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  • *Ecosystem  (605)
  • Molecular Sequence Data  (456)
  • American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)  (1,053)
  • American Institute of Physics (AIP)
  • Springer
  • 2000-2004  (1,053)
Collection
Keywords
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  • American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)  (1,053)
  • American Institute of Physics (AIP)
  • Springer
Years
Year
  • 101
    Publication Date: 2004-01-13
    Description: 〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Wyrwicz, Lucjan S -- von Grotthuss, Marcin -- Pas, Jakub -- Rychlewski, Leszek -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2004 Jan 9;303(5655):168; author reply 168.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/14715990" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Amino Acid Sequence ; Arabidopsis/genetics ; Computational Biology ; DNA, Complementary ; Databases, Nucleic Acid ; Databases, Protein ; *Genome, Plant ; Molecular Sequence Data ; Oryza/*genetics ; Plant Proteins/chemistry/*genetics ; Sequence Homology, Amino Acid ; *Transcription, Genetic
    Print ISSN: 0036-8075
    Electronic ISSN: 1095-9203
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Computer Science , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
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  • 102
    Publication Date: 2004-12-14
    Description: We report a draft sequence for the genome of the domesticated silkworm (Bombyx mori), covering 90.9% of all known silkworm genes. Our estimated gene count is 18,510, which exceeds the 13,379 genes reported for Drosophila melanogaster. Comparative analyses to fruitfly, mosquito, spider, and butterfly reveal both similarities and differences in gene content.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Xia, Qingyou -- Zhou, Zeyang -- Lu, Cheng -- Cheng, Daojun -- Dai, Fangyin -- Li, Bin -- Zhao, Ping -- Zha, Xingfu -- Cheng, Tingcai -- Chai, Chunli -- Pan, Guoqing -- Xu, Jinshan -- Liu, Chun -- Lin, Ying -- Qian, Jifeng -- Hou, Yong -- Wu, Zhengli -- Li, Guanrong -- Pan, Minhui -- Li, Chunfeng -- Shen, Yihong -- Lan, Xiqian -- Yuan, Lianwei -- Li, Tian -- Xu, Hanfu -- Yang, Guangwei -- Wan, Yongji -- Zhu, Yong -- Yu, Maode -- Shen, Weide -- Wu, Dayang -- Xiang, Zhonghuai -- Yu, Jun -- Wang, Jun -- Li, Ruiqiang -- Shi, Jianping -- Li, Heng -- Li, Guangyuan -- Su, Jianning -- Wang, Xiaoling -- Li, Guoqing -- Zhang, Zengjin -- Wu, Qingfa -- Li, Jun -- Zhang, Qingpeng -- Wei, Ning -- Xu, Jianzhe -- Sun, Haibo -- Dong, Le -- Liu, Dongyuan -- Zhao, Shengli -- Zhao, Xiaolan -- Meng, Qingshun -- Lan, Fengdi -- Huang, Xiangang -- Li, Yuanzhe -- Fang, Lin -- Li, Changfeng -- Li, Dawei -- Sun, Yongqiao -- Zhang, Zhenpeng -- Yang, Zheng -- Huang, Yanqing -- Xi, Yan -- Qi, Qiuhui -- He, Dandan -- Huang, Haiyan -- Zhang, Xiaowei -- Wang, Zhiqiang -- Li, Wenjie -- Cao, Yuzhu -- Yu, Yingpu -- Yu, Hong -- Li, Jinhong -- Ye, Jiehua -- Chen, Huan -- Zhou, Yan -- Liu, Bin -- Wang, Jing -- Ye, Jia -- Ji, Hai -- Li, Shengting -- Ni, Peixiang -- Zhang, Jianguo -- Zhang, Yong -- Zheng, Hongkun -- Mao, Bingyu -- Wang, Wen -- Ye, Chen -- Li, Songgang -- Wang, Jian -- Wong, Gane Ka-Shu -- Yang, Huanming -- Biology Analysis Group -- 1 P50 HG02351/HG/NHGRI NIH HHS/ -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2004 Dec 10;306(5703):1937-40.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Southwest Agricultural University, Chongqing Beibei, 400716, China. xiaqy@swau.cq.cn〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15591204" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Algorithms ; Animals ; Anopheles/genetics ; Body Patterning/genetics ; Bombyx/*genetics/growth & development/metabolism ; Butterflies/genetics ; Computational Biology ; DNA Transposable Elements ; Drosophila melanogaster/genetics ; Exocrine Glands/metabolism ; Expressed Sequence Tags ; Female ; Genes, Homeobox ; *Genes, Insect ; *Genome ; Immunity, Innate/genetics ; Insect Hormones/genetics ; Insect Proteins/genetics ; Male ; Molecular Sequence Data ; *Sequence Analysis, DNA ; Sequence Homology, Nucleic Acid ; Sex Determination Processes ; Spiders/genetics ; Wings, Animal/growth & development
    Print ISSN: 0036-8075
    Electronic ISSN: 1095-9203
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  • 103
    Publication Date: 2004-05-25
    Description: The herbicide glyphosate is effectively detoxified by N-acetylation. We screened a collection of microbial isolates and discovered enzymes exhibiting glyphosate N-acetyltransferase (GAT) activity. Kinetic properties of the discovered enzymes were insufficient to confer glyphosate tolerance to transgenic organisms. Eleven iterations of DNA shuffling improved enzyme efficiency by nearly four orders of magnitude from 0.87 mM-1 min-1 to 8320 mM-1 min-1. From the fifth iteration and beyond, GAT enzymes conferred increasing glyphosate tolerance to Escherichia coli, Arabidopsis, tobacco, and maize. Glyphosate acetylation provides an alternative strategy for supporting glyphosate use on crops.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Castle, Linda A -- Siehl, Daniel L -- Gorton, Rebecca -- Patten, Phillip A -- Chen, Yong Hong -- Bertain, Sean -- Cho, Hyeon-Je -- Duck, Nicholas -- Wong, James -- Liu, Donglong -- Lassner, Michael W -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2004 May 21;304(5674):1151-4.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Verdia, Inc. Redwood City, CA 94063, USA. linda.castle@verdiainc.com〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15155947" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Acetylation ; Acetyltransferases/chemistry/*genetics/metabolism ; Amino Acid Sequence ; Bacillus/enzymology ; Catalysis ; *DNA Shuffling ; *Directed Molecular Evolution ; Drug Resistance ; Escherichia coli/genetics ; Gene Library ; Genetic Variation ; Glycine/*analogs & derivatives/metabolism/*toxicity ; Herbicides/metabolism/*toxicity ; Kinetics ; Molecular Sequence Data ; Mutagenesis ; *Plants, Genetically Modified/drug effects/genetics ; Recombinant Proteins/metabolism ; Recombination, Genetic ; Tobacco/drug effects/genetics/growth & development ; Transformation, Genetic ; Zea mays/drug effects/genetics/growth & development
    Print ISSN: 0036-8075
    Electronic ISSN: 1095-9203
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Computer Science , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
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  • 104
    Publication Date: 2004-09-28
    Description: Unexpected sudden catastrophic shifts may occur in ecosystems, with concomitant losses or gains of ecological and economic resources. Such shifts have been theoretically attributed to positive feedback and bistability of ecosystem states. However, verifications and predictive power with respect to catastrophic responses to a changing environment are lacking for spatially extensive ecosystems. This situation impedes management and recovery strategies for such ecosystems. Here, we review recent studies on various ecosystems that link self-organized patchiness to catastrophic shifts between ecosystem states.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Rietkerk, Max -- Dekker, Stefan C -- de Ruiter, Peter C -- van de Koppel, Johan -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2004 Sep 24;305(5692):1926-9.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Department of Environmental Sciences, Copernicus Institute, Utrecht University, P.O. Box 80115, 3508 TC Utrecht, Netherlands.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15448261" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: *Ecosystem ; Feedback, Physiological ; Models, Biological ; Plant Physiological Phenomena ; Water
    Print ISSN: 0036-8075
    Electronic ISSN: 1095-9203
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Computer Science , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
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  • 105
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    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Publication Date: 2004-09-28
    Description: 〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Aide, T Mitchell -- Grau, H Ricardo -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2004 Sep 24;305(5692):1915-6.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Department of Biology, University of Puerto Rico, San Juan, PR 00931-3360. tmaide@yahoo.com〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15448256" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Animals ; Biodiversity ; Caribbean Region ; Conservation of Natural Resources ; *Disasters ; *Ecosystem ; *Emigration and Immigration ; Humans ; Latin America ; Rural Population ; Socioeconomic Factors ; Trees ; Urban Population
    Print ISSN: 0036-8075
    Electronic ISSN: 1095-9203
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Computer Science , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
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  • 106
    Publication Date: 2004-03-16
    Description: Plants with a winter growth habit flower earlier when exposed for several weeks to cold temperatures, a process called vernalization. We report here the positional cloning of the wheat vernalization gene VRN2, a dominant repressor of flowering that is down-regulated by vernalization. Loss of function of VRN2, whether by natural mutations or deletions, resulted in spring lines, which do not require vernalization to flower. Reduction of the RNA level of VRN2 by RNA interference accelerated the flowering time of transgenic winter-wheat plants by more than a month.〈br /〉〈br /〉〈a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4737501/" target="_blank"〉〈img src="https://static.pubmed.gov/portal/portal3rc.fcgi/4089621/img/3977009" border="0"〉〈/a〉   〈a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4737501/" target="_blank"〉This paper as free author manuscript - peer-reviewed and accepted for publication〈/a〉〈br /〉〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Yan, Liuling -- Loukoianov, Artem -- Blechl, Ann -- Tranquilli, Gabriela -- Ramakrishna, Wusirika -- SanMiguel, Phillip -- Bennetzen, Jeffrey L -- Echenique, Viviana -- Dubcovsky, Jorge -- Howard Hughes Medical Institute/ -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2004 Mar 12;303(5664):1640-4.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Department of Agronomy and Range Science, University of California, Davis, CA 95616, USA.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15016992" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Alleles ; Amino Acid Sequence ; Arabidopsis/genetics/growth & development ; Base Sequence ; Chromosome Mapping ; Cloning, Molecular ; *Cold Temperature ; Down-Regulation ; Epistasis, Genetic ; Evolution, Molecular ; Flowers/*growth & development ; Gene Deletion ; *Gene Expression Regulation, Plant ; Genes, Plant ; Genetic Variation ; Hordeum/genetics ; Molecular Sequence Data ; Mutation ; Plant Proteins/chemistry/genetics/physiology ; Plants, Genetically Modified ; Promoter Regions, Genetic ; Protein Structure, Tertiary ; RNA Interference ; RNA, Messenger/genetics/metabolism ; RNA, Plant/genetics/metabolism ; Seasons ; Transcription, Genetic ; Triticum/*genetics/*growth & development
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  • 107
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    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Publication Date: 2004-03-06
    Description: 〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Albert, Mary R -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2004 Mar 5;303(5663):1437.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15001742" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Antarctic Regions ; Arctic Regions ; *Cold Climate ; *Ecosystem ; Humans ; International Cooperation ; *Research
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    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Computer Science , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
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  • 108
    Publication Date: 2004-05-15
    Description: In the Campeche Knolls, in the southern Gulf of Mexico, lava-like flows of solidified asphalt cover more than 1 square kilometer of the rim of a dissected salt dome at a depth of 3000 meters below sea level. Chemosynthetic tubeworms and bivalves colonize the sea floor near the asphalt, which chilled and contracted after discharge. The site also includes oil seeps, gas hydrate deposits, locally anoxic sediments, and slabs of authigenic carbonate. Asphalt volcanism creates a habitat for chemosynthetic life that may be widespread at great depth in the Gulf of Mexico.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉MacDonald, I R -- Bohrmann, G -- Escobar, E -- Abegg, F -- Blanchon, P -- Blinova, V -- Bruckmann, W -- Drews, M -- Eisenhauer, A -- Han, X -- Heeschen, K -- Meier, F -- Mortera, C -- Naehr, T -- Orcutt, B -- Bernard, B -- Brooks, J -- de Farago, M -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2004 May 14;304(5673):999-1002.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Physical and Life Sciences Department, Texas A & M University-Corpus Christi, 6300 Ocean Drive, Corpus Christi, TX 78412, USA. imacdonald@falcon.tamucc.edu〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15143278" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Animals ; Annelida/physiology ; Anthozoa/physiology ; Bacterial Physiological Phenomena ; Biodiversity ; Bivalvia/physiology ; Crustacea/physiology ; *Ecosystem ; Environment ; Fishes/physiology ; Gases ; *Geologic Sediments ; *Hydrocarbons ; Invertebrates/physiology ; Mollusca/physiology ; Petroleum ; Seawater ; *Volcanic Eruptions
    Print ISSN: 0036-8075
    Electronic ISSN: 1095-9203
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Computer Science , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
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  • 109
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    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Publication Date: 2004-11-06
    Description: 〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Efroymson, Rebecca A -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2004 Nov 5;306(5698):976; author reply 976.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15528426" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Animals ; *Ecosystem ; *Environmental Pollution/legislation & jurisprudence ; Humans ; Public Policy ; Radioactive Pollutants ; Risk Assessment ; United States Government Agencies
    Print ISSN: 0036-8075
    Electronic ISSN: 1095-9203
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Computer Science , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
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  • 110
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    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Publication Date: 2004-11-06
    Description: 〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Normile, Dennis -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2004 Nov 5;306(5698):968-9.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15528424" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Animals ; China ; *Commerce ; Conservation of Natural Resources ; *Ecosystem ; Environment ; Internationality ; Pest Control ; Plants ; United States
    Print ISSN: 0036-8075
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    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Computer Science , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
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  • 111
    Publication Date: 2004-01-13
    Description: Ty elements of Saccharomyces cerevisiae are long terminal repeat (LTR) retroelements related to retroviruses. Normal levels of Ty1 transposition require Dbr1p, a cellular enzyme that cleaves 2'-5' RNA bonds. We show that Ty1 RNAs lacking identifiable 5' ends accumulate in virus-like particles (VLPs) in dbr1 mutants. Debranching this RNA in vitro with Dbr1p creates an uncapped version of the normal Ty1 RNA 5' end. We show that the 5' nucleotide (nt) of Ty1 RNA forms a 2'-5' bond with a nt near the 3' end of the same RNA, creating a lariat. The properties of the lariat suggest it forms by a novel mechanism and that branching and debranching may play roles in Ty1 reverse transcription at the minus-strand transfer step.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Cheng, Zhi -- Menees, Thomas M -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2004 Jan 9;303(5655):240-3.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉School of Biological Sciences, University of Missouri-Kansas City, Kansas City, MO 64110, USA.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/14716018" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Base Pairing ; Base Sequence ; Blotting, Northern ; DNA, Complementary/metabolism ; Molecular Sequence Data ; Mutation ; Nucleic Acid Conformation ; RNA Caps ; RNA Nucleotidyltransferases/genetics/metabolism ; RNA, Fungal/*chemistry/genetics/*metabolism ; RNA, Messenger/chemistry/genetics/metabolism ; RNA-Directed DNA Polymerase/metabolism ; Retroelements/genetics/*physiology ; Reverse Transcriptase Polymerase Chain Reaction ; Ribonuclease H/metabolism ; Saccharomyces cerevisiae/*genetics ; Terminal Repeat Sequences ; Transcription, Genetic
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  • 112
    Publication Date: 2004-11-20
    Description: The observation of the regulation of fast protein dynamics in a cellular context requires the development of reliable technologies. Here, a signal regulation cascade reliant on the stimulus-dependent acceleration of the bidirectional flow of mitogen-activated protein kinase (extracellular signal-regulated kinase) across the nuclear envelope was visualized by reversible protein highlighting. Light-induced conversion between the bright and dark states of a monomeric fluorescent protein engineered from a novel coral protein was employed. Because of its photochromic properties, the protein could be highlighted, erased, and highlighted again in a nondestructive manner, allowing direct observation of regulated fast nucleocytoplasmic shuttling of key signaling molecules.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Ando, Ryoko -- Mizuno, Hideaki -- Miyawaki, Atsushi -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2004 Nov 19;306(5700):1370-3.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Laboratory for Cell Function and Dynamics, Advanced Technology Development Group, Brain Science Institute, RIKEN, 2-1 Hirosawa, Wako-city, Saitama, 351-0198, Japan.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15550670" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Active Transport, Cell Nucleus ; Amino Acid Sequence ; Animals ; Anthozoa ; COS Cells ; Cell Nucleus/*metabolism ; Cytoplasm/*metabolism ; Epidermal Growth Factor/pharmacology ; Fluorescence ; HeLa Cells ; Humans ; Hydrogen-Ion Concentration ; Light ; Luminescent Proteins/chemistry/*metabolism ; MAP Kinase Signaling System ; Microscopy, Confocal ; Mitogen-Activated Protein Kinase 3/*metabolism ; Molecular Sequence Data ; Nuclear Envelope/*metabolism ; Phosphorylation ; Protein Transport ; Recombinant Proteins/chemistry/metabolism ; Transfection ; beta Karyopherins/metabolism
    Print ISSN: 0036-8075
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  • 113
    Publication Date: 2004-05-15
    Description: Dynamic changes in chromatin structure, induced by posttranslational modification of histones, play a fundamental role in regulating eukaryotic transcription. Here we report that histone H2B is phosphorylated at evolutionarily conserved Ser33 (H2B-S33) by the carboxyl-terminal kinase domain (CTK) of the Drosophila TFIID subunit TAF1. Phosphorylation of H2B-S33 at the promoter of the cell cycle regulatory gene string and the segmentation gene giant coincides with transcriptional activation. Elimination of TAF1 CTK activity in Drosophila cells and embryos reduces transcriptional activation and phosphorylation of H2B-S33. These data reveal that H2B-S33 is a physiological substrate for the TAF1 CTK and that H2B-S33 phosphorylation is essential for transcriptional activation events that promote cell cycle progression and development.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Maile, Tobias -- Kwoczynski, Simona -- Katzenberger, Rebeccah J -- Wassarman, David A -- Sauer, Frank -- GM066204-02/GM/NIGMS NIH HHS/ -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2004 May 14;304(5673):1010-4.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Department of Biochemistry, University of California-Riverside, Riverside, CA 95121, USA.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15143281" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Acetylation ; Amino Acid Motifs ; Amino Acid Sequence ; Amino Acid Substitution ; Animals ; Cell Cycle ; Cell Cycle Proteins ; DNA-Binding Proteins/genetics ; Drosophila/embryology/*genetics/metabolism ; Drosophila Proteins/chemistry/genetics/*metabolism ; Embryo, Nonmammalian/physiology ; Genes, Insect ; Histone Acetyltransferases ; Histones/chemistry/*metabolism ; Homeodomain Proteins/genetics ; Molecular Sequence Data ; Mutation ; Phosphorylation ; Phosphoserine/metabolism ; Promoter Regions, Genetic ; Protein Structure, Tertiary ; Protein Tyrosine Phosphatases/genetics ; RNA Interference ; Recombinant Proteins/chemistry/metabolism ; Repressor Proteins/genetics ; TATA-Binding Protein Associated Factors ; Transcription Factor TFIID/chemistry/genetics/*metabolism ; Transcription Factors ; *Transcription, Genetic ; *Transcriptional Activation
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  • 114
    Publication Date: 2004-02-28
    Description: 〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Ruby, Edward -- Henderson, Brian -- McFall-Ngai, Margaret -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2004 Feb 27;303(5662):1305-7.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Pacific Biomedical Research Center, Kewalo Marine Laboratory, University of Hawaii, Honolulu, HI 96813, USA.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/14988540" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Animals ; Bacteria/genetics/pathogenicity ; Bacterial Infections/microbiology ; *Bacterial Physiological Phenomena ; *Biological Evolution ; *Ecosystem ; Humans ; Immune System/physiology ; Invertebrates/*microbiology/physiology ; Models, Biological ; Vertebrates/*microbiology/physiology ; Virulence Factors/physiology
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  • 115
    Publication Date: 2004-07-27
    Description: A major change in the community structure of the dominant epibenthic megafauna was observed at 4100 meters depth in the northeast Pacific and was synchronous to a major El Nino/La Nina event that occurred between 1997 and 1999. Photographic abundance estimates of epibenthic megafauna from 1989 to 2002 show that two taxa decreased in abundance after 1998 by 2 to 3 orders of magnitude, whereas several other species increased in abundance by 1 to 2 orders of magnitude. These faunal changes are correlated to climate fluctuations dominated by El Nino/La Nina. Megafauna even in remote marine areas appear to be affected by contemporary climatic fluctuations. Such faunal changes highlight the importance of an adequate temporal perspective in describing biodiversity, ecology, and anthropogenic impacts in deep-sea communities.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Ruhl, Henry A -- Smith, Kenneth L Jr -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2004 Jul 23;305(5683):513-5.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Marine Biology Research Division, Scripps Institution of Oceanography, 9500 Gilman Drive, La Jolla, CA 92093-0202, USA. hruhl@ucsd.edu〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15273392" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Animals ; Atlantic Ocean ; Biodiversity ; Body Constitution ; Carbon ; *Climate ; *Echinodermata/anatomy & histology/growth & development/physiology ; *Ecosystem ; *Food ; Pacific Ocean ; Population Density ; Population Dynamics ; Reproduction ; Sea Cucumbers/anatomy & histology/growth & development/physiology ; Sea Urchins/anatomy & histology/growth & development/physiology ; Seasons ; *Seawater
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  • 116
    Publication Date: 2004-10-02
    Description: Diatoms are unicellular algae with plastids acquired by secondary endosymbiosis. They are responsible for approximately 20% of global carbon fixation. We report the 34 million-base pair draft nuclear genome of the marine diatom Thalassiosira pseudonana and its 129 thousand-base pair plastid and 44 thousand-base pair mitochondrial genomes. Sequence and optical restriction mapping revealed 24 diploid nuclear chromosomes. We identified novel genes for silicic acid transport and formation of silica-based cell walls, high-affinity iron uptake, biosynthetic enzymes for several types of polyunsaturated fatty acids, use of a range of nitrogenous compounds, and a complete urea cycle, all attributes that allow diatoms to prosper in aquatic environments.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Armbrust, E Virginia -- Berges, John A -- Bowler, Chris -- Green, Beverley R -- Martinez, Diego -- Putnam, Nicholas H -- Zhou, Shiguo -- Allen, Andrew E -- Apt, Kirk E -- Bechner, Michael -- Brzezinski, Mark A -- Chaal, Balbir K -- Chiovitti, Anthony -- Davis, Aubrey K -- Demarest, Mark S -- Detter, J Chris -- Glavina, Tijana -- Goodstein, David -- Hadi, Masood Z -- Hellsten, Uffe -- Hildebrand, Mark -- Jenkins, Bethany D -- Jurka, Jerzy -- Kapitonov, Vladimir V -- Kroger, Nils -- Lau, Winnie W Y -- Lane, Todd W -- Larimer, Frank W -- Lippmeier, J Casey -- Lucas, Susan -- Medina, Monica -- Montsant, Anton -- Obornik, Miroslav -- Parker, Micaela Schnitzler -- Palenik, Brian -- Pazour, Gregory J -- Richardson, Paul M -- Rynearson, Tatiana A -- Saito, Mak A -- Schwartz, David C -- Thamatrakoln, Kimberlee -- Valentin, Klaus -- Vardi, Assaf -- Wilkerson, Frances P -- Rokhsar, Daniel S -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2004 Oct 1;306(5693):79-86.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉School of Oceanography, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195, USA. armbrust@ocean.washington.edu〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15459382" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Adaptation, Physiological ; Algal Proteins/chemistry/genetics/physiology ; Animals ; *Biological Evolution ; Cell Nucleus/genetics ; Chromosomes ; DNA/genetics ; Diatoms/chemistry/cytology/*genetics/metabolism ; *Ecosystem ; Energy Metabolism ; *Genome ; Iron/metabolism ; Light ; Light-Harvesting Protein Complexes/chemistry/genetics/metabolism ; Mitochondria/genetics ; Molecular Sequence Data ; Nitrogen/metabolism ; Photosynthesis ; Plastids/genetics ; Restriction Mapping ; Sequence Alignment ; *Sequence Analysis, DNA ; Silicic Acid/metabolism ; Symbiosis ; Urea/metabolism
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  • 117
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    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Publication Date: 2004-02-28
    Description: 〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Hoeksema, Bert W -- Cleary, Daniel F R -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2004 Feb 27;303(5662):1293-4; author reply 1293-4.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/14988535" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Animals ; Anthozoa/*growth & development ; *Dinoflagellida ; *Ecosystem ; *Fires ; Fishes ; Indian Ocean ; Indonesia ; Iron ; Temperature
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  • 118
    Publication Date: 2004-10-02
    Description: Nodal proteins, members of the transforming growth factor-beta (TGFbeta) superfamily, have been identified as key endogenous mesoderm inducers in vertebrates. Precise control of Nodal signaling is essential for normal development of embryos. Here, we report that zebrafish dapper2 (dpr2) is expressed in mesoderm precursors during early embryogenesis and is positively regulated by Nodal signals. In vivo functional studies in zebrafish suggest that Dpr2 suppresses mesoderm induction activities of Nodal signaling. Dpr2 is localized in late endosomes, binds to the TGFbeta receptors ALK5 and ALK4, and accelerates lysosomal degradation of these receptors.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Zhang, Lixia -- Zhou, Hu -- Su, Ying -- Sun, Zhihui -- Zhang, Haiwen -- Zhang, Long -- Zhang, Yu -- Ning, Yuanheng -- Chen, Ye-Guang -- Meng, Anming -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2004 Oct 1;306(5693):114-7.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Laboratory of Developmental Biology, Ministry of Education (MOE), Department of Biological Sciences and Biotechnology, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15459392" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Activin Receptors, Type I/*metabolism ; Amino Acid Sequence ; Animals ; Cell Line ; Embryo, Nonmammalian/embryology/*metabolism ; *Embryonic Induction ; Endosomes/metabolism ; Fluorescent Antibody Technique ; Gene Expression Profiling ; Gene Expression Regulation, Developmental ; Humans ; In Situ Hybridization ; Intracellular Signaling Peptides and Proteins ; Lysosomes/metabolism ; Mesoderm/*physiology ; Molecular Sequence Data ; Mutation ; Nodal Signaling Ligands ; Oligonucleotides, Antisense ; Protein-Serine-Threonine Kinases ; Proteins/metabolism ; Receptors, Transforming Growth Factor beta/*metabolism ; Signal Transduction ; Transforming Growth Factor beta/genetics/metabolism ; Zebrafish/*embryology/genetics/metabolism ; Zebrafish Proteins/chemistry/genetics/*metabolism
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  • 119
    Publication Date: 2004-07-13
    Description: The freshwater snail Biomphalaria glabrata possesses a diverse family of fibrinogen-related proteins (FREPs), hemolymph polypeptides that consist of one or two amino-terminal immunoglobulin superfamily (IgSF) domains and a carboxyl-terminal fibrinogen domain. Here, we show that the IgSF1 domain of the FREP3 subfamily is diversified at the genomic level at higher rates than those recorded for control genes. All sequence variants are derived from a small set of nine source sequences by point mutation and recombinatorial processes. Diverse FREP3 transcripts are also produced. We hypothesize a mechanism present in snails that is capable of diversifying molecules involved in internal defense.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Zhang, Si-Ming -- Adema, Coen M -- Kepler, Thomas B -- Loker, Eric S -- R01AI24340/AI/NIAID NIH HHS/ -- R01AI52363/AI/NIAID NIH HHS/ -- RR-1P20RR18754/RR/NCRR NIH HHS/ -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2004 Jul 9;305(5681):251-4.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Department of Biology, University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, NM 87131, USA.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15247481" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Alleles ; Animals ; Base Sequence ; Biomphalaria/embryology/*genetics/immunology ; Blotting, Southern ; Computational Biology ; DNA, Complementary ; Disorders of Sex Development ; Genes, Immunoglobulin ; *Genetic Variation ; Hemocytes ; Immunoglobulins/chemistry/*genetics ; Molecular Sequence Data ; Point Mutation ; Polymerase Chain Reaction ; Protein Structure, Tertiary ; Recombination, Genetic
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  • 120
    Publication Date: 2004-07-27
    Description: Adherence by Helicobacter pylori increases the risk of gastric disease. Here, we report that more than 95% of strains that bind fucosylated blood group antigen bind A, B, and O antigens (generalists), whereas 60% of adherent South American Amerindian strains bind blood group O antigens best (specialists). This specialization coincides with the unique predominance of blood group O in these Amerindians. Strains differed about 1500-fold in binding affinities, and diversifying selection was evident in babA sequences. We propose that cycles of selection for increased and decreased bacterial adherence contribute to babA diversity and that these cycles have led to gradual replacement of generalist binding by specialist binding in blood group O-dominant human populations.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Aspholm-Hurtig, Marina -- Dailide, Giedrius -- Lahmann, Martina -- Kalia, Awdhesh -- Ilver, Dag -- Roche, Niamh -- Vikstrom, Susanne -- Sjostrom, Rolf -- Linden, Sara -- Backstrom, Anna -- Lundberg, Carina -- Arnqvist, Anna -- Mahdavi, Jafar -- Nilsson, Ulf J -- Velapatino, Billie -- Gilman, Robert H -- Gerhard, Markus -- Alarcon, Teresa -- Lopez-Brea, Manuel -- Nakazawa, Teruko -- Fox, James G -- Correa, Pelayo -- Dominguez-Bello, Maria Gloria -- Perez-Perez, Guillermo I -- Blaser, Martin J -- Normark, Staffan -- Carlstedt, Ingemar -- Oscarson, Stefan -- Teneberg, Susann -- Berg, Douglas E -- Boren, Thomas -- P30 DK52574/DK/NIDDK NIH HHS/ -- R01 AI38166/AI/NIAID NIH HHS/ -- R01 DK53727/DK/NIDDK NIH HHS/ -- R01 DK63041/DK/NIDDK NIH HHS/ -- R03 AI49161/AI/NIAID NIH HHS/ -- R0IGM62370/GM/NIGMS NIH HHS/ -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2004 Jul 23;305(5683):519-22.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Department of Odontology, section of Oral Microbiology, Umea University, SE-901 87 Umea, Sweden.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15273394" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: ABO Blood-Group System/*metabolism ; Adaptation, Biological ; Adhesins, Bacterial/chemistry/*genetics/immunology/*metabolism ; Alleles ; *Bacterial Adhesion ; Base Sequence ; Binding Sites ; Evolution, Molecular ; Fucose/metabolism ; Gastric Mucosa/microbiology ; Helicobacter Infections/microbiology ; Helicobacter pylori/genetics/immunology/*physiology ; Humans ; Indians, South American ; Lewis Blood-Group System/metabolism ; Molecular Sequence Data ; Mutation ; Peru ; Phenotype ; Phylogeny ; Protein Binding ; Selection, Genetic ; Transformation, Bacterial
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  • 121
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    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Publication Date: 2004-05-25
    Description: 〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Malakoff, David -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2004 May 21;304(5674):1104-5.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15155930" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Animals ; Conservation of Natural Resources ; *Ecosystem ; Environment ; *Fishes ; *Marine Biology ; Oceanography ; Oceans and Seas ; *Seawater ; *Whales
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  • 122
    Publication Date: 2004-07-13
    Description: Ribonucleotide reductase (RNR) synthesizes the deoxyribonucleotides for DNA synthesis. The R2 protein of normal class I ribonucleotide reductases contains a diiron site that produces a stable tyrosyl free radical, essential for enzymatic activity. Structural and electron paramagnetic resonance studies of R2 from Chlamydia trachomatis reveal a protein lacking a tyrosyl radical site. Instead, the protein yields an iron-coupled radical upon reconstitution. The coordinating structure of the diiron site is similar to that of diiron oxidases/monoxygenases and supports a role for this radical in the RNR mechanism. The specific ligand pattern in the C. trachomatis R2 metal site characterizes a new group of R2 proteins that so far has been found in eight organisms, three of which are human pathogens.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Hogbom, Martin -- Stenmark, Pal -- Voevodskaya, Nina -- McClarty, Grant -- Graslund, Astrid -- Nordlund, Par -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2004 Jul 9;305(5681):245-8.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics, Stockholm University, Roslagstullsbacken 15, Albanova University Center, SE-10691 Stockholm, Sweden.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15247479" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Amino Acid Sequence ; Chlamydia trachomatis/*enzymology ; Crystallography, X-Ray ; Electron Spin Resonance Spectroscopy ; Free Radicals ; Hydrogen Bonding ; Iron/analysis ; Ligands ; Models, Molecular ; Molecular Sequence Data ; Oxidation-Reduction ; Oxygen/metabolism ; Protein Folding ; Protein Structure, Secondary ; Ribonucleotide Reductases/*chemistry/classification/metabolism ; Tyrosine/analysis
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  • 123
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    Unknown
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Publication Date: 2004-01-24
    Description: 〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Tanabe, K -- Sakihama, N -- Kaneko, A -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2004 Jan 23;303(5657):493.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Osaka Institute of Technology, Osaka 535-8585, Japan. kztanabe@ge.oit.ac.jp〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/14739451" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Alleles ; Amino Acid Sequence ; Animals ; Antigens, Protozoan/chemistry/*genetics ; Antimalarials/pharmacology ; Chloroquine/pharmacology ; Drug Resistance ; Epitopes/genetics ; Genes, Protozoan ; Geography ; Haplotypes ; Humans ; Malaria, Falciparum/parasitology ; Membrane Proteins/chemistry/genetics ; Membrane Transport Proteins ; Merozoite Surface Protein 1/chemistry/genetics ; Molecular Sequence Data ; Plasmodium falciparum/drug effects/*genetics/*immunology ; *Polymorphism, Single Nucleotide ; Protozoan Proteins/chemistry/genetics ; Repetitive Sequences, Nucleic Acid ; Tandem Repeat Sequences ; Vanuatu
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  • 124
    Publication Date: 2004-07-03
    Description: We transformed the native tobacco, Nicotiana attenuata, to silence its lipoxygenase, hydroperoxide lyase, and allene oxide synthase genes in order to inhibit oxylipin signaling, known to mediate the plant's direct and indirect defenses. When planted into native habitats, lipoxygenase-deficient plants were more vulnerable to N. attenuata's adapted herbivores but also attracted novel herbivore species, which fed and reproduced successfully. In addition to highlighting the value of genetically silencing plants to study ecological interactions in nature, these results show that lipoxygenase-dependent signaling determines host selection for opportunistic herbivores and that induced defenses influence herbivore community composition.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Kessler, Andre -- Halitschke, Rayko -- Baldwin, Ian T -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2004 Jul 30;305(5684):665-8. Epub 2004 Jul 1.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Department of Molecular Ecology, Max-Planck-Institute for Chemical Ecology, Hans-Knoll-Strasse 8, Jena 07745, Germany.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15232071" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Acetates/pharmacology ; Aldehyde-Lyases/genetics/*metabolism ; Animals ; Beetles/physiology ; Bicyclo Compounds/metabolism ; Cyclopentanes/*metabolism/pharmacology ; Cytochrome P-450 Enzyme System/genetics/*metabolism ; *Ecosystem ; Female ; Gene Expression Profiling ; Gene Expression Regulation, Plant ; Gene Silencing ; Hemiptera/physiology ; Hexobarbital/metabolism ; Insects/*physiology ; Intramolecular Oxidoreductases/genetics/*metabolism ; Lipoxygenase/genetics/*metabolism ; Manduca/physiology ; Nicotine/metabolism ; Oligonucleotide Array Sequence Analysis ; Oviposition ; Oxylipins ; Signal Transduction ; Terpenes/metabolism ; Tobacco/genetics/metabolism/*physiology ; Transformation, Genetic
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  • 125
    Publication Date: 2004-10-09
    Description: Little is known of the fate of viruses involved in long-term obligatory associations with eukaryotes. For example, many species of parasitoid wasps have symbiotic viruses to manipulate host defenses and to allow development of parasitoid larvae. The complete nucleotide sequence of the DNA enclosed in the virus particles injected by a parasitoid wasp revealed a complex organization, resembling a eukaryote genomic region more than a viral genome. Although endocellular symbiont genomes have undergone a dramatic loss of genes, the evolution of symbiotic viruses appears to be characterized by extensive duplication of virulence genes coding for truncated versions of cellular proteins.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Espagne, Eric -- Dupuy, Catherine -- Huguet, Elisabeth -- Cattolico, Laurence -- Provost, Bertille -- Martins, Nathalie -- Poirie, Marylene -- Periquet, Georges -- Drezen, Jean Michel -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2004 Oct 8;306(5694):286-9.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Institut de Recherche sur la Biologie de l'Insecte, CNRS UMR 6035, UFR Sciences et Techniques, Parc de Grandmont, 37200 Tours, France.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15472078" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Amino Acid Motifs ; Animals ; Ankyrin Repeat ; Base Composition ; *Biological Evolution ; Cysteine Proteinase Inhibitors/genetics ; Genes, Viral ; *Genome, Viral ; Introns ; Manduca/parasitology/virology ; Molecular Sequence Data ; Polydnaviridae/*genetics ; Protein Tyrosine Phosphatases/genetics ; *Sequence Analysis, DNA ; *Symbiosis ; Viral Proteins/chemistry/genetics ; Virulence Factors/genetics ; Wasps/*virology
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  • 126
    Publication Date: 2004-02-07
    Description: A genetic interaction network containing approximately 1000 genes and approximately 4000 interactions was mapped by crossing mutations in 132 different query genes into a set of approximately 4700 viable gene yeast deletion mutants and scoring the double mutant progeny for fitness defects. Network connectivity was predictive of function because interactions often occurred among functionally related genes, and similar patterns of interactions tended to identify components of the same pathway. The genetic network exhibited dense local neighborhoods; therefore, the position of a gene on a partially mapped network is predictive of other genetic interactions. Because digenic interactions are common in yeast, similar networks may underlie the complex genetics associated with inherited phenotypes in other organisms.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Tong, Amy Hin Yan -- Lesage, Guillaume -- Bader, Gary D -- Ding, Huiming -- Xu, Hong -- Xin, Xiaofeng -- Young, James -- Berriz, Gabriel F -- Brost, Renee L -- Chang, Michael -- Chen, YiQun -- Cheng, Xin -- Chua, Gordon -- Friesen, Helena -- Goldberg, Debra S -- Haynes, Jennifer -- Humphries, Christine -- He, Grace -- Hussein, Shamiza -- Ke, Lizhu -- Krogan, Nevan -- Li, Zhijian -- Levinson, Joshua N -- Lu, Hong -- Menard, Patrice -- Munyana, Christella -- Parsons, Ainslie B -- Ryan, Owen -- Tonikian, Raffi -- Roberts, Tania -- Sdicu, Anne-Marie -- Shapiro, Jesse -- Sheikh, Bilal -- Suter, Bernhard -- Wong, Sharyl L -- Zhang, Lan V -- Zhu, Hongwei -- Burd, Christopher G -- Munro, Sean -- Sander, Chris -- Rine, Jasper -- Greenblatt, Jack -- Peter, Matthias -- Bretscher, Anthony -- Bell, Graham -- Roth, Frederick P -- Brown, Grant W -- Andrews, Brenda -- Bussey, Howard -- Boone, Charles -- GM39066/GM/NIGMS NIH HHS/ -- GM61221/GM/NIGMS NIH HHS/ -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2004 Feb 6;303(5659):808-13.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Banting and Best Department of Medical Research, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada M5G 1L6.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/14764870" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Amino Acid Sequence ; Computational Biology ; Cystic Fibrosis/genetics ; Gene Deletion ; Genes, Essential ; *Genes, Fungal ; Genetic Diseases, Inborn/genetics ; Genotype ; Humans ; Molecular Sequence Data ; Multifactorial Inheritance ; Mutation ; Phenotype ; Polymorphism, Genetic ; Retinitis Pigmentosa/genetics ; Saccharomyces cerevisiae/*genetics/*metabolism ; Saccharomyces cerevisiae Proteins/chemistry/genetics/*metabolism
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  • 127
    Publication Date: 2004-02-21
    Description: Mycobacteria have low-permeability outer membranes that render them resistant to most antibiotics. Hydrophilic nutrients can enter by way of transmembrane-channel proteins called porins. An x-ray analysis of the main porin from Mycobacterium smegmatis, MspA, revealed a homooctameric goblet-like conformation with a single central channel. This is the first structure of a mycobacterial outer-membrane protein. No structure-related protein was found in the Protein Data Bank. MspA contains two consecutive beta barrels with nonpolar outer surfaces that form a ribbon around the porin, which is too narrow to fit the thickness of the mycobacterial outer membrane in contemporary models.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Faller, Michael -- Niederweis, Michael -- Schulz, Georg E -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2004 Feb 20;303(5661):1189-92.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Institut fur Organische Chemie und Biochemie, Albert-Ludwigs-Universitat, Albertstrasse 21, 79104 Freiburg im Breisgau, Germany.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/14976314" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Amino Acid Sequence ; Arginine/chemistry ; Cell Membrane Permeability ; Cloning, Molecular ; Crystallization ; Crystallography, X-Ray ; Electric Conductivity ; Escherichia coli/genetics ; Hydrogen Bonding ; Hydrophobic and Hydrophilic Interactions ; Models, Molecular ; Molecular Sequence Data ; Mutation ; Mycobacterium smegmatis/*chemistry/metabolism ; Porins/*chemistry/genetics/metabolism ; Protein Conformation ; Protein Structure, Quaternary ; Protein Structure, Secondary ; Protein Structure, Tertiary ; Recombinant Proteins/chemistry
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  • 128
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    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Publication Date: 2004-09-14
    Description: 〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Ferber, Dan -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2004 Sep 10;305(5690):1557.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15361600" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Animals ; *Ecosystem ; Nitrogen/*analysis ; Oxygen ; Phosphorus/*analysis ; Phytoplankton/*growth & development ; Rivers ; *Seawater ; Water Pollutants, Chemical/*analysis
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  • 129
    Publication Date: 2004-05-01
    Description: Receptor tyrosine kinase genes were sequenced in non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) and matched normal tissue. Somatic mutations of the epidermal growth factor receptor gene EGFR were found in 15of 58 unselected tumors from Japan and 1 of 61 from the United States. Treatment with the EGFR kinase inhibitor gefitinib (Iressa) causes tumor regression in some patients with NSCLC, more frequently in Japan. EGFR mutations were found in additional lung cancer samples from U.S. patients who responded to gefitinib therapy and in a lung adenocarcinoma cell line that was hypersensitive to growth inhibition by gefitinib, but not in gefitinib-insensitive tumors or cell lines. These results suggest that EGFR mutations may predict sensitivity to gefitinib.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Paez, J Guillermo -- Janne, Pasi A -- Lee, Jeffrey C -- Tracy, Sean -- Greulich, Heidi -- Gabriel, Stacey -- Herman, Paula -- Kaye, Frederic J -- Lindeman, Neal -- Boggon, Titus J -- Naoki, Katsuhiko -- Sasaki, Hidefumi -- Fujii, Yoshitaka -- Eck, Michael J -- Sellers, William R -- Johnson, Bruce E -- Meyerson, Matthew -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2004 Jun 4;304(5676):1497-500. Epub 2004 Apr 29.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Departments of Medical Oncology and Cancer Biology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, MA 02115, USA.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15118125" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Adenocarcinoma/drug therapy/genetics/metabolism ; Amino Acid Motifs ; Amino Acid Sequence ; Amino Acid Substitution ; Antineoplastic Agents/pharmacology/therapeutic use ; Carcinoma, Non-Small-Cell Lung/drug therapy/*genetics/metabolism ; Cell Line, Tumor ; Controlled Clinical Trials as Topic ; Enzyme Inhibitors/pharmacology/therapeutic use ; Female ; *Genes, erbB-1 ; Humans ; Japan ; Lung Neoplasms/drug therapy/*genetics/metabolism ; Male ; Molecular Sequence Data ; *Mutation ; Mutation, Missense ; Phosphorylation ; Protein Conformation ; Protein Structure, Tertiary ; Quinazolines/pharmacology/*therapeutic use ; Receptor, Epidermal Growth Factor/*antagonists & ; inhibitors/chemistry/genetics/metabolism ; Sequence Deletion ; Treatment Outcome ; United States
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  • 130
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    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Publication Date: 2004-08-03
    Description: 〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Marquis, Robert J -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2004 Jul 30;305(5684):619-21.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Department of Biology, University of Missouri-St. Louis, St. Louis, MO 63121, USA. robert_marquis@umsl.edu〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15286352" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Animals ; *Biodiversity ; *Ecosystem ; Environment ; Insects/*physiology ; Peru ; Seedlings/growth & development ; Selection, Genetic ; *Soil ; Trees/*growth & development ; Tropical Climate
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    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Computer Science , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
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  • 131
    Publication Date: 2004-04-10
    Description: Chlamydiae are the major cause of preventable blindness and sexually transmitted disease. Genome analysis of a chlamydia-related symbiont of free-living amoebae revealed that it is twice as large as any of the pathogenic chlamydiae and had few signs of recent lateral gene acquisition. We showed that about 700 million years ago the last common ancestor of pathogenic and symbiotic chlamydiae was already adapted to intracellular survival in early eukaryotes and contained many virulence factors found in modern pathogenic chlamydiae, including a type III secretion system. Ancient chlamydiae appear to be the originators of mechanisms for the exploitation of eukaryotic cells.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Horn, Matthias -- Collingro, Astrid -- Schmitz-Esser, Stephan -- Beier, Cora L -- Purkhold, Ulrike -- Fartmann, Berthold -- Brandt, Petra -- Nyakatura, Gerald J -- Droege, Marcus -- Frishman, Dmitrij -- Rattei, Thomas -- Mewes, Hans-Werner -- Wagner, Michael -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2004 Apr 30;304(5671):728-30. Epub 2004 Apr 8.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Department of Microbial Ecology, Institute of Ecology and Conservation Biology, University of Vienna, Althanstrasse 14, 1090 Vienna, Austria. horn@microbial-ecology.net〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15073324" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Acanthamoeba/microbiology ; Animals ; Bacterial Proteins/analysis/genetics/metabolism ; *Biological Evolution ; Cell Membrane/chemistry ; Cell Wall/chemistry ; Chlamydia/classification/genetics/metabolism/pathogenicity ; Chlamydiales/*classification/*genetics/metabolism/pathogenicity ; Chlamydophila/classification/genetics/metabolism/pathogenicity ; Electron Transport ; Gene Order ; Gene Transfer, Horizontal ; Genes, Bacterial ; *Genome, Bacterial ; Molecular Sequence Data ; Nucleotide Transport Proteins/metabolism ; Phylogeny ; Symbiosis ; Virulence ; Virulence Factors/genetics/metabolism
    Print ISSN: 0036-8075
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  • 132
    Publication Date: 2004-08-03
    Description: In an edaphically heterogeneous area in the Peruvian Amazon, clay soils and nutrient-poor white sands each harbor distinctive plant communities. To determine whether a trade-off between growth and antiherbivore defense enforces habitat specialization on these two soil types, we conducted a reciprocal transplant study of seedlings of 20 species from six genera of phylogenetically independent pairs of edaphic specialist trees and manipulated the presence of herbivores. Clay specialist species grew significantly faster than white-sand specialists in both soil types when protected from herbivores. However, when unprotected, white-sand specialists dominated in white-sand forests and clay specialists dominated in clay forests. Therefore, habitat specialization in this system results from an interaction of herbivore pressure with soil type.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Fine, Paul V A -- Mesones, Italo -- Coley, Phyllis D -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2004 Jul 30;305(5684):663-5.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Department of Biology, University of Utah, 257 S. 1400 East, Salt Lake City, UT 84112, USA. fine@biology.utah.edu〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15286371" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Animals ; *Biodiversity ; Biological Evolution ; *Ecosystem ; Environment ; Insects/*physiology ; Meristem/growth & development ; Peru ; Plant Leaves/growth & development ; Seedlings/growth & development ; *Soil ; Trees/*growth & development ; Tropical Climate
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  • 133
    Publication Date: 2004-10-09
    Description: 〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Bawa, Kamaljit S -- Kress, W John -- Nadkarni, Nalini M -- Lele, Sharachchandra -- Raven, Peter H -- Janzen, Daniel H -- Lugo, Ariel E -- Ashton, Peter S -- Lovejoy, Thomas E -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2004 Oct 8;306(5694):227-8.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15472058" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Biodiversity ; *Conservation of Natural Resources ; *Ecosystem ; Environment ; Human Activities ; Humans ; Interdisciplinary Communication ; *Research ; Social Values ; Trees ; *Tropical Climate
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  • 134
    Publication Date: 2004-12-14
    Description: The incidence of tuberculosis has been increasing substantially on a worldwide basis over the past decade, but no tuberculosis-specific drugs have been discovered in 40 years. We identified a diarylquinoline, R207910, that potently inhibits both drug-sensitive and drug-resistant Mycobacterium tuberculosis in vitro (minimum inhibitory concentration 0.06 mug/ml). In mice, R207910 exceeded the bactericidal activities of isoniazid and rifampin by at least 1 log unit. Substitution of drugs included in the World Health Organization's first-line tuberculosis treatment regimen (rifampin, isoniazid, and pyrazinamide) with R207910 accelerated bactericidal activity, leading to complete culture conversion after 2 months of treatment in some combinations. A single dose of R207910 inhibited mycobacterial growth for 1 week. Plasma levels associated with efficacy in mice were well tolerated in healthy human volunteers. Mutants selected in vitro suggest that the drug targets the proton pump of adenosine triphosphate (ATP) synthase.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Andries, Koen -- Verhasselt, Peter -- Guillemont, Jerome -- Gohlmann, Hinrich W H -- Neefs, Jean-Marc -- Winkler, Hans -- Van Gestel, Jef -- Timmerman, Philip -- Zhu, Min -- Lee, Ennis -- Williams, Peter -- de Chaffoy, Didier -- Huitric, Emma -- Hoffner, Sven -- Cambau, Emmanuelle -- Truffot-Pernot, Chantal -- Lounis, Nacer -- Jarlier, Vincent -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2005 Jan 14;307(5707):223-7. Epub 2004 Dec 9.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Johnson & Johnson Pharmaceutical Research and Development, Turnhoutseweg 30, 2340 Beerse, Belgium. kandries@prdbe.jnj.com〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15591164" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Amino Acid Sequence ; Animals ; Antitubercular Agents/chemistry/pharmacokinetics/*pharmacology/therapeutic use ; Bacterial Proton-Translocating ATPases/*antagonists & ; inhibitors/chemistry/metabolism ; Diarylquinolines ; Dose-Response Relationship, Drug ; Drug Evaluation, Preclinical ; Drug Resistance, Bacterial ; Drug Therapy, Combination ; Enzyme Inhibitors/chemistry/pharmacology/therapeutic use ; Humans ; Male ; Mice ; Microbial Sensitivity Tests ; Molecular Sequence Data ; Mycobacterium smegmatis/drug effects/enzymology/growth & development ; Mycobacterium tuberculosis/*drug effects/enzymology/growth & development ; Point Mutation ; Protein Subunits/antagonists & inhibitors/chemistry ; Quinolines/chemistry/pharmacokinetics/*pharmacology/*therapeutic use ; Tuberculosis/*drug therapy/microbiology ; Tuberculosis, Multidrug-Resistant/drug therapy/microbiology
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  • 135
    Publication Date: 2004-12-25
    Description: The position-dependent specification of root epidermal cells in Arabidopsis provides an elegant paradigm for cell patterning during development. Here, we describe a new gene, SCRAMBLED (SCM), required for cells to appropriately interpret their location within the developing root epidermis. SCM encodes a receptor-like kinase protein with a predicted extracellular domain of six leucine-rich repeats and an intracellular serine-threonine kinase domain. SCM regulates the expression of the GLABRA2, CAPRICE, WEREWOLF, and ENHANCER OF GLABRA3 transcription factor genes that define the cell fates. Further, the SCM gene is expressed throughout the developing root. Therefore, SCM likely enables developing epidermal cells to detect positional cues and establish an appropriate cell-type pattern.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Kwak, Su-Hwan -- Shen, Ronglai -- Schiefelbein, John -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2005 Feb 18;307(5712):1111-3. Epub 2004 Dec 23.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Department of Molecular, Cellular, and Developmental Biology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109-1048, USA.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15618487" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Amino Acid Sequence ; Arabidopsis/cytology/*enzymology/*genetics/growth & development ; Arabidopsis Proteins/chemistry/*genetics/*metabolism ; Cell Division ; Cloning, Molecular ; Gene Expression Regulation, Plant ; Genes, Plant ; Genes, Reporter ; Hydrophobic and Hydrophilic Interactions ; In Situ Hybridization ; Molecular Sequence Data ; Mutation ; Plant Epidermis/cytology/enzymology/growth & development ; Plant Roots/cytology/enzymology/growth & development ; Plants, Genetically Modified ; Protein Sorting Signals ; Protein Structure, Tertiary ; Protein-Serine-Threonine Kinases/chemistry/*genetics/*metabolism ; RNA, Messenger/genetics/metabolism ; RNA, Plant/genetics/metabolism ; Receptor Protein-Tyrosine Kinases/chemistry/*genetics/*metabolism ; *Signal Transduction ; Transcription Factors/genetics/metabolism
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  • 136
    Publication Date: 2004-05-25
    Description: Resistin, founding member of the resistin-like molecule (RELM) hormone family, is secreted selectively from adipocytes and induces liver-specific antagonism of insulin action, thus providing a potential molecular link between obesity and diabetes. Crystal structures of resistin and RELMbeta reveal an unusual multimeric structure. Each protomer comprises a carboxy-terminal disulfide-rich beta-sandwich "head" domain and an amino-terminal alpha-helical "tail" segment. The alpha-helical segments associate to form three-stranded coiled coils, and surface-exposed interchain disulfide linkages mediate the formation of tail-to-tail hexamers. Analysis of serum samples shows that resistin circulates in two distinct assembly states, likely corresponding to hexamers and trimers. Infusion of a resistin mutant, lacking the intertrimer disulfide bonds, in pancreatic-insulin clamp studies reveals substantially more potent effects on hepatic insulin sensitivity than those observed with wild-type resistin. This result suggests that processing of the intertrimer disulfide bonds may reflect an obligatory step toward activation.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Patel, Saurabh D -- Rajala, Michael W -- Rossetti, Luciano -- Scherer, Philipp E -- Shapiro, Lawrence -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2004 May 21;304(5674):1154-8.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biophysics, Columbia University, New York, NY 10032, USA.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15155948" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Adipocytes/metabolism ; Adiponectin ; Amino Acid Sequence ; Animals ; Cell Line ; Crystallization ; Crystallography, X-Ray ; Culture Media, Conditioned ; Disulfides/*chemistry ; Glucose/metabolism ; Hormones, Ectopic/*chemistry/genetics/*metabolism/pharmacology ; Humans ; Insulin/administration & dosage/blood ; Insulin Resistance ; *Intercellular Signaling Peptides and Proteins ; Liver/metabolism ; Mice ; Molecular Sequence Data ; Molecular Weight ; Mutation ; Protein Folding ; Protein Structure, Quaternary ; Protein Structure, Secondary ; Protein Structure, Tertiary ; Proteins/chemistry/metabolism ; Resistin
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  • 137
    Publication Date: 2004-02-28
    Description: 〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉van Woesik, R -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2004 Feb 27;303(5662):1297; author reply 1297.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Department of Biological Sciences, Florida Institute ofTechnology, 150 West University Boulevard, Melbourne, FL 32901-6988, USA. rvw@fit.edu〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/14988537" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Animals ; Anthozoa/*growth & development ; *Ecosystem ; *Eutrophication ; Fires ; Indian Ocean ; Indonesia ; Iron ; Phytoplankton/growth & development ; Seawater ; Temperature
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  • 138
    Publication Date: 2004-07-27
    Description: High-resolution carbon isotope measurements of multiple stratigraphic sections in south China demonstrate that the pronounced carbon isotopic excursion at the Permian-Triassic boundary was not an isolated event but the first in a series of large fluctuations that continued throughout the Early Triassic before ending abruptly early in the Middle Triassic. The unusual behavior of the carbon cycle coincides with the delayed recovery from end-Permian extinction recorded by fossils, suggesting a direct relationship between Earth system function and biological rediversification in the aftermath of Earth's most devastating mass extinction.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Payne, Jonathan L -- Lehrmann, Daniel J -- Wei, Jiayong -- Orchard, Michael J -- Schrag, Daniel P -- Knoll, Andrew H -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2004 Jul 23;305(5683):506-9.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Department of Earth and Planetary Sciences, Harvard University, 20 Oxford Street, Cambridge, MA 02138, USA. jpayne@fas.harvard.edu〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15273391" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Animals ; *Biodiversity ; Calcification, Physiologic ; Carbon/*analysis/metabolism ; Carbon Isotopes/analysis ; China ; *Ecosystem ; Eukaryota ; *Fossils ; Geologic Sediments/*chemistry ; Invertebrates/anatomy & histology ; Methane/analysis ; Oxygen ; Time
    Print ISSN: 0036-8075
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  • 139
    Publication Date: 2004-10-30
    Description: Excess cyclin E-Cdk2 accelerates entry into S phase of the cell cycle and promotes polyploidy, which may contribute to genomic instability in cancer cells. We identified 20 amino acids in cyclin E as a centrosomal localization signal (CLS) essential for both centrosomal targeting and promoting DNA synthesis. Expressed wild-type, but not mutant, CLS peptides localized on the centrosome, prevented endogenous cyclin E and cyclin A from localizing to the centrosome, and inhibited DNA synthesis. Ectopic cyclin E localized to the centrosome and accelerated S phase entry even with mutations that abolish Cdk2 binding, but not with a mutation in the CLS. These results suggest that cyclin E has a modular centrosomal-targeting domain essential for promoting S phase entry in a Cdk2-independent manner.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Matsumoto, Yutaka -- Maller, James L -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2004 Oct 29;306(5697):885-8.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Howard Hughes Medical Institute (HHMI) and Department of Pharmacology, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Denver, CO 80262, USA.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15514162" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Amino Acid Sequence ; Animals ; CDC2-CDC28 Kinases/metabolism ; CHO Cells ; Centrosome/*metabolism ; Cricetinae ; Cyclin E/chemistry/*metabolism ; Cyclin-Dependent Kinase 2 ; Molecular Sequence Data ; Mutation ; Protein Binding ; Protein Kinases/metabolism ; *Protein Sorting Signals ; Rats ; *S Phase ; Transfection
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  • 140
    Publication Date: 2004-09-18
    Description: To explore natural biodiversity we developed and examined introgression lines (ILs) containing chromosome segments of wild species (Solanum pennellii) in the background of the cultivated tomato (S. lycopersicum). We identified Brix9-2-5, which is a S. pennellii quantitative trait locus (QTL) that increases sugar yield of tomatoes and was mapped within a flower- and fruit-specific invertase (LIN5). QTL analysis representing five different tomato species delimited the functional polymorphism of Brix9-2-5 to an amino acid near the catalytic site of the invertase crystal, affecting enzyme kinetics and fruit sink strength. These results underline the power of diverse ILs for high-resolution perspectives on complex phenotypes.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Fridman, Eyal -- Carrari, Fernando -- Liu, Yong-Sheng -- Fernie, Alisdair R -- Zamir, Dani -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2004 Sep 17;305(5691):1786-9.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Robert H. Smith Institute of Plant Sciences and Genetics in Agriculture, Faculty of Agriculture, Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Post Office Box 12, Rehovot 76100, Israel.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15375271" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Alleles ; Amino Acid Sequence ; Aspartic Acid ; Catalytic Domain ; Crosses, Genetic ; Flowers/enzymology/genetics ; Fruit/enzymology/genetics ; Gene Expression ; Gene Expression Regulation, Plant ; Genes, Plant ; Genetic Complementation Test ; Lycopersicon esculentum/enzymology/*genetics/growth & development ; Molecular Sequence Data ; *Polymorphism, Single Nucleotide ; *Quantitative Trait Loci ; Quantitative Trait, Heritable ; Solanum/enzymology/*genetics ; Sucrose/metabolism ; Transcription, Genetic ; Transformation, Genetic ; beta-Fructofuranosidase/chemistry/*genetics/*metabolism
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  • 141
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    Unknown
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Publication Date: 2004-12-15
    Description: 〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Corkeron, Peter J -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2004 Dec 10;306(5703):1891-2; author reply 1891-2.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15597432" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Animals ; Conservation of Natural Resources ; *Ecosystem ; Environment ; *Fisheries ; *Fishes ; Norway ; Population Density ; Public Policy ; *Seals, Earless ; *Whales
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  • 142
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    Unknown
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Publication Date: 2004-06-12
    Description: 〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Pennisi, Elizabeth -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2004 Jun 11;304(5677):1591.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15192197" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: *Ecosystem ; *Environmental Microbiology ; *Genes ; Genes, Archaeal ; Genes, Bacterial ; *Genome, Bacterial ; Gingiva/microbiology ; Humans ; Seawater/microbiology ; *Sequence Analysis, DNA ; Soil Microbiology
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  • 143
    Publication Date: 2004-04-03
    Description: 〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Jackson, R B -- Berthrong, S T -- Cook, C W -- Jobbagy, E G -- McCulley, R L -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2004 Apr 2;304(5667):51; author reply 51.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Department of Biology, and Nicholas School of theEnvironment and Earth Sciences, Duke University, Durham, NC 27708-0340, USA. jackson@duke.edu〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15060308" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: *Desert Climate ; *Ecosystem ; Nitrates/*analysis ; Plant Development ; Plants/metabolism ; Poaceae/growth & development/metabolism ; Soil/*analysis ; Southwestern United States
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  • 144
    Publication Date: 2004-12-18
    Description: The shift to self-pollination is one of the most prevalent evolutionary transitions in flowering plants. In the selfing plant Arabidopsis thaliana, pseudogenes at the SCR and SRK self-incompatibility loci are believed to underlie the evolution of self-fertilization. Positive directional selection has driven the evolutionary fixation of pseudogene alleles of SCR, leading to substantially reduced nucleotide variation. Coalescent simulations indicate that this adaptive event may have occurred very recently and is possibly associated with the post-Pleistocene expansion of A. thaliana from glacial refugia. This suggests that ancillary morphological innovations associated with self-pollination can evolve rapidly after the inactivation of the self-incompatibility response.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Shimizu, Kentaro K -- Cork, Jennifer M -- Caicedo, Ana L -- Mays, Charlotte A -- Moore, Richard C -- Olsen, Kenneth M -- Ruzsa, Stephanie -- Coop, Graham -- Bustamante, Carlos D -- Awadalla, Philip -- Purugganan, Michael D -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2004 Dec 17;306(5704):2081-4.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Department of Genetics, North Carolina State University, Box 7614, Raleigh, NC 27695, USA.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15604405" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Alleles ; Arabidopsis/*genetics/*physiology ; Biological Evolution ; Chromosome Mapping ; Climate ; DNA, Intergenic ; *Genes, Plant ; Genetic Variation ; Genome, Plant ; Geography ; Haplotypes ; Likelihood Functions ; Molecular Sequence Data ; Open Reading Frames ; Phylogeny ; Plant Proteins ; Pollen ; Polymorphism, Genetic ; Polymorphism, Single Nucleotide ; Protein Kinases/*genetics/physiology ; *Pseudogenes ; Recombination, Genetic ; *Selection, Genetic ; Time
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  • 145
    Publication Date: 2004-05-29
    Description: Inherited defects in signaling pathways downstream of the insulin receptor have long been suggested to contribute to human type 2 diabetes mellitus. Here we describe a mutation in the gene encoding the protein kinase AKT2/PKBbeta in a family that shows autosomal dominant inheritance of severe insulin resistance and diabetes mellitus. Expression of the mutant kinase in cultured cells disrupted insulin signaling to metabolic end points and inhibited the function of coexpressed, wild-type AKT. These findings demonstrate the central importance of AKT signaling to insulin sensitivity in humans.〈br /〉〈br /〉〈a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2258004/" target="_blank"〉〈img src="https://static.pubmed.gov/portal/portal3rc.fcgi/4089621/img/3977009" border="0"〉〈/a〉   〈a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2258004/" target="_blank"〉This paper as free author manuscript - peer-reviewed and accepted for publication〈/a〉〈br /〉〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉George, Stella -- Rochford, Justin J -- Wolfrum, Christian -- Gray, Sarah L -- Schinner, Sven -- Wilson, Jenny C -- Soos, Maria A -- Murgatroyd, Peter R -- Williams, Rachel M -- Acerini, Carlo L -- Dunger, David B -- Barford, David -- Umpleby, A Margot -- Wareham, Nicholas J -- Davies, Huw Alban -- Schafer, Alan J -- Stoffel, Markus -- O'Rahilly, Stephen -- Barroso, Ines -- 078986/Wellcome Trust/United Kingdom -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2004 May 28;304(5675):1325-8.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Department of Clinical Biochemistry, University of Cambridge, Addenbrooke's Hospital, Hills Road, Cambridge CB2 2QQ, UK.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15166380" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Active Transport, Cell Nucleus ; Adipocytes/cytology/metabolism ; Adult ; Aged ; Amino Acid Motifs ; Amino Acid Sequence ; Amino Acid Substitution ; Catalytic Domain ; Cell Differentiation ; Cell Line ; Cell Nucleus/metabolism ; Cytosol/metabolism ; DNA-Binding Proteins/metabolism ; Diabetes Mellitus/*genetics/metabolism ; Female ; Genes, Dominant ; Hepatocyte Nuclear Factor 3-beta ; Humans ; Hyperinsulinism/genetics/metabolism ; Insulin/metabolism ; Insulin Resistance/*genetics ; Lipid Metabolism ; Male ; Middle Aged ; Molecular Sequence Data ; *Mutation, Missense ; Nuclear Proteins/metabolism ; Pedigree ; Phosphorylation ; Protein-Serine-Threonine Kinases/chemistry/*genetics/metabolism ; Proto-Oncogene Proteins/chemistry/*genetics/metabolism ; Proto-Oncogene Proteins c-akt ; Signal Transduction ; *Transcription Factors
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  • 146
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    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Publication Date: 2004-07-27
    Description: 〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Birks, H J B -- Birks, Hilary H -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2004 Jul 23;305(5683):484-5.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Department of Biology, University of Bergen, and the Bjerknes Centre for Climate Research, Bergen, N-5007, Norway. john.birks@bio.uib.no〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15273384" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Alaska ; Australia ; Bacterial Physiological Phenomena ; *Biomass ; Carbon/analysis ; Climate ; *Ecosystem ; Food Chain ; Fungi/physiology ; Geography ; Hawaii ; New Zealand ; Nitrogen/analysis ; Phosphorus/analysis ; Soil/analysis ; Sweden ; Temperature ; Time ; *Trees/growth & development
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  • 147
    Publication Date: 2004-09-28
    Description: The arrival of humans on oceanic islands has precipitated a wave of extinctions among the islands' native birds. Nevertheless, the magnitude of this extinction event varies markedly between avifaunas. We show that the probability that a bird species has been extirpated from each of 220 oceanic islands is positively correlated with the number of exotic predatory mammal species established on those islands after European colonization and that the effect of these predators is greater on island endemic species. In contrast, the proportions of currently threatened species are independent of the numbers of exotic mammalian predator species, suggesting that the principal threat to island birds has changed through time as species susceptible to exotic predators have been driven extinct.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Blackburn, Tim M -- Cassey, Phillip -- Duncan, Richard P -- Evans, Karl L -- Gaston, Kevin J -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2004 Sep 24;305(5692):1955-8.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉School of Biosciences, University of Birmingham, Edgbaston, Birmingham B15 2TT, UK. t.blackburn@bham.ac.uk〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15448269" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Animals ; Atlantic Islands ; Biological Evolution ; *Birds ; Cats ; *Ecosystem ; Emigration and Immigration ; Europe ; Humans ; Mammals/*physiology ; Models, Biological ; Pacific Islands ; Population Dynamics ; Predatory Behavior ; Probability ; Rats ; West Indies
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  • 148
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    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Publication Date: 2004-06-12
    Description: 〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Bohannon, John -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2004 Jun 11;304(5677):1584-6.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15192192" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Adipose Tissue/chemistry ; Animals ; Conservation of Natural Resources ; *Ecosystem ; History, 20th Century ; History, 21st Century ; Oceans and Seas ; *Seawater ; United States ; Vocalization, Animal ; Water Pollutants/*analysis ; *Whales
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  • 149
    Publication Date: 2004-06-19
    Description: During succession, ecosystem development occurs; but in the long-term absence of catastrophic disturbance, a decline phase eventually follows. We studied six long-term chronosequences, in Australia, Sweden, Alaska, Hawaii, and New Zealand; for each, the decline phase was associated with a reduction in tree basal area and an increase in the substrate nitrogen-to-phosphorus ratio, indicating increasing phosphorus limitation over time. These changes were often associated with reductions in litter decomposition rates, phosphorus release from litter, and biomass and activity of decomposer microbes. Our findings suggest that the maximal biomass phase reached during succession cannot be maintained in the long-term absence of major disturbance, and that similar patterns of decline occur in forested ecosystems spanning the tropical, temperate, and boreal zones.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Wardle, David A -- Walker, Lawrence R -- Bardgett, Richard D -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2004 Jul 23;305(5683):509-13. Epub 2004 Jun 17.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Department of Forest Vegetation Ecology, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, SE901 83 Umea, Sweden. david.wardle@svek.slu.se〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15205475" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Alaska ; Australia ; Bacterial Physiological Phenomena ; *Biomass ; Carbon/analysis/metabolism ; Climate ; *Ecosystem ; Food Chain ; Fungi/physiology ; Geography ; Hawaii ; New Zealand ; Nitrogen/analysis/metabolism ; Phosphorus/analysis/metabolism ; Plant Development ; Soil ; Soil Microbiology ; Sweden ; Time ; *Trees/growth & development
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    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Computer Science , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
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  • 150
    Publication Date: 2004-11-13
    Description: Rapid changes in biodiversity are occurring globally, yet the ecological impacts of diversity loss are poorly understood. Here we use data from marine invertebrate communities to parameterize models that predict how extinctions will affect sediment bioturbation, a process vital to the persistence of aquatic communities. We show that species extinction is generally expected to reduce bioturbation, but the magnitude of reduction depends on how the functional traits of individual species covary with their risk of extinction. As a result, the particular cause of extinction and the order in which species are lost ultimately govern the ecosystem-level consequences of biodiversity loss.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Solan, Martin -- Cardinale, Bradley J -- Downing, Amy L -- Engelhardt, Katharina A M -- Ruesink, Jennifer L -- Srivastava, Diane S -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2004 Nov 12;306(5699):1177-80.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Oceanlab, University of Aberdeen, Main Street, Newburgh, Aberdeenshire, Scotland AB41 6AA. m.solan@abdn.ac.uk〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15539601" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Animals ; *Biodiversity ; Biomass ; Body Size ; Computer Simulation ; Echinodermata ; *Ecosystem ; *Geologic Sediments ; *Invertebrates/anatomy & histology/physiology ; Ireland ; Marine Biology ; Models, Biological ; Population Density ; Population Dynamics ; Probability ; Seawater ; Statistics as Topic
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  • 151
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    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Publication Date: 2004-10-02
    Description: Ecological theory predicts that competition for a limiting resource will lead to the exclusion of species unless the within-species effects outweigh the between-species effects. Understanding how multiple competitors might coexist on a single resource has focused on the prescriptive formalism of a necessary niche width and limiting similarity. Here, we show how continuously varying life histories and trade-offs in these characteristics can allow multiple competitors to coexist, and we reveal how limiting similarity emerges and is shaped by the ecological and evolutionary characteristics of competitors. In this way, we illustrate how the interplay of ecological and evolutionary processes acts to shape ecological communities in a unique way. This leads us to argue that evolutionary processes (life-history trait trade-offs) are fundamental to the understanding of the structure of ecological communities.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Bonsall, Michael B -- Jansen, Vincent A A -- Hassell, Michael P -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2004 Oct 1;306(5693):111-4.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Department of Biological Sciences, Imperial College London, Silwood Park Campus, Ascot, Berkshire SL5 7PY, UK. m.bonsall@imperial.ac.uk〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15459391" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Animals ; *Biodiversity ; *Biological Evolution ; Competitive Behavior ; Conservation of Natural Resources ; *Ecosystem ; *Host-Parasite Interactions ; Larva/*parasitology/physiology ; Longevity ; Mathematics ; Models, Biological ; Parasites/*physiology ; Population Dynamics ; Probability
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  • 152
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    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Publication Date: 2004-03-20
    Description: 〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Sohlman, Eva -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2004 Mar 19;303(5665):1753.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15031472" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Animals ; *Biodiversity ; Climate ; *Conservation of Natural Resources ; *Ecosystem ; *Geography ; Indian Ocean ; Plants ; Travel ; United Nations ; Yemen
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  • 153
    Publication Date: 2004-01-24
    Description: Arabidopsis thaliana De-etiolated-1 (AtDET1) is a highly conserved protein, with orthologs in vertebrate and invertebrate organisms. AtDET1 negatively regulates photomorphogenesis, but its biochemical mechanism and function in other species are unknown. We report that human DET1 (hDET1) promotes ubiquitination and degradation of the proto-oncogenic transcription factor c-Jun by assembling a multisubunit ubiquitin ligase containing DNA Damage Binding Protein-1 (DDB1), cullin 4A (CUL4A), Regulator of Cullins-1 (ROC1), and constitutively photomorphogenic-1. Ablation of any subunit by RNA interference stabilized c-Jun and increased c-Jun-activated transcription. These findings characterize a c-Jun ubiquitin ligase and define a specific function for hDET1 in mammalian cells.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Wertz, Ingrid E -- O'Rourke, Karen M -- Zhang, Zemin -- Dornan, David -- Arnott, David -- Deshaies, Raymond J -- Dixit, Vishva M -- GM065997/GM/NIGMS NIH HHS/ -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2004 Feb 27;303(5662):1371-4. Epub 2004 Jan 22.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Department of Molecular Oncology, Genentech, Inc., South San Francisco, CA 94080, USA.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/14739464" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Amino Acid Motifs ; Amino Acid Sequence ; Carrier Proteins/chemistry/genetics/*metabolism ; Cell Line ; Cloning, Molecular ; Cullin Proteins/genetics/*metabolism ; DNA-Binding Proteins/metabolism ; Genes, jun ; Humans ; Molecular Sequence Data ; Nuclear Proteins/chemistry/genetics/metabolism ; Protein Binding ; Proteomics ; Proto-Oncogene Proteins c-jun/*metabolism ; RNA, Messenger/genetics/metabolism ; RNA, Small Interfering/metabolism ; Transfection ; Ubiquitin/metabolism ; Ubiquitin-Protein Ligases/chemistry/*metabolism
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  • 154
    Publication Date: 2004-04-24
    Description: The 18S ribosomal DNA molecular phylogeny and lipid composition of over 120 marine diatoms showed that the capability to biosynthesize highly branched isoprenoid (HBI) alkenes is restricted to two specific phylogenetic clusters, which independently evolved in centric and pennate diatoms. The molecular record of C25 HBI chemical fossils in a large suite of well-dated marine sediments and petroleum revealed that the older cluster, composed of rhizosolenid diatoms, evolved 91.5 +/- 1.5 million years ago (Upper Turonian), enabling an accurate dating of the pace of diatom evolution that is unprecedented. The rapid rise of the rhizosolenid diatoms probably resulted from a major reorganization of the nutrient budget in the mid-Cretaceous oceans, triggered by plate tectonics.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Damste, Jaap S Sinninghe -- Muyzer, Gerard -- Abbas, Ben -- Rampen, Sebastiaan W -- Masse, Guillaume -- Allard, W Guy -- Belt, Simon T -- Robert, Jean-Michel -- Rowland, Steven J -- Moldowan, J Michael -- Barbanti, Silvana M -- Fago, Frederick J -- Denisevich, Peter -- Dahl, Jeremy -- Trindade, Luiz A F -- Schouten, Stefan -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2004 Apr 23;304(5670):584-7.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Department of Marine Biogeochemistry and Toxicology, Royal Netherlands Institute for Sea Research, Post Office Box 59, 1790 AB Den Burg, Texel, Netherlands. damste@nioz.nl〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15105500" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Alkenes/*analysis/metabolism ; *Biological Evolution ; DNA, Ribosomal/genetics ; *Diatoms/classification/genetics/metabolism ; Fossils ; *Geologic Sediments ; Lipids/biosynthesis ; Molecular Sequence Data ; Petroleum ; Phylogeny ; RNA, Ribosomal, 18S/genetics ; Terpenes/*analysis/metabolism
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  • 155
    Publication Date: 2004-07-31
    Description: Argonaute proteins and small interfering RNAs (siRNAs) are the known signature components of the RNA interference effector complex RNA-induced silencing complex (RISC). However, the identity of "Slicer," the enzyme that cleaves the messenger RNA (mRNA) as directed by the siRNA, has not been resolved. Here, we report the crystal structure of the Argonaute protein from Pyrococcus furiosus at 2.25 angstrom resolution. The structure reveals a crescent-shaped base made up of the amino-terminal, middle, and PIWI domains. The Piwi Argonaute Zwille (PAZ) domain is held above the base by a "stalk"-like region. The PIWI domain (named for the protein piwi) is similar to ribonuclease H, with a conserved active site aspartate-aspartate-glutamate motif, strongly implicating Argonaute as "Slicer." The architecture of the molecule and the placement of the PAZ and PIWI domains define a groove for substrate binding and suggest a mechanism for siRNA-guided mRNA cleavage.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Song, Ji-Joon -- Smith, Stephanie K -- Hannon, Gregory J -- Joshua-Tor, Leemor -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2004 Sep 3;305(5689):1434-7. Epub 2004 Jul 29.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Watson School of Biological Sciences, 1 Bungtown Road, Cold Spring Harbor, NY 11724, USA.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15284453" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Amino Acid Sequence ; Archaeal Proteins/*chemistry/metabolism ; Binding Sites ; Catalytic Domain ; Crystallography, X-Ray ; Models, Molecular ; Molecular Sequence Data ; Protein Conformation ; Protein Folding ; Protein Structure, Secondary ; Protein Structure, Tertiary ; Pyrococcus furiosus/*chemistry ; *RNA Interference ; RNA, Messenger/*metabolism ; RNA, Small Interfering/*metabolism ; RNA-Induced Silencing Complex/*metabolism ; Ribonuclease H/chemistry
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  • 156
    Publication Date: 2004-06-05
    Description: With increasing pressure for a more ecological approach to marine fisheries and environmental management, there is a growing need to understand and predict changes in marine ecosystems. Biogeochemical and physical oceanographic models are well developed, but extending these further up the food web to include zooplankton and fish is a major challenge. The difficulty arises because organisms at higher trophic levels are longer lived, with important variability in abundance and distribution at basin and decadal scales. Those organisms at higher trophic levels also have complex life histories compared to microbes, further complicating their coupling to lower trophic levels and the physical system. We discuss a strategy that builds on recent advances in modeling and observations and suggest a way forward that includes approaches to coupling across trophic levels and the inclusion of uncertainty.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉deYoung, Brad -- Heath, Mike -- Werner, Francisco -- Chai, Fei -- Megrey, Bernard -- Monfray, Patrick -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2004 Jun 4;304(5676):1463-6.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Physics and Physical Oceanography, Memorial University, St. John's, Canada. bdeyoung@physics.mun.ca〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15178792" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Animals ; Atlantic Ocean ; Climate ; *Copepoda/physiology ; *Ecosystem ; Food Chain ; Forecasting ; *Marine Biology ; *Models, Biological ; Models, Statistical ; Pacific Ocean ; Population Dynamics ; *Seawater ; *Tuna/physiology ; Uncertainty
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  • 157
    Publication Date: 2004-01-17
    Description: Genes for the enzymes that make plant cell wall hemicellulosic polysaccharides remain to be identified. We report here the isolation of a complementary DNA (cDNA) clone encoding one such enzyme, mannan synthase (ManS), that makes the beta-1, 4-mannan backbone of galactomannan, a hemicellulosic storage polysaccharide in guar seed endosperm walls. The soybean somatic embryos expressing ManS cDNA contained high levels of ManS activities that localized to Golgi. Phylogenetically, ManS is closest to group A of the cellulose synthase-like (Csl) sequences from Arabidopsis and rice. Our results provide the biochemical proof for the involvement of the Csl genes in beta-glycan formation in plants.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Dhugga, Kanwarpal S -- Barreiro, Roberto -- Whitten, Brad -- Stecca, Kevin -- Hazebroek, Jan -- Randhawa, Gursharn S -- Dolan, Maureen -- Kinney, Anthony J -- Tomes, Dwight -- Nichols, Scott -- Anderson, Paul -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2004 Jan 16;303(5656):363-6.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Crop Genetics Research and Development, Pioneer Hi-Bred International, Inc., A DuPont Company, 7300 NW 62nd Avenue, Johnston, IA 50131, USA. Kanwarpal.Dhugga@Pioneer.Com〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/14726589" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Amino Acid Sequence ; Arabidopsis/enzymology/genetics ; Catalytic Domain ; Cellulose/biosynthesis ; Cyamopsis/*enzymology/genetics ; Databases, Nucleic Acid ; Expressed Sequence Tags ; Gene Expression ; Gene Library ; *Genes, Plant ; Glucosyltransferases/chemistry/*genetics/metabolism ; Golgi Apparatus/enzymology ; Mannans/*biosynthesis/metabolism ; Mannose/metabolism ; Mannosyltransferases/chemistry/*genetics/isolation & purification/*metabolism ; Molecular Sequence Data ; Multigene Family ; Oryza/enzymology/genetics ; Phylogeny ; Plants, Genetically Modified ; Protein Structure, Tertiary ; Seeds/*enzymology ; Soybeans/genetics ; Transformation, Genetic
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  • 158
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    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Publication Date: 2004-10-09
    Description: 〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Buskirk, Steven -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2004 Oct 8;306(5694):238-9.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Department of Zoology and Physiology, University of Wyoming, Laramie, WY 82071, USA. marten@uwyo.edu〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15472068" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Animals ; Body Constitution ; Body Weight ; *Ecosystem ; Energy Metabolism ; Environment ; *Homing Behavior ; *Mammals/anatomy & histology/metabolism ; Mathematics ; *Models, Biological ; Physical Phenomena ; Physics ; Population Density
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  • 159
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    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Publication Date: 2004-08-25
    Description: 〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Withgott, Jay -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2004 Aug 20;305(5687):1100-1.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15326330" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Asia ; *Biological Evolution ; *Ecosystem ; Europe ; *Plant Development ; Selection, Genetic ; United States
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  • 160
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    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Publication Date: 2004-10-16
    Description: 〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Stokstad, Erik -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2004 Oct 15;306(5695):391.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15486264" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: *Amphibians ; Animals ; Biodiversity ; Conservation of Natural Resources ; *Ecosystem ; Environment ; Population Dynamics
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  • 161
    Publication Date: 2004-03-27
    Description: 〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Myers, Ransom A -- Levin, Simon A -- Lande, Russell -- James, Frances C -- Murdoch, William W -- Paine, Robert T -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2004 Mar 26;303(5666):1980.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Department of Biology, Dalhousie University, Halifax, Nova Scotia, Canada B3H 4J1. ransom.myers@dal.ca〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15044790" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Adaptation, Physiological ; Animals ; Biological Evolution ; *Conservation of Natural Resources ; *Ecosystem ; Environment ; *Fisheries ; *Oncorhynchus kisutch/classification/genetics/physiology ; Population Density ; Population Dynamics ; *Salmo salar/physiology ; Terminology as Topic ; United States
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    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Computer Science , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
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  • 162
    Publication Date: 2004-09-14
    Description: 〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Stokstad, Erik -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2004 Sep 10;305(5690):1548-9.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15361593" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Animals ; Atlantic Ocean ; *Climate ; *Ecosystem ; Fisheries ; *Food Chain ; Phytoplankton/*growth & development ; Population Dynamics ; Seawater ; Temperature ; Zooplankton/*growth & development
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  • 163
    Publication Date: 2004-09-09
    Description: Microbial methane consumption in anoxic sediments significantly impacts the global environment by reducing the flux of greenhouse gases from ocean to atmosphere. Despite its significance, the biological mechanisms controlling anaerobic methane oxidation are not well characterized. One current model suggests that relatives of methane-producing Archaea developed the capacity to reverse methanogenesis and thereby to consume methane to produce cellular carbon and energy. We report here a test of the "reverse-methanogenesis" hypothesis by genomic analyses of methane-oxidizing Archaea from deep-sea sediments. Our results show that nearly all genes typically associated with methane production are present in one specific group of archaeal methanotrophs. These genome-based observations support previous hypotheses and provide an informed foundation for metabolic modeling of anaerobic methane oxidation.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Hallam, Steven J -- Putnam, Nik -- Preston, Christina M -- Detter, John C -- Rokhsar, Daniel -- Richardson, Paul M -- DeLong, Edward F -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2004 Sep 3;305(5689):1457-62.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Monterey Bay Aquarium Research Institute, Moss Landing, CA 95064, USA.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15353801" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Anaerobiosis ; Archaea/classification/genetics/*metabolism ; Carbon Dioxide/metabolism ; Cloning, Molecular ; Gene Library ; Genes, Archaeal ; Genes, rRNA ; *Genome, Archaeal ; Geologic Sediments/*microbiology ; Methane/*metabolism ; Molecular Sequence Data ; Oxidation-Reduction ; Oxidoreductases/genetics/metabolism ; Phylogeny ; Pterins/metabolism ; RNA, Archaeal/genetics ; RNA, Ribosomal/genetics ; Seawater/microbiology ; Sulfates/metabolism
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  • 164
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    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Publication Date: 2004-06-12
    Description: 〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Stokstad, Erik -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2004 Jun 11;304(5677):1618-20.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15192214" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Arctic Regions ; Atmosphere ; Bacteria/growth & development/metabolism ; Bryophyta/growth & development/metabolism ; Carbon/metabolism ; Carbon Dioxide/metabolism ; *Cold Climate ; *Ecosystem ; *Freezing ; *Greenhouse Effect ; Methane/metabolism ; *Plant Development ; Plants/metabolism ; Temperature ; Water
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  • 165
    Publication Date: 2004-08-31
    Description: 〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Stokstad, Erik -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2004 Aug 27;305(5688):1230.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15333817" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Animals ; *Beetles/physiology ; *Biodiversity ; Conservation of Natural Resources ; *Ecosystem ; Feces ; Flight, Animal ; *Trees ; Tropical Climate ; Venezuela
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  • 166
    Publication Date: 2004-01-13
    Description: The lasting effects of neuronal activity on brain development involve calcium-dependent gene expression. Using a strategy called transactivator trap, we cloned a calcium-responsive transactivator called CREST (for calcium-responsive transactivator). CREST is a SYT-related nuclear protein that interacts with adenosine 3',5'-monophosphate (cAMP) response element-binding protein (CREB)-binding protein (CBP) and is expressed in the developing brain. Mice that have a targeted disruption of the crest gene are viable but display defects in cortical and hippocampal dendrite development. Cortical neurons from crest mutant mice are compromised in calcium-dependent dendritic growth. Thus, calcium activation of CREST-mediated transcription helps regulate neuronal morphogenesis.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Aizawa, Hiroyuki -- Hu, Shu-Ching -- Bobb, Kathryn -- Balakrishnan, Karthik -- Ince, Gulayse -- Gurevich, Inga -- Cowan, Mitra -- Ghosh, Anirvan -- MH60598/MH/NIMH NIH HHS/ -- NS39993/NS/NINDS NIH HHS/ -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2004 Jan 9;303(5655):197-202.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Department of Neuroscience, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/14716005" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Amino Acid Sequence ; Animals ; Blotting, Northern ; Brain/cytology/embryology/growth & development/metabolism ; CREB-Binding Protein ; Calcium/*metabolism ; Calcium Channels/metabolism ; Cell Line ; Cells, Cultured ; Cerebral Cortex/cytology/embryology/metabolism ; Cloning, Molecular ; Dendrites/*physiology/ultrastructure ; Gene Expression Profiling ; Gene Expression Regulation, Developmental ; Gene Library ; Gene Targeting ; Humans ; In Situ Hybridization ; Mice ; Mice, Knockout ; Molecular Sequence Data ; Mutation ; Nervous System/embryology/growth & development/metabolism ; Neurons/*physiology/ultrastructure ; Nuclear Proteins/metabolism ; Protein Structure, Tertiary ; Rats ; Recombinant Fusion Proteins/metabolism ; Trans-Activators/chemistry/genetics/*metabolism ; *Transcription, Genetic ; *Transcriptional Activation ; Transfection
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  • 167
    Publication Date: 2004-05-08
    Description: Neurotrophins are secreted growth factors critical for the development and maintenance of the vertebrate nervous system. Neurotrophins activate two types of cell surface receptors, the Trk receptor tyrosine kinases and the shared p75 neurotrophin receptor. We have determined the 2.4 A crystal structure of the prototypic neurotrophin, nerve growth factor (NGF), complexed with the extracellular domain of p75. Surprisingly, the complex is composed of an NGF homodimer asymmetrically bound to a single p75. p75 binds along the homodimeric interface of NGF, which disables NGF's symmetry-related second p75 binding site through an allosteric conformational change. Thus, neurotrophin signaling through p75 may occur by disassembly of p75 dimers and assembly of asymmetric 2:1 neurotrophin/p75 complexes, which could potentially engage a Trk receptor to form a trimolecular signaling complex.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉He, Xiao-Lin -- Garcia, K Christopher -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2004 May 7;304(5672):870-5.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Departments of Microbiology and Immunology, and Structural Biology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Fairchild D319, 299 Campus Drive, Stanford, CA 94305-5124, USA.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15131306" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Allosteric Site ; Amino Acid Sequence ; Animals ; Binding Sites ; Calorimetry ; Chromatography, Gel ; Crystallography, X-Ray ; Cysteine/chemistry ; Dimerization ; Humans ; Hydrogen Bonding ; Hydrophobic and Hydrophilic Interactions ; Lasers ; Ligands ; Molecular Sequence Data ; Molecular Weight ; Nerve Growth Factor/*chemistry/*metabolism ; Protein Binding ; Protein Conformation ; Protein Structure, Tertiary ; Rats ; Receptor, Nerve Growth Factor ; Receptor, trkA/chemistry/metabolism ; Receptors, Nerve Growth Factor/*chemistry/*metabolism ; Recombinant Proteins/chemistry/metabolism ; Scattering, Radiation ; Signal Transduction ; Thermodynamics
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  • 168
    Publication Date: 2004-07-03
    Description: During axon guidance, the ventral guidance of the Caenorhabditis elegans anterior ventral microtubule axon is controlled by two cues, the UNC-6/netrin attractant recognized by the UNC-40/DCC receptor and the SLT-1/slit repellent recognized by the SAX-3/robo receptor. We show here that loss-of-function mutations in clr-1 enhance netrin-dependent attraction, suppressing ventral guidance defects in slt-1 mutants. clr-1 encodes a transmembrane receptor protein tyrosine phosphatase (RPTP) that functions in AVM to inhibit signaling through the DCC family receptor UNC-40 and its effector, UNC-34/enabled. The known effects of other RPTPs in axon guidance could result from modulation of guidance receptors like UNC-40/DCC.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Chang, Chieh -- Yu, Timothy W -- Bargmann, Cornelia I -- Tessier-Lavigne, Marc -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2004 Jul 2;305(5680):103-6.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Department of Biological Sciences, Howard Hughes Medical Institute (HHMI), Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15232111" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Amino Acid Sequence ; Animals ; Animals, Genetically Modified ; Axons/*physiology ; Caenorhabditis elegans/genetics/*physiology ; Caenorhabditis elegans Proteins/chemistry/*genetics/*metabolism ; Cell Adhesion Molecules/genetics/metabolism ; Cell Movement ; Cues ; Genes, Helminth ; Microtubules/physiology/ultrastructure ; Models, Biological ; Molecular Sequence Data ; Mutation ; Nerve Tissue Proteins/genetics/*metabolism ; Open Reading Frames ; Phenotype ; Protein Tyrosine Phosphatases/chemistry/*genetics/*metabolism ; Receptor-Like Protein Tyrosine Phosphatases ; Receptors, Immunologic/metabolism ; Signal Transduction
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  • 169
    Publication Date: 2004-11-06
    Description: The loss of biodiversity can have significant impacts on ecosystem functioning, but the mechanisms involved lack empirical confirmation. Using soil microcosms, we show experimentally that functional dissimilarity among detritivorous species, not species number, drives community compositional effects on leaf litter mass loss and soil respiration, two key soil ecosystem processes. These experiments confirm theoretical predictions that biodiversity effects on ecosystem functioning can be predicted by the degree of functional differences among species.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Heemsbergen, D A -- Berg, M P -- Loreau, M -- van Hal, J R -- Faber, J H -- Verhoef, H A -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2004 Nov 5;306(5698):1019-20.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Vrije Universiteit, Institute of Ecological Science, Department of Animal Ecology, de Boelelaan 1085, 1081 HV Amsterdam, Netherlands.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15528441" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Animals ; *Biodiversity ; *Ecosystem ; Plant Leaves ; *Soil ; Soil Microbiology
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  • 170
    Publication Date: 2004-12-14
    Description: Plants are constantly exposed to attack by an array of diverse pathogens but lack a somatically adaptive immune system. In spite of this, natural plant populations do not often suffer destructive disease epidemics. Elucidating how allelic diversity within plant genes that function to detect pathogens (resistance genes) counteracts changing structures of pathogen genes required for host invasion (pathogenicity effectors) is critical to our understanding of the dynamics of natural plant populations. The RPP13 resistance gene is the most polymorphic gene analyzed to date in the model plant Arabidopsis thaliana. Here we report the cloning of the avirulence gene, ATR13, that triggers RPP13-mediated resistance, and we show that it too exhibits extreme levels of amino acid polymorphism. Evidence of diversifying selection visible in both components suggests that the host and pathogen may be locked in a coevolutionary conflict at these loci, where attempts to evade host resistance by the pathogen are matched by the development of new detection capabilities by the host.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Allen, Rebecca L -- Bittner-Eddy, Peter D -- Grenville-Briggs, Laura J -- Meitz, Julia C -- Rehmany, Anne P -- Rose, Laura E -- Beynon, Jim L -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2004 Dec 10;306(5703):1957-60.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Warwick, HRI University of Warwick, Wellesbourne, Warwick, CV35 9EF, UK.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15591208" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Amino Acid Sequence ; Arabidopsis/genetics/metabolism/*microbiology ; Arabidopsis Proteins/*genetics/metabolism ; Biolistics ; *Biological Evolution ; Cloning, Molecular ; Fungal Proteins/chemistry/*genetics/physiology ; *Genes, Fungal ; *Genes, Plant ; Molecular Sequence Data ; Oomycetes/*genetics/pathogenicity/physiology ; Plant Diseases/microbiology ; Polymorphism, Genetic ; Protein Sorting Signals ; Selection, Genetic
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  • 171
    Publication Date: 2004-02-21
    Description: Dietary cholesterol consumption and intestinal cholesterol absorption contribute to plasma cholesterol levels, a risk factor for coronary heart disease. The molecular mechanism of sterol uptake from the lumen of the small intestine is poorly defined. We show that Niemann-Pick C1 Like 1(NPC1L1) protein plays a critical role in the absorption of intestinal cholesterol. NPC1L1 expression is enriched in the small intestine and is in the brush border membrane of enterocytes. Although otherwise phenotypically normal, NPC1L1-deficient mice exhibit a substantial reduction in absorbed cholesterol, which is unaffected by dietary supplementation of bile acids. Ezetimibe, a drug that inhibits cholesterol absorption, had no effect in NPC1L1 knockout mice, suggesting that NPC1L1 resides in an ezetimibe-sensitive pathway responsible for intestinal cholesterol absorption.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Altmann, Scott W -- Davis, Harry R Jr -- Zhu, Li-Ji -- Yao, Xiaorui -- Hoos, Lizbeth M -- Tetzloff, Glen -- Iyer, Sai Prasad N -- Maguire, Maureen -- Golovko, Andrei -- Zeng, Ming -- Wang, Luquan -- Murgolo, Nicholas -- Graziano, Michael P -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2004 Feb 20;303(5661):1201-4.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Department of Cardiovascular/Endocrine Research, Schering-Plough Research Institute, 2015 Galloping Hill Road, Kenilworth, NJ, 07033-0539, USA. scott.altmann@spcorp.com〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/14976318" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Amino Acid Sequence ; Animals ; Anticholesteremic Agents/pharmacology ; Azetidines/pharmacology ; Cholesterol/*metabolism ; Cholesterol, Dietary/*metabolism ; Cholic Acid/administration & dosage/pharmacology ; Computational Biology ; Enterocytes/*metabolism ; Ezetimibe ; Female ; Gene Expression Profiling ; Humans ; *Intestinal Absorption/drug effects ; Intestine, Small/metabolism ; Jejunum/metabolism ; Liver/metabolism ; Male ; Membrane Proteins/chemistry/genetics/*metabolism ; Membrane Transport Proteins/chemistry/genetics/*metabolism ; Mice ; Mice, Inbred C57BL ; Mice, Knockout ; Molecular Sequence Data ; Oligonucleotide Array Sequence Analysis ; Proteins/chemistry/genetics/*metabolism ; Rats ; Rats, Sprague-Dawley
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  • 172
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    Unknown
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Publication Date: 2004-07-17
    Description: 〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Normile, Dennis -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2004 Jul 16;305(5682):329-31.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15256652" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Animals ; Biodiversity ; *Conservation of Natural Resources ; *Ecosystem ; Facility Design and Construction ; Japan ; *Universities
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  • 173
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    Unknown
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Publication Date: 2004-09-14
    Description: 〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Andelman, Sandy J -- Willig, Michael R -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2004 Sep 10;305(5690):1565-7.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15361607" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Biodiversity ; Ecology/*methods ; *Ecosystem
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  • 174
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    Unknown
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Publication Date: 2004-06-12
    Description: Soil is the most complicated biomaterial on the planet. As with any material, the physical habitat is of prime importance in determining and regulating biological activity. However, until recently the opaque nature of soil has meant that any interrogation of its interior architecture has been relatively rudimentary, restricted to simple qualitative expressions of the physical heterogeneity that fail to relate to any specific function. However, new techniques and insights into the biophysical and biochemical processes of this inner space are leading to the developments of theoretical frameworks and experimental approaches that will allow us to sustainably manage Earth's most important resource. We introduce the concept that the soil-microbe system is self-organized and suggest new priorities for research based on an integrative approach that combines biochemistry and biophysics.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Young, I M -- Crawford, J W -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2004 Jun 11;304(5677):1634-7.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Scottish Informatics, Mathematics, Biology, and Statistics (SIMBIOS) Centre, University of Abertay, Bell Street, Dundee, DD1 1HG Scotland, UK. imy@tay.ac.uk〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15192219" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Animals ; Bacteria/genetics/isolation & purification ; *Bacterial Physiological Phenomena ; Bacteriological Techniques ; *Biodiversity ; Biophysical Phenomena ; Biophysics ; Chemistry, Physical ; *Ecosystem ; Environment ; Fractals ; Fungi/genetics/isolation & purification/*physiology ; Models, Biological ; Mycology/methods ; Physicochemical Phenomena ; Soil/analysis ; *Soil Microbiology
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  • 175
    Publication Date: 2004-10-30
    Description: For vision, insect and vertebrate eyes use rhabdomeric and ciliary photoreceptor cells, respectively. These cells show distinct architecture and transduce the light signal by different phototransductory cascades. In the marine rag-worm Platynereis, we find both cell types: rhabdomeric photoreceptor cells in the eyes and ciliary photoreceptor cells in the brain. The latter use a photopigment closely related to vertebrate rod and cone opsins. Comparative analysis indicates that both types of photoreceptors, with distinct opsins, coexisted in Urbilateria, the last common ancestor of insects and vertebrates, and sheds new light on vertebrate eye evolution.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Arendt, Detlev -- Tessmar-Raible, Kristin -- Snyman, Heidi -- Dorresteijn, Adriaan W -- Wittbrodt, Joachim -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2004 Oct 29;306(5697):869-71.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Developmental Biology Department, European Molecular Biology Laboratory, Meyerhofstrasse 1, 69012 Heidelberg, Germany. detlev.arendt@embl.de〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15514158" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Amino Acid Sequence ; Animals ; *Biological Evolution ; Brain/cytology ; Cilia/ultrastructure ; Circadian Rhythm ; Cloning, Molecular ; Conserved Sequence ; Eye/cytology ; Gene Duplication ; Genes, Homeobox ; Molecular Sequence Data ; Photoreceptor Cells, Invertebrate/*chemistry/cytology ; Photoreceptor Cells, Vertebrate/chemistry/cytology ; Phylogeny ; Polychaeta/chemistry/*cytology/*genetics ; Retinal Ganglion Cells/cytology ; Rod Opsins/analysis/*chemistry/*genetics
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  • 176
    Publication Date: 2004-04-10
    Description: A pattern noted in ecology is that diversity at one level begets diversity at other levels. In the case of consumers competing for similar resources, the diversity of those resources is thought to provide some degree of niche diversification in which a diverse set of consumer species can coexist. If, however, the diverse resources are not sufficiently distinct from one another, from the standpoint of the consumer species, such niche diversification will not exist. We experimentally show that a diverse array of twigs attracted 80% more species of twig-nesting ants than a monospecific collection of twigs. The specific tree species from which the twigs were derived did not explain the pattern. It appears that diversity per se at one level (twigs) creates conditions that promote diversity at another level (nesting ants).〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Armbrecht, Inge -- Perfecto, Ivette -- Vandermeer, John -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2004 Apr 9;304(5668):284-6.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉School of Natural Resources and Environment, University of Michigan, 430 East University, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA. inge@univalle.edu.co〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15073375" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Animals ; Ants/*physiology ; *Biodiversity ; Coffea ; Colombia ; *Ecosystem ; Humidity ; Nesting Behavior ; Temperature ; *Trees
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  • 177
    Publication Date: 2004-03-06
    Description: Toll-like receptors (TLRs) recognize molecular patterns displayed by microorganisms, and their subsequent activation leads to the transcription of appropriate host-defense genes. Here we report the cloning and characterization of a member of the mammalian TLR family, TLR11, that displays a distinct pattern of expression in macrophages and liver, kidney, and bladder epithelial cells. Cells expressing TLR11 fail to respond to known TLR ligands but instead respond specifically to uropathogenic bacteria. Mice lacking TLR11 are highly susceptible to infection of the kidneys by uropathogenic bacteria, indicating a potentially important role for TLR11 in preventing infection of internal organs of the urogenital system.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Zhang, Dekai -- Zhang, Guolong -- Hayden, Matthew S -- Greenblatt, Matthew B -- Bussey, Crystal -- Flavell, Richard A -- Ghosh, Sankar -- GM07205/GM/NIGMS NIH HHS/ -- R01-AI59440/AI/NIAID NIH HHS/ -- R37-AI33443/AI/NIAID NIH HHS/ -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2004 Mar 5;303(5663):1522-6.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Section of Immunobiology and Department of Molecular Biophysics and Biochemistry, Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06520, USA.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15001781" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Amino Acid Sequence ; Animals ; Cell Line ; Cloning, Molecular ; Codon, Terminator ; Colony Count, Microbial ; Disease Susceptibility ; Epithelial Cells/metabolism ; Escherichia coli/growth & development/immunology/*pathogenicity ; Escherichia coli Infections/*immunology/microbiology ; Gene Expression Profiling ; Humans ; Immunity, Innate ; Kidney/immunology/*metabolism/microbiology ; Ligands ; Liver/metabolism ; Macrophages/metabolism ; Mice ; Mice, Knockout ; Molecular Sequence Data ; NF-kappa B/metabolism ; Polymorphism, Genetic ; Receptors, Cell Surface/chemistry/genetics/*metabolism ; Recombinant Fusion Proteins/metabolism ; Signal Transduction ; Toll-Like Receptors ; Transfection ; Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha/metabolism ; Urinary Bladder/immunology/*metabolism/microbiology ; Urinary Tract Infections/*immunology/microbiology
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    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Computer Science , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
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  • 178
    Publication Date: 2004-08-31
    Description: The AML1-ETO fusion protein, generated by the t(8;21) chromosomal translocation, is causally involved in nearly 15% of acute myeloid leukemia (AML) cases. This study shows that AML1-ETO, as well as ETO, inhibits transcriptional activation by E proteins through stable interactions that preclude recruitment of p300/CREB-binding protein (CBP) coactivators. These interactions are mediated by a conserved ETO TAF4 homology domain and a 17-amino acid p300/CBP and ETO target motif within AD1 activation domains of E proteins. In t(8;21) leukemic cells, very stable interactions between AML1-ETO and E proteins underlie a t(8;21) translocation-specific silencing of E protein function through an aberrant cofactor exchange mechanism. These studies identify E proteins as AML1-ETO targets whose dysregulation may be important for t(8;21) leukemogenesis, as well as an E protein silencing mechanism that is distinct from that associated with differentiation-inhibitory proteins.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Zhang, Jinsong -- Kalkum, Markus -- Yamamura, Soichiro -- Chait, Brian T -- Roeder, Robert G -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2004 Aug 27;305(5688):1286-9.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Laboratory of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Rockefeller University, 1230 York Avenue, New York, NY 10021, USA.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15333839" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Acute Disease ; Amino Acid Sequence ; Basic Helix-Loop-Helix Transcription Factors ; CREB-Binding Protein ; Cell Line ; Cell Line, Tumor ; Conserved Sequence ; Core Binding Factor Alpha 2 Subunit ; DNA-Binding Proteins/genetics/*metabolism ; *Gene Silencing ; HeLa Cells ; Hematopoietic Stem Cells/physiology ; Humans ; Jurkat Cells ; Leukemia, Myeloid/genetics/*metabolism ; Molecular Sequence Data ; Nuclear Proteins/metabolism ; Oncogene Proteins, Fusion/genetics/*metabolism ; Protein Binding ; Protein Structure, Tertiary ; TCF Transcription Factors ; Trans-Activators/metabolism ; Transcription Factor 7-Like 2 Protein ; Transcription Factors/genetics/*metabolism ; Transcriptional Activation ; Translocation, Genetic
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  • 179
    Publication Date: 2004-02-14
    Description: Legumes form symbiotic associations with both mycorrhizal fungi and nitrogen-fixing soil bacteria called rhizobia. Several of the plant genes required for transduction of rhizobial signals, the Nod factors, are also necessary for mycorrhizal symbiosis. Here, we describe the cloning and characterization of one such gene from the legume Medicago truncatula. The DMI1 (does not make infections) gene encodes a novel protein with low global similarity to a ligand-gated cation channel domain of archaea. The protein is highly conserved in angiosperms and ancestral to land plants. We suggest that DMI1 represents an ancient plant-specific innovation, potentially enabling mycorrhizal associations.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Ane, Jean-Michel -- Kiss, Gyorgy B -- Riely, Brendan K -- Penmetsa, R Varma -- Oldroyd, Giles E D -- Ayax, Celine -- Levy, Julien -- Debelle, Frederic -- Baek, Jong-Min -- Kalo, Peter -- Rosenberg, Charles -- Roe, Bruce A -- Long, Sharon R -- Denarie, Jean -- Cook, Douglas R -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2004 Feb 27;303(5662):1364-7. Epub 2004 Feb 12.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Department of Plant Pathology, University of California, Davis, One Shields Avenue, Davis, CA 95616, USA.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/14963334" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Amino Acid Motifs ; Amino Acid Sequence ; Arabidopsis/genetics ; Chromosomes, Artificial, Bacterial ; Cloning, Molecular ; Fabaceae/genetics/metabolism/microbiology ; Gene Expression Regulation, Plant ; *Genes, Plant ; Lipopolysaccharides/metabolism ; Medicago/*genetics/metabolism/*microbiology ; Molecular Sequence Data ; Mycorrhizae/*physiology ; Nitrogen Fixation ; Phylogeny ; Plant Proteins/chemistry/genetics/*physiology ; Plant Roots/metabolism ; Protein Structure, Tertiary ; Recombination, Genetic ; Rhizobiaceae/*physiology ; Sequence Homology, Amino Acid ; Signal Transduction ; *Symbiosis ; Transgenes
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  • 180
    Publication Date: 2004-07-13
    Description: Dysregulation of brain serotonin contributes to many psychiatric disorders. Tryptophan hydroxylase-2 (Tph2), rather than Tph1, is preferentially expressed in the brain. We report a functional (C1473G) single-nucleotide polymorphism in mouse Tph2 that results in the substitution of Pro447 with Arg447 and leads to decreased serotonin levels in PC12 cells. Moreover, in BALB/cJ and DBA/2 mice that are homozygous for the 1473G allele, brain serotonin tissue content and synthesis are reduced in comparison to C57Bl/6 and 129X1/SvJ mice that are homozygous for the 1473C allele. Our data provide direct evidence for a fundamental role of Tph2 in brain serotonin synthesis.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Zhang, Xiaodong -- Beaulieu, Jean-Martin -- Sotnikova, Tatyana D -- Gainetdinov, Raul R -- Caron, Marc G -- MH60451/MH/NIMH NIH HHS/ -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2004 Jul 9;305(5681):217.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Howard Hughes Medical Institute Laboratory, Department of Cell Biology, and Center for Models of Human Disease, Institute for Genome Sciences and Policy, Box 3287, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC 27710, USA.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15247473" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Alleles ; Amino Acid Sequence ; Animals ; Brain/*metabolism ; Brain Stem/metabolism ; Corpus Striatum/metabolism ; Frontal Lobe/metabolism ; Humans ; Mice ; Mice, Inbred Strains ; Molecular Sequence Data ; PC12 Cells ; Polymorphism, Single Nucleotide ; Rats ; Reverse Transcriptase Polymerase Chain Reaction ; Serotonin/*biosynthesis ; Transfection ; Tryptophan Hydroxylase/chemistry/genetics/*metabolism
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  • 181
    Publication Date: 2004-04-17
    Description: 〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Killworth, Peter D -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2004 Apr 16;304(5669):390; author reply 390.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Southampton Oceanography Centre, Empress DockSouthampton SO14 3ZH, England.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15087530" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Chlorophyll/analysis ; Color ; *Ecosystem ; Oceanography/*methods ; Oceans and Seas ; *Seawater ; Water Movements
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  • 182
    Publication Date: 2004-03-20
    Description: There is growing concern about increased population, regional, and global extinctions of species. A key question is whether extinction rates for one group of organisms are representative of other taxa. We present a comparison at the national scale of population and regional extinctions of birds, butterflies, and vascular plants from Britain in recent decades. Butterflies experienced the greatest net losses, disappearing on average from 13% of their previously occupied 10-kilometer squares. If insects elsewhere in the world are similarly sensitive, the known global extinction rates of vertebrate and plant species have an unrecorded parallel among the invertebrates, strengthening the hypothesis that the natural world is experiencing the sixth major extinction event in its history.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Thomas, J A -- Telfer, M G -- Roy, D B -- Preston, C D -- Greenwood, J J D -- Asher, J -- Fox, R -- Clarke, R T -- Lawton, J H -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2004 Mar 19;303(5665):1879-81.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Natural Environment Research Council (NERC) Centre for Ecology and Hydrology, Dorset Laboratory, Winfrith Technology Centre, Dorchester DT2 8ZD, UK. jat@ceh.ac.uk〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15031508" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Animals ; *Biodiversity ; *Birds ; *Butterflies ; *Ecosystem ; Great Britain ; *Plants ; Population Density ; Population Dynamics
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  • 183
    Publication Date: 2004-10-02
    Description: One of the great debates about extinction is whether humans or climatic change caused the demise of the Pleistocene megafauna. Evidence from paleontology, climatology, archaeology, and ecology now supports the idea that humans contributed to extinction on some continents, but human hunting was not solely responsible for the pattern of extinction everywhere. Instead, evidence suggests that the intersection of human impacts with pronounced climatic change drove the precise timing and geography of extinction in the Northern Hemisphere. The story from the Southern Hemisphere is still unfolding. New evidence from Australia supports the view that humans helped cause extinctions there, but the correlation with climate is weak or contested. Firmer chronologies, more realistic ecological models, and regional paleoecological insights still are needed to understand details of the worldwide extinction pattern and the population dynamics of the species involved.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Barnosky, Anthony D -- Koch, Paul L -- Feranec, Robert S -- Wing, Scott L -- Shabel, Alan B -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2004 Oct 1;306(5693):70-5.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Department of Integrative Biology and Museums of Paleontology and Vertebrate Zoology, University of California, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA. barnosky@socrates.berkeley.edu〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15459379" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Animals ; Archaeology ; Climate ; Conservation of Natural Resources ; *Ecosystem ; Human Activities ; Humans ; *Paleontology ; *Population Dynamics ; Predatory Behavior ; Time
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  • 184
    Publication Date: 2004-05-29
    Description: 〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Palmer, Margaret -- Bernhardt, Emily -- Chornesky, Elizabeth -- Collins, Scott -- Dobson, Andrew -- Duke, Clifford -- Gold, Barry -- Jacobson, Robert -- Kingsland, Sharon -- Kranz, Rhonda -- Mappin, Michael -- Martinez, M Luisa -- Micheli, Fiorenza -- Morse, Jennifer -- Pace, Michael -- Pascual, Mercedes -- Palumbi, Stephen -- Reichman, O J -- Simons, Ashley -- Townsend, Alan -- Turner, Monica -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2004 May 28;304(5675):1251-2.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉University of Maryland, College Park, MD, USA. mpalmer@umd.edu〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15166349" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Animals ; Communicable Diseases/transmission ; Conservation of Natural Resources ; *Ecology ; *Ecosystem ; Environment ; Forecasting ; Fresh Water ; Health ; Human Activities ; Humans ; Population Dynamics ; *Research ; Urbanization
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  • 185
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    Unknown
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Publication Date: 2004-09-09
    Description: In proteins homologous to the green fluorescent protein (GFP), formation of red fluorescence requires three autocatalytic steps, whereas only two are needed for green fluorescence. Multiple red/green color diversification events in the GFP superfamily may reflect convergent evolution of the more complex three-step pathway. In the great star coral Montastraea cavernosa, a recreated common ancestor of green and red proteins turned out to be green, indicating that in this case red proteins evolved their color independently from most other homologous red proteins. Furthermore, red color appears to have evolved gradually by small incremental transitions.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Ugalde, Juan A -- Chang, Belinda S W -- Matz, Mikhail V -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2004 Sep 3;305(5689):1433.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Whitney Laboratory, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15353795" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Amino Acid Sequence ; Animals ; Anthozoa/*genetics/metabolism ; Codon ; *Evolution, Molecular ; Fluorescence ; Green Fluorescent Proteins ; Luminescent Proteins/*genetics ; Molecular Sequence Data ; Phenotype ; Pigments, Biological/*genetics ; Spectrometry, Fluorescence
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  • 186
    Publication Date: 2004-12-14
    Description: Sex and recombination are driving forces in the evolution of eukaryotes. Homologous recombination is known to be the dominant process in the divergence of many bacterial species. For Archaea, the only direct evidence bearing on the importance or natural occurrence of homologous recombination is anecdotal reports of mosaicism from comparative genomic studies. Genetic studies, however, reveal that recombination may play a significant role in generating diversity among members of at least one archaeal group, the haloarchaea. We used multi-locus sequence typing to demonstrate that haloarchaea exchange genetic information promiscuously, exhibiting a degree of linkage equilibrium approaching that of a sexual population.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Papke, R Thane -- Koenig, Jeremy E -- Rodriguez-Valera, Francisco -- Doolittle, W Ford -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2004 Dec 10;306(5703):1928-9.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Dalhousie University, 5859 University Avenue, Halifax, Nova Scotia B3H 4H7, Canada. rpapke@dal.ca〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15591201" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Alleles ; DNA, Archaeal ; Genes, Archaeal ; Genes, rRNA ; Genetic Linkage ; Genetic Variation ; Halobacteriaceae/classification/*genetics/isolation & purification ; Linkage Disequilibrium ; Molecular Sequence Data ; Mutation ; Phylogeny ; Polymerase Chain Reaction ; *Recombination, Genetic ; Ribotyping ; Sequence Analysis, DNA ; Sodium Chloride ; Spain ; *Water Microbiology
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  • 187
    Publication Date: 2004-12-14
    Description: To establish infection in the host, malaria parasites export remodeling and virulence proteins into the erythrocyte. These proteins can traverse a series of membranes, including the parasite membrane, the parasitophorous vacuole membrane, and the erythrocyte membrane. We show that a conserved pentameric sequence plays a central role in protein export into the host cell and predict the exported proteome in Plasmodium falciparum. We identified 400 putative erythrocyte-targeted proteins corresponding to approximately 8% of all predicted genes, with 225 virulence proteins and a further 160 proteins likely to be involved in remodeling of the host erythrocyte. The conservation of this signal across Plasmodium species has implications for the development of new antimalarials.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Marti, Matthias -- Good, Robert T -- Rug, Melanie -- Knuepfer, Ellen -- Cowman, Alan F -- R01-A144008-04A1/PHS HHS/ -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2004 Dec 10;306(5703):1930-3.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Walter and Eliza Hall Institute of Medical Research, Melbourne, Victoria 3050, Australia.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15591202" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: *Amino Acid Motifs ; Amino Acid Sequence ; Animals ; Computational Biology ; Cytoplasm/metabolism ; Erythrocyte Membrane/metabolism ; Gene Expression Profiling ; Genes, Protozoan ; Humans ; Hydrophobic and Hydrophilic Interactions ; Malaria, Falciparum/parasitology ; Membrane Proteins/chemistry/metabolism ; Molecular Sequence Data ; Oligonucleotide Array Sequence Analysis ; Plasmodium/chemistry/genetics/metabolism ; Plasmodium falciparum/genetics/growth & development/*metabolism/*pathogenicity ; *Protein Sorting Signals ; Protein Transport ; Protozoan Proteins/chemistry/genetics/*metabolism ; Recombinant Fusion Proteins/metabolism ; Sequence Alignment ; Vacuoles/metabolism/parasitology ; Virulence ; Virulence Factors/chemistry/genetics/*metabolism
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  • 188
    Publication Date: 2004-12-25
    Description: World food demand is expected to more than double by 2050. Decisions about how to meet this challenge will have profound effects on wild species and habitats. We show that farming is already the greatest extinction threat to birds (the best known taxon), and its adverse impacts look set to increase, especially in developing countries. Two competing solutions have been proposed: wildlife-friendly farming (which boosts densities of wild populations on farmland but may decrease agricultural yields) and land sparing (which minimizes demand for farmland by increasing yield). We present a model that identifies how to resolve the trade-off between these approaches. This shows that the best type of farming for species persistence depends on the demand for agricultural products and on how the population densities of different species on farmland change with agricultural yield. Empirical data on such density-yield functions are sparse, but evidence from a range of taxa in developing countries suggests that high-yield farming may allow more species to persist.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Green, Rhys E -- Cornell, Stephen J -- Scharlemann, Jorn P W -- Balmford, Andrew -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2005 Jan 28;307(5709):550-5. Epub 2004 Dec 23.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Department of Zoology, University of Cambridge, Downing Street, Cambridge, CB2 3EJ, UK. reg29@hermes.cam.ac.uk〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15618485" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: *Agriculture ; Animals ; *Animals, Wild ; *Biodiversity ; Birds ; Conservation of Natural Resources ; Crops, Agricultural ; Developed Countries ; Developing Countries ; *Ecosystem ; Environment ; Models, Biological ; Population Density ; Trees
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  • 189
    Publication Date: 2003-04-26
    Description: Tubular nanostructures are suggested to have a wide range of applications in nanotechnology. We report our observation of the self-assembly of a very short peptide, the Alzheimer's beta-amyloid diphenylalanine structural motif, into discrete and stiff nanotubes. Reduction of ionic silver within the nanotubes, followed by enzymatic degradation of the peptide backbone, resulted in the production of discrete nanowires with a long persistence length. The same dipeptide building block, made of D-phenylalanine, resulted in the production of enzymatically stable nanotubes.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Reches, Meital -- Gazit, Ehud -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2003 Apr 25;300(5619):625-7.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Department of Molecular Microbiology and Biotechnology, George S. Wise Faculty of Life Sciences, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv 69978, Israel.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/12714741" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Amino Acid Motifs ; Amino Acid Sequence ; Amyloid beta-Peptides/chemistry ; Biosensing Techniques ; Birefringence ; Dipeptides/*chemistry ; Microscopy, Electron ; Microscopy, Electron, Scanning ; Molecular Sequence Data ; *Nanotechnology ; Oxidation-Reduction ; Protein Conformation ; Silver ; Solubility ; Spectroscopy, Fourier Transform Infrared
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  • 190
    Publication Date: 2003-08-09
    Description: Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) is a progressive, lethal neuromuscular disease that is associated with the degeneration of spinal and brainstem motor neurons, leading to atrophy of limb, axial, and respiratory muscles. The cause of ALS is unknown, and there is no effective therapy. Neurotrophic factors are candidates for therapeutic evaluation in ALS. Although chronic delivery of molecules to the central nervous system has proven difficult, we recently discovered that adeno-associated virus can be retrogradely transported efficiently from muscle to motor neurons of the spinal cord. We report that insulin-like growth factor 1 prolongs life and delays disease progression, even when delivered at the time of overt disease symptoms.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Kaspar, Brian K -- Llado, Jeronia -- Sherkat, Nushin -- Rothstein, Jeffrey D -- Gage, Fred H -- AG12992/AG/NIA NIH HHS/ -- AG21876/AG/NIA NIH HHS/ -- NS33958/NS/NINDS NIH HHS/ -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2003 Aug 8;301(5634):839-42.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Laboratory of Genetics, The Salk Institute for Biological Studies, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/12907804" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis/pathology/physiopathology/*therapy ; Animals ; Apoptosis ; Base Sequence ; Caspase 9 ; Caspases/metabolism ; Cell Count ; Dependovirus/*genetics ; Disease Models, Animal ; Disease Progression ; Gene Transfer Techniques ; *Genetic Therapy ; *Genetic Vectors/administration & dosage ; Glial Cell Line-Derived Neurotrophic Factor ; Green Fluorescent Proteins ; Insulin-Like Growth Factor I/*genetics ; Luminescent Proteins/genetics ; Male ; Mice ; Mice, Transgenic ; Molecular Sequence Data ; Motor Neurons/pathology/virology ; Muscle, Skeletal/virology ; Nerve Growth Factors/genetics ; *Protein-Serine-Threonine Kinases ; Proto-Oncogene Proteins/metabolism ; Proto-Oncogene Proteins c-akt ; Random Allocation ; Spinal Cord/chemistry/pathology/virology ; Superoxide Dismutase/genetics/metabolism ; Ubiquitin/analysis
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  • 191
    Publication Date: 2003-10-04
    Description: Analysis of the human and mouse genomes identified an abundance of conserved non-genic sequences (CNGs). The significance and evolutionary depth of their conservation remain unanswered. We have quantified levels and patterns of conservation of 191 CNGs of human chromosome 21 in 14 mammalian species. We found that CNGs are significantly more conserved than protein-coding genes and noncoding RNAS (ncRNAs) within the mammalian class from primates to monotremes to marsupials. The pattern of substitutions in CNGs differed from that seen in protein-coding and ncRNA genes and resembled that of protein-binding regions. About 0.3% to 1% of the human genome corresponds to a previously unknown class of extremely constrained CNGs shared among mammals.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Dermitzakis, Emmanouil T -- Reymond, Alexandre -- Scamuffa, Nathalie -- Ucla, Catherine -- Kirkness, Ewen -- Rossier, Colette -- Antonarakis, Stylianos E -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2003 Nov 7;302(5647):1033-5. Epub 2003 Oct 2.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Division of Medical Genetics and National Center of Competence in Research (NCCR) Frontiers in Genetics, University of Geneva Medical School and University Hospitals, 1211 Geneva, Switzerland. Emmanouil.Dermitzakis@medecine.unige.ch〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/14526086" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Animals ; Base Sequence ; Chromosomes, Human, Pair 21/*genetics ; Chromosomes, Mammalian/*genetics ; *Conserved Sequence ; DNA, Intergenic/*genetics ; Discriminant Analysis ; *Evolution, Molecular ; Female ; Genetic Code ; Genome ; Humans ; Male ; Mammals/*genetics ; Molecular Sequence Data ; Polymerase Chain Reaction ; Proteins/genetics ; RNA, Untranslated/genetics ; Selection, Genetic ; Sequence Alignment ; Species Specificity ; Time ; Transcription, Genetic
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  • 192
    Publication Date: 2003-12-20
    Description: Approximately 80% of the maize genome comprises highly repetitive sequences interspersed with single-copy, gene-rich sequences, and standard genome sequencing strategies are not readily adaptable to this type of genome. Methodologies that enrich for genic sequences might more rapidly generate useful results from complex genomes. Equivalent numbers of clones from maize selected by techniques called methylation filtering and High C0t selection were sequenced to generate approximately 200,000 reads (approximately 132 megabases), which were assembled into contigs. Combination of the two techniques resulted in a sixfold reduction in the effective genome size and a fourfold increase in the gene identification rate in comparison to a nonenriched library.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Whitelaw, C A -- Barbazuk, W B -- Pertea, G -- Chan, A P -- Cheung, F -- Lee, Y -- Zheng, L -- van Heeringen, S -- Karamycheva, S -- Bennetzen, J L -- SanMiguel, P -- Lakey, N -- Bedell, J -- Yuan, Y -- Budiman, M A -- Resnick, A -- Van Aken, S -- Utterback, T -- Riedmuller, S -- Williams, M -- Feldblyum, T -- Schubert, K -- Beachy, R -- Fraser, C M -- Quackenbush, J -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2003 Dec 19;302(5653):2118-20.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉The Institute for Genomic Research (TIGR), 9712 Medical Center Drive, Rockville, MD 20850, USA.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/14684821" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Chromosomes, Plant/genetics ; Cloning, Molecular ; Computational Biology ; Contig Mapping ; DNA Methylation ; DNA, Plant/genetics ; Databases, Nucleic Acid ; Expressed Sequence Tags ; Gene Dosage ; Gene Library ; *Genes, Plant ; *Genome, Plant ; Molecular Sequence Data ; Repetitive Sequences, Nucleic Acid ; Retroelements ; Sequence Alignment ; Sequence Analysis, DNA/*methods ; Transcription, Genetic ; Zea mays/*genetics
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  • 193
    Publication Date: 2003-03-22
    Description: 〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Mitchell, Charles E -- Reich, Peter B -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2003 Mar 21;299(5614):1844-5; author reply 1844-5.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/12649464" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Atmosphere ; Biomass ; California ; *Carbon Dioxide ; Climate ; *Ecosystem ; Fungi/pathogenicity ; Nitrogen ; *Plant Diseases ; Plant Roots/growth & development ; Poaceae/*growth & development/*microbiology ; Temperature
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  • 194
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    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Publication Date: 2003-07-26
    Description: 〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Lubick, Naomi -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2003 Jul 25;301(5632):451.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/12881542" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Animals ; Atlantic Ocean ; Conservation of Natural Resources ; DNA, Mitochondrial/genetics ; *Ecosystem ; Female ; Genetic Variation ; Genetics, Population ; Male ; Mutation ; Population Density ; Population Dynamics ; Time Factors ; *Whales/genetics
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  • 195
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    Unknown
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Publication Date: 2003-07-26
    Description: It is well known that hunting dramatically reduced all baleen whale populations, yet reliable estimates of former whale abundances are elusive. Based on coalescent models for mitochondrial DNA sequence variation, the genetic diversity of North Atlantic whales suggests population sizes of approximately 240,000 humpback, 360,000 fin, and 265,000 minke whales. Estimates for fin and humpback whales are far greater than those previously calculated for prewhaling populations and 6 to 20 times higher than present-day population estimates. Such discrepancies suggest the need for a quantitative reevaluation of historical whale populations and a fundamental revision in our conception of the natural state of the oceans.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Roman, Joe -- Palumbi, Stephen R -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2003 Jul 25;301(5632):508-10.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Department of Organismic and Evolutionary Biology, Harvard University, 16 Divinity Avenue, Cambridge, MA 02138, USA.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/12881568" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Animals ; Atlantic Ocean ; Base Sequence ; Conservation of Natural Resources ; DNA, Mitochondrial/genetics ; *Ecosystem ; Female ; Genetic Variation ; Genetics, Population ; Male ; Molecular Sequence Data ; Population Density ; Population Dynamics ; Time Factors ; *Whales/classification/genetics
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  • 196
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    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Publication Date: 2003-03-15
    Description: 〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Webster, Paul -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2003 Mar 14;299(5613):1642.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/12637710" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Animals ; Arctic Regions ; Canada ; *Ecosystem ; Environmental Exposure/*adverse effects ; Environmental Pollutants/*analysis ; Female ; Humans ; Infant ; Infection/epidemiology/etiology ; *Inuits ; Memory ; Risk Factors
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  • 197
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    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Publication Date: 2003-03-01
    Description: Although curvature of biological surfaces has been considered from mathematical and biophysical perspectives, its molecular and developmental basis is unclear. We have studied the cin mutant of Antirrhinum, which has crinkly rather than flat leaves. Leaves of cin display excess growth in marginal regions, resulting in a gradual introduction of negative curvature during development. This reflects a change in the shape and the progression of a cell-cycle arrest front moving from the leaf tip toward the base. CIN encodes a TCP protein and is expressed downstream of the arrest front. We propose that CIN promotes zero curvature (flatness) by making cells more sensitive to an arrest signal, particularly in marginal regions.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Nath, Utpal -- Crawford, Brian C W -- Carpenter, Rosemary -- Coen, Enrico -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2003 Feb 28;299(5611):1404-7.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, John Innes Centre, Norwich Research Park, Norwich, NR4 7UH, UK.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/12610308" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Amino Acid Sequence ; Antirrhinum/cytology/*genetics/*growth & development/metabolism ; Base Sequence ; Cell Cycle ; Cell Differentiation ; Cell Division ; Cell Size ; Cyclin D3 ; Cyclins/genetics/metabolism ; Gene Deletion ; *Gene Expression Regulation, Plant ; *Genes, Plant ; Histones/genetics/metabolism ; Molecular Sequence Data ; Mutagenesis, Insertional ; Mutation ; Plant Leaves/anatomy & histology/cytology/*growth & development/metabolism ; Plant Proteins/chemistry/genetics/metabolism ; Surface Properties ; Transcription Factors/chemistry/genetics/*metabolism
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  • 198
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    Unknown
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Publication Date: 2003-10-25
    Description: 〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Stokstad, Erik -- Vogel, Gretchen -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2003 Oct 24;302(5645):542-3.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/14576384" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Animals ; Beta vulgaris/genetics/growth & development ; Biotechnology ; Brassica napus/genetics/growth & development ; Crops, Agricultural/*genetics/growth & development ; *Ecosystem ; *Environment ; Great Britain ; Herbicides ; *Plants, Genetically Modified/growth & development ; Zea mays/genetics/growth & development
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  • 199
    Publication Date: 2003-03-29
    Description: Volcanic aerosols from the 1991 Mount Pinatubo eruption greatly increased diffuse radiation worldwide for the following 2 years. We estimated that this increase in diffuse radiation alone enhanced noontime photosynthesis of a deciduous forest by 23% in 1992 and 8% in 1993 under cloudless conditions. This finding indicates that the aerosol-induced increase in diffuse radiation by the volcano enhanced the terrestrial carbon sink and contributed to the temporary decline in the growth rate of atmospheric carbon dioxide after the eruption.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Gu, Lianhong -- Baldocchi, Dennis D -- Wofsy, Steve C -- Munger, J William -- Michalsky, Joseph J -- Urbanski, Shawn P -- Boden, Thomas A -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2003 Mar 28;299(5615):2035-8.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Environmental Sciences Division, Building 1509, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, TN 37831-6335, USA. lianhong-gu@ornl.gov〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/12663919" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Aerosols ; *Atmosphere ; *Carbon Dioxide/metabolism ; Climate ; *Ecosystem ; Mathematics ; Models, Statistical ; Nonlinear Dynamics ; Philippines ; *Photosynthesis ; Regression Analysis ; Scattering, Radiation ; Seasons ; Sunlight ; Temperature ; Trees/*metabolism ; *Volcanic Eruptions
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  • 200
    Publication Date: 2003-08-16
    Description: Geochemical anomalies and growth discontinuities in Porites corals from western Sumatra, Indonesia, record unanticipated reef mortality during anomalous Indian Ocean Dipole upwelling and a giant red tide in 1997. Sea surface temperature reconstructions show that although some past upwelling events have been stronger, there were no analogous episodes of coral mortality during the past 7000 years, indicating that the 1997 red tide was highly unusual. We show that iron fertilization by the 1997 Indonesian wildfires was sufficient to produce the extraordinary red tide, leading to reef death by asphyxiation. These findings highlight tropical wildfires as an escalating threat to coastal marine ecosystems.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Abram, Nerilie J -- Gagan, Michael K -- McCulloch, Malcolm T -- Chappell, John -- Hantoro, Wahyoe S -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2003 Aug 15;301(5635):952-5.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Research School of Earth Sciences, Australian National University, Canberra, ACT 0200, Australia. nerilie.abram@anu.edu.au〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/12920295" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Animals ; Anthozoa/*growth & development ; Atmosphere ; Biomass ; Dinoflagellida/growth & development ; *Ecosystem ; *Eutrophication ; *Fires ; Indian Ocean ; Indonesia ; Iron ; Phytoplankton/growth & development ; Population Dynamics ; Temperature
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    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Computer Science , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
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