part of its growth before the trees recover significantly from pollarding, and start competing strongly with the crop.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00705243
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