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  • Biological Evolution  (236)
  • American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)  (236)
  • American Chemical Society
  • American Chemical Society (ACS)
  • American Institute of Physics (AIP)
  • PANGAEA
  • Taylor & Francis
  • 2005-2009  (236)
Collection
Keywords
Publisher
  • American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)  (236)
  • American Chemical Society
  • American Chemical Society (ACS)
  • American Institute of Physics (AIP)
  • PANGAEA
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Years
Year
  • 1
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    Local adaptation of bacteriophages to their bacterial hosts in soil (2009)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2009-08-15
    Description: Microbes are incredibly abundant and diverse and are key to ecosystem functioning, yet relatively little is known about the ecological and evolutionary mechanisms that shape their distributions. Bacteriophages, viral parasites that lyse their bacterial hosts, exert intense and spatially varying selection pressures on bacteria and vice versa. We measured local adaptation of bacteria and their associated phages in a centimeter-scale soil population. We first demonstrate that a large proportion of bacteria is sensitive to locally occurring phages. We then show that sympatric phages (isolated from the same 2-gram soil samples as the bacteria) are more infective than are phages from samples some distance away. This study demonstrates the importance of biotic interactions for the small-scale spatial structuring of microbial genetic diversity in soil.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Vos, Michiel -- Birkett, Philip J -- Birch, Elizabeth -- Griffiths, Robert I -- Buckling, Angus -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2009 Aug 14;325(5942):833. doi: 10.1126/science.1174173.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Department of Zoology, University of Oxford, Oxford OX1 3PS, UK. michiel.vos@nioo.knaw.nl〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19679806" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: *Adaptation, Physiological ; Bacteria/genetics/*virology ; Bacterial Physiological Phenomena ; Bacteriophages/genetics/*physiology ; Biological Evolution ; Ecosystem ; Genetic Variation ; Molecular Sequence Data ; Selection, Genetic ; *Soil Microbiology ; Stenotrophomonas/genetics/physiology/*virology ; Viral Plaque Assay
    Print ISSN: 0036-8075
    Electronic ISSN: 1095-9203
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Computer Science , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
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  • 2
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    Fossil plant relative abundances indicate sudden loss of Late Triassic biodiversity in East Greenland (2009)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2009-06-23
    Description: The pace of Late Triassic (LT) biodiversity loss is uncertain, yet it could help to decipher causal mechanisms of mass extinction. We investigated relative abundance distributions (RADs) of six LT plant assemblages from the Kap Stewart Group, East Greenland, to determine the pace of collapse of LT primary productivity. RADs displayed not simply decreases in the number of taxa, but decreases in the number of common taxa. Likelihood tests rejected a hypothesis of continuously declining diversity. Instead, the RAD shift occurred over the upper two-to-four fossil plant assemblages and most likely over the last three (final 13 meters), coinciding with increased atmospheric carbon dioxide concentration and global warming. Thus, although the LT event did not induce mass extinction of plant families, it accompanied major and abrupt change in their ecology and diversity.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉McElwain, Jennifer C -- Wagner, Peter J -- Hesselbo, Stephen P -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2009 Jun 19;324(5934):1554-6. doi: 10.1126/science.1171706.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉UCD School of Biology and Environmental Science, University College Dublin, National University of Ireland, Belfield, Dublin 4, Ireland. jennifer.mcelwain@ucd.ie〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19541995" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: *Biodiversity ; Biological Evolution ; *Extinction, Biological ; *Fossils ; Greenland ; Likelihood Functions ; Models, Biological ; *Plants/genetics
    Print ISSN: 0036-8075
    Electronic ISSN: 1095-9203
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Computer Science , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
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  • 3
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    Multiscale modeling of form and function (2009)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2009-04-11
    Description: Topobiology posits that morphogenesis is driven by differential adhesive interactions among heterogeneous cell populations. This paradigm has been revised to include force-dependent molecular switches, cell and tissue tension, and reciprocal interactions with the microenvironment. It is now appreciated that tissue development is executed through conserved decision-making modules that operate on multiple length scales from the molecular and subcellular level through to the cell and tissue level and that these regulatory mechanisms specify cell and tissue fate by modifying the context of cellular signaling and gene expression. Here, we discuss the origin of these decision-making modules and illustrate how emergent properties of adhesion-directed multicellular structures sculpt the tissue, promote its functionality, and maintain its homeostasis through spatial segregation and organization of anchored proteins and secreted factors and through emergent properties of tissues, including tension fields and energy optimization.〈br /〉〈br /〉〈a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4527531/" target="_blank"〉〈img src="https://static.pubmed.gov/portal/portal3rc.fcgi/4089621/img/3977009" border="0"〉〈/a〉   〈a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4527531/" target="_blank"〉This paper as free author manuscript - peer-reviewed and accepted for publication〈/a〉〈br /〉〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Engler, Adam J -- Humbert, Patrick O -- Wehrle-Haller, Bernhard -- Weaver, Valerie M -- R01 CA078731/CA/NCI NIH HHS/ -- R01-CA078731/CA/NCI NIH HHS/ -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2009 Apr 10;324(5924):208-12. doi: 10.1126/science.1170107.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Department of Bioengineering, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19359578" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Animals ; Biological Evolution ; Cell Adhesion/*physiology ; Cell Aggregation/physiology ; Cell Communication ; Extracellular Matrix/*physiology ; Genotype ; Homeostasis ; Morphogenesis/*physiology ; Phenotype ; Proteins/chemistry/*physiology ; Signal Transduction/*physiology
    Print ISSN: 0036-8075
    Electronic ISSN: 1095-9203
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Computer Science , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
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  • 4
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    Newsmaker interview. John Holdren brings more than energy to his role as science adviser. Interview by Jeffrey Mervis (2009)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2009-04-18
    Description: 〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Holdren, John -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2009 Apr 17;324(5925):324-5. doi: 10.1126/science.324.5925.324.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19372403" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Biological Evolution ; Conflict of Interest ; Disclosure ; Financing, Government/legislation & jurisprudence ; Nuclear Weapons ; Research ; *Science/education ; Security Measures ; Space Flight ; United States
    Print ISSN: 0036-8075
    Electronic ISSN: 1095-9203
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Computer Science , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
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  • 5
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    Opinion polls. An inside/outside view of U.S. science (2009)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2009-07-11
    Description: 〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Mervis, Jeffrey -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2009 Jul 10;325(5937):132-3. doi: 10.1126/science.325_132.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19589970" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Biological Evolution ; Data Collection ; Greenhouse Effect ; Politics ; *Public Opinion ; Religion and Science ; *Science ; United States
    Print ISSN: 0036-8075
    Electronic ISSN: 1095-9203
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Computer Science , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
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  • 6
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    Plant-microbe interactions: chemical diversity in plant defense (2009)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2009-05-09
    Description: The chemical diversity within the plant kingdom is likely to be a consequence of niche colonization and adaptive evolution. Plant-derived natural products have important functions in defense. They also have broader ecological roles and may in addition participate in plant growth and development. Recent data suggest that some antimicrobial phytochemicals may not serve simply as chemical barriers but could also have functions in defense-related signaling processes. It is important, therefore, that we should not to be too reductionist in our thinking when endeavoring to understand the forces and mechanisms that drive chemical diversification in plants.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Bednarek, Pawel -- Osbourn, Anne -- Biotechnology and Biological Sciences Research Council/United Kingdom -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2009 May 8;324(5928):746-8. doi: 10.1126/science.1171661.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Department of Plant Microbe Interactions, Max-Planck-Institut fur Zuchtungsforschung, Koln, Germany. bednarek@mpiz-koeln.mpg.de〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19423814" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Anti-Infective Agents/*metabolism ; Bacteria/pathogenicity ; Bacterial Physiological Phenomena ; Biological Evolution ; Fungi/pathogenicity/physiology ; Genes, Plant ; Glucans/metabolism ; Glucosinolates/*metabolism ; *Host-Pathogen Interactions ; Immunity, Innate ; Metabolic Networks and Pathways ; Multigene Family ; Plant Development ; *Plant Diseases/immunology/microbiology ; Plants/*metabolism/microbiology ; Saponins/*metabolism ; Sesquiterpenes ; Terpenes/*metabolism
    Print ISSN: 0036-8075
    Electronic ISSN: 1095-9203
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Computer Science , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
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  • 7
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    Paleoanthropology. Bringing hominins back to life (2009)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2009-07-11
    Description: 〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Balter, Michael -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2009 Jul 10;325(5937):136-9. doi: 10.1126/science.325_136.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19589975" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: *Anatomy, Artistic ; Animals ; Biological Evolution ; Facial Expression ; Female ; Fossils ; Hominidae/*anatomy & histology ; Humans ; Male ; *Models, Anatomic ; Museums ; Skin Pigmentation
    Print ISSN: 0036-8075
    Electronic ISSN: 1095-9203
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Computer Science , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
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  • 8
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    Eppendorf winner. Evolution and revolution in odor detection (2009)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2009-10-17
    Description: 〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Benton, Richard -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2009 Oct 16;326(5951):382-3. doi: 10.1126/science.1181998.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Center for Integrative Genomics, University of Lausanne, CH-1015 Lausanne, Switzerland. richard.benton@unil.ch〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19833953" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Animals ; Awards and Prizes ; Biological Evolution ; Chemoreceptor Cells/*physiology ; Computational Biology ; Drosophila/genetics/*physiology ; Drosophila Proteins/chemistry/genetics/*physiology ; Neurobiology ; *Odors ; Pheromones/physiology ; Receptors, Glutamate/chemistry/*physiology ; Receptors, Odorant/chemistry/*physiology ; Receptors, Pheromone/genetics/*physiology ; Smell/physiology
    Print ISSN: 0036-8075
    Electronic ISSN: 1095-9203
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Computer Science , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
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  • 9
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    Late Pleistocene demography and the appearance of modern human behavior (2009)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2009-06-06
    Description: The origins of modern human behavior are marked by increased symbolic and technological complexity in the archaeological record. In western Eurasia this transition, the Upper Paleolithic, occurred about 45,000 years ago, but many of its features appear transiently in southern Africa about 45,000 years earlier. We show that demography is a major determinant in the maintenance of cultural complexity and that variation in regional subpopulation density and/or migratory activity results in spatial structuring of cultural skill accumulation. Genetic estimates of regional population size over time show that densities in early Upper Paleolithic Europe were similar to those in sub-Saharan Africa when modern behavior first appeared. Demographic factors can thus explain geographic variation in the timing of the first appearance of modern behavior without invoking increased cognitive capacity.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Powell, Adam -- Shennan, Stephen -- Thomas, Mark G -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2009 Jun 5;324(5932):1298-301. doi: 10.1126/science.1170165.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Research Department of Genetics, Evolution, and Environment, University College London, Wolfson House, 4 Stephenson Way, London NW1 2HE, UK.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19498164" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Africa ; Anthropology, Cultural ; Archaeology ; Asia ; Biological Evolution ; *Cultural Evolution ; Emigration and Immigration ; Europe ; Humans ; Middle East ; Models, Theoretical ; *Population Density ; Population Dynamics ; *Social Behavior ; Time
    Print ISSN: 0036-8075
    Electronic ISSN: 1095-9203
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Computer Science , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
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  • 10
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    Polydnaviruses of braconid wasps derive from an ancestral nudivirus (2009)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2009-02-14
    Description: Many species of parasitoid wasps inject polydnavirus particles in order to manipulate host defenses and development. Because the DNA packaged in these particles encodes almost no viral structural proteins, their relation to viruses has been debated. Characterization of complementary DNAs derived from braconid wasp ovaries identified genes encoding subunits of a viral RNA polymerase and structural components of polydnavirus particles related most closely to those of nudiviruses--a sister group of baculoviruses. The conservation of this viral machinery in different braconid wasp lineages sharing polydnaviruses suggests that parasitoid wasps incorporated a nudivirus-related genome into their own genetic material. We found that the nudiviral genes themselves are no longer packaged but are actively transcribed and produce particles used to deliver genes essential for successful parasitism in lepidopteran hosts.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Bezier, Annie -- Annaheim, Marc -- Herbiniere, Juline -- Wetterwald, Christoph -- Gyapay, Gabor -- Bernard-Samain, Sylvie -- Wincker, Patrick -- Roditi, Isabel -- Heller, Manfred -- Belghazi, Maya -- Pfister-Wilhem, Rita -- Periquet, Georges -- Dupuy, Catherine -- Huguet, Elisabeth -- Volkoff, Anne-Nathalie -- Lanzrein, Beatrice -- Drezen, Jean-Michel -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2009 Feb 13;323(5916):926-30. doi: 10.1126/science.1166788.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Institut de Recherche sur la Biologie de l'Insecte, CNRS UMR 6035, Universite Francois Rabelais, Parc de Grandmont, 37200 Tours, France.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19213916" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Amino Acid Sequence ; Animals ; Baculoviridae/genetics ; Biological Evolution ; *DNA, Viral/analysis ; Expressed Sequence Tags ; Female ; Genome, Insect ; Molecular Sequence Data ; Ovary/virology ; Polydnaviridae/*genetics/physiology ; Viral Structural Proteins/genetics ; Virion/genetics ; Virus Integration ; Wasps/*virology
    Print ISSN: 0036-8075
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  • 11
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    Disentangling the web of life (2009)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2009-07-25
    Description: Biodiversity research typically focuses on species richness and has often neglected interactions, either by assuming that such interactions are homogeneously distributed or by addressing only the interactions between a pair of species or a few species at a time. In contrast, a network approach provides a powerful representation of the ecological interactions among species and highlights their global interdependence. Understanding how the responses of pairwise interactions scale to entire assemblages remains one of the great challenges that must be met as society faces global ecosystem change.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Bascompte, Jordi -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2009 Jul 24;325(5939):416-9. doi: 10.1126/science.1170749.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Integrative Ecology Group, Estacion Biologica de Donana, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Cientificas, Calle Americo Vespucio s/n, E-41092 Sevilla, Spain. bascompte@ebd.csic.es〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19628856" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Animals ; Biodiversity ; Biological Evolution ; *Ecology/methods ; Food Chain ; Phylogeny ; Plants
    Print ISSN: 0036-8075
    Electronic ISSN: 1095-9203
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Computer Science , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
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  • 12
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    Sexual conflict resolved by invasion of a novel sex determiner in Lake Malawi cichlid fishes (2009)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2009-10-03
    Description: Sex determination mechanisms differ among animal species, but it is not clear how these differences evolve. New sex determiners may arise in response to sexual conflicts, which occur when traits benefit one sex but hinder the other. We identified the genetic basis for the orange-blotch (OB) color pattern, a trait under sexually antagonistic selection in the cichlid fish of Lake Malawi, East Africa. The OB phenotype is due to a cis-regulatory mutation in the Pax7 gene. OB provides benefits of camouflage to females but disrupts the species-specific male color patterns used for mate recognition. We suggest that the resulting sexual conflict over the OB allele has been resolved by selection for a novel female sex determination locus that has invaded populations with an ancestral male sex determination system.〈br /〉〈br /〉〈a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3174268/" target="_blank"〉〈img src="https://static.pubmed.gov/portal/portal3rc.fcgi/4089621/img/3977009" border="0"〉〈/a〉   〈a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3174268/" target="_blank"〉This paper as free author manuscript - peer-reviewed and accepted for publication〈/a〉〈br /〉〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Roberts, Reade B -- Ser, Jennifer R -- Kocher, Thomas D -- F32HD051383/HD/NICHD NIH HHS/ -- R01 HD058635/HD/NICHD NIH HHS/ -- R01 HD058635-04/HD/NICHD NIH HHS/ -- R01HD058635/HD/NICHD NIH HHS/ -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2009 Nov 13;326(5955):998-1001. doi: 10.1126/science.1174705. Epub 2009 Oct 1.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Department of Biology, University of Maryland, College Park, MD 20742, USA.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19797625" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Africa, Eastern ; Animals ; Biological Evolution ; Chromosome Mapping ; Cichlids/*genetics/*physiology ; Female ; Fresh Water ; Gene Expression Regulation ; Genetic Fitness ; Genetic Speciation ; Haplotypes ; Linkage Disequilibrium ; Male ; *Mating Preference, Animal ; Melanophores/cytology/metabolism ; Microsatellite Repeats ; Molecular Sequence Data ; PAX7 Transcription Factor/*genetics ; Phenotype ; Pigmentation/*genetics ; Polymorphism, Single Nucleotide ; *Selection, Genetic ; Sex Characteristics ; *Sex Determination Processes ; Sexual Behavior, Animal
    Print ISSN: 0036-8075
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    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Computer Science , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
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  • 13
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    Animal behavior. Going to the dogs (2009)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2009-08-29
    Description: 〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Morell, Virginia -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2009 Aug 28;325(5944):1062-5. doi: 10.1126/science.325_1062.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19713504" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: *Animal Experimentation ; Animals ; *Behavior, Animal ; Biological Evolution ; *Cognition ; Communication ; Cues ; *Dogs/psychology ; Humans ; Learning ; *Social Behavior ; Wolves
    Print ISSN: 0036-8075
    Electronic ISSN: 1095-9203
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Computer Science , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
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  • 14
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    Evolutionary roots. On the origin of life on Earth (2009)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2009-01-10
    Description: 〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Zimmer, Carl -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2009 Jan 9;323(5911):198-9. doi: 10.1126/science.323.5911.198.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19131603" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Biological Evolution ; Cells/chemistry ; DNA/chemistry ; *Evolution, Molecular ; Fatty Acids/chemistry ; Membranes, Artificial ; *Origin of Life ; RNA/*chemistry ; Temperature
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    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Computer Science , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
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  • 15
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    Postmating sexual selection favors males that sire offspring with low fitness (2009)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2009-06-27
    Description: Despite the costs of mating, females of most taxa mate with multiple males. Polyandrous females are hypothesized to gain genetic benefits for their offspring, but this assumes paternity bias favoring male genotypes that enhance offspring viability. We determined net male genetic effects on female and offspring fitness in a seed beetle and then tested whether fertilization success was biased in favor of high-quality male genotypes in double mating experiments. Contrary to expectations, high-quality male genotypes consistently had a lower postmating fertilization success in two independent assays. Our results imply that sexually antagonistic adaptations have a major and unappreciated influence on male postmating fertilization success. Such genetic variation renders indirect genetic benefits an unlikely driver of the evolution of polyandry.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Bilde, Trine -- Foged, Anne -- Schilling, Nadia -- Arnqvist, Goran -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2009 Jun 26;324(5935):1705-6. doi: 10.1126/science.1171675.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Department of Ecology and Evolution, Evolutionary Biology Centre, University of Uppsala, Norbyvagen 18d, SE - 752 36 Uppsala, Sweden. trine.bilde@biology.au.dk〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19556506" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Animals ; Beetles/*genetics/*physiology ; Biological Evolution ; Crosses, Genetic ; Female ; Fertilization ; Genetic Phenomena ; Genetic Variation ; *Genotype ; Male ; *Mating Preference, Animal ; Reproduction ; *Selection, Genetic ; *Sexual Behavior, Animal
    Print ISSN: 0036-8075
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    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Computer Science , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
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    Fire in the Earth system (2009)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2009-04-25
    Description: Fire is a worldwide phenomenon that appears in the geological record soon after the appearance of terrestrial plants. Fire influences global ecosystem patterns and processes, including vegetation distribution and structure, the carbon cycle, and climate. Although humans and fire have always coexisted, our capacity to manage fire remains imperfect and may become more difficult in the future as climate change alters fire regimes. This risk is difficult to assess, however, because fires are still poorly represented in global models. Here, we discuss some of the most important issues involved in developing a better understanding of the role of fire in the Earth system.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Bowman, David M J S -- Balch, Jennifer K -- Artaxo, Paulo -- Bond, William J -- Carlson, Jean M -- Cochrane, Mark A -- D'Antonio, Carla M -- Defries, Ruth S -- Doyle, John C -- Harrison, Sandy P -- Johnston, Fay H -- Keeley, Jon E -- Krawchuk, Meg A -- Kull, Christian A -- Marston, J Brad -- Moritz, Max A -- Prentice, I Colin -- Roos, Christopher I -- Scott, Andrew C -- Swetnam, Thomas W -- van der Werf, Guido R -- Pyne, Stephen J -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2009 Apr 24;324(5926):481-4. doi: 10.1126/science.1163886.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉University of Tasmania, Hobart, TAS 7001, Australia.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19390038" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Animals ; Biological Evolution ; Carbon ; Climate ; Earth (Planet) ; *Ecosystem ; *Fires ; Humans ; Plants
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    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Computer Science , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
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    Coat color variation at the beginning of horse domestication (2009)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2009-04-25
    Description: The transformation of wild animals into domestic ones available for human nutrition was a key prerequisite for modern human societies. However, no other domestic species has had such a substantial impact on the warfare, transportation, and communication capabilities of human societies as the horse. Here, we show that the analysis of ancient DNA targeting nuclear genes responsible for coat coloration allows us to shed light on the timing and place of horse domestication. We conclude that it is unlikely that horse domestication substantially predates the occurrence of coat color variation, which was found to begin around the third millennium before the common era.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Ludwig, Arne -- Pruvost, Melanie -- Reissmann, Monika -- Benecke, Norbert -- Brockmann, Gudrun A -- Castanos, Pedro -- Cieslak, Michael -- Lippold, Sebastian -- Llorente, Laura -- Malaspinas, Anna-Sapfo -- Slatkin, Montgomery -- Hofreiter, Michael -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2009 Apr 24;324(5926):485. doi: 10.1126/science.1172750.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Leibniz Institute for Zoo and Wildlife Research, 10252 Berlin, Germany. ludwig@izw-berlin.de〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19390039" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Animal Husbandry/*history ; Animals ; Biological Evolution ; Breeding ; Dna ; Europe ; Genetic Variation ; Hair Color/*genetics ; History, Ancient ; Horses/*genetics ; Siberia
    Print ISSN: 0036-8075
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    Differential sensitivity to human communication in dogs, wolves, and human infants (2009)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2009-09-05
    Description: Ten-month-old infants persistently search for a hidden object at its initial hiding place even after observing it being hidden at another location. Recent evidence suggests that communicative cues from the experimenter contribute to the emergence of this perseverative search error. We replicated these results with dogs (Canis familiaris), who also commit more search errors in ostensive-communicative (in 75% of the total trials) than in noncommunicative (39%) or nonsocial (17%) hiding contexts. However, comparative investigations suggest that communicative signals serve different functions for dogs and infants, whereas human-reared wolves (Canis lupus) do not show doglike context-dependent differences of search errors. We propose that shared sensitivity to human communicative signals stems from convergent social evolution of the Homo and the Canis genera.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Topal, Jozsef -- Gergely, Gyorgy -- Erdohegyi, Agnes -- Csibra, Gergely -- Miklosi, Adam -- G9715587/Medical Research Council/United Kingdom -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2009 Sep 4;325(5945):1269-72. doi: 10.1126/science.1176960.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Research Institute for Psychology, Hungarian Academy of Sciences, 1132 Budapest, Hungary. topaljozsef@gmail.com〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19729660" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Animal Communication ; Animals ; Behavior, Animal ; Biological Evolution ; *Cognition ; Cues ; *Dogs ; Female ; Humans ; Infant ; *Learning ; Male ; *Nonverbal Communication ; *Social Behavior ; *Wolves
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    Good genes and good luck: ammonoid diversity and the end-Permian mass extinction (2009)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2009-08-29
    Description: The end-Permian mass extinction removed more than 80% of marine genera. Ammonoid cephalopods were among the organisms most affected by this crisis. The analysis of a global diversity data set of ammonoid genera covering about 106 million years centered on the Permian-Triassic boundary (PTB) shows that Triassic ammonoids actually reached levels of diversity higher than in the Permian less than 2 million years after the PTB. The data favor a hierarchical rather than logistic model of diversification coupled with a niche incumbency hypothesis. This explosive and nondelayed diversification contrasts with the slow and delayed character of the Triassic biotic recovery as currently illustrated for other, mainly benthic groups such as bivalves and gastropods.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Brayard, Arnaud -- Escarguel, Gilles -- Bucher, Hugo -- Monnet, Claude -- Bruhwiler, Thomas -- Goudemand, Nicolas -- Galfetti, Thomas -- Guex, Jean -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2009 Aug 28;325(5944):1118-21. doi: 10.1126/science.1174638.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉UMR-CNRS 5561 Biogeosciences, Universite de Bourgogne, 6 Boulevard Gabriel, F-21000, Dijon, France. arnaud.brayard@u-bourgogne.fr〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19713525" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Animals ; *Biodiversity ; Biological Evolution ; *Cephalopoda/classification/genetics ; Climate ; Databases, Factual ; *Ecosystem ; *Extinction, Biological ; Oceans and Seas ; Paleontology ; Population Dynamics ; Seawater
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    Video: the analysis of Ardipithecus ramidus--one of the earliest known hominids (2009)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2009-10-03
    Description: 〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2009 Oct 2;326(5949):60. doi: 10.1126/science.326_60b.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19797651" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Animals ; Biological Evolution ; Bone and Bones/anatomy & histology ; *Fossils ; *Hominidae/anatomy & histology/classification/physiology
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    Genetics. Rooting around the truffle genome (2009)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
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    Publication Date: 2009-02-21
    Description: 〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Bohannon, John -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2009 Feb 20;323(5917):1006-7. doi: 10.1126/science.323.5917.1006.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19229015" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Ascomycota/*genetics/*physiology ; Biological Evolution ; Commerce ; DNA, Fungal/genetics ; Europe ; Fruiting Bodies, Fungal/genetics/physiology ; *Genome, Fungal ; Odors ; Plant Roots/microbiology ; Repetitive Sequences, Nucleic Acid ; Reproduction ; Sequence Analysis, DNA ; Soil Microbiology ; Spores, Fungal/genetics/physiology ; Trees
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    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Computer Science , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
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    High symbiont relatedness stabilizes mutualistic cooperation in fungus-growing termites (2009)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2009-12-08
    Description: It is unclear how mutualistic relationships can be stable when partners disperse freely and have the possibility of forming associations with many alternative genotypes. Theory predicts that high symbiont relatedness should resolve this problem, but the mechanisms to enforce this have rarely been studied. We show that African fungus-growing termites propagate single variants of their Termitomyces symbiont, despite initiating cultures from genetically variable spores from the habitat. High inoculation density in the substrate followed by fusion among clonally related mycelia enhances the efficiency of spore production in proportion to strain frequency. This positive reinforcement results in an exclusive lifetime association of each host colony with a single fungal symbiont and hinders the evolution of cheating. Our findings explain why vertical symbiont transmission in fungus-growing termites is rare and evolutionarily derived.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Aanen, Duur K -- de Fine Licht, Henrik H -- Debets, Alfons J M -- Kerstes, Niels A G -- Hoekstra, Rolf F -- Boomsma, Jacobus J -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2009 Nov 20;326(5956):1103-6. doi: 10.1126/science.1173462.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Laboratory of Genetics, Wageningen University, 6700 AH Wageningen, Netherlands. duur.aanen@wur.nl〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19965427" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Animals ; Biological Evolution ; Genes, Fungal ; Genetic Variation ; Isoptera/*microbiology/*physiology ; Spores, Fungal/growth & development ; *Symbiosis ; Termitomyces/classification/genetics/growth & development/*physiology
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    Species response to environmental change: impacts of food web interactions and evolution (2009)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2009-03-07
    Description: How environmental change affects species abundances depends on both the food web within which species interact and their potential to evolve. Using field experiments, we investigated both ecological and evolutionary responses of pea aphids (Acyrthosiphon pisum), a common agricultural pest, to increased frequency of episodic heat shocks. One predator species ameliorated the decrease in aphid population growth with increasing heat shocks, whereas a second predator did not, with this contrast caused by behavioral differences between predators. We also compared aphid strains with stably inherited differences in heat tolerance caused by bacterial endosymbionts and showed the potential for rapid evolution for heat-shock tolerance. Our results illustrate how ecological and evolutionary complexities should be incorporated into predictions of the consequences of environmental change for species' populations.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Harmon, Jason P -- Moran, Nancy A -- Ives, Anthony R -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2009 Mar 6;323(5919):1347-50. doi: 10.1126/science.1167396.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Department of Zoology, University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI 53706, USA. jharmon@wisc.edu〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19265021" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Animals ; Aphids/genetics/microbiology/*physiology ; Beetles/*physiology ; Biological Evolution ; Buchnera/genetics/physiology ; *Ecosystem ; *Food Chain ; *Hot Temperature ; Models, Biological ; Population Density ; Population Dynamics ; Population Growth ; Predatory Behavior ; Symbiosis
    Print ISSN: 0036-8075
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    Contrasting developmental trajectories in the earliest known tetrapod forelimbs (2009)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2009-04-18
    Description: Ichthyostega and Acanthostega are the earliest tetrapods known from multiple near-complete skeletons, with Acanthostega generally considered the more primitive. New material indicates differing ontogenetic trajectories for their forelimbs: In Ichthyostega, the pattern of muscle attachment processes on small humeri (upper arm bones) resembles that in "fish" members of the tetrapod stem group such as Tiktaalik, whereas large humeri approach (but fail to attain) the tetrapod crown-group condition; in Acanthostega, both small and large humeri exhibit the crown-group pattern. We infer that Ichthyostega underwent greater locomotory terrestrialization during ontogeny. The newly recognized primitive characteristics also suggest that Ichthyostega could be phylogenetically more basal than Acanthostega.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Callier, Viviane -- Clack, Jennifer A -- Ahlberg, Per E -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2009 Apr 17;324(5925):364-7. doi: 10.1126/science.1167542.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉University Museum of Zoology Cambridge, Downing Street, Cambridge CB2 3EJ, UK.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19372425" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Animals ; Biological Evolution ; Fishes/anatomy & histology/physiology ; Forelimb/*anatomy & histology ; *Fossils ; Humerus/*anatomy & histology ; Locomotion ; Morphogenesis ; Muscle, Skeletal/anatomy & histology/physiology ; *Phylogeny ; Species Specificity ; Vertebrates/*anatomy & histology/classification/growth & development/physiology
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    Ancient DNA. Sequencing Neandertal mitochondrial genomes by the half-dozen (2009)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2009-07-18
    Description: 〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Pennisi, Elizabeth -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2009 Jul 17;325(5938):252. doi: 10.1126/science.325_252.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19608883" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Animals ; Biological Evolution ; Bone and Bones ; DNA, Mitochondrial/genetics ; Female ; *Fossils ; Gene Library ; Genetic Variation ; Genome, Human ; *Genome, Mitochondrial ; Hominidae/*genetics ; Humans ; Male ; Population Density ; *Sequence Analysis, DNA/economics
    Print ISSN: 0036-8075
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    Controls on diatom biogeography in the ocean (2009)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
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    Publication Date: 2009-09-19
    Description: The extent to which the spatial distribution of marine planktonic microbes is controlled by local environmental selection or dispersal is poorly understood. Our ability to separate the effects of these two biogeographic controls is limited by the enormous environmental variability both in space and through time. To circumvent this limitation, we analyzed fossil diatom assemblages over the past ~1.5 million years from the world oceans and show that these eukaryotic microbes are not limited by dispersal. The lack of dispersal limitation in marine diatoms suggests that the biodiversity at the microbial level fundamentally differs from that of macroscopic animals and plants for which geographic isolation is a common component of speciation.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Cermeno, Pedro -- Falkowski, Paul G -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2009 Sep 18;325(5947):1539-41. doi: 10.1126/science.1174159.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Environmental Biophysics and Molecular Ecology Program, Institute of Marine and Coastal Sciences, Rutgers University, 71 Dudley Road, New Brunswick, NJ 08901, USA. pedro@uvigo.es〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19762642" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: *Biodiversity ; Biological Evolution ; Climatic Processes ; Databases, Factual ; *Diatoms/classification/genetics/physiology ; *Ecosystem ; *Fossils ; Genetic Speciation ; Geography ; Geologic Sediments/*microbiology ; Oceans and Seas ; *Phytoplankton/classification/genetics/physiology ; Seawater/*microbiology
    Print ISSN: 0036-8075
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    Isotopic evidence for an aerobic nitrogen cycle in the latest Archean (2009)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2009-02-21
    Description: The nitrogen cycle provides essential nutrients to the biosphere, but its antiquity in modern form is unclear. In a drill core though homogeneous organic-rich shale in the 2.5-billion-year-old Mount McRae Shale, Australia, nitrogen isotope values vary from +1.0 to +7.5 per mil (per thousand) and back to +2.5 per thousand over approximately 30 meters. These changes evidently record a transient departure from a largely anaerobic to an aerobic nitrogen cycle complete with nitrification and denitrification. Complementary molybdenum abundance and sulfur isotopic values suggest that nitrification occurred in response to a small increase in surface-ocean oxygenation. These data imply that nitrifying and denitrifying microbes had already evolved by the late Archean and were present before oxygen first began to accumulate in the atmosphere.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Garvin, Jessica -- Buick, Roger -- Anbar, Ariel D -- Arnold, Gail L -- Kaufman, Alan J -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2009 Feb 20;323(5917):1045-8. doi: 10.1126/science.1165675.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Department of Earth and Space Sciences and Astrobiology Program, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195-1310, USA.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19229033" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Aerobiosis ; Anaerobiosis ; Archaea/*metabolism ; Australia ; Bacteria/*metabolism ; Biological Evolution ; Geologic Sediments/*chemistry ; Nitrates/chemistry/metabolism ; Nitrites/chemistry/metabolism ; Nitrogen/*chemistry/*metabolism ; Nitrogen Fixation ; Nitrogen Isotopes/*analysis ; Oceans and Seas ; Oxidation-Reduction ; Oxygen/*chemistry/metabolism ; Quaternary Ammonium Compounds/chemistry/metabolism ; Time
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    The bacterial species challenge: making sense of genetic and ecological diversity (2009)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2009-02-07
    Description: The Bacteria and Archaea are the most genetically diverse superkingdoms of life, and techniques for exploring that diversity are only just becoming widespread. Taxonomists classify these organisms into species in much the same way as they classify eukaryotes, but differences in their biology-including horizontal gene transfer between distantly related taxa and variable rates of homologous recombination-mean that we still do not understand what a bacterial species is. This is not merely a semantic question; evolutionary theory should be able to explain why species exist at all levels of the tree of life, and we need to be able to define species for practical applications in industry, agriculture, and medicine. Recent studies have emphasized the need to combine genetic diversity and distinct ecology in an attempt to define species in a coherent and convincing fashion. The resulting data may help to discriminate among the many theories of prokaryotic species that have been produced to date.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Fraser, Christophe -- Alm, Eric J -- Polz, Martin F -- Spratt, Brian G -- Hanage, William P -- 089472/Wellcome Trust/United Kingdom -- Wellcome Trust/United Kingdom -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2009 Feb 6;323(5915):741-6. doi: 10.1126/science.1159388.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Department of Infectious Disease Epidemiology, Imperial College London, London W2 1PG, UK. c.fraser@imperial.ac.uk〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19197054" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Bacteria/*classification/*genetics ; *Biodiversity ; Biological Evolution ; *Ecosystem ; Extinction, Biological ; Genes, Bacterial ; *Genetic Speciation ; *Genetic Variation ; Models, Biological ; Models, Genetic ; Recombination, Genetic ; Selection, Genetic
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    Genomic footprints of a cryptic plastid endosymbiosis in diatoms (2009)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2009-06-27
    Description: Diatoms and other chromalveolates are among the dominant phytoplankters in the world's oceans. Endosymbiosis was essential to the success of chromalveolates, and it appears that the ancestral plastid in this group had a red algal origin via an ancient secondary endosymbiosis. However, recent analyses have turned up a handful of nuclear genes in chromalveolates that are of green algal derivation. Using a genome-wide approach to estimate the "green" contribution to diatoms, we identified 〉1700 green gene transfers, constituting 16% of the diatom nuclear coding potential. These genes were probably introduced into diatoms and other chromalveolates from a cryptic endosymbiont related to prasinophyte-like green algae. Chromalveolates appear to have recruited genes from the two major existing algal groups to forge a highly successful, species-rich protist lineage.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Moustafa, Ahmed -- Beszteri, Bank -- Maier, Uwe G -- Bowler, Chris -- Valentin, Klaus -- Bhattacharya, Debashish -- R01ES013679/ES/NIEHS NIH HHS/ -- T32 GM98629/GM/NIGMS NIH HHS/ -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2009 Jun 26;324(5935):1724-6. doi: 10.1126/science.1172983.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Interdisciplinary Program in Genetics, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA 52242, USA.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19556510" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Biological Evolution ; Cell Nucleus/genetics ; Chlorophyta/classification/*genetics/physiology ; Diatoms/classification/*genetics/physiology ; Gene Transfer, Horizontal ; Genes ; *Genome ; Phylogeny ; Plastids/*genetics ; Rhodophyta/classification/*genetics/physiology ; *Symbiosis
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    Nominations. Questions about The Language of God (2009)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2009-07-18
    Description: 〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Kaiser, Jocelyn -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2009 Jul 17;325(5938):250. doi: 10.1126/science.325_250b.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19608880" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Biological Evolution ; Internet ; *Religion and Science
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    Evolutionary genetics. Africans' deep genetic roots reveal their evolutionary story (2009)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2009-05-02
    Description: 〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Gibbons, Ann -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2009 May 1;324(5927):575. doi: 10.1126/science.324_575.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19407166" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Africa ; African Americans/genetics ; African Continental Ancestry Group/*genetics ; Biological Evolution ; Culture ; DNA/genetics ; Emigration and Immigration ; Ethnic Groups/genetics ; *Genetic Variation ; Humans ; Language
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    Ardipithecus ramidus. The view from Afar (2009)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2009-10-03
    Description: 〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Gibbons, Ann -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2009 Oct 2;326(5949):41-3. doi: 10.1126/science.326_41.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19797638" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Animals ; Biological Evolution ; Ethiopia ; *Fossils ; Geology ; *Hominidae ; Humans ; *Paleontology ; Skull
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  • 33
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    Ardipithecus ramidus. Habitat for humanity (2009)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2009-10-03
    Description: 〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Gibbons, Ann -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2009 Oct 2;326(5949):40. doi: 10.1126/science.326_40.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19797637" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Animals ; Biological Evolution ; Climate ; Diet ; *Ecosystem ; Ethiopia ; *Fossils ; Geologic Sediments ; Geological Phenomena ; *Hominidae ; Humans ; Trees ; Walking
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    Planarian Hh signaling regulates regeneration polarity and links Hh pathway evolution to cilia (2009)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2009-11-26
    Description: The Hedgehog (Hh) signaling pathway plays multiple essential roles during metazoan development, homeostasis, and disease. Although core protein components are highly conserved, the variations in Hh signal transduction mechanisms exhibited by existing model systems (Drosophila, fish, and mammals) are difficult to understand. We characterized the Hh pathway in planarians. Hh signaling is essential for establishing the anterior/posterior axis during regeneration by modulating wnt expression. Moreover, RNA interference methods to reduce signal transduction proteins Cos2/Kif27/Kif7, Fused, or Iguana do not result in detectable Hh signaling defects; however, these proteins are essential for planarian ciliogenesis. Our study expands the understanding of Hh signaling in the animal kingdom and suggests an ancestral mechanistic link between Hh signaling and the function of cilia.〈br /〉〈br /〉〈a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2861735/" target="_blank"〉〈img src="https://static.pubmed.gov/portal/portal3rc.fcgi/4089621/img/3977009" border="0"〉〈/a〉   〈a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2861735/" target="_blank"〉This paper as free author manuscript - peer-reviewed and accepted for publication〈/a〉〈br /〉〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Rink, Jochen C -- Gurley, Kyle A -- Elliott, Sarah A -- Sanchez Alvarado, Alejandro -- F32GM082016/GM/NIGMS NIH HHS/ -- R0-1 GM57260/GM/NIGMS NIH HHS/ -- R37 GM057260/GM/NIGMS NIH HHS/ -- R37 GM057260-11/GM/NIGMS NIH HHS/ -- Howard Hughes Medical Institute/ -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2009 Dec 4;326(5958):1406-10. doi: 10.1126/science.1178712. Epub 2009 Oct 22.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Department of Neurobiology and Anatomy, Howard Hughes Medical Institute, University of Utah School of Medicine, 401 MREB, 20 North 1900 East, Salt Lake City, UT 84103, USA.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19933103" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Animals ; Biological Evolution ; Body Patterning ; Cilia/*physiology ; Genes, Helminth ; Hedgehog Proteins/genetics/*metabolism ; Helminth Proteins/genetics/metabolism ; Molecular Sequence Data ; Planarians/genetics/metabolism/*physiology ; RNA Interference ; *Regeneration ; *Signal Transduction ; Wnt Proteins/metabolism ; beta Catenin/metabolism
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    Paleontology. Celebrity fossil primate: missing link or weak link? (2009)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2009-05-30
    Description: 〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Gibbons, Ann -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2009 May 29;324(5931):1124-5. doi: 10.1126/science.324_1124.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19478148" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Animals ; Biological Evolution ; *Fossils ; Germany ; Humans ; Mass Media ; *Primates/anatomy & histology/classification
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    Paleobiological implications of the Ardipithecus ramidus dentition (2009)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
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    Publication Date: 2009-10-08
    Description: The Middle Awash Ardipithecus ramidus sample comprises over 145 teeth, including associated maxillary and mandibular sets. These help reveal the earliest stages of human evolution. Ar. ramidus lacks the postcanine megadontia of Australopithecus. Its molars have thinner enamel and are functionally less durable than those of Australopithecus but lack the derived Pan pattern of thin occlusal enamel associated with ripe-fruit frugivory. The Ar. ramidus dental morphology and wear pattern are consistent with a partially terrestrial, omnivorous/frugivorous niche. Analyses show that the ARA-VP-6/500 skeleton is female and that Ar. ramidus was nearly monomorphic in canine size and shape. The canine/lower third premolar complex indicates a reduction of canine size and honing capacity early in hominid evolution, possibly driven by selection targeted on the male upper canine.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Suwa, Gen -- Kono, Reiko T -- Simpson, Scott W -- Asfaw, Berhane -- Lovejoy, C Owen -- White, Tim D -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2009 Oct 2;326(5949):94-9.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉University Museum, University of Tokyo, Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, 113-0033 Japan. suwa@um.u-tokyo.ac.jp〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19810195" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Animals ; Biological Evolution ; Cuspid/anatomy & histology ; Dental Enamel/anatomy & histology ; *Dentition ; Diet ; Ethiopia ; Female ; *Fossils ; Hominidae/*anatomy & histology/classification ; Incisor/anatomy & histology ; Male ; Molar/anatomy & histology ; Odontometry ; Paleodontology ; Phylogeny ; Sex Characteristics ; Tooth/*anatomy & histology ; Tooth Crown/anatomy & histology
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    Phylogenetic conservatism of extinctions in marine bivalves (2009)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2009-08-08
    Description: Evolutionary histories of species and lineages can influence their vulnerabilities to extinction, but the importance of this effect remains poorly explored for extinctions in the geologic past. When analyzed using a standardized taxonomy within a phylogenetic framework, extinction rates of marine bivalves estimated from the fossil record for the last approximately 200 million years show conservatism at multiple levels of evolutionary divergence, both within individual families and among related families. The strength of such phylogenetic clustering varies over time and is influenced by earlier extinction history, especially by the demise of volatile taxa in the end-Cretaceous mass extinction. Analyses of the evolutionary roles of ancient extinctions and predictive models of vulnerability of taxa to future natural and anthropogenic stressors should take phylogenetic relationships and extinction history into account.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Roy, Kaustuv -- Hunt, Gene -- Jablonski, David -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2009 Aug 7;325(5941):733-7. doi: 10.1126/science.1173073.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Section of Ecology, Behavior and Evolution, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093-0116, USA. kroy@ucsd.edu〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19661426" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Animals ; Biological Evolution ; *Bivalvia/classification/genetics ; *Extinction, Biological ; *Fossils ; Marine Biology ; *Phylogeny
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    Combining prehension and propulsion: the foot of Ardipithecus ramidus (2009)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
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    Publication Date: 2009-10-08
    Description: Several elements of the Ardipithecus ramidus foot are preserved, primarily in the ARA-VP-6/500 partial skeleton. The foot has a widely abducent hallux, which was not propulsive during terrestrial bipedality. However, it lacks the highly derived tarsometatarsal laxity and inversion in extant African apes that provide maximum conformity to substrates during vertical climbing. Instead, it exhibits primitive characters that maintain plantar rigidity from foot-flat through toe-off, reminiscent of some Miocene apes and Old World monkeys. Moreover, the action of the fibularis longus muscle was more like its homolog in Old World monkeys than in African apes. Phalangeal lengths were most similar to those of Gorilla. The Ardipithecus gait pattern would thus have been unique among known primates. The last common ancestor of hominids and chimpanzees was therefore a careful climber that retained adaptations to above-branch plantigrady.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Lovejoy, C Owen -- Latimer, Bruce -- Suwa, Gen -- Asfaw, Berhane -- White, Tim D -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2009 Oct 2;326(5949):72e1-8.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Department of Anthropology, School of Biomedical Sciences, Kent State University, Kent, OH 44240, USA.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19810198" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Animals ; Biological Evolution ; Ethiopia ; Foot/*anatomy & histology ; Foot Bones/*anatomy & histology ; *Fossils ; Gait ; Hominidae/*anatomy & histology/*physiology ; *Locomotion ; Metatarsal Bones/anatomy & histology ; Talus/anatomy & histology ; Tarsal Bones/anatomy & histology ; Tendons/anatomy & histology ; Toe Phalanges/anatomy & histology ; Walking
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    Paleontology. The 'Tamba dragon' has Japanese dinosaur hunters all fired up (2009)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2009-04-11
    Description: 〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Normile, Dennis -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2009 Apr 10;324(5924):169. doi: 10.1126/science.324.5924.169.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19359559" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Animals ; Biological Evolution ; Bone and Bones/*anatomy & histology ; Dinosaurs/*anatomy & histology/classification ; *Fossils ; Japan
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    AAAS annual meeting. Time traveling at AAAS (2009)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2009-02-21
    Description: 〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2009 Feb 20;323(5917):998. doi: 10.1126/science.323.5917.998c.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19229009" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Animals ; Biological Evolution ; Climate ; Dogs/genetics ; Hominidae ; Humans ; *Science
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    Geochemistry. The descent of minerals (2009)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
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    Publication Date: 2009-01-10
    Description: 〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Vasconcelos, Crisogono -- McKenzie, Judith A -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2009 Jan 9;323(5911):218-9. doi: 10.1126/science.1168807.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Geomicrobiology Laboratory of the Geological Institute, ETH-Zurich, 8092 Zurich, Switzerland. cris.vasconcelos@erdw.ethz.ch〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19131619" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: *Bacterial Physiological Phenomena ; Biochemical Processes ; Biological Evolution ; Biomass ; *Earth (Planet) ; *Evolution, Planetary ; *Geological Phenomena ; *Minerals
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    Microbiology. Seeing green and red in diatom genomes (2009)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2009-06-27
    Description: 〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Dagan, Tal -- Martin, William -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2009 Jun 26;324(5935):1651-2. doi: 10.1126/science.1175765.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Institut fur Botanik III, Heinrich-Heine Universitaet Duesseldorf, Universitaetsstrasse 1, 40225 Duesseldorf, Germany.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19556490" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Biological Evolution ; Cell Nucleus/genetics ; Chlorophyta/*genetics/physiology ; Diatoms/*genetics/physiology ; Gene Transfer, Horizontal ; *Genome ; Phylogeny ; Plastids/genetics ; Rhodophyta/*genetics/physiology ; Symbiosis
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    Ecology. Threats to freshwater fish (2009)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2009-09-05
    Description: 〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Magurran, Anne E -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2009 Sep 4;325(5945):1215-6. doi: 10.1126/science.1177215.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉School of Biology, Scottish Oceans Institute, University of St. Andrews, St. Andrews, Fife KY16 8LB, Scotland, UK. aem1@st-andrews.ac.uk〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19729647" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Animals ; Biodiversity ; Biological Evolution ; Conservation of Natural Resources ; *Ecosystem ; Environment ; Extinction, Biological ; *Fishes/genetics/physiology ; *Fresh Water ; Genetic Speciation ; Population Dynamics ; Reproduction
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    Evidence for ecological speciation and its alternative (2009)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
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    Publication Date: 2009-02-07
    Description: Natural selection commonly drives the origin of species, as Darwin initially claimed. Mechanisms of speciation by selection fall into two broad categories: ecological and mutation-order. Under ecological speciation, divergence is driven by divergent natural selection between environments, whereas under mutation-order speciation, divergence occurs when different mutations arise and are fixed in separate populations adapting to similar selection pressures. Tests of parallel evolution of reproductive isolation, trait-based assortative mating, and reproductive isolation by active selection have demonstrated that ecological speciation is a common means by which new species arise. Evidence for mutation-order speciation by natural selection is more limited and has been best documented by instances of reproductive isolation resulting from intragenomic conflict. However, we still have not identified all aspects of selection, and identifying the underlying genes for reproductive isolation remains challenging.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Schluter, Dolph -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2009 Feb 6;323(5915):737-41. doi: 10.1126/science.1160006.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Biodiversity Research Centre and Zoology Department, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC V6T 1Z4, Canada. schluter@zoology.ubc.ca〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19197053" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Adaptation, Biological ; Animals ; Biological Evolution ; *Ecosystem ; Genes ; *Genetic Speciation ; Genetic Variation ; Models, Biological ; Models, Genetic ; *Mutation ; Phenotype ; Plants/genetics ; Quantitative Trait Loci ; Reproduction ; *Selection, Genetic
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    Auxin-dependent patterning and gamete specification in the Arabidopsis female gametophyte (2009)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
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    Publication Date: 2009-06-06
    Description: The female reproductive unit of flowering plants, the haploid female gametophyte, is highly reduced relative to other land plants. We show that patterning of the Arabidopsis female gametophyte depends on an asymmetric distribution of the hormone auxin during its syncitial development. Furthermore, this auxin gradient is correlated with location-specific auxin biosynthesis, rather than auxin efflux that directs patterning in the diploid sporophytic tissues comprising the rest of the plant. Manipulation of auxin responses or synthesis induces switching of gametic and nongametic cell identities and specialized nonreproductive cells to exhibit attributes presumptively lost during angiosperm evolution. These findings may account for the unique egg cell specification characteristic of angiosperms and the formation of seeds with single diploid embryos while containing endosperm that can have variable numbers of parental haploid genomes.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Pagnussat, Gabriela C -- Alandete-Saez, Monica -- Bowman, John L -- Sundaresan, Venkatesan -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2009 Jun 26;324(5935):1684-9. doi: 10.1126/science.1167324. Epub 2009 Jun 4.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Department of Plant Biology, University of California, Davis, CA 95616, USA.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19498110" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Arabidopsis/*cytology/genetics/growth & development/*metabolism ; Arabidopsis Proteins/genetics/metabolism ; Biological Evolution ; Down-Regulation ; Flowers/*cytology/growth & development/metabolism ; Gene Expression Regulation, Plant ; Genes, Plant ; Germ Cells/*cytology/growth & development/metabolism ; Indoleacetic Acids/*metabolism ; Membrane Transport Proteins/genetics/metabolism ; MicroRNAs ; Mitosis ; Models, Biological ; Oxygenases/genetics/metabolism ; Recombinant Fusion Proteins/metabolism ; Seeds/cytology ; Signal Transduction
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    Sexual intercourse involving giant sperm in Cretaceous ostracode (2009)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2009-06-23
    Description: Reproduction with giant sperm occurs in distinct groups scattered over the animal kingdom. Although experiments in Drosophila assessed the influence of different selection pressures on this character, no information was available on its long-term stability. Sub-micrometer-resolution synchrotron quantitative phase tomography (holotomography) of exceptionally well-preserved three-dimensional Cretaceous ostracode fossils from the Brazilian Santana Formation indicates that ostracode reproduction with giant sperm persisted for at least over the past 100 million years. Remnants of the male sperm pumps as well as giant, inflated female sperm receptacles evidence that, despite high costs, reproduction with giant sperm can be an evolutionary successful strategy.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Matzke-Karasz, R -- Smith, R J -- Symonova, R -- Miller, C G -- Tafforeau, P -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2009 Jun 19;324(5934):1535. doi: 10.1126/science.1173898.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Department of Environmental and Geosciences, Palaeontology, and GeoBioCenter, Ludwig Maximilians University (LMU), 80333 Muenchen, Germany. r.matzke@lrz.uni-muenchen.de〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19541990" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Animals ; Biological Evolution ; Brazil ; Cell Size ; Copulation/*physiology ; Crustacea/anatomy & histology/cytology/*physiology ; Female ; Fossils ; Genitalia, Female/anatomy & histology ; Genitalia, Male/anatomy & histology ; Humans ; Male ; Spermatozoa/cytology/*physiology ; Tomography, X-Ray Computed/methods
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    American Association of Physical Anthropologists meeting. Australopithecus not much of a nutcracker (2008)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2008-05-03
    Description: 〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Gibbons, Ann -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2008 May 2;320(5876):608-9. doi: 10.1126/science.320.5876.608b.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18451281" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Animals ; Biological Evolution ; Diet ; *Hominidae/anatomy & histology/classification/physiology ; Humans ; Jaw/anatomy & histology ; Molar/anatomy & histology ; Paleodontology ; Tooth Attrition
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    American Association of Physical Anthropologists meeting. Snapshots from the meeting (2008)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2008-05-03
    Description: 〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Gibbons, Ann -- Culotta, Elizabeth -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2008 May 2;320(5876):609. doi: 10.1126/science.320.5876.609.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18451282" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Animals ; *Anthropology, Physical ; Biological Evolution ; Flight, Animal ; Hominidae ; Humans ; Locomotion ; Speech
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    Ecology. A matter of timing (2008)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2008-08-23
    Description: 〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Lyon, Bruce E -- Chaine, Alexis S -- Winkler, David W -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2008 Aug 22;321(5892):1051-2. doi: 10.1126/science.1159822.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, University of California, Santa Cruz, CA 95064, USA. lyon@biology.ucsc.edu〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18719273" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Animals ; Biological Evolution ; *Climate ; Cues ; Environment ; Female ; Male ; *Oviposition ; Passeriformes/genetics/*physiology ; Phenotype ; Photoperiod ; Seasons ; Selection, Genetic ; Temperature ; Time Factors
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    Ocean science. Ironing out ocean chemistry at the dawn of animal life (2008)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
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    Publication Date: 2008-08-16
    Description: 〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Lyons, Timothy W -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2008 Aug 15;321(5891):923-4. doi: 10.1126/science.1162870.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Department of Earth Sciences, University of California, Riverside, CA 92521, USA. timothy.lyons@ucr.edu〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18703731" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Animals ; Atmosphere ; Biological Evolution ; Geologic Sediments/chemistry ; Hydrogen Sulfide/analysis ; Ice Cover ; Iron/*analysis ; Oceans and Seas ; Oxygen/*analysis ; Seawater/*chemistry ; Sulfates/analysis ; Sulfides/analysis ; Time
    Print ISSN: 0036-8075
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    Robust, tunable biological oscillations from interlinked positive and negative feedback loops (2008)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
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    Publication Date: 2008-07-05
    Description: A simple negative feedback loop of interacting genes or proteins has the potential to generate sustained oscillations. However, many biological oscillators also have a positive feedback loop, raising the question of what advantages the extra loop imparts. Through computational studies, we show that it is generally difficult to adjust a negative feedback oscillator's frequency without compromising its amplitude, whereas with positive-plus-negative feedback, one can achieve a widely tunable frequency and near-constant amplitude. This tunability makes the latter design suitable for biological rhythms like heartbeats and cell cycles that need to provide a constant output over a range of frequencies. Positive-plus-negative oscillators also appear to be more robust and easier to evolve, rationalizing why they are found in contexts where an adjustable frequency is unimportant.〈br /〉〈br /〉〈a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2728800/" target="_blank"〉〈img src="https://static.pubmed.gov/portal/portal3rc.fcgi/4089621/img/3977009" border="0"〉〈/a〉   〈a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2728800/" target="_blank"〉This paper as free author manuscript - peer-reviewed and accepted for publication〈/a〉〈br /〉〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Tsai, Tony Yu-Chen -- Choi, Yoon Sup -- Ma, Wenzhe -- Pomerening, Joseph R -- Tang, Chao -- Ferrell, James E Jr -- GM61726/GM/NIGMS NIH HHS/ -- GM77544/GM/NIGMS NIH HHS/ -- R01 GM061276/GM/NIGMS NIH HHS/ -- R01 GM061276-06/GM/NIGMS NIH HHS/ -- R01 GM061276-07/GM/NIGMS NIH HHS/ -- R01 GM061276-08/GM/NIGMS NIH HHS/ -- R01 GM077544/GM/NIGMS NIH HHS/ -- R01 GM077544-01/GM/NIGMS NIH HHS/ -- R01 GM077544-02/GM/NIGMS NIH HHS/ -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2008 Jul 4;321(5885):126-9. doi: 10.1126/science.1156951.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Department of Chemical and Systems Biology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305-5174, USA.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18599789" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Algorithms ; Anaphase-Promoting Complex-Cyclosome ; Animals ; *Biological Clocks ; Biological Evolution ; CDC2 Protein Kinase/*metabolism ; *Cell Cycle ; Cell Division ; Circadian Rhythm ; Cyclin B/biosynthesis/metabolism ; Embryo, Nonmammalian/cytology/metabolism ; *Feedback, Physiological ; Interphase ; Models, Biological ; Monte Carlo Method ; Ubiquitin-Protein Ligase Complexes/metabolism ; Xenopus Proteins/metabolism ; Xenopus laevis
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    A phylogenomic study of birds reveals their evolutionary history (2008)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2008-06-28
    Description: Deep avian evolutionary relationships have been difficult to resolve as a result of a putative explosive radiation. Our study examined approximately 32 kilobases of aligned nuclear DNA sequences from 19 independent loci for 169 species, representing all major extant groups, and recovered a robust phylogeny from a genome-wide signal supported by multiple analytical methods. We documented well-supported, previously unrecognized interordinal relationships (such as a sister relationship between passerines and parrots) and corroborated previously contentious groupings (such as flamingos and grebes). Our conclusions challenge current classifications and alter our understanding of trait evolution; for example, some diurnal birds evolved from nocturnal ancestors. Our results provide a valuable resource for phylogenetic and comparative studies in birds.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Hackett, Shannon J -- Kimball, Rebecca T -- Reddy, Sushma -- Bowie, Rauri C K -- Braun, Edward L -- Braun, Michael J -- Chojnowski, Jena L -- Cox, W Andrew -- Han, Kin-Lan -- Harshman, John -- Huddleston, Christopher J -- Marks, Ben D -- Miglia, Kathleen J -- Moore, William S -- Sheldon, Frederick H -- Steadman, David W -- Witt, Christopher C -- Yuri, Tamaki -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2008 Jun 27;320(5884):1763-8. doi: 10.1126/science.1157704.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Zoology Department, Field Museum of Natural History, 1400 South Lake Shore Drive, Chicago, IL 60605, USA.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18583609" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Algorithms ; Animals ; Biological Evolution ; Birds/*classification/*genetics ; Ecosystem ; Flight, Animal ; *Genome ; *Genomics ; Molecular Sequence Data ; *Phylogeny ; Sequence Alignment ; Sequence Analysis, DNA
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    Regulatory genes control a key morphological and ecological trait transferred between species (2008)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
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    Publication Date: 2008-11-15
    Description: Hybridization between species can lead to introgression of genes from one species to another, providing a potential mechanism for preserving and recombining key traits during evolution. To determine the molecular basis of such transfers, we analyzed a natural polymorphism for flower-head development in Senecio. We show that the polymorphism arose by introgression of a cluster of regulatory genes, the RAY locus, from the diploid species S. squalidus into the tetraploid S. vulgaris. The RAY genes are expressed in the peripheral regions of the inflorescence meristem, where they promote flower asymmetry and lead to an increase in the rate of outcrossing. Our results highlight how key morphological and ecological traits controlled by regulatory genes may be gained, lost, and regained during evolution.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Kim, Minsung -- Cui, Min-Long -- Cubas, Pilar -- Gillies, Amanda -- Lee, Karen -- Chapman, Mark A -- Abbott, Richard J -- Coen, Enrico -- BB-D017742/Biotechnology and Biological Sciences Research Council/United Kingdom -- G10929/Biotechnology and Biological Sciences Research Council/United Kingdom -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2008 Nov 14;322(5904):1116-9. doi: 10.1126/science.1164371.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, John Innes Centre, Colney Lane, Norwich NR4 7UH, UK.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19008450" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Amino Acid Sequence ; Biological Evolution ; Crosses, Genetic ; Flowers/anatomy & histology/*genetics/growth & development ; *Gene Transfer, Horizontal ; *Genes, Plant ; *Genes, Regulator ; Genotype ; Haplotypes ; *Hybridization, Genetic ; Molecular Sequence Data ; Multigene Family ; Phylogeny ; Polymorphism, Genetic ; Selection, Genetic ; Senecio/*genetics/growth & development ; Sequence Analysis, DNA
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    Phanerozoic trends in the global diversity of marine invertebrates (2008)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
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    Publication Date: 2008-07-05
    Description: It has previously been thought that there was a steep Cretaceous and Cenozoic radiation of marine invertebrates. This pattern can be replicated with a new data set of fossil occurrences representing 3.5 million specimens, but only when older analytical protocols are used. Moreover, analyses that employ sampling standardization and more robust counting methods show a modest rise in diversity with no clear trend after the mid-Cretaceous. Globally, locally, and at both high and low latitudes, diversity was less than twice as high in the Neogene as in the mid-Paleozoic. The ratio of global to local richness has changed little, and a latitudinal diversity gradient was present in the early Paleozoic.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Alroy, John -- Aberhan, Martin -- Bottjer, David J -- Foote, Michael -- Fursich, Franz T -- Harries, Peter J -- Hendy, Austin J W -- Holland, Steven M -- Ivany, Linda C -- Kiessling, Wolfgang -- Kosnik, Matthew A -- Marshall, Charles R -- McGowan, Alistair J -- Miller, Arnold I -- Olszewski, Thomas D -- Patzkowsky, Mark E -- Peters, Shanan E -- Villier, Loic -- Wagner, Peter J -- Bonuso, Nicole -- Borkow, Philip S -- Brenneis, Benjamin -- Clapham, Matthew E -- Fall, Leigh M -- Ferguson, Chad A -- Hanson, Victoria L -- Krug, Andrew Z -- Layou, Karen M -- Leckey, Erin H -- Nurnberg, Sabine -- Powers, Catherine M -- Sessa, Jocelyn A -- Simpson, Carl -- Tomasovych, Adam -- Visaggi, Christy C -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2008 Jul 4;321(5885):97-100. doi: 10.1126/science.1156963.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉National Center for Ecological Analysis and Synthesis, University of California-Santa Barbara, 735 State Street, Santa Barbara, CA 93101, USA. alroy@nceas.ucsb.edu〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18599780" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Animals ; *Biodiversity ; Biological Evolution ; Databases, Factual ; Environment ; *Fossils ; Geography ; Geologic Sediments ; *Invertebrates/classification ; *Paleontology/methods ; Population Dynamics ; Sampling Studies ; Seawater ; Time Factors
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    Behavior. A biolinguistic agenda (2008)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2008-11-15
    Description: 〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Hauser, Marc D -- Bever, Thomas -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2008 Nov 14;322(5904):1057-9. doi: 10.1126/science.1167437.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Department of Psychology, Human Evolutionary Biology, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA 02138, USA. mdh@wjh.harvard.edu〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19008433" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Animal Communication ; Animals ; Biological Evolution ; Brain/*physiology ; Forkhead Transcription Factors/genetics ; Functional Laterality ; Genomics ; Humans ; *Language ; Language Disorders/genetics/physiopathology ; *Linguistics ; Semantics ; Vocabulary
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    Evolution. Two sets of cave bear DNA uncover the bear facts (2008)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
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    Publication Date: 2008-11-01
    Description: 〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Balter, Michael -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2008 Oct 31;322(5902):662. doi: 10.1126/science.322.5902.662.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18974322" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Animals ; Biological Evolution ; Bone and Bones ; DNA, Mitochondrial/*genetics ; *Extinction, Biological ; *Genetic Speciation ; *Genome, Mitochondrial ; Phylogeny ; Sequence Analysis, DNA ; Ursidae/*classification/*genetics
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    Evolution. Where have all Thoreau's flowers gone? (2008)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
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    Publication Date: 2008-07-05
    Description: 〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Pennisi, Elizabeth -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2008 Jul 4;321(5885):24-5. doi: 10.1126/science.321.5885.24b.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18599747" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Biological Evolution ; *Climate ; *Ecosystem ; Flowers/*growth & development ; Greenhouse Effect ; Massachusetts ; *Plant Development ; Seasons ; Species Specificity ; Time Factors
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    Climate-driven ecosystem succession in the Sahara: the past 6000 years (2008)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
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    Publication Date: 2008-05-10
    Description: Desiccation of the Sahara since the middle Holocene has eradicated all but a few natural archives recording its transition from a "green Sahara" to the present hyperarid desert. Our continuous 6000-year paleoenvironmental reconstruction from northern Chad shows progressive drying of the regional terrestrial ecosystem in response to weakening insolation forcing of the African monsoon and abrupt hydrological change in the local aquatic ecosystem controlled by site-specific thresholds. Strong reductions in tropical trees and then Sahelian grassland cover allowed large-scale dust mobilization from 4300 calendar years before the present (cal yr B.P.). Today's desert ecosystem and regional wind regime were established around 2700 cal yr B.P. This gradual rather than abrupt termination of the African Humid Period in the eastern Sahara suggests a relatively weak biogeophysical feedback on climate.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Kropelin, S -- Verschuren, D -- Lezine, A-M -- Eggermont, H -- Cocquyt, C -- Francus, P -- Cazet, J-P -- Fagot, M -- Rumes, B -- Russell, J M -- Darius, F -- Conley, D J -- Schuster, M -- von Suchodoletz, H -- Engstrom, D R -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2008 May 9;320(5877):765-8. doi: 10.1126/science.1154913.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Africa Research Unit, Institute of Prehistoric Archaeology, University of Cologne, Jennerstrasse 8, D-50823 Koln, Germany. s.kroe@uni-koeln.de〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18467583" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Africa ; Biological Evolution ; *Desert Climate ; *Ecosystem ; Fresh Water ; Geologic Sediments ; History, Ancient ; Plants ; Time ; Weather
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    Neuronal diversity and temporal dynamics: the unity of hippocampal circuit operations (2008)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2008-07-05
    Description: In the cerebral cortex, diverse types of neurons form intricate circuits and cooperate in time for the processing and storage of information. Recent advances reveal a spatiotemporal division of labor in cortical circuits, as exemplified in the CA1 hippocampal area. In particular, distinct GABAergic (gamma-aminobutyric acid-releasing) cell types subdivide the surface of pyramidal cells and act in discrete time windows, either on the same or on different subcellular compartments. They also interact with glutamatergic pyramidal cell inputs in a domain-specific manner and support synaptic temporal dynamics, network oscillations, selection of cell assemblies, and the implementation of brain states. The spatiotemporal specializations in cortical circuits reveal that cellular diversity and temporal dynamics coemerged during evolution, providing a basis for cognitive behavior.〈br /〉〈br /〉〈a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4487503/" target="_blank"〉〈img src="https://static.pubmed.gov/portal/portal3rc.fcgi/4089621/img/3977009" border="0"〉〈/a〉   〈a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4487503/" target="_blank"〉This paper as free author manuscript - peer-reviewed and accepted for publication〈/a〉〈br /〉〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Klausberger, Thomas -- Somogyi, Peter -- MC_U138197107/Medical Research Council/United Kingdom -- MC_U138197110/Medical Research Council/United Kingdom -- MC_UU_12020/3/Medical Research Council/United Kingdom -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2008 Jul 4;321(5885):53-7. doi: 10.1126/science.1149381.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉MRC Anatomical Neuropharmacology Unit, Oxford University, Oxford OX1 3TH, UK. thomas.klausberger@pharm.ox.ac.uk〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18599766" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Animals ; Axons/physiology ; Biological Evolution ; Cognition ; Dendrites/physiology ; Hippocampus/cytology/*physiology ; Humans ; Interneurons/*physiology ; Nerve Net/*physiology ; Neural Pathways/physiology ; Neurons/*physiology ; Pyramidal Cells/*physiology ; Synapses/physiology ; gamma-Aminobutyric Acid/metabolism
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    Paleoanthropology. Rocking the cradle of humanity (2008)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2008-03-01
    Description: 〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Pennisi, Elizabeth -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2008 Feb 29;319(5867):1182-3. doi: 10.1126/science.319.5867.1182.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18309060" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Animals ; Biological Evolution ; Ethiopia ; *Fossils ; *Hominidae ; Humans ; *Museums ; *Paleontology/education ; Research ; Travel ; Universities
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    Resource partitioning and sympatric differentiation among closely related bacterioplankton (2008)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2008-05-24
    Description: Identifying ecologically differentiated populations within complex microbial communities remains challenging, yet is critical for interpreting the evolution and ecology of microbes in the wild. Here we describe spatial and temporal resource partitioning among Vibrionaceae strains coexisting in coastal bacterioplankton. A quantitative model (AdaptML) establishes the evolutionary history of ecological differentiation, thus revealing populations specific for seasons and life-styles (combinations of free-living, particle, or zooplankton associations). These ecological population boundaries frequently occur at deep phylogenetic levels (consistent with named species); however, recent and perhaps ongoing adaptive radiation is evident in Vibrio splendidus, which comprises numerous ecologically distinct populations at different levels of phylogenetic differentiation. Thus, environmental specialization may be an important correlate or even trigger of speciation among sympatric microbes.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Hunt, Dana E -- David, Lawrence A -- Gevers, Dirk -- Preheim, Sarah P -- Alm, Eric J -- Polz, Martin F -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2008 May 23;320(5879):1081-5. doi: 10.1126/science.1157890.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT), Cambridge, MA 02139, USA.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18497299" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Algorithms ; Animals ; Atlantic Ocean ; Biological Evolution ; *Ecosystem ; *Genetic Speciation ; Markov Chains ; Models, Biological ; Molecular Sequence Data ; Phylogeny ; Plankton/*physiology ; Seasons ; Seawater/*microbiology ; Vibrio/classification/genetics/physiology ; Vibrionaceae/classification/genetics/*physiology ; Zooplankton/physiology
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    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Computer Science , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
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    Immunology. A breath of Aire for the periphery (2008)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2008-08-09
    Description: 〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Kyewski, Bruno -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2008 Aug 8;321(5890):776-7. doi: 10.1126/science.1162966.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Division of Developmental Immunology, Tumor Immunology Program, German Cancer Research Center, Im Neuenheimer Feld 280, Heidelberg, D-69120 Germany. b.kyewski@dkfz.de〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18687943" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Animals ; Antigen Presentation ; Autoantigens/immunology ; Autoimmunity ; Biological Evolution ; Epithelial Cells/immunology/metabolism ; Gene Expression ; Lymphoid Tissue/*cytology/immunology/*metabolism ; Mice ; Mice, Transgenic ; *Self Tolerance ; Stromal Cells/immunology/metabolism ; T-Lymphocytes/cytology/*immunology ; Thymus Gland/cytology/*immunology/metabolism ; Transcription Factors/genetics/*metabolism
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    Centromere-associated female meiotic drive entails male fitness costs in monkeyflowers (2008)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
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    Publication Date: 2008-12-06
    Description: Female meiotic drive, in which paired chromosomes compete for access to the egg, is a potentially powerful but rarely documented evolutionary force. In interspecific monkeyflower (Mimulus) hybrids, a driving M. guttatus allele (D) exhibits a 98:2 transmission advantage via female meiosis. We show that extreme interspecific drive is most likely caused by divergence in centromere-associated repeat domains and document cytogenetic and functional polymorphism for drive within a population of M. guttatus. In conspecific crosses, D had a 58:42 transmission advantage over nondriving alternative alleles. However, individuals homozygous for the driving allele suffered reduced pollen viability. These fitness effects and molecular population genetic data suggest that balancing selection prevents the fixation or loss of D and that selfish chromosomal transmission may affect both individual fitness and population genetic load.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Fishman, Lila -- Saunders, Arpiar -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2008 Dec 5;322(5907):1559-62. doi: 10.1126/science.1161406.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Division of Biological Sciences, University of Montana, Missoula, MT 59812, USA. lila.fishman@mso.umt.edu〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19056989" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Alleles ; Base Sequence ; Biological Evolution ; Centromere/*physiology ; Chromosome Segregation ; Chromosomes, Plant/*physiology ; Crosses, Genetic ; Genetic Markers ; Heterozygote ; Hybridization, Genetic ; Linkage Disequilibrium ; *Meiosis ; Mimulus/*genetics/physiology ; Molecular Sequence Data ; Polymorphism, Genetic ; Repetitive Sequences, Nucleic Acid ; Selection, Genetic
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    Neuroscience. A new glance at glia (2008)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2008-11-01
    Description: 〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Reichenbach, Andreas -- Pannicke, Thomas -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2008 Oct 31;322(5902):693-4. doi: 10.1126/science.1166197.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Paul Flechsig Institute of Brain Research, Leipzig University, Jahnallee 59, D-04109 Leipzig, Germany. reia@medizin.uni-leipzig.de〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18974341" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Animals ; Biological Evolution ; Brain/anatomy & histology/cytology/physiology ; Caenorhabditis elegans/cytology/*physiology ; Ganglia/cytology/physiology ; Ganglia, Invertebrate/cytology/physiology ; Homeostasis ; Neuroglia/*physiology ; Sense Organs/cytology/physiology ; Sensory Receptor Cells/cytology/*physiology ; Synaptic Transmission ; Temperature
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    Genetics of behavior. From genes to social behavior. Introduction (2008)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2008-11-08
    Description: 〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Jasny, Barbara R -- Kelner, Katrina L -- Pennisi, Elizabeth -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2008 Nov 7;322(5903):891. doi: 10.1126/science.322.5903.891.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18988838" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Animals ; Behavior/*physiology ; Behavior, Animal/physiology ; Biological Evolution ; *Genes ; Humans ; Neural Pathways/physiology ; *Social Behavior
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    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Computer Science , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
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    Genetics. Functionally degenerate--Y not so? (2008)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2008-01-05
    Description: 〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Rice, William R -- Friberg, Urban -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2008 Jan 4;319(5859):42-3. doi: 10.1126/science.1153482.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Department of Ecology, Evolution, and Marine Biology, University of California, Santa Barbara, CA 93106, USA. rice@lifesci.ucsb.edu〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18174425" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Animals ; Biological Evolution ; Drosophila melanogaster/*genetics ; Female ; *Gene Expression Regulation ; Gene Silencing ; Genes, Insect ; Male ; Mutation ; Selection, Genetic ; Y Chromosome/*genetics
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    Infectious diseases. Isolated tribe gives clues to the origins of syphilis (2008)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
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    Publication Date: 2008-01-19
    Description: 〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Zimmer, Carl -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2008 Jan 18;319(5861):272. doi: 10.1126/science.319.5861.272.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18202266" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Biological Evolution ; DNA, Bacterial/genetics ; Guyana ; Humans ; *Indians, South American ; Syphilis/*microbiology/transmission ; Treponema pallidum/classification/*genetics/pathogenicity ; Yaws/*microbiology/transmission
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    Genes and social behavior (2008)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
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    Publication Date: 2008-11-08
    Description: What genes and regulatory sequences contribute to the organization and functioning of neural circuits and molecular pathways in the brain that support social behavior? How does social experience interact with information in the genome to modulate brain activity? Here, we address these questions by highlighting progress that has been made in identifying and understanding two key "vectors of influence" that link genes, the brain, and social behavior: (i) Social information alters gene expression in the brain to influence behavior, and (ii) genetic variation influences brain function and social behavior. We also discuss how evolutionary changes in genomic elements influence social behavior and outline prospects for a systems biology of social behavior.〈br /〉〈br /〉〈a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3052688/" target="_blank"〉〈img src="https://static.pubmed.gov/portal/portal3rc.fcgi/4089621/img/3977009" border="0"〉〈/a〉   〈a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3052688/" target="_blank"〉This paper as free author manuscript - peer-reviewed and accepted for publication〈/a〉〈br /〉〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Robinson, Gene E -- Fernald, Russell D -- Clayton, David F -- NS045264/NS/NINDS NIH HHS/ -- NS34950/NS/NINDS NIH HHS/ -- R01 GM073644/GM/NIGMS NIH HHS/ -- R01 GM073644-01A1/GM/NIGMS NIH HHS/ -- R01 NS034950/NS/NINDS NIH HHS/ -- R01 NS034950-16A2/NS/NINDS NIH HHS/ -- R01 NS045264/NS/NINDS NIH HHS/ -- R01 NS045264-01/NS/NINDS NIH HHS/ -- R01 NS051820/NS/NINDS NIH HHS/ -- R01 NS051820-10A1/NS/NINDS NIH HHS/ -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2008 Nov 7;322(5903):896-900. doi: 10.1126/science.1159277.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Department of Entomology, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, 505 South Goodwin Avenue, Urbana, IL 61801, USA. generobi@illinois.edu〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18988841" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Animals ; Biological Evolution ; Brain/*physiology ; Environment ; Epigenesis, Genetic ; Gene Expression ; *Genes ; Genetic Variation ; Genotype ; Humans ; *Social Behavior
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    Genomic plasticity and the diversity of polyploid plants (2008)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
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    Publication Date: 2008-04-26
    Description: Polyploidy, a change whereby the entire chromosome set is multiplied, arises through mitotic or meiotic misdivisions and frequently involves unreduced gametes and interspecific hybridization. The success of newly formed angiosperm polyploids is partly attributable to their highly plastic genome structure, as manifested by tolerance to changing chromosome numbers (aneuploidy and polyploidy), genome size, (retro)transposable element mobility, insertions, deletions, and epigenome restructuring. The ability to withstand large-scale changes, frequently within one or a few generations, is associated with a restructuring of the transcriptome, metabolome, and proteome and can result in an altered phenotype and ecology. Thus, polyploid-induced changes can generate individuals that are able to exploit new niches or to outcompete progenitor species. This process has been a major driving force behind the divergence of the angiosperms and their biodiversity.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Leitch, A R -- Leitch, I J -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2008 Apr 25;320(5875):481-3. doi: 10.1126/science.1153585.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉School of Biological and Chemical Sciences, Queen Mary, University of London, London E1 4NS, UK. a.r.leitch@qmul.ac.uk〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18436776" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Angiosperms/classification/*genetics/metabolism ; Biodiversity ; Biological Evolution ; Chromosomes, Plant/genetics ; Genetic Speciation ; *Genetic Variation ; *Genome, Plant ; Hybridization, Genetic ; Nondisjunction, Genetic ; Plant Proteins/genetics/metabolism ; *Polyploidy ; Proteome ; Transcription, Genetic
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    Polymorphic Y chromosomes harbor cryptic variation with manifold functional consequences (2008)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
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    Publication Date: 2008-01-05
    Description: The paucity of polymorphisms in single-copy genes on the Y chromosome of Drosophila contrasts with data indicating that this chromosome has polymorphic phenotypic effects on sex ratio, temperature sensitivity, behavior, and fitness. We show that the Y chromosome of D. melanogaster harbors substantial genetic diversity in the form of polymorphisms for genetic elements that differentially affect the expression of hundreds of X-linked and autosomal genes. The affected genes are more highly expressed in males, more meagerly expressed in females, and more highly divergent between species. Functionally, they affect microtubule stability, lipid and mitochondrial metabolism, and the thermal sensitivity of spermatogenesis. Our findings provide a mechanism for adaptive phenotypic variation associated with the Y chromosome.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Lemos, Bernardo -- Araripe, Luciana O -- Hartl, Daniel L -- GM065169/GM/NIGMS NIH HHS/ -- GM068465/GM/NIGMS NIH HHS/ -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2008 Jan 4;319(5859):91-3. doi: 10.1126/science.1148861.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Department of Organismic and Evolutionary Biology, Harvard University, 16 Divinity Avenue, Cambridge, MA 02138, USA. blemos@oeb.harvard.edu〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18174442" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Animals ; Biological Evolution ; Climate ; DNA Transposable Elements ; Drosophila/*genetics/physiology ; Drosophila melanogaster/*genetics/physiology ; Epigenesis, Genetic ; Female ; *Gene Expression Regulation ; Genes, Insect ; Genetic Linkage ; Genetic Variation ; Heterochromatin/genetics ; Male ; *Polymorphism, Genetic ; Spermatogenesis ; Temperature ; Y Chromosome/*genetics
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    Synteny and collinearity in plant genomes (2008)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
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    Publication Date: 2008-04-26
    Description: Correlated gene arrangements among taxa provide a valuable framework for inference of shared ancestry of genes and for the utilization of findings from model organisms to study less-well-understood systems. In angiosperms, comparisons of gene arrangements are complicated by recurring polyploidy and extensive genome rearrangement. New genome sequences and improved analytical approaches are clarifying angiosperm evolution and revealing patterns of differential gene loss after genome duplication and differential gene retention associated with evolution of some morphological complexity. Because of variability in DNA substitution rates among taxa and genes, deviation from collinearity might be a more reliable phylogenetic character.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Tang, Haibao -- Bowers, John E -- Wang, Xiyin -- Ming, Ray -- Alam, Maqsudul -- Paterson, Andrew H -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2008 Apr 25;320(5875):486-8. doi: 10.1126/science.1153917.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Plant Genome Mapping Laboratory, University of Georgia, Athens, GA 30602, USA.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18436778" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Angiosperms/classification/*genetics ; Biological Evolution ; Chromosomes, Plant/genetics ; Gene Duplication ; Gene Order ; Gene Rearrangement ; *Genome, Plant ; Genomics ; Karyotyping ; Phylogeny ; Polyploidy ; Sequence Analysis, DNA ; *Synteny
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    Microbial ecology. Confusing kinships (2008)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
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    Publication Date: 2008-05-24
    Description: 〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Bohannon, John -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2008 May 23;320(5879):1031-3. doi: 10.1126/science.320.5879.1031.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18497286" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Adaptation, Physiological ; Archaea/*classification/genetics/physiology ; Bacteria/*classification/genetics ; Bacterial Physiological Phenomena ; Biodiversity ; Biological Evolution ; Ecology ; *Ecosystem ; Environment ; Gene Transfer, Horizontal ; Genome, Archaeal ; Genome, Bacterial ; Phylogeny ; Recombination, Genetic ; Terminology as Topic
    Print ISSN: 0036-8075
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    A role for the ESCRT system in cell division in archaea (2008)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2008-11-15
    Description: Archaea are prokaryotic organisms that lack endomembrane structures. However, a number of hyperthermophilic members of the Kingdom Crenarchaea, including members of the Sulfolobus genus, encode homologs of the eukaryotic endosomal sorting system components Vps4 and ESCRT-III (endosomal sorting complex required for transport-III). We found that Sulfolobus ESCRT-III and Vps4 homologs underwent regulation of their expression during the cell cycle. The proteins interacted and we established the structural basis of this interaction. Furthermore, these proteins specifically localized to the mid-cell during cell division. Overexpression of a catalytically inactive mutant Vps4 in Sulfolobus resulted in the accumulation of enlarged cells, indicative of failed cell division. Thus, the archaeal ESCRT system plays a key role in cell division.〈br /〉〈br /〉〈a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4121953/" target="_blank"〉〈img src="https://static.pubmed.gov/portal/portal3rc.fcgi/4089621/img/3977009" border="0"〉〈/a〉   〈a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4121953/" target="_blank"〉This paper as free author manuscript - peer-reviewed and accepted for publication〈/a〉〈br /〉〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Samson, Rachel Y -- Obita, Takayuki -- Freund, Stefan M -- Williams, Roger L -- Bell, Stephen D -- 083639/Z/07/Z/Wellcome Trust/United Kingdom -- MC_U105184308/Medical Research Council/United Kingdom -- Medical Research Council/United Kingdom -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2008 Dec 12;322(5908):1710-3. doi: 10.1126/science.1165322. Epub 2008 Nov 13.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Medical Research Council (MRC) Cancer Cell Unit, Hills Road, Cambridge CB2 0XZ, UK.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19008417" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Adenosine Triphosphatases/chemistry/*metabolism ; Amino Acid Sequence ; Archaeal Proteins/chemistry/*metabolism ; Biological Evolution ; Cell Cycle ; *Cell Division ; Crystallography, X-Ray ; Molecular Sequence Data ; Peptides/chemistry/metabolism ; Protein Structure, Tertiary ; Sequence Alignment ; Sulfolobus/*cytology/genetics/*metabolism ; Sulfolobus acidocaldarius/*cytology/genetics/*metabolism ; Vesicular Transport Proteins/chemistry/metabolism
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    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Computer Science , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
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    A conserved mutation in an ethylene biosynthesis enzyme leads to andromonoecy in melons (2008)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2008-08-09
    Description: Andromonoecy is a widespread sexual system in angiosperms characterized by plants carrying both male and bisexual flowers. In melon, this sexual form is controlled by the identity of the alleles at the andromonoecious (a) locus. Cloning of the a gene reveals that andromonoecy results from a mutation in the active site of 1-aminocyclopropane-1-carboxylic acid synthase. Expression of the active enzyme inhibits the development of the male organs and is not required for carpel development. A causal single-nucleotide polymorphism associated with andromonoecy was identified, which suggests that the a allele has been under recent positive selection and may be linked to the evolution of this sexual system.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Boualem, Adnane -- Fergany, Mohamed -- Fernandez, Ronan -- Troadec, Christelle -- Martin, Antoine -- Morin, Halima -- Sari, Marie-Agnes -- Collin, Fabrice -- Flowers, Jonathan M -- Pitrat, Michel -- Purugganan, Michael D -- Dogimont, Catherine -- Bendahmane, Abdelhafid -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2008 Aug 8;321(5890):836-8. doi: 10.1126/science.1159023.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉INRA (Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique)-CNRS, UMR1165, Unite de Recherche en Genomique Vegetale, 2 rue Gaston Cremieux, F-91057 Evry, France.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18687965" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Alleles ; Amino Acid Sequence ; Binding Sites ; Biological Evolution ; Crosses, Genetic ; Cucumis melo/*enzymology/genetics/*physiology ; Flowers/genetics/growth & development/*physiology ; Genes, Plant ; Haplotypes ; Lyases/chemistry/*genetics/metabolism ; Molecular Sequence Data ; *Mutation ; Phylogeny ; *Polymorphism, Single Nucleotide ; Reverse Transcriptase Polymerase Chain Reaction ; Selection, Genetic ; Sequence Analysis, DNA
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    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Computer Science , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
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  • 75
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    Paleontology. Sauropod gigantism (2008)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2008-10-11
    Description: 〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Sander, P Martin -- Clauss, Marcus -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2008 Oct 10;322(5899):200-1. doi: 10.1126/science.1160904.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Division of Paleontology, Steinmann Institute, University of Bonn, D-53115 Bonn, Germany. martin.sander@uni-bonn.de〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18845734" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Animals ; Basal Metabolism ; Biological Evolution ; Body Size ; Body Weight ; Bone Development ; Digestion ; Dinosaurs/*anatomy & histology/growth & development/physiology ; Ecosystem ; Feeding Behavior ; Mastication ; Neck/anatomy & histology ; Reproduction ; Respiratory Physiological Phenomena
    Print ISSN: 0036-8075
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    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Computer Science , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
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  • 76
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    Archaeology. Standing on the shoulders of giants (2008)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2008-03-15
    Description: 〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Coward, Fiona -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2008 Mar 14;319(5869):1493-5. doi: 10.1126/science.1150898.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Department of Geography, Royal Holloway University of London, Egham TW20 0EX, UK. Fiona.Coward@rhul.ac.uk〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18339928" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Animals ; *Archaeology ; Biological Evolution ; Brain/anatomy & histology/physiology ; *Culture ; Hominidae ; Humans ; Imitative Behavior ; Learning ; Mental Processes ; *Social Behavior
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  • 77
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    Evolution. Armor development and fitness (2008)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2008-10-11
    Description: 〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Cresko, William A -- R24GM79486/GM/NIGMS NIH HHS/ -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2008 Oct 10;322(5899):204-6. doi: 10.1126/science.1165663.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Center for Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, Department of Biology, University of Oregon, Eugene, OR 97403-5289, USA. wcresko@uoregon.edu〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18845737" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Animals ; Biological Evolution ; *Bone Development ; Bone and Bones/anatomy & histology ; Ecosystem ; Ectodysplasins/*genetics ; Fresh Water ; Gene Frequency ; Haplotypes ; Oceans and Seas ; Phenotype ; Seawater ; *Selection, Genetic ; Smegmamorpha/*anatomy & histology/*genetics/growth & development
    Print ISSN: 0036-8075
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  • 78
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    Bacterial protection of beetle-fungus mutualism (2008)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2008-10-04
    Description: Host-microbe symbioses play a critical role in the evolution of biological diversity and complexity. In a notably intricate system, southern pine beetles use symbiotic fungi to help overcome host-tree defenses and to provide nutrition for their larvae. We show that this beetle-fungal mutualism is chemically mediated by a bacterially produced polyunsaturated peroxide. The molecule's selective toxicity toward the beetle's fungal antagonist, combined with the prevalence and localization of its bacterial source, indicates an insect-microbe association that is both mutualistic and coevolved. This unexpected finding in a well-studied system indicates that mutualistic associations between insects and antibiotic-producing bacteria are more common than currently recognized and that identifying their small-molecule mediators can provide a powerful search strategy for therapeutically useful antimicrobial compounds.〈br /〉〈br /〉〈a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2761720/" target="_blank"〉〈img src="https://static.pubmed.gov/portal/portal3rc.fcgi/4089621/img/3977009" border="0"〉〈/a〉   〈a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2761720/" target="_blank"〉This paper as free author manuscript - peer-reviewed and accepted for publication〈/a〉〈br /〉〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Scott, Jarrod J -- Oh, Dong-Chan -- Yuceer, M Cetin -- Klepzig, Kier D -- Clardy, Jon -- Currie, Cameron R -- R01 CA024487/CA/NCI NIH HHS/ -- R01 CA024487-29/CA/NCI NIH HHS/ -- R01 CA024487-30/CA/NCI NIH HHS/ -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2008 Oct 3;322(5898):63. doi: 10.1126/science.1160423.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Department of Bacteriology, University of Wisconsin-Madison, WI 53706, USA.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18832638" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Acetates/chemistry/*metabolism/pharmacology ; Actinobacteria/isolation & purification/*metabolism ; Agaricus ; Animals ; Antibiosis ; Antifungal Agents/*biosynthesis/chemistry/pharmacology ; Ascomycota/*physiology ; Basidiomycota/*physiology ; Beetles/growth & development/*microbiology/physiology ; Biological Evolution ; Larva/growth & development/microbiology ; Peroxides/chemistry/*metabolism/pharmacology ; Pinus/microbiology ; Symbiosis
    Print ISSN: 0036-8075
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    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Computer Science , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
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  • 79
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    Molecular phylogenetics of mastodon and Tyrannosaurus rex (2008)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2008-04-26
    Description: We report a molecular phylogeny for a nonavian dinosaur, extending our knowledge of trait evolution within nonavian dinosaurs into the macromolecular level of biological organization. Fragments of collagen alpha1(I) and alpha2(I) proteins extracted from fossil bones of Tyrannosaurus rex and Mammut americanum (mastodon) were analyzed with a variety of phylogenetic methods. Despite missing sequence data, the mastodon groups with elephant and the T. rex groups with birds, consistent with predictions based on genetic and morphological data for mastodon and on morphological data for T. rex. Our findings suggest that molecular data from long-extinct organisms may have the potential for resolving relationships at critical areas in the vertebrate evolutionary tree that have, so far, been phylogenetically intractable.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Organ, Chris L -- Schweitzer, Mary H -- Zheng, Wenxia -- Freimark, Lisa M -- Cantley, Lewis C -- Asara, John M -- F32 GM075490/GM/NIGMS NIH HHS/ -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2008 Apr 25;320(5875):499. doi: 10.1126/science.1154284.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Harvard University, Cambridge, MA 02138, USA.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18436782" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Amino Acid Sequence ; Animals ; Bayes Theorem ; Biological Evolution ; Birds/classification/genetics ; Bone and Bones ; Collagen Type I/*chemistry/genetics ; Dinosaurs/anatomy & histology/*classification/*genetics ; Elephants/anatomy & histology/*classification/*genetics ; Fossils ; Likelihood Functions ; Molecular Sequence Data ; *Phylogeny ; Sequence Alignment
    Print ISSN: 0036-8075
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  • 80
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    Adaptive plasticity in female mate choice dampens sexual selection on male ornaments in the lark bunting (2008)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2008-01-26
    Description: Theory on the evolution of ornamental male traits by sexual selection assumes consistency in selection over time. Temporal variation in female choice could dampen sexual selection, but scant information exists on the degree to which individual female preferences are flexible. Here we show that in lark buntings sexual selection on male traits varied dramatically across years and, in some cases, exhibited reversals in the direction of selection for a single trait. We show that these shifts are probably because of flexibility in mate choice by individual females and that they parallel shifts in the male traits that predict female reproductive success in a given year. Plasticity in choice and concomitant reversals in mating patterns across time may weaken the strength of sexual selection and could maintain genetic variation underlying multiple sexual ornaments.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Chaine, Alexis S -- Lyon, Bruce E -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2008 Jan 25;319(5862):459-62. doi: 10.1126/science.1149167.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, University of California, Santa Cruz, CA 95064, USA. alexis.chaine@ecoex-moulis.cnrs.fr〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18218896" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Adaptation, Biological ; Animals ; Behavior, Animal ; Biological Evolution ; Body Size ; *Feathers/anatomy & histology ; Female ; Male ; *Mating Preference, Animal ; Phenotype ; Pigmentation ; Selection, Genetic ; *Songbirds/anatomy & histology/physiology ; Time Factors ; Wings, Animal/anatomy & histology
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    Ecology. How the Sahara became dry (2008)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2008-05-10
    Description: 〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Holmes, Jonathan A -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2008 May 9;320(5877):752-3. doi: 10.1126/science.1158105.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Environmental Change Research Centre, Department of Geography, University College London, London WC1E 6BT, UK. j.holmes@ucl.ac.uk〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18467577" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Africa ; Biological Evolution ; *Desert Climate ; *Ecosystem
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    Genomics. 'Simple' animal's genome proves unexpectedly complex (2008)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2008-08-23
    Description: 〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Pennisi, Elizabeth -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2008 Aug 22;321(5892):1028-9. doi: 10.1126/science.321.5892.1028b.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18719257" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Animals ; Biological Evolution ; *Genome ; Genomics ; Invertebrates/classification/cytology/*genetics/physiology ; *Sequence Analysis, DNA
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  • 83
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    A female Homo erectus pelvis from Gona, Ethiopia (2008)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2008-11-15
    Description: Analyses of the KNM-WT 15000 Homo erectus juvenile male partial skeleton from Kenya concluded that this species had a tall thin body shape due to specialized locomotor and climatic adaptations. Moreover, it was concluded that H. erectus pelves were obstetrically restricted to birthing a small-brained altricial neonate. Here we describe a nearly complete early Pleistocene adult female H. erectus pelvis from the Busidima Formation of Gona, Afar, Ethiopia. This obstetrically capacious pelvis demonstrates that pelvic shape in H. erectus was evolving in response to increasing fetal brain size. This pelvis indicates that neither adaptations to tropical environments nor endurance running were primary selective factors in determining pelvis morphology in H. erectus during the early Pleistocene.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Simpson, Scott W -- Quade, Jay -- Levin, Naomi E -- Butler, Robert -- Dupont-Nivet, Guillaume -- Everett, Melanie -- Semaw, Sileshi -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2008 Nov 14;322(5904):1089-92. doi: 10.1126/science.1163592.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Department of Anatomy, Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine, Cleveland, OH 44106-4930, USA.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19008443" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Adaptation, Biological ; Animals ; Animals, Newborn ; Biological Evolution ; Body Height ; Body Size ; Brain/anatomy & histology/embryology ; Environment ; Ethiopia ; Female ; *Fossils ; Hominidae/*anatomy & histology/physiology ; Humans ; Locomotion ; Lumbar Vertebrae/*anatomy & histology ; Parturition ; Pelvic Bones/*anatomy & histology ; Pelvis/anatomy & histology ; Sacrum/anatomy & histology
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    Evolution. Building the tree of life, genome by genome (2008)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2008-06-28
    Description: 〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Pennisi, Elizabeth -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2008 Jun 27;320(5884):1716-7. doi: 10.1126/science.320.5884.1716.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18583591" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Animals ; Biological Evolution ; Birds/*classification/*genetics ; Flight, Animal ; *Genome ; *Genomics ; Invertebrates/classification/genetics ; *Phylogeny ; Plants/classification/genetics ; Sequence Analysis, DNA
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  • 85
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    Paleoecology. Fossils help figure out food webs old and new (2008)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2008-05-03
    Description: 〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Pennisi, Elizabeth -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2008 May 2;320(5876):598-9. doi: 10.1126/science.320.5876.598b.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18451274" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Animals ; Biological Evolution ; Canada ; China ; Ecosystem ; *Food Chain ; *Fossils ; Plants
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    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Computer Science , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
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  • 86
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    Natural selection on a major armor gene in threespine stickleback (2008)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2008-08-30
    Description: Experimental estimates of the effects of selection on genes determining adaptive traits add to our understanding of the mechanisms of evolution. We measured selection on genotypes of the Ectodysplasin locus, which underlie differences in lateral plates in threespine stickleback fish. A derived allele (low) causing reduced plate number has been fixed repeatedly after marine stickleback colonized freshwater from the sea, where the ancestral allele (complete) predominates. We transplanted marine sticklebacks carrying both alleles to freshwater ponds and tracked genotype frequencies over a generation. The low allele increased in frequency once lateral plates developed, most likely via a growth advantage. Opposing selection at the larval stage and changing dominance for fitness throughout life suggest either that the gene affects additional traits undergoing selection or that linked loci also are affecting fitness.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Barrett, Rowan D H -- Rogers, Sean M -- Schluter, Dolph -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2008 Oct 10;322(5899):255-7. doi: 10.1126/science.1159978. Epub 2008 Aug 28.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Zoology Department and Biodiversity Research Centre, University of British Columbia, 6270 University Boulevard, Vancouver, BC V6T 1Z4, Canada. rbarrett@zoology.ubc.ca〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18755942" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Animals ; Biological Evolution ; Body Size ; Bone Development/*genetics ; Bone and Bones/anatomy & histology ; Ecosystem ; Ectodysplasins/*genetics ; Fresh Water ; Gene Frequency ; Genotype ; Microsatellite Repeats ; Oceans and Seas ; Reproduction ; Seawater ; *Selection, Genetic ; Sexual Maturation ; Smegmamorpha/*anatomy & histology/*genetics/growth & development
    Print ISSN: 0036-8075
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  • 87
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    Endangered species. Sanctuaries aim to preserve a model organism's wild type (2008)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2008-12-06
    Description: 〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Koenig, Robert -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2008 Dec 5;322(5907):1456-7. doi: 10.1126/science.322.5907.1456.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19056950" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: *Ambystoma mexicanum/genetics/growth & development/physiology ; Animals ; Biological Evolution ; Conservation of Natural Resources ; Ecosystem ; Gene Expression ; Mexico ; *Models, Animal ; Population Density ; Population Dynamics ; Regeneration
    Print ISSN: 0036-8075
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    Forests of the past: a window to future changes (2008)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2008-06-17
    Description: The study of past forest change provides a necessary historical context for evaluating the outcome of human-induced climate change and biological invasions. Retrospective analyses based on fossil and genetic data greatly advance our understanding of tree colonization, adaptation, and extinction in response to past climatic change. For instance, these analyses reveal cryptic refugia near or north of continental ice sheets, leading to reevaluation of postglacial tree migration rates. Species extinctions appear to have occurred primarily during periods of high climatic variability. Transoceanic dispersal and colonization in the tropics were widespread at geological time scales, inconsistent with the idea that tropical forests are particularly resistant to biological invasions.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Petit, Remy J -- Hu, Feng Sheng -- Dick, Christopher W -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2008 Jun 13;320(5882):1450-2. doi: 10.1126/science.1155457.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉INRA, UMR1202 Biodiversity, Genes and Communities, 69 Route d'Arcachon, F-33612 Cestas, France. petit@pierroton.inra.fr〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18556547" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Adaptation, Biological ; Biological Evolution ; *Climate ; *Ecosystem ; Extinction, Biological ; Fossils ; Genetic Speciation ; Time ; *Trees/genetics/physiology
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    Electronic ISSN: 1095-9203
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Computer Science , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
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    Extending genomics to natural communities and ecosystems (2008)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2008-04-26
    Description: An important step in the integration of ecology and genomics is the progression from molecular studies of relatively simple model systems to complex field systems. The recent availability of sequenced genomes from key plants is leading to a new understanding of the molecular drivers of community composition and ecosystem processes. As genome sequences accumulate for species that form intimate associations in nature, a detailed view may emerge as to how these associations cause changes among species at the nucleotide level. This advance could dramatically alter views about the structure and evolution of communities and ecosystems.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Whitham, Thomas G -- Difazio, Stephen P -- Schweitzer, Jennifer A -- Shuster, Stephen M -- Allan, Gery J -- Bailey, Joseph K -- Woolbright, Scott A -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2008 Apr 25;320(5875):492-5. doi: 10.1126/science.1153918.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Department of Biological Sciences, Northern Arizona University, Flagstaff, AZ 86011, USA. Thomas.Whitham@nau.edu〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18436780" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Animals ; Biological Evolution ; *Ecosystem ; Epigenesis, Genetic ; *Genome, Plant ; *Genomics ; *Plant Physiological Phenomena ; Plants/*genetics ; Selection, Genetic ; Symbiosis
    Print ISSN: 0036-8075
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    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Computer Science , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
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    Community ecology. All that makes fungus gardens grow (2008)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2008-05-24
    Description: 〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Youngsteadt, Elsa -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2008 May 23;320(5879):1006-7. doi: 10.1126/science.320.5879.1006.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18497272" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Actinobacteria/*physiology ; Animals ; Ants/*microbiology/*physiology ; Biological Evolution ; *Ecosystem ; Fungi/*growth & development ; Host-Pathogen Interactions ; Hypocreales/*physiology ; *Symbiosis ; Yeasts/physiology
    Print ISSN: 0036-8075
    Electronic ISSN: 1095-9203
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Computer Science , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
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    Biology, politics, and the emerging science of human nature (2008)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2008-11-08
    Description: In the past 50 years, biologists have learned a tremendous amount about human brain function and its genetic basis. At the same time, political scientists have been intensively studying the effect of the social and institutional environment on mass political attitudes and behaviors. However, these separate fields of inquiry are subject to inherent limitations that may only be resolved through collaboration across disciplines. We describe recent advances and argue that biologists and political scientists must work together to advance a new science of human nature.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Fowler, James H -- Schreiber, Darren -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2008 Nov 7;322(5903):912-4. doi: 10.1126/science.1158188.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Department of Political Science, University of California, San Diego, 9500 Gilman Drive, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA. jhfowler@ucsd.edu〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18988845" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: *Attitude ; Biological Evolution ; Cerebral Cortex/*physiology ; Cognition ; Cooperative Behavior ; *Genes ; *Human Characteristics ; Humans ; Interdisciplinary Communication ; *Politics ; *Social Behavior
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    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Computer Science , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
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    Quantitative phylogenetic assessment of microbial communities in diverse environments (2007)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2007-02-03
    Description: The taxonomic composition of environmental communities is an important indicator of their ecology and function. We used a set of protein-coding marker genes, extracted from large-scale environmental shotgun sequencing data, to provide a more direct, quantitative, and accurate picture of community composition than that provided by traditional ribosomal RNA-based approaches depending on the polymerase chain reaction. Mapping marker genes from four diverse environmental data sets onto a reference species phylogeny shows that certain communities evolve faster than others. The method also enables determination of preferred habitats for entire microbial clades and provides evidence that such habitat preferences are often remarkably stable over time.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉von Mering, C -- Hugenholtz, P -- Raes, J -- Tringe, S G -- Doerks, T -- Jensen, L J -- Ward, N -- Bork, P -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2007 Feb 23;315(5815):1126-30. Epub 2007 Feb 1.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉European Molecular Biology Laboratory, Meyerhofstrasse 1, 69117 Heidelberg, Germany.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17272687" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Animals ; Bacteria/*classification/genetics ; Biological Evolution ; Bone and Bones/microbiology ; *Ecosystem ; *Environmental Microbiology ; Genes, Bacterial ; Genes, rRNA ; Genetic Markers ; *Genomics ; Likelihood Functions ; Mining ; *Phylogeny ; Seawater/microbiology ; Soil Microbiology ; Water Microbiology ; Whales/microbiology
    Print ISSN: 0036-8075
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    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Computer Science , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
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    Changes in regulation of a transcription factor lead to autogamy in cultivated tomatoes (2007)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2007-10-27
    Description: We report the cloning of Style2.1, the major quantitative trait locus responsible for a key floral attribute (style length) associated with the evolution of self-pollination in cultivated tomatoes. The gene encodes a putative transcription factor that regulates cell elongation in developing styles. The transition from cross-pollination to self-pollination was accompanied, not by a change in the STYLE2.1 protein, but rather by a mutation in the Style2.1 promoter that results in a down-regulation of Style2.1 expression during flower development.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Chen, Kai-Yi -- Cong, Bin -- Wing, Rod -- Vrebalov, Julia -- Tanksley, Steven D -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2007 Oct 26;318(5850):643-5.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Department of Plant Breeding and Genetics, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14853, USA.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17962563" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Amino Acid Sequence ; Base Sequence ; Biological Evolution ; Chromosome Mapping ; Cloning, Molecular ; Crosses, Genetic ; Down-Regulation ; Flowers/*anatomy & histology/genetics/growth & development ; Genes, Plant ; Genotype ; Helix-Loop-Helix Motifs ; Lycopersicon esculentum/anatomy & histology/*genetics/*physiology ; Molecular Sequence Data ; Plant Proteins/chemistry/*genetics/metabolism ; Pollen/physiology ; Promoter Regions, Genetic ; Quantitative Trait Loci ; Reproduction ; Sequence Deletion ; Transcription Factors/chemistry/*genetics/metabolism ; Transformation, Genetic
    Print ISSN: 0036-8075
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    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Computer Science , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
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    Society for Integrative and Comparative Biology meeting. Loopy lens proteins provide squid with excellent eyesight (2007)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2007-01-27
    Description: 〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Pennisi, Elizabeth -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2007 Jan 26;315(5811):456.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17255491" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Animals ; Biological Evolution ; Cephalopoda/chemistry/genetics ; Crystallins/*chemistry/genetics ; Decapodiformes/*chemistry/genetics/physiology ; *Evolution, Molecular ; Lens, Crystalline/chemistry/physiology ; Protein Conformation ; Protein Folding ; Sequence Analysis, DNA ; *Vision, Ocular
    Print ISSN: 0036-8075
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    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Computer Science , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
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    Physiology. Still pondering an age-old question (2007)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2007-11-24
    Description: 〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Flatt, Thomas -- Promislow, Daniel E L -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2007 Nov 23;318(5854):1255-6.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, Brown University, Providence, RI 02912, USA. thomas_flatt@brown.edu〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18033874" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Aging/genetics/*physiology ; Animals ; Biological Evolution ; Fertility ; Genes ; Humans ; Longevity/genetics ; Mutation ; Reproduction ; Selection, Genetic
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    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Computer Science , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
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    Behavior. The ultimate ecosystem engineers (2007)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2007-03-31
    Description: 〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Smith, Bruce D -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2007 Mar 30;315(5820):1797-8.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Archaeobiology Program, National Museum of Natural History, Smithsonian Institution, Washington, DC 20560, USA. smithb@si.edu〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17395815" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: *Agriculture ; *Animal Husbandry ; Animals ; Animals, Domestic ; *Behavior ; Biological Evolution ; *Ecosystem ; *Environment ; Humans
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    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Computer Science , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
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    Sexual selection in males and females (2007)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2007-12-22
    Description: Research on sexual selection shows that the evolution of secondary sexual characters in males and the distribution of sex differences are more complex than was initially suggested but does not undermine our understanding of the evolutionary mechanisms involved. However, the operation of sexual selection in females has still received relatively little attention. Recent studies show that both intrasexual competition between females and male choice of mating partners are common, leading to strong sexual selection in females and, in extreme cases, to reversals in the usual pattern of sex differences in behavior and morphology.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Clutton-Brock, Tim -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2007 Dec 21;318(5858):1882-5.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Department of Zoology, University of Cambridge, Downing Street, Cambridge CB2 3EJ, UK. thcb@cam.ac.uk〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18096798" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Animals ; Biological Evolution ; Body Size ; Body Weight ; Female ; Fertility ; Male ; *Mating Preference, Animal ; Reproduction ; *Sex Characteristics ; Sex Ratio
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    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Computer Science , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
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    A melanocortin 1 receptor allele suggests varying pigmentation among Neanderthals (2007)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2007-10-27
    Description: The melanocortin 1 receptor (MC1R) regulates pigmentation in humans and other vertebrates. Variants of MC1R with reduced function are associated with pale skin color and red hair in humans of primarily European origin. We amplified and sequenced a fragment of the MC1R gene (mc1r) from two Neanderthal remains. Both specimens have a mutation that was not found in approximately 3700 modern humans analyzed. Functional analyses show that this variant reduces MC1R activity to a level that alters hair and/or skin pigmentation in humans. The impaired activity of this variant suggests that Neanderthals varied in pigmentation levels, potentially on the scale observed in modern humans. Our data suggest that inactive MC1R variants evolved independently in both modern humans and Neanderthals.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Lalueza-Fox, Carles -- Rompler, Holger -- Caramelli, David -- Staubert, Claudia -- Catalano, Giulio -- Hughes, David -- Rohland, Nadin -- Pilli, Elena -- Longo, Laura -- Condemi, Silvana -- de la Rasilla, Marco -- Fortea, Javier -- Rosas, Antonio -- Stoneking, Mark -- Schoneberg, Torsten -- Bertranpetit, Jaume -- Hofreiter, Michael -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2007 Nov 30;318(5855):1453-5. Epub 2007 Oct 25.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Departament de Biologia Animal, Universitat de Barcelona, Spain. clalueza@ub.edu〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17962522" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Alleles ; Amino Acid Substitution ; Animals ; Biological Evolution ; Cell Line ; DNA/genetics ; *Fossils ; Hair Color/*genetics ; Hominidae/*genetics ; Humans ; Molecular Sequence Data ; *Mutation ; Polymerase Chain Reaction ; Receptor, Melanocortin, Type 1/chemistry/*genetics/metabolism ; Sequence Analysis, DNA ; Skin Pigmentation/*genetics
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    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Computer Science , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
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    Genomics. A little gene xeroxing goes a long way (2007)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2007-09-18
    Description: 〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Cohen, Jon -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2007 Sep 14;317(5844):1483.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17872415" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Animals ; Biological Evolution ; *Diet ; Dietary Carbohydrates/administration & dosage/*metabolism ; *Gene Dosage ; Humans ; Mutation ; Pan troglodytes/genetics ; Saliva/enzymology ; Starch/*administration & dosage/*metabolism ; alpha-Amylases/*genetics/metabolism
    Print ISSN: 0036-8075
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    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Computer Science , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
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    Evolution. Stable heterozygosity? (2007)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2007-10-13
    Description: 〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Meselson, Matthew -- Mark Welch, David -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2007 Oct 12;318(5848):202-3.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA 02138, USA. msm@wjh.harvard.edu〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17932273" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Alleles ; Animals ; Biological Evolution ; Chromosomes/genetics ; *Genes, Helminth ; *Heterozygote ; *Reproduction, Asexual ; Rotifera/*genetics/*physiology
    Print ISSN: 0036-8075
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    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Computer Science , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
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