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  • 1
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    Zooming in on a quantitative trait for tomato yield using interspecific introgressions (2004)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2004-09-18
    Description: To explore natural biodiversity we developed and examined introgression lines (ILs) containing chromosome segments of wild species (Solanum pennellii) in the background of the cultivated tomato (S. lycopersicum). We identified Brix9-2-5, which is a S. pennellii quantitative trait locus (QTL) that increases sugar yield of tomatoes and was mapped within a flower- and fruit-specific invertase (LIN5). QTL analysis representing five different tomato species delimited the functional polymorphism of Brix9-2-5 to an amino acid near the catalytic site of the invertase crystal, affecting enzyme kinetics and fruit sink strength. These results underline the power of diverse ILs for high-resolution perspectives on complex phenotypes.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Fridman, Eyal -- Carrari, Fernando -- Liu, Yong-Sheng -- Fernie, Alisdair R -- Zamir, Dani -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2004 Sep 17;305(5691):1786-9.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Robert H. Smith Institute of Plant Sciences and Genetics in Agriculture, Faculty of Agriculture, Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Post Office Box 12, Rehovot 76100, Israel.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15375271" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Alleles ; Amino Acid Sequence ; Aspartic Acid ; Catalytic Domain ; Crosses, Genetic ; Flowers/enzymology/genetics ; Fruit/enzymology/genetics ; Gene Expression ; Gene Expression Regulation, Plant ; Genes, Plant ; Genetic Complementation Test ; Lycopersicon esculentum/enzymology/*genetics/growth & development ; Molecular Sequence Data ; *Polymorphism, Single Nucleotide ; *Quantitative Trait Loci ; Quantitative Trait, Heritable ; Solanum/enzymology/*genetics ; Sucrose/metabolism ; Transcription, Genetic ; Transformation, Genetic ; beta-Fructofuranosidase/chemistry/*genetics/*metabolism
    Print ISSN: 0036-8075
    Electronic ISSN: 1095-9203
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Computer Science , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
    Published by American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
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  • 2
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    Metabolic priming by a secreted fungal effector (2011)
    Nature Publishing Group (NPG)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2011-10-07
    Description: Maize smut caused by the fungus Ustilago maydis is a widespread disease characterized by the development of large plant tumours. U. maydis is a biotrophic pathogen that requires living plant tissue for its development and establishes an intimate interaction zone between fungal hyphae and the plant plasma membrane. U. maydis actively suppresses plant defence responses by secreted protein effectors. Its effector repertoire comprises at least 386 genes mostly encoding proteins of unknown function and expressed exclusively during the biotrophic stage. The U. maydis secretome also contains about 150 proteins with probable roles in fungal nutrition, fungal cell wall modification and host penetration as well as proteins unlikely to act in the fungal-host interface like a chorismate mutase. Chorismate mutases are key enzymes of the shikimate pathway and catalyse the conversion of chorismate to prephenate, the precursor for tyrosine and phenylalanine synthesis. Root-knot nematodes inject a secreted chorismate mutase into plant cells likely to affect development. Here we show that the chorismate mutase Cmu1 secreted by U. maydis is a virulence factor. The enzyme is taken up by plant cells, can spread to neighbouring cells and changes the metabolic status of these cells through metabolic priming. Secreted chorismate mutases are found in many plant-associated microbes and might serve as general tools for host manipulation.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Djamei, Armin -- Schipper, Kerstin -- Rabe, Franziska -- Ghosh, Anupama -- Vincon, Volker -- Kahnt, Jorg -- Osorio, Sonia -- Tohge, Takayuki -- Fernie, Alisdair R -- Feussner, Ivo -- Feussner, Kirstin -- Meinicke, Peter -- Stierhof, York-Dieter -- Schwarz, Heinz -- Macek, Boris -- Mann, Matthias -- Kahmann, Regine -- England -- Nature. 2011 Oct 5;478(7369):395-8. doi: 10.1038/nature10454.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Max Planck Institute for Terrestrial Microbiology, Karl-von-Frisch-Strasse 10, D-35043 Marburg, Germany.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21976020" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Chorismate Mutase/*metabolism ; Cytoplasm/enzymology ; Gene Expression Regulation, Plant ; Genetic Complementation Test ; Host-Pathogen Interactions ; Metabolome ; Models, Biological ; Plant Proteins/metabolism ; Plastids/enzymology ; Protein Multimerization ; Saccharomyces cerevisiae/genetics ; Salicylic Acid/metabolism ; Two-Hybrid System Techniques ; Ustilago/*enzymology/*pathogenicity ; Virulence Factors/genetics/*metabolism ; Zea mays/*metabolism/*microbiology
    Print ISSN: 0028-0836
    Electronic ISSN: 1476-4687
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
    Published by Nature Publishing Group (NPG)
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  • 3
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    Evolution and metabolic significance of the urea cycle in photosynthetic diatoms (2011)
    Nature Publishing Group (NPG)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2011-05-13
    Description: Diatoms dominate the biomass of phytoplankton in nutrient-rich conditions and form the basis of some of the world's most productive marine food webs. The diatom nuclear genome contains genes with bacterial and plastid origins as well as genes of the secondary endosymbiotic host (the exosymbiont), yet little is known about the relative contribution of each gene group to diatom metabolism. Here we show that the exosymbiont-derived ornithine-urea cycle, which is similar to that of metazoans but is absent in green algae and plants, facilitates rapid recovery from prolonged nitrogen limitation. RNA-interference-mediated knockdown of a mitochondrial carbamoyl phosphate synthase impairs the response of nitrogen-limited diatoms to nitrogen addition. Metabolomic analyses indicate that intermediates in the ornithine-urea cycle are particularly depleted and that both the tricarboxylic acid cycle and the glutamine synthetase/glutamate synthase cycles are linked directly with the ornithine-urea cycle. Several other depleted metabolites are generated from ornithine-urea cycle intermediates by the products of genes laterally acquired from bacteria. This metabolic coupling of bacterial- and exosymbiont-derived proteins seems to be fundamental to diatom physiology because the compounds affected include the major diatom osmolyte proline and the precursors for long-chain polyamines required for silica precipitation during cell wall formation. So far, the ornithine-urea cycle is only known for its essential role in the removal of fixed nitrogen in metazoans. In diatoms, this cycle serves as a distribution and repackaging hub for inorganic carbon and nitrogen and contributes significantly to the metabolic response of diatoms to episodic nitrogen availability. The diatom ornithine-urea cycle therefore represents a key pathway for anaplerotic carbon fixation into nitrogenous compounds that are essential for diatom growth and for the contribution of diatoms to marine productivity.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Allen, Andrew E -- Dupont, Christopher L -- Obornik, Miroslav -- Horak, Ales -- Nunes-Nesi, Adriano -- McCrow, John P -- Zheng, Hong -- Johnson, Daniel A -- Hu, Hanhua -- Fernie, Alisdair R -- Bowler, Chris -- England -- Nature. 2011 May 12;473(7346):203-7. doi: 10.1038/nature10074.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉J. Craig Venter Institute, San Diego, California 92121, USA. aallen@jcvi.org〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21562560" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Carbamoyl-Phosphate Synthase (Ammonia)/metabolism ; Diatoms/*classification/enzymology/genetics/growth & development/*metabolism ; Gene Expression Regulation ; Gene Knockdown Techniques ; Nitrates/metabolism ; *Photosynthesis ; *Phylogeny ; RNA Interference ; Urea/*metabolism
    Print ISSN: 0028-0836
    Electronic ISSN: 1476-4687
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
    Published by Nature Publishing Group (NPG)
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  • 4
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    Sucrose efflux mediated by SWEET proteins as a key step for phloem transport (2011)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2011-12-14
    Description: Plants transport fixed carbon predominantly as sucrose, which is produced in mesophyll cells and imported into phloem cells for translocation throughout the plant. It is not known how sucrose migrates from sites of synthesis in the mesophyll to the phloem, or which cells mediate efflux into the apoplasm as a prerequisite for phloem loading by the SUT sucrose-H(+) (proton) cotransporters. Using optical sucrose sensors, we identified a subfamily of SWEET sucrose efflux transporters. AtSWEET11 and 12 localize to the plasma membrane of the phloem. Mutant plants carrying insertions in AtSWEET11 and 12 are defective in phloem loading, thus revealing a two-step mechanism of SWEET-mediated export from parenchyma cells feeding H(+)-coupled import into the sieve element-companion cell complex. We discuss how restriction of intercellular transport to the interface of adjacent phloem cells may be an effective mechanism to limit the availability of photosynthetic carbon in the leaf apoplasm in order to prevent pathogen infections.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Chen, Li-Qing -- Qu, Xiao-Qing -- Hou, Bi-Huei -- Sosso, Davide -- Osorio, Sonia -- Fernie, Alisdair R -- Frommer, Wolf B -- 1R01DK079109/DK/NIDDK NIH HHS/ -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2012 Jan 13;335(6065):207-11. doi: 10.1126/science.1213351. Epub 2011 Dec 8.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Carnegie Institution for Science, 260 Panama Street, Stanford, CA 94305, USA.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22157085" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Animals ; Arabidopsis/genetics/growth & development/*metabolism ; Arabidopsis Proteins/genetics/*metabolism ; Biological Transport ; Cell Membrane/metabolism ; Fluorescence Resonance Energy Transfer ; HEK293 Cells ; Humans ; Membrane Transport Proteins/genetics/*metabolism ; Mutant Proteins/metabolism ; Oryza/metabolism ; Phloem/*metabolism ; Plant Leaves/metabolism ; Plant Proteins/genetics/metabolism ; Plant Roots/growth & development ; Promoter Regions, Genetic ; Sucrose/*metabolism
    Print ISSN: 0036-8075
    Electronic ISSN: 1095-9203
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Computer Science , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
    Published by American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
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  • 5
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Metabolic control analysis and regulation of the conversion of sucrose to starch in growing potato tubers (2004)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Science Ltd
    Plant, cell & environment 27 (2004), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1365-3040
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Starch is of great importance both as a carbon storage reserve in plants and as a biotechnologically important product. The potato tuber is an attractive model system for the study of starch metabolism, because it is a relatively homogenous tissue in which conversion of sucrose to starch represents the dominant metabolic flux. All the major genes of the potato tuber sucrose to starch pathway have been cloned in recent years, allowing the generation of a suite of antisense transgenic lines to be produced in which the activity of each individual enzyme in the pathway is progressively decreased. Investigations of these plants have provided a complete picture of the distribution of control in this important pathway. Sucrose synthase, UGPase, hexokinase, cytosolic phosphoglucomutase, plastidial phosphoglucomutase, the amyloplastidial adenylate translocator, AGPase, starch synthase and starch branching enzyme have flux control coefficients (FCCs) of 0.10, approximating 0.00, approximating 0.00, 0.15, 0.23, 0.98, 0.35, 0.12 and approximating 0.00 for starch accumulation. These results show that the majority of the control on starch accumulation in potato tubers resides in the transfer of adenylate between the cytosol and the amyloplast, with a minor contribution being made by the first two steps of the plastidial starch synthesis pathway (the reactions catalysed by plastidial phosphoglucomutase and AGPase). This contrasts with leaves, in which the majority of the control has been found to reside in the reactions catalysed by plastidial phosphoglucomutase and AGPase. In leaves, ATP for starch synthesis is generated within the plastid via photophosphorylation. Several studies have attempted to increase the rate of starch synthesis by overexpressing pathway enzymes in tubers. The results of these studies and the role of other ATP producers in the starch synthetic process are reviewed. In the same time period methods of non-aqueous fractionation have been adapted to potato tuber tissue in order to ascertain subcellular metabolite levels. Results obtained from these studies allow the calculation of mass action ratios of the constitutive enzymes of the sucrose to starch transition. When taken together with the known regulatory properties of these enzymes the combination of broad control analysis studies and assessment of the mass action ratios of the respective enzymes allows a comprehensive description of this important metabolic network. Some illustrative examples of how this network responds to environmental change are presented. Finally implications of this whole pathway evaluation for more general studies of plant metabolic pathways and networks are discussed.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-3040.2004.01183.x
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  • 6
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Altered metabolic fluxes result from shifts in metabolite levels in sucrose phosphorylase-expressing potato tubers (2002)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Science Ltd
    Plant, cell & environment 25 (2002), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1365-3040
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: As reported in a previous paper (Plant, Cell and Environment 24, 357–365, 2001), introduction of sucrose phosphorylase into the cytosol of potato results in increased respiration, an inhibition of starch accumulation and decreased tuber yield. Herein a more detailed investigation into the effect of sucrose phosphorylase expression on tuber metabolism, in order to understand why storage and growth are impaired is described. (1) Although the activity of the introduced sucrose phosphorylase was low and accounted for less than 10% of that of sucrose synthase its expression led to a decrease in the activities of enzymes of starch synthesis relative to enzymes of glycolysis and relative to total amylolytic activity. (2) Incubation of tuber discs in [14C]glucose revealed that the transformants display a two-fold increase of the unidirectional rate of sucrose breakdown. However this was largely compensated by a large stimulation of sucrose re-synthesis and therefore the net rate of sucrose breakdown was not greatly affected. Despite this fact major shifts in tuber metabolism, including depletion of sucrose to very low levels, higher rates of glycolysis, and larger pools of amino acids were observed in these lines. (3) Expression of sucrose phosphorylase led to a decrease of the cellular ATP/ADP ratio and energy charge in intact growing tubers. It was estimated that at least 30% of the ATP formed during respiration is consumed as a result of the large acceleration of the cycle of sucrose breakdown and re-synthesis in the transformants. Although the absolute rate of starch synthesis in short-term labelling experiments with discs rose, starch synthesis fell relative to other fluxes including respiration, and the overall starch content of the tubers was lower than in wild-type tubers. (4) External supply of amino acids to replace sucrose as an osmoticum led to a feed-back inhibition of glycolysis, but did not restore allocation to starch. (5) However, an external supply of the non-metabolizable sucrose analogue palatinose – but not sucrose itself – stimulated flux to starch in the transformants. (6) The results indicate that the impaired performance of sucrose phosphorylase-expressing tubers is attributable to decreased levels of sucrose and increased energy consumption during sucrose futile cycling, and imply that sucrose degradation via sucrose synthase is important to maintain a relatively large sucrose pool and to minimize the ATP consumption required for normal metabolic function in the wild type.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1046/j.1365-3040.2002.00918.x
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  • 7
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Expression of a bacterial sucrose phosphorylase in potato tubers results in a glucose-independent induction of glycolysis (2001)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Science Ltd
    Plant, cell & environment 24 (2001), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1365-3040
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Sugars are not only metabolic substrates: they also act as signals that regulate the metabolism of plants. Previously, we found that glycolysis is induced in transgenic tubers expressing a yeast invertase in the cytosol but not in those expressing invertase in the apoplast. This suggests that either the low level of sucrose, the increased formation of cytosolic glucose or the increased levels of metabolites downstream of the sucrose cleavage is responsible for the induction of glycolysis in storage organs. In order to discriminate between these possibilities, we cloned and expressed a bacterial sucrose phosphorylase gene from Pseudomonas saccharophila in potato tubers. Due to the phosphorolytic cleavage of sucrose, formation of glucose was circumvented, thus allowing assessment of the importance of cytosolic glucose – and, by implication, flux through hexokinase – in glycolytic induction. Expression of sucrose phosphorylase led to: (i) a decrease in sucrose content, but no decrease in glucose or fructose; (ii) a decrease in both starch accumulation and tuber yield; (iii) increased levels of glycolytic metabolites; (iv) an induction of the activities of key enzymes of glycolysis; and (v) increased respiratory activity. We conclude that the induction of glycolysis in heterotrophic tissues such as potato tubers occurs via a glucose-independent mechanism.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1046/j.1365-3040.2001.00679.x
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  • 8
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    Comparative transcriptomics reveals patterns of selection in domesticated and wild tomato (2013)
    National Academy of Sciences
    Details
    Publication Date: 2013-06-26
    Print ISSN: 0027-8424
    Electronic ISSN: 1091-6490
    Topics: Biology , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General
    Published by National Academy of Sciences
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  • 9
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    PLGG1, a plastidic glycolate glycerate transporter, is required for photorespiration and defines a unique class of metabolite transporters (2013)
    National Academy of Sciences
    Details
    Publication Date: 2013-02-04
    Print ISSN: 0027-8424
    Electronic ISSN: 1091-6490
    Topics: Biology , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General
    Published by National Academy of Sciences
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  • 10
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    Evolutionary Metabolomics Reveals Domestication-Associated Changes in Tetraploid Wheat Kernels (2016)
    Oxford University Press
    Details
    Publication Date: 2016-06-22
    Description: Domestication and breeding have influenced the genetic structure of plant populations due to selection for adaptation from natural habitats to agro-ecosystems. Here, we investigate the effects of selection on the contents of 51 primary kernel metabolites and their relationships in three Triticum turgidum L. subspecies (i.e., wild emmer, emmer, durum wheat) that represent the major steps of tetraploid wheat domestication. We present a methodological pipeline to identify the signature of selection for molecular phenotypic traits (e.g., metabolites and transcripts). Following the approach, we show that a reduction in unsaturated fatty acids was associated with selection during domestication of emmer (primary domestication). We also show that changes in the amino acid content due to selection mark the domestication of durum wheat (secondary domestication). These effects were found to be partially independent of the associations that unsaturated fatty acids and amino acids have with other domestication-related kernel traits. Changes in contents of metabolites were also highlighted by alterations in the metabolic correlation networks, indicating wide metabolic restructuring due to domestication. Finally, evidence is provided that wild and exotic germplasm can have a relevant role for improvement of wheat quality and nutritional traits.
    Print ISSN: 0737-4038
    Electronic ISSN: 1537-1719
    Topics: Biology
    Published by Oxford University Press
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