ALBERT

Description: The most prominent pattern in global marine biogeography is the biodiversity peak in the Indo-Australian Archipelago. Yet the processes that underpin this pattern are still actively debated. By reconstructing global marine paleoenvironments over the past 3 million years on the basis of sediment cores, we assessed the extent to which Quaternary climate fluctuations can explain global variation in current reef fish richness. Comparing global historical coral reef habitat availability with the present-day distribution of 6316 reef fish species, we find that distance from stable coral reef habitats during historical periods of habitat loss explains 62% of the variation in fish richness, outweighing present-day environmental factors. Our results highlight the importance of habitat persistence during periods of climate change for preserving marine biodiversity.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Pellissier, Loic -- Leprieur, Fabien -- Parravicini, Valeriano -- Cowman, Peter F -- Kulbicki, Michel -- Litsios, Glenn -- Olsen, Steffen M -- Wisz, Mary S -- Bellwood, David R -- Mouillot, David -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2014 May 30;344(6187):1016-9. doi: 10.1126/science.1249853.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉University of Fribourg, Department of Biology, Chemin du Musee 10, CH-1700 Fribourg, Switzerland. Department of Bioscience, Aarhus University, 8000 C Aarhus, Denmark. ; Laboratoire Ecologie des Systemes Marins Cotiers UMR 5119, CNRS, Institut de Recherche pour le Developpement (IRD), Institut Francais de Recherche pour l'Exploitation de la Mer, UM2, UM1, cc 093, Place E. Bataillon, FR-34095 Montpellier Cedex 5, France. ; IRD, UR 227 CoReUs, LABEX (Laboratoire d'Excellence) Corail, Laboratoire Arago, Boite Postale 44, FR-66651 Banyuls/mer, France. CESAB (Centre de Synthese et d'Analyse sur la Biodiversite)-FRB (Fondation pour la Recherche sur la Biodiversite), Immeuble Henri Poincare, Domaine du Petit Arbois, FR-13857 Aix-en-Provence cedex 3, France. ; Centre for Macroevolution and Macroecology, Research School of Biology, Australian National University, Canberra, ACT 0200, Australia. ; IRD, UR 227 CoReUs, LABEX (Laboratoire d'Excellence) Corail, Laboratoire Arago, Boite Postale 44, FR-66651 Banyuls/mer, France. ; Department of Ecology and Evolution, Biophore Building, University of Lausanne, 1015 Lausanne, Switzerland. Swiss Institute of Bioinformatics, Quartier Sorge, 1015 Lausanne, Switzerland. ; Center for Ocean and Ice, Danish Meteorological Institute, Lyngbyvej 100, 2100 Copenhagen, Denmark. ; Department of Bioscience, Aarhus University, 8000 C Aarhus, Denmark. Department of Ecology and Environment, DHI Water and Environment, 2970 Horsholm, Denmark. ; Australian Research Council Centre of Excellence for Coral Reef Studies, and School of Marine and Tropical Biology, James Cook University, Townsville, QLD 4811, Australia. ; Laboratoire Ecologie des Systemes Marins Cotiers UMR 5119, CNRS, Institut de Recherche pour le Developpement (IRD), Institut Francais de Recherche pour l'Exploitation de la Mer, UM2, UM1, cc 093, Place E. Bataillon, FR-34095 Montpellier Cedex 5, France. Australian Research Council Centre of Excellence for Coral Reef Studies, and School of Marine and Tropical Biology, James Cook University, Townsville, QLD 4811, Australia. david.mouillot@univ-montp2.fr.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24876495" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉

Description: 〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Woodroffe, Rosie -- Hedges, Simon -- Durant, Sarah -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2014 Jul 25;345(6195):389-90. doi: 10.1126/science.345.6195.389-b. Epub 2014 Jul 24.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Institute of Zoology, Zoological Society of London, London, NW1 4RY, UK. rosie.woodroffe@ioz.ac.uk. ; Wildlife Conservation Society, Bronx, NY 10460, USA. ; Institute of Zoology, Zoological Society of London, London, NW1 4RY, UK. Wildlife Conservation Society, Bronx, NY 10460, USA.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25061195" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉

Description: 〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Woodroffe, Rosie -- Hedges, Simon -- Durant, Sarah M -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2014 Apr 4;344(6179):46-8. doi: 10.1126/science.1246251.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Institute of Zoology, Regent's Park, London NW1 4RY, UK.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24700847" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉

Description: 〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Xu, Haigen -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2014 Nov 28;346(6213):1068. doi: 10.1126/science.346.6213.1068.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Nanjing Institute of Environmental Sciences, Ministry of Environmental Protection of China, Nanjing, 210042, China. xhg@nies.org.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25430762" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉

Description: 〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Coley, Phyllis D -- Kursar, Thomas A -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2014 Jan 3;343(6166):35-6. doi: 10.1126/science.1248110.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Department of Biology, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT 84112, USA, and Smithsonian Tropical Research Institute, Panama City, Panama.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24385624" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉

Description: 〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Collen, Ben -- Nicholson, Emily -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2014 Oct 10;346(6206):166-7. doi: 10.1126/science.1255772. Epub 2014 Oct 2.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Centre for Biodiversity & Environment Research, University College London, London WC1E 6BT, UK. b.collen@ucl.ac.uk. ; School of Botany, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC 3010, Australia.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25278506" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉

Description: Ecological set-asides are a promising strategy for conserving biodiversity in human-modified landscapes; however, landowner participation is often precluded by financial constraints. We assessed the ecological benefits and economic costs of paying landowners to set aside private land for restoration. Benefits were calculated from data on nearly 25,000 captures of Brazilian Atlantic Forest vertebrates, and economic costs were estimated for several restoration scenarios and values of payment for ecosystem services. We show that an annual investment equivalent to 6.5% of what Brazil spends on agricultural subsidies would revert species composition and ecological functions across farmlands to levels found inside protected areas, thereby benefiting local people. Hence, efforts to secure the future of this and other biodiversity hotspots may be cost-effective.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Banks-Leite, Cristina -- Pardini, Renata -- Tambosi, Leandro R -- Pearse, William D -- Bueno, Adriana A -- Bruscagin, Roberta T -- Condez, Thais H -- Dixo, Marianna -- Igari, Alexandre T -- Martensen, Alexandre C -- Metzger, Jean Paul -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2014 Aug 29;345(6200):1041-5. doi: 10.1126/science.1255768.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Grand Challenges in the Ecosystem and Environment, Department of Life Sciences, Imperial College London, Silwood Park Campus, Ascot SL5 7PY, UK. Departamento de Ecologia, Instituto de Biociencias, Universidade de Sao Paulo, 05508-090 Sao Paulo SP, Brazil. c.banks@imperial.ac.uk. ; Departamento de Zoologia, Instituto de Biociencias, Universidade de Sao Paulo, 05508-090 Sao Paulo SP, Brazil. ; Departamento de Ecologia, Instituto de Biociencias, Universidade de Sao Paulo, 05508-090 Sao Paulo SP, Brazil. ; Department of Ecology, Evolution, and Behavior, University of Minnesota, St. Paul, MN 55108, USA. ; Fundacao Florestal, Rua do Horto 931, 02377-000 Sao Paulo SP, Brazil. ; Departamento de Zoologia, Instituto de Biociencias, Universidade Estadual Paulista, 13506-900 Rio Claro SP, Brazil. ; Curso de Gestao Ambiental, Escola de Artes, Ciencias e Humanidades, Universidade de Sao Paulo, 03828-000 Sao Paulo SP, Brazil. ; Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario M5S 3B2, Canada.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25170150" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉

Description: 〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Vega-Villa, Karina -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2014 Jan 17;343(6168):248. doi: 10.1126/science.343.6168.248-b.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Wenatchee, WA 98801, USA.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24436404" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉

Description: 〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Hochkirch, Axel -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2014 Jan 17;343(6168):248. doi: 10.1126/science.343.6168.248-a.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Department of Biogeography, Trier University, D-54286 Trier, Germany.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24436403" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉

Description: 〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Turner, Woody -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2014 Oct 17;346(6207):301-2. doi: 10.1126/science.1256014.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Earth Science Division, NASA Headquarters, Washington, DC 20546-0001, USA. woody.turner@nasa.gov.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25324372" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉

Description: 〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Cardinale, Bradley -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2014 Jun 6;344(6188):1098. doi: 10.1126/science.344.6188.1098-a.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉School of Natural Resources and Environment, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48103, USA. bradcard@umich.edu.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24904146" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉

Description: 〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Buckley, Ralf -- Pegas, Fernanda de Vasconcellos -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2014 Dec 5;346(6214):1193. doi: 10.1126/science.346.6214.1193-a.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Griffith University, Gold Coast, QLD 4222, Australia. r.buckley@griffith.edu.au. ; Griffith University, Gold Coast, QLD 4222, Australia.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25477451" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉

Description: 〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Christianini, Alexander V -- Oliveira, Paulo S -- Bruna, Emilio M -- Vasconcelos, Heraldo L -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2014 Sep 5;345(6201):1129. doi: 10.1126/science.345.6201.1129-a.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Departamento de Ciencias Ambientais, Universidade Federal de Sao Carlos, Sorocaba SP, 18052-780, Brazil. avchrist@ufscar.br. ; Departmento de Biologia Animal, Universidade Estadual de Campinas, CP 6109, Campinas SP, 13083-970, Brazil. ; Department of Wildlife Ecology and Conservation, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32611-0430, USA. Center for Latin American Studies, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32611-5530, USA. ; Instituto de Biologia, Universidade Federal de Uberlandia, Uberlandia MG, 38400-902, Brazil.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25190784" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉

Description: 〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Pe'er, G -- Dicks, L V -- Visconti, P -- Arlettaz, R -- Baldi, A -- Benton, T G -- Collins, S -- Dieterich, M -- Gregory, R D -- Hartig, F -- Henle, K -- Hobson, P R -- Kleijn, D -- Neumann, R K -- Robijns, T -- Schmidt, J -- Shwartz, A -- Sutherland, W J -- Turbe, A -- Wulf, F -- Scott, A V -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2014 Jun 6;344(6188):1090-2. doi: 10.1126/science.1253425.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24904142" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉

Description: Animal migrations span the globe, involving immense numbers of individuals from a wide range of taxa. Migrants transport nutrients, energy, and other organisms as they forage and are preyed upon throughout their journeys. These highly predictable, pulsed movements across large spatial scales render migration a potentially powerful yet underappreciated dimension of biodiversity that is intimately embedded within resident communities. We review examples from across the animal kingdom to distill fundamental processes by which migratory animals influence communities and ecosystems, demonstrating that they can uniquely alter energy flow, food-web topology and stability, trophic cascades, and the structure of metacommunities. Given the potential for migration to alter ecological networks worldwide, we suggest an integrative framework through which community dynamics and ecosystem functioning may explicitly consider animal migrations.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Bauer, S -- Hoye, B J -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2014 Apr 4;344(6179):1242552. doi: 10.1126/science.1242552.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Department of Bird Migration, Swiss Ornithological Institute, 6204 Sempach, Switzerland.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24700862" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉

Description: 〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Wood, Chelsea L -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2014 Dec 5;346(6214):1192. doi: 10.1126/science.aaa1810.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Michigan Society of Fellows and Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA. chelwood@umich.edu.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25477450" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉

Description: 〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Marton-Lefevre, Julia -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2014 Oct 31;346(6209):525. doi: 10.1126/science.1261787.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Julia Marton-Lefevre is the Director General of the International Union for Conservation of Nature, Gland, Switzerland. julia.marton-lefevre@iucn.org.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25359939" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉

Description: 〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Banks-Leite, Cristina -- Pardini, Renata -- Tambosi, Leandro R -- Pearse, William D -- Bueno, Adriana A -- Bruscagin, Roberta T -- Condez, Thais H -- Dixo, Marianna -- Igari, Alexandre T -- Martensen, Alexandre C -- Metzger, Jean Paul -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2014 Dec 5;346(6214):1193. doi: 10.1126/science.346.6214.1193-b.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Grand Challenges in the Ecosystem and Environment, Department of Life Sciences, Imperial College London, Silwood Park Campus, Ascot SL5 7PY, UK. Departamento de Ecologia, Instituto de Biociencias, Universidade de Sao Paulo, 05508-090, Sao Paulo SP, Brazil. c.banks@imperial.ac.uk. ; Departamento de Zoologia, Instituto de Biociencias, Universidade de Sao Paulo, 05508-090, Sao Paulo SP, Brazil. ; Departamento de Ecologia, Instituto de Biociencias, Universidade de Sao Paulo, 05508-090, Sao Paulo SP, Brazil. ; Department of Ecology, Evolution, and Behavior, University of Minnesota, St. Paul, MN 55108, USA. ; Fundacao Florestal, 02377-000, Sao Paulo SP, Brazil. ; Departamento de Zoologia, Instituto de Biociencias, Universidade Estadual Paulista, 13506-900, Rio Claro SP, Brazil. ; Curso de Gestao Ambiental, Escola de Artes, Ciencias e Humanidades, Universidade de Sao Paulo, 03828-000, Sao Paulo SP, Brazil. ; Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON M5S 3B2, Canada.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25477452" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉

Description: 〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Pfeifer, M -- Packer, C -- Burton, A C -- Garnett, S T -- Loveridge, A J -- MacNulty, D -- Platts, P J -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2014 Jul 25;345(6195):389. doi: 10.1126/science.345.6195.389-a. Epub 2014 Jul 24.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Forest Ecology and Conservation Lab, Department of Life Sciences, Imperial College London, Ascot, SL5 7PY, UK. York Institute for Tropical Ecosystems, Environment Department, University of York, York, YO10 5DD, UK. m.pfeifer@imperial.ac.uk. ; Department of Ecology, Evolution and Behavior, University of Minnesota, St. Paul, MN 55108, USA. ; Alberta Innovates Technology Futures, Victoria, BC V8Z 7X8, Canada. Department of Biology, University of Victoria, Victoria, BC V8W 2Y2, Canada. ; Research Institute for the Environment and Livelihoods, Charles Darwin University, Darwin, NT 0909, Australia. ; Wildlife Conservation Research Unit, Department of Zoology, Oxford University, Oxford, OX13 5QL, UK. ; Department of Wildland Resources, Utah State University, Logan, UT 84322, USA. ; York Institute for Tropical Ecosystems, Environment Department, University of York, York, YO10 5DD, UK.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25061194" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉

Description: Recent studies clarify where the most vulnerable species live, where and how humanity changes the planet, and how this drives extinctions. We assess key statistics about species, their distribution, and their status. Most are undescribed. Those we know best have large geographical ranges and are often common within them. Most known species have small ranges. The numbers of small-ranged species are increasing quickly, even in well-known taxa. They are geographically concentrated and are disproportionately likely to be threatened or already extinct. Current rates of extinction are about 1000 times the likely background rate of extinction. Future rates depend on many factors and are poised to increase. Although there has been rapid progress in developing protected areas, such efforts are not ecologically representative, nor do they optimally protect biodiversity.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Pimm, S L -- Jenkins, C N -- Abell, R -- Brooks, T M -- Gittleman, J L -- Joppa, L N -- Raven, P H -- Roberts, C M -- Sexton, J O -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2014 May 30;344(6187):1246752. doi: 10.1126/science.1246752.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Nicholas School of the Environment, Duke University, Box 90328, Durham, NC 27708, USA. stuartpimm@me.com. ; Instituto de Pesquisas Ecologicas, Rodovia Dom Pedro I, km 47, Caixa Postal 47, Nazare Paulista SP, 12960-000, Brazil. ; Post Office Box 402 Haverford, PA 19041, USA. ; International Union for Conservation of Nature, IUCN, 28 Rue Mauverney, CH-1196 Gland, Switzerland. ; Odum School of Ecology, University of Georgia, Athens, GA 30602, USA. ; Microsoft Research, 21 Station Road, Cambridge, CB1 2FB, UK. ; Missouri Botanical Garden, Post Office Box 299, St. Louis, MO 63166-0299, USA. ; Environment Department, University of York, York, YO10 5DD, UK. ; Global Land Cover Facility, Department of Geographical Sciences, University of Maryland, College Park, MD, 20742, USA.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24876501" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉

Description: The mechanisms that shape plant diversity along resource gradients remain unresolved because competing theories have been evaluated in isolation. By testing multiple theories simultaneously across a 〉2-million-year dune chronosequence in an Australian biodiversity hotspot, we show that variation in plant diversity is not explained by local resource heterogeneity, resource partitioning, nutrient stoichiometry, or soil fertility along this strong resource gradient. Rather, our results suggest that diversity is determined by environmental filtering from the regional flora, driven by soil acidification during long-term pedogenesis. This finding challenges the prevailing view that resource competition controls local plant diversity along resource gradients, and instead reflects processes shaping species pools over evolutionary time scales.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Laliberte, Etienne -- Zemunik, Graham -- Turner, Benjamin L -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2014 Sep 26;345(6204):1602-5. doi: 10.1126/science.1256330.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉School of Plant Biology, The University of Western Australia, Crawley, WA 6009, Australia. etienne.laliberte@uwa.edu.au. ; School of Plant Biology, The University of Western Australia, Crawley, WA 6009, Australia. ; Smithsonian Tropical Research Institute, Apartado 0843-03092, Balboa, Ancon, Republic of Panama.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25258078" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉

Description: We live amid a global wave of anthropogenically driven biodiversity loss: species and population extirpations and, critically, declines in local species abundance. Particularly, human impacts on animal biodiversity are an under-recognized form of global environmental change. Among terrestrial vertebrates, 322 species have become extinct since 1500, and populations of the remaining species show 25% average decline in abundance. Invertebrate patterns are equally dire: 67% of monitored populations show 45% mean abundance decline. Such animal declines will cascade onto ecosystem functioning and human well-being. Much remains unknown about this "Anthropocene defaunation"; these knowledge gaps hinder our capacity to predict and limit defaunation impacts. Clearly, however, defaunation is both a pervasive component of the planet's sixth mass extinction and also a major driver of global ecological change.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Dirzo, Rodolfo -- Young, Hillary S -- Galetti, Mauro -- Ceballos, Gerardo -- Isaac, Nick J B -- Collen, Ben -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2014 Jul 25;345(6195):401-6. doi: 10.1126/science.1251817.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Department of Biology, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA. rdirzo@stanford.edu. ; Department of Ecology, Evolution, and Marine Biology, University of California Santa Barbara, Santa Barbara, CA 93106, USA. ; Departamento de Ecologia, Universidade Estadual Paulista, Rio Claro, SP, 13506-900, Brazil. ; Instituto de Ecologia, Universidad Nacional Autonoma de Mexico, AP 70-275, Mexico D.F. 04510, Mexico. ; Natural Environment Research Council (NERC) Centre for Ecology and Hydrology, Benson Lane, Crowmarsh Gifford, Oxfordshire, OX10 8BB, UK. ; Centre for Biodiversity and Environment Research, Department of Genetics, Evolution and Environment, University College London, Gower Street, London WC1E 6BT, UK.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25061202" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉

Description: 〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Boyer, Stephane -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2014 Nov 14;346(6211):821. doi: 10.1126/science.346.6211.821-a. Epub 2014 Nov 13.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Department of Ecology, Bio-Protection Research Centre, Lincoln University, Lincoln, 7647, New Zealand. stephane.boyer@lincoln.ac.nz.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25395529" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉

Description: 〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Ricciardi, Anthony -- Simberloff, Daniel -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2014 Aug 22;345(6199):884. doi: 10.1126/science.345.6199.884-b.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Redpath Museum, McGill University, Montreal, QC H3A 2K6, Canada. tony.ricciardi@mcgill.ca. ; Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, University of Tennessee, Knoxville, TN 37996, USA.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25146277" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉

Description: 〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Dornelas, Maria -- Gotelli, Nicholas J -- McGill, Brian -- Magurran, Anne E -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2014 Jun 6;344(6188):1098-9. doi: 10.1126/science.344.6188.1098-b.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Centre for Biological Diversity and Scottish Oceans Institute, School of Biology, University of St. Andrews, St. Andrews, Fife, KY16 9TH, UK. maadd@st-andrews.ac.uk. ; Department of Biology, University of Vermont, Burlington, VT 05405, USA. ; School of Biology and Ecology, Sustainability Solutions Initiative, University of Maine, Orono, ME 04469, USA. ; Centre for Biological Diversity and Scottish Oceans Institute, School of Biology, University of St. Andrews, St. Andrews, Fife, KY16 9TH, UK.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24904147" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉

Description: The extent to which biodiversity change in local assemblages contributes to global biodiversity loss is poorly understood. We analyzed 100 time series from biomes across Earth to ask how diversity within assemblages is changing through time. We quantified patterns of temporal alpha diversity, measured as change in local diversity, and temporal beta diversity, measured as change in community composition. Contrary to our expectations, we did not detect systematic loss of alpha diversity. However, community composition changed systematically through time, in excess of predictions from null models. Heterogeneous rates of environmental change, species range shifts associated with climate change, and biotic homogenization may explain the different patterns of temporal alpha and beta diversity. Monitoring and understanding change in species composition should be a conservation priority.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Dornelas, Maria -- Gotelli, Nicholas J -- McGill, Brian -- Shimadzu, Hideyasu -- Moyes, Faye -- Sievers, Caya -- Magurran, Anne E -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2014 Apr 18;344(6181):296-9. doi: 10.1126/science.1248484.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Centre for Biological Diversity and Scottish Oceans Institute, School of Biology, University of St. Andrews, St. Andrews, Fife KY16 9TH, UK.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24744374" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉

Description: 〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Briggs, John C -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2014 Nov 14;346(6211):820. doi: 10.1126/science.346.6211.820.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Department of Fisheries and Wildlife, Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR 97330, USA. clingfishes@yahoo.com.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25395528" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉

Description: In 2010, the international community, under the auspices of the Convention on Biological Diversity, agreed on 20 biodiversity-related "Aichi Targets" to be achieved within a decade. We provide a comprehensive mid-term assessment of progress toward these global targets using 55 indicator data sets. We projected indicator trends to 2020 using an adaptive statistical framework that incorporated the specific properties of individual time series. On current trajectories, results suggest that despite accelerating policy and management responses to the biodiversity crisis, the impacts of these efforts are unlikely to be reflected in improved trends in the state of biodiversity by 2020. We highlight areas of societal endeavor requiring additional efforts to achieve the Aichi Targets, and provide a baseline against which to assess future progress.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Tittensor, Derek P -- Walpole, Matt -- Hill, Samantha L L -- Boyce, Daniel G -- Britten, Gregory L -- Burgess, Neil D -- Butchart, Stuart H M -- Leadley, Paul W -- Regan, Eugenie C -- Alkemade, Rob -- Baumung, Roswitha -- Bellard, Celine -- Bouwman, Lex -- Bowles-Newark, Nadine J -- Chenery, Anna M -- Cheung, William W L -- Christensen, Villy -- Cooper, H David -- Crowther, Annabel R -- Dixon, Matthew J R -- Galli, Alessandro -- Gaveau, Valerie -- Gregory, Richard D -- Gutierrez, Nicolas L -- Hirsch, Tim L -- Hoft, Robert -- Januchowski-Hartley, Stephanie R -- Karmann, Marion -- Krug, Cornelia B -- Leverington, Fiona J -- Loh, Jonathan -- Lojenga, Rik Kutsch -- Malsch, Kelly -- Marques, Alexandra -- Morgan, David H W -- Mumby, Peter J -- Newbold, Tim -- Noonan-Mooney, Kieran -- Pagad, Shyama N -- Parks, Bradley C -- Pereira, Henrique M -- Robertson, Tim -- Rondinini, Carlo -- Santini, Luca -- Scharlemann, Jorn P W -- Schindler, Stefan -- Sumaila, U Rashid -- Teh, Louise S L -- van Kolck, Jennifer -- Visconti, Piero -- Ye, Yimin -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2014 Oct 10;346(6206):241-4. doi: 10.1126/science.1257484. Epub 2014 Oct 2.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉United Nations Environment Programme World Conservation Monitoring Centre (UNEP-WCMC), 219 Huntingdon Road, Cambridge CB3 0DL, UK. Department of Biology, Dalhousie University, 1355 Oxford Street, Halifax, NS B3H 4R2, Canada. derek.tittensor@unep-wcmc.org. ; United Nations Environment Programme World Conservation Monitoring Centre (UNEP-WCMC), 219 Huntingdon Road, Cambridge CB3 0DL, UK. ; Department of Biology, Queen's University, Kingston, ON K7L 3N6, Canada. Ocean Sciences Division, Bedford Institute of Oceanography, Post Office Box 1006, Dartmouth, NS B2Y 4A2, Canada. ; Department of Biology, Dalhousie University, 1355 Oxford Street, Halifax, NS B3H 4R2, Canada. ; United Nations Environment Programme World Conservation Monitoring Centre (UNEP-WCMC), 219 Huntingdon Road, Cambridge CB3 0DL, UK. Centre for Macroecology, Evolution and Climate, Natural History Museum, Copenhagen, DK-2100, Denmark. ; BirdLife International, Wellbrook Court, Cambridge CB3 0NA, UK. ; ESE Laboratory, Universite Paris-Sud, UMR 8079, CNRS-Universite Paris-Sud, 91405 Orsay, France. ; PBL Netherlands Environmental Assessment Agency, Post Office Box 303, 3720 AH, Bilthoven, Netherlands. ; Food and Agricultural Organization of the United Nations, Viale delle Terme di Caracalla, 00153 Rome, Italy. ; PBL Netherlands Environmental Assessment Agency, Post Office Box 303, 3720 AH, Bilthoven, Netherlands. Department of Earth Sciences-Geochemistry, Faculty of Geosciences, Utrecht University, Post Office Box 80021, 3508 TA Utrecht, Netherlands. ; Fisheries Centre, The University of British Columbia, 2202 Main Mall, Vancouver, BC V6T 1Z4, Canada. ; Secretariat of the Convention on Biological Diversity, 413, Saint Jacques Street, Suite 800, Montreal, QC H2Y 1N9, Canada. ; Global Footprint Network, 7-9 Chemin de Balexert, 1219 Geneva, Switzerland. ; Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development, 2 rue Andre-Pascal, 75775 Paris Cedex 16, France. ; RSPB Centre for Conservation Science The Lodge, Sandy, Bedfordshire SG19 2DL, UK. ; Marine Stewardship Council, 1-3 Snow Hill, London EC1A 2DH, UK. ; The Global Biodiversity Information Facility (GBIF) Secretariat Universitetsparken 15, 2100 Copenhagen, Denmark. ; Center for Limnology, University of Wisconsin-Madison, 680 North Park Street, Madison, WI 53706, USA. ; Forest Stewardship Council (FSC) International, Charles-de-Gaulle Strasse 5, 53113 Bonn, Germany. ; ESE Laboratory, Universite Paris-Sud, UMR 8079, CNRS-Universite Paris-Sud, 91405 Orsay, France. DIVERSITAS, 57 rue Cuvier-CP 41, 75231 Paris Cedex 05, France. ; University of Queensland, Diamantina National Park via Winton, QLD 4735, Australia. ; Zoological Society of London, Regent's Park, London NW1 4RY, UK. ; Union for Ethical BioTrade, De Ruyterkade 6, 1013 AA, Amsterdam, Netherlands. ; German Centre for Integrative Biodiversity Research (iDiv) Halle-Jena-Leipzig, Deutscher Platz 5e, 04103 Leipzig, Germany. Institute of Biology, Martin Luther University Halle-Wittenberg, Am Kirchtor 1, 06108 Halle (Saale), Germany. ; Convention on International Trade in Endangered Species Secretariat, Maison internationale de l'environnement, 11-13 Chemin des Anemones, 1219 Chatelaine, Geneva, Switzerland. ; Marine Spatial Ecology Lab, School of Biological Sciences, University of Queensland, St. Lucia Brisbane, Qld 4072 Australia. ; The International Union for Conservation of Nature Species Survival Commission (IUCN SSC) Invasive Species Specialist Group, University of Auckland, Tamaki Campus, Auckland, New Zealand. ; AidData, The College of William and Mary, Post Office Box 8795, Williamsburg, VA 23187-8795, USA. ; Department of Biology and Biotechnologies, Sapienza-Universita di Roma, Viale dell' Universita 32, 00185 Rome, Italy. ; United Nations Environment Programme World Conservation Monitoring Centre (UNEP-WCMC), 219 Huntingdon Road, Cambridge CB3 0DL, UK. School of Life Sciences, University of Sussex, Brighton BN1 9QG, UK. ; Environment Agency Austria, Department of Biodiversity and Nature Conservation, Spittelauer Lande 5, 1090 Vienna, Austria. University of Vienna, Department of Botany and Biodiversity Research, Division of Conservation Biology, Vegetation Ecology and Landscape Ecology, Rennweg 14, 1030 Vienna, Austria. ; Microsoft Research, Computational Science Laboratory, 21 Station Road, Cambridge, CB1 2FB, UK.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25278504" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉

Description: Two categories of evolutionary challenges result from escalating human impacts on the planet. The first arises from cancers, pathogens, and pests that evolve too quickly and the second, from the inability of many valued species to adapt quickly enough. Applied evolutionary biology provides a suite of strategies to address these global challenges that threaten human health, food security, and biodiversity. This Review highlights both progress and gaps in genetic, developmental, and environmental manipulations across the life sciences that either target the rate and direction of evolution or reduce the mismatch between organisms and human-altered environments. Increased development and application of these underused tools will be vital in meeting current and future targets for sustainable development.〈br /〉〈br /〉〈a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4245030/" target="_blank"〉〈img src="https://static.pubmed.gov/portal/portal3rc.fcgi/4089621/img/3977009" border="0"〉〈/a〉   〈a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4245030/" target="_blank"〉This paper as free author manuscript - peer-reviewed and accepted for publication〈/a〉〈br /〉〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Carroll, Scott P -- Jorgensen, Peter Sogaard -- Kinnison, Michael T -- Bergstrom, Carl T -- Denison, R Ford -- Gluckman, Peter -- Smith, Thomas B -- Strauss, Sharon Y -- Tabashnik, Bruce E -- U54 GM088558/GM/NIGMS NIH HHS/ -- U54GM088558/GM/NIGMS NIH HHS/ -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2014 Oct 17;346(6207):1245993. doi: 10.1126/science.1245993. Epub 2014 Sep 11.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Department of Entomology, University of California, Davis, One Shields Avenue, Davis, CA 95616, USA. Institute for Contemporary Evolution, Davis, CA 95616, USA. spcarroll@ucdavis.edu psjorgensen@bio.ku.dk. ; Center for Macroecology, Evolution and Climate, Department of Biology, University of Copenhagen, 2100 Copenhagen, Denmark. Center for Macroecology, Evolution and Climate, Natural History Museum of Denmark, University of Copenhagen, 2100 Copenhagen, Denmark. spcarroll@ucdavis.edu psjorgensen@bio.ku.dk. ; School of Biology and Ecology, University of Maine, Orono, ME 04469, USA. ; Department of Biology, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195, USA. ; Department of Ecology, Evolution, and Behavior, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN 55108, USA. ; Centre for Human Evolution, Adaptation and Disease, Liggins Institute, University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand. ; Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, University of California, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA. Center for Tropical Research, Institute of the Environment and Sustainability, University of California, Los Angeles, 619 Charles E. Young Drive East, Los Angeles, 90095-1496, CA. ; Department of Evolution and Ecology and Center for Population Biology, University of California, Davis, One Shields Avenue, CA 95616, USA. ; Department of Entomology, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ 85721, USA.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25213376" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉

Description: 〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Liu, Yuning -- Weng, Qiang -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2014 Aug 22;345(6199):884. doi: 10.1126/science.345.6199.884-a.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉College of Biological Sciences and Biotechnology, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing, 100083, China. ; College of Biological Sciences and Biotechnology, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing, 100083, China. qiangweng@bjfu.edu.cn.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25146276" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉

Description: The rate of biodiversity loss is not slowing despite global commitments, and the depletion of animal species can reduce the stability of ecological communities. Despite this continued loss, some substantial progress in reversing defaunation is being achieved through the intentional movement of animals to restore populations. We review the full spectrum of conservation translocations, from reinforcement and reintroduction to controversial conservation introductions that seek to restore populations outside their indigenous range or to introduce ecological replacements for extinct forms. We place the popular, but misunderstood, concept of rewilding within this framework and consider the future role of new technical developments such as de-extinction.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Seddon, Philip J -- Griffiths, Christine J -- Soorae, Pritpal S -- Armstrong, Doug P -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2014 Jul 25;345(6195):406-12. doi: 10.1126/science.1251818.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Department of Zoology, University of Otago, Post Office Box 56, Dunedin, New Zealand. philip.seddon@otago.ac.nz. ; School of Biological Sciences, University of Bristol, Woodland Road, Bristol BS8 1UG, UK. ; Environment Agency, Abu Dhabi, United Arab Emirates. ; Institute of Natural Resources, Massey University, Private Bag 11222, Palmerston North, New Zealand.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25061203" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉

Description: 〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Wade, Lizzie -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2014 Dec 19;346(6216):1440. doi: 10.1126/science.346.6216.1440.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25525221" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉

Description: Habitat conversion is the primary driver of biodiversity loss, yet little is known about how it is restructuring the tree of life by favoring some lineages over others. We combined a complete avian phylogeny with 12 years of Costa Rican bird surveys (118,127 detections across 487 species) sampled in three land uses: forest reserves, diversified agricultural systems, and intensive monocultures. Diversified agricultural systems supported 600 million more years of evolutionary history than intensive monocultures but 300 million fewer years than forests. Compared with species with many extant relatives, evolutionarily distinct species were extirpated at higher rates in both diversified and intensive agricultural systems. Forests are therefore essential for maintaining diversity across the tree of life, but diversified agricultural systems may help buffer against extreme loss of phylogenetic diversity.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Frishkoff, Luke O -- Karp, Daniel S -- M'Gonigle, Leithen K -- Mendenhall, Chase D -- Zook, Jim -- Kremen, Claire -- Hadly, Elizabeth A -- Daily, Gretchen C -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2014 Sep 12;345(6202):1343-6. doi: 10.1126/science.1254610.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Department of Biology, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA. Center for Conservation Biology, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA. frishkol@stanford.edu dkarp@berkeley.edu. ; Department of Environmental Science, Policy, and Management, University of California, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA. Nature Conservancy, Berkeley, CA 94705, USA. frishkol@stanford.edu dkarp@berkeley.edu. ; Department of Environmental Science, Policy, and Management, University of California, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA. ; Department of Biology, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA. Center for Conservation Biology, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA. ; Union de Ornitologos de Costa Rica, Apartado 182-4200, Naranjo de Alajuela, Costa Rica. ; Department of Biology, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA. ; Department of Biology, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA. Center for Conservation Biology, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA. Woods Institute for the Environment, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA. Global Economic Dynamics and the Biosphere, Royal Swedish Academy of Sciences, SE-104 05 Stockholm, Sweden. Stockholm Resilience Center, University of Stockholm, SE-106 91 Stockholm, Sweden.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25214627" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉

Description: 〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Adams, W M -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2014 Oct 31;346(6209):549-51. doi: 10.1126/science.1255997.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Department of Geography, University of Cambridge, Downing Place, Cambridge CB2 3EN, UK. wa12@cam.ac.uk.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25359952" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉

Description: 〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Ma, Zhijun -- Melville, David S -- Liu, Jianguo -- Chen, Ying -- Yang, Hongyan -- Ren, Wenwei -- Zhang, Zhengwang -- Piersma, Theunis -- Li, Bo -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2014 Nov 21;346(6212):912-4. doi: 10.1126/science.1257258.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Ministry of Education Key Laboratory for Biodiversity Science and Ecological Engineering, Institute of Biodiversity Science, Fudan University, Shanghai 200438, China. No. 1261 Dovedale Road, Rural Delivery 2, Wakefield, Nelson, 7096, New Zealand. Center for Systems Integration and Sustainability, Department of Fisheries and Wildlife, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI 48823, USA. College of Nature Reserve, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing 100083, China. Chair in Global Flyway Ecology, Centre for Ecological and Evolutionary Studies, University of Groningen, Post Office Box 11103, 9700 CC Groningen, Netherlands. Department of Marine Ecology, Royal Netherlands Institute for Sea Research (NIOZ), Post Office Box 59, 1790 AB Den Burg, Texel, Netherlands. World Wildlife Fund China Shanghai Office, No. 121 Zhongshan North Road, Shanghai 200083, China. Ministry of Education Key Laboratory for Biodiversity Science and Ecological Engineering, College of Life Sciences, Beijing Normal University, Beijing 100875, China. zhijunm@fudan.edu.cn. ; No. 1261 Dovedale Road, Rural Delivery 2, Wakefield, Nelson, 7096, New Zealand. ; Center for Systems Integration and Sustainability, Department of Fisheries and Wildlife, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI 48823, USA. ; Ministry of Education Key Laboratory for Biodiversity Science and Ecological Engineering, Institute of Biodiversity Science, Fudan University, Shanghai 200438, China. ; College of Nature Reserve, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing 100083, China. Chair in Global Flyway Ecology, Centre for Ecological and Evolutionary Studies, University of Groningen, Post Office Box 11103, 9700 CC Groningen, Netherlands. Department of Marine Ecology, Royal Netherlands Institute for Sea Research (NIOZ), Post Office Box 59, 1790 AB Den Burg, Texel, Netherlands. ; World Wildlife Fund China Shanghai Office, No. 121 Zhongshan North Road, Shanghai 200083, China. ; Ministry of Education Key Laboratory for Biodiversity Science and Ecological Engineering, College of Life Sciences, Beijing Normal University, Beijing 100875, China. ; Chair in Global Flyway Ecology, Centre for Ecological and Evolutionary Studies, University of Groningen, Post Office Box 11103, 9700 CC Groningen, Netherlands. Department of Marine Ecology, Royal Netherlands Institute for Sea Research (NIOZ), Post Office Box 59, 1790 AB Den Burg, Texel, Netherlands.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25414287" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉

Description: The 21st century is projected to witness unprecedented climatic changes, with greater warming often reported for high latitudes. Yet, climate change can be measured in a variety of ways, reflecting distinct dimensions of change with unequal spatial patterns across the world. Polar climates are projected to not only warm, but also to shrink in area. By contrast, today's hot and arid climates are expected to expand worldwide and to reach climate states with no current analog. Although rarely appreciated in combination, these multiple dimensions of change convey complementary information. We review existing climate change metrics and discuss how they relate to threats and opportunities for biodiversity. Interpreting climate change metrics is particularly useful for unknown or poorly described species, which represent most of Earth's biodiversity.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Garcia, Raquel A -- Cabeza, Mar -- Rahbek, Carsten -- Araujo, Miguel B -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2014 May 2;344(6183):1247579. doi: 10.1126/science.1247579.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Department of Biogeography and Global Change, National Museum of Natural Sciences, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Cientificas, Calle Jose Gutierrez Abascal 2, 28006 Madrid, Spain.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24786084" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉

Description: 〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Pandolfi, John M -- Lovelock, Catherine E -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2014 Apr 18;344(6181):266-7. doi: 10.1126/science.1252963.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉School of Biological Sciences, ARC Centre of Excellence for Coral Reef Studies, University of Queensland, St. Lucia, Australia.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24744366" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉

Description: 〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Wells, Jeffrey V -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2014 Nov 14;346(6211):821. doi: 10.1126/science.346.6211.821-b. Epub 2014 Nov 13.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉International Boreal Conservation Campaign, Seattle, WA 98101, USA. jeffwells@intlboreal.org.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25395530" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉

Description: Native tallgrass prairie once dominated much of the midwestern United States, but this biome and the soil microbial diversity that once sustained this highly productive system have been almost completely eradicated by decades of agricultural practices. We reconstructed the soil microbial diversity that once existed in this biome by analyzing relict prairie soils and found that the biogeographical patterns were largely driven by changes in the relative abundance of Verrucomicrobia, a poorly studied bacterial phylum that appears to dominate many prairie soils. Shotgun metagenomic data suggested that these spatial patterns were associated with strong shifts in carbon dynamics. We show that metagenomic approaches can be used to reconstruct below-ground biogeochemical and diversity gradients in endangered ecosystems; such information could be used to improve restoration efforts, given that even small changes in below-ground microbial diversity can have important impacts on ecosystem processes.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Fierer, Noah -- Ladau, Joshua -- Clemente, Jose C -- Leff, Jonathan W -- Owens, Sarah M -- Pollard, Katherine S -- Knight, Rob -- Gilbert, Jack A -- McCulley, Rebecca L -- Howard Hughes Medical Institute/ -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2013 Nov 1;342(6158):621-4. doi: 10.1126/science.1243768.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, University of Colorado, Boulder, CO 80309, USA.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24179225" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉

Description: 〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Shu, Shu-Sen -- Jiang, Wan-Sheng -- Whitten, Tony -- Yang, Jun-Xing -- Chen, Xiao-Yong -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2013 Apr 19;340(6130):272. doi: 10.1126/science.340.6130.272-a.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23599459" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉

Description: 〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Grumbine, R Edward -- Pandit, Maharaj K -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2013 Jan 4;339(6115):36-7. doi: 10.1126/science.1227211.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Key Laboratory of Biodiversity and Biogeography, Kunming Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming, China. ed.grumbine@gmail.com〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23288526" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉

Description: 〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Pereira, H M -- Ferrier, S -- Walters, M -- Geller, G N -- Jongman, R H G -- Scholes, R J -- Bruford, M W -- Brummitt, N -- Butchart, S H M -- Cardoso, A C -- Coops, N C -- Dulloo, E -- Faith, D P -- Freyhof, J -- Gregory, R D -- Heip, C -- Hoft, R -- Hurtt, G -- Jetz, W -- Karp, D S -- McGeoch, M A -- Obura, D -- Onoda, Y -- Pettorelli, N -- Reyers, B -- Sayre, R -- Scharlemann, J P W -- Stuart, S N -- Turak, E -- Walpole, M -- Wegmann, M -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2013 Jan 18;339(6117):277-8. doi: 10.1126/science.1229931.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Centro de Biologia Ambiental, Faculdade de Ciencias da Universidade de Lisboa, Lisboa, Portugal. hpereira@fc.ul.pt〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23329036" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉

Description: Mora et al. disputed that most species will be discovered before they go extinct, but not our main recommendations to accelerate species' discoveries. We show that our conclusions would be unaltered by discoveries of more microscopic species and reinforce our estimates of species description and extinction rates, that taxonomic effort has never been greater, and that there are 2 to 8 million species on Earth.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Costello, Mark J -- May, Robert M -- Stork, Nigel E -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2013 Jul 19;341(6143):237. doi: 10.1126/science.1237381.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Leigh Marine Laboratory, Institute of Marine Science, University of Auckland, Post Office Box 349, Warkworth, New Zealand. m.costello@auckland.ac.nz〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23869006" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉

Description: Some people despair that most species will go extinct before they are discovered. However, such worries result from overestimates of how many species may exist, beliefs that the expertise to describe species is decreasing, and alarmist estimates of extinction rates. We argue that the number of species on Earth today is 5 +/- 3 million, of which 1.5 million are named. New databases show that there are more taxonomists describing species than ever before, and their number is increasing faster than the rate of species description. Conservation efforts and species survival in secondary habitats are at least delaying extinctions. Extinction rates are, however, poorly quantified, ranging from 0.01 to 1% (at most 5%) per decade. We propose practical actions to improve taxonomic productivity and associated understanding and conservation of biodiversity.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Costello, Mark J -- May, Robert M -- Stork, Nigel E -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2013 Jan 25;339(6118):413-6. doi: 10.1126/science.1230318.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Leigh Marine Laboratory, University of Auckland, Post Office Box 349, Warkworth, New Zealand. m.costello@auckland.ac.nz〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23349283" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉

Description: 〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Bohannon, John -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2013 Jul 26;341(6144):332-3. doi: 10.1126/science.341.6144.332-b.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23888015" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉

Description: 〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Harris, Stephen E -- Bellino, Marissa -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2013 Dec 20;342(6165):1462-3. doi: 10.1126/science.1230006.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Program in Ecology, Evolutionary Biology, and Behavior, The Graduate Center, City University of New York (CUNY), New York, NY 10016, USA.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24357310" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉

Description: 〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Regalado, Antonio -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2013 Aug 2;341(6145):450-2. doi: 10.1126/science.341.6145.450.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23908201" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉

Description: The vast extent of the Amazon Basin has historically restricted the study of its tree communities to the local and regional scales. Here, we provide empirical data on the commonness, rarity, and richness of lowland tree species across the entire Amazon Basin and Guiana Shield (Amazonia), collected in 1170 tree plots in all major forest types. Extrapolations suggest that Amazonia harbors roughly 16,000 tree species, of which just 227 (1.4%) account for half of all trees. Most of these are habitat specialists and only dominant in one or two regions of the basin. We discuss some implications of the finding that a small group of species--less diverse than the North American tree flora--accounts for half of the world's most diverse tree community.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉ter Steege, Hans -- Pitman, Nigel C A -- Sabatier, Daniel -- Baraloto, Christopher -- Salomao, Rafael P -- Guevara, Juan Ernesto -- Phillips, Oliver L -- Castilho, Carolina V -- Magnusson, William E -- Molino, Jean-Francois -- Monteagudo, Abel -- Nunez Vargas, Percy -- Montero, Juan Carlos -- Feldpausch, Ted R -- Coronado, Euridice N Honorio -- Killeen, Tim J -- Mostacedo, Bonifacio -- Vasquez, Rodolfo -- Assis, Rafael L -- Terborgh, John -- Wittmann, Florian -- Andrade, Ana -- Laurance, William F -- Laurance, Susan G W -- Marimon, Beatriz S -- Marimon, Ben-Hur Jr -- Guimaraes Vieira, Ima Celia -- Amaral, Ieda Leao -- Brienen, Roel -- Castellanos, Hernan -- Cardenas Lopez, Dairon -- Duivenvoorden, Joost F -- Mogollon, Hugo F -- Matos, Francisca Dionizia de Almeida -- Davila, Nallarett -- Garcia-Villacorta, Roosevelt -- Stevenson Diaz, Pablo Roberto -- Costa, Flavia -- Emilio, Thaise -- Levis, Carolina -- Schietti, Juliana -- Souza, Priscila -- Alonso, Alfonso -- Dallmeier, Francisco -- Montoya, Alvaro Javier Duque -- Fernandez Piedade, Maria Teresa -- Araujo-Murakami, Alejandro -- Arroyo, Luzmila -- Gribel, Rogerio -- Fine, Paul V A -- Peres, Carlos A -- Toledo, Marisol -- Aymard C, Gerardo A -- Baker, Tim R -- Ceron, Carlos -- Engel, Julien -- Henkel, Terry W -- Maas, Paul -- Petronelli, Pascal -- Stropp, Juliana -- Zartman, Charles Eugene -- Daly, Doug -- Neill, David -- Silveira, Marcos -- Paredes, Marcos Rios -- Chave, Jerome -- Lima Filho, Diogenes de Andrade -- Jorgensen, Peter Moller -- Fuentes, Alfredo -- Schongart, Jochen -- Cornejo Valverde, Fernando -- Di Fiore, Anthony -- Jimenez, Eliana M -- Penuela Mora, Maria Cristina -- Phillips, Juan Fernando -- Rivas, Gonzalo -- van Andel, Tinde R -- von Hildebrand, Patricio -- Hoffman, Bruce -- Zent, Eglee L -- Malhi, Yadvinder -- Prieto, Adriana -- Rudas, Agustin -- Ruschell, Ademir R -- Silva, Natalino -- Vos, Vincent -- Zent, Stanford -- Oliveira, Alexandre A -- Schutz, Angela Cano -- Gonzales, Therany -- Trindade Nascimento, Marcelo -- Ramirez-Angulo, Hirma -- Sierra, Rodrigo -- Tirado, Milton -- Umana Medina, Maria Natalia -- van der Heijden, Geertje -- Vela, Cesar I A -- Vilanova Torre, Emilio -- Vriesendorp, Corine -- Wang, Ophelia -- Young, Kenneth R -- Baider, Claudia -- Balslev, Henrik -- Ferreira, Cid -- Mesones, Italo -- Torres-Lezama, Armando -- Urrego Giraldo, Ligia Estela -- Zagt, Roderick -- Alexiades, Miguel N -- Hernandez, Lionel -- Huamantupa-Chuquimaco, Isau -- Milliken, William -- Palacios Cuenca, Walter -- Pauletto, Daniela -- Valderrama Sandoval, Elvis -- Valenzuela Gamarra, Luis -- Dexter, Kyle G -- Feeley, Ken -- Lopez-Gonzalez, Gabriela -- Silman, Miles R -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2013 Oct 18;342(6156):1243092. doi: 10.1126/science.1243092.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Naturalis Biodiversity Center, Leiden, Netherlands.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24136971" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉

Description: 〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Laurance, William F -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2013 Mar 15;339(6125):1275. doi: 10.1126/science.339.6125.1275-a.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23493697" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉

Description: Most species disappear by the processes of background extinction, yet those processes are poorly understood. We analyzed the evolutionary dynamics of 19 Cenozoic terrestrial mammalian clades with rich fossil records that are now fully extinct or in diversity decline. We find their diversity loss was not just a consequence of "gamblers ruin" but resulted from the evolutionary loss to the Red Queen, a failure to keep pace with a deteriorating environment. Diversity loss is driven equally by both depressed origination rates and elevated extinction rates. Although we find diversity-dependent origination and extinction rates, the diversity of each clade only transiently equaled the implied equilibrium diversity. Thus, the processes that drove diversity loss in terrestrial mammal clades were fundamentally nonequilibrial and overwhelmed diversity-dependent processes.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Quental, Tiago B -- Marshall, Charles R -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2013 Jul 19;341(6143):290-2. doi: 10.1126/science.1239431. Epub 2013 Jun 20.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Universidade de Sao Paulo, Departamento de Ecologia, Sao Paulo, SP, Brazil. tbquental@usp.br〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23788731" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉

Description: 〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Deichmann, Jessica L -- Alonso, Alfonso -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2013 Dec 13;342(6164):1316-7. doi: 10.1126/science.342.6164.1316-b.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Smithsonian Conservation Biology Institute, Washington, DC 20013-7012, USA.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24337277" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉

Description: Costello et al. (Review, 25 January 2013, p. 413) challenged the common view that many species are disappearing before being described. We suggest that their conclusion is overly optimistic because of a limited selection and interpretation of available evidence that tends to overestimate rates of species description and underestimate the number of species on Earth and their current extinction rate.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Mora, Camilo -- Rollo, Audrey -- Tittensor, Derek P -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2013 Jul 19;341(6143):237. doi: 10.1126/science.1237254.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Department of Geography, University of Hawaii, Honolulu, Hawaii, USA. cmora@hawaii.edu〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23869005" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉

Description: 〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Carrasco, Luis Roman -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2013 Jul 26;341(6144):342-3. doi: 10.1126/science.341.6144.342-b.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23888020" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉

Description: Human activities have increased the availability of reactive nitrogen in many ecosystems, leading to negative impacts on human health, biodiversity, and water quality. Freshwater ecosystems, including lakes, streams, and wetlands, are a large global sink for reactive nitrogen, but factors that determine the efficacy of freshwater nitrogen removal rates are poorly known. Using a global lake data set, we show that the availability of phosphorus, a limiting nutrient, affects both annual nitrogen removal rate and efficiency. This result indicates that increased phosphorus inputs from human activities have stimulated nitrogen removal processes in many lakes. Recent management-driven reductions in phosphorus availability promote water column accumulation and export of nitrogen from large lakes, an unintended consequence of single-element management that argues for greater control of nitrogen as well as phosphorus sources.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Finlay, Jacques C -- Small, Gaston E -- Sterner, Robert W -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2013 Oct 11;342(6155):247-50. doi: 10.1126/science.1242575.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Department of Ecology, Evolution and Behavior, University of Minnesota, St. Paul, MN 55108, USA. jfinlay@umn.edu〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24115440" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉

Description: 〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Butt, N -- Beyer, H L -- Bennett, J R -- Biggs, D -- Maggini, R -- Mills, M -- Renwick, A R -- Seabrook, L M -- Possingham, H P -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2013 Oct 25;342(6157):425-6. doi: 10.1126/science.1237261.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Australian Research Council Centre of Excellence for Environmental Decisions, School of Biological Sciences, The University of Queensland, St. Lucia, Queensland, 4072, Australia.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24159031" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉

Description: Identifying which areas capture how many species is the first question in conservation planning. The Convention on Biological Diversity (CBD) aspires to formal protection of at least 17% of the terrestrial world and, through the Global Strategy for Plant Conservation, 60% of plant species. Are these targets of protecting area and species compatible? We show that 67% of plant species live entirely within regions that comprise 17% of the land surface. Moreover, these regions include most terrestrial vertebrates with small geographical ranges. However, the connections between the CBD targets of protecting area and species are complex. Achieving both targets will be difficult because regions with the most plant species have only slightly more land protected than do those with fewer.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Joppa, L N -- Visconti, P -- Jenkins, C N -- Pimm, S L -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2013 Sep 6;341(6150):1100-3. doi: 10.1126/science.1241706.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Microsoft Research, 21 Station Road, Cambridge CB1 2FB, UK. stuartpimm@me.com〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24009391" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉

Description: The sand termite Psammotermes allocerus generates local ecosystems, so-called fairy circles, through removal of short-lived vegetation that appears after rain, leaving circular barren patches. Because of rapid percolation and lack of evapotranspiration, water is retained within the circles. This process results in the formation of rings of perennial vegetation that facilitate termite survival and locally increase biodiversity. This termite-generated ecosystem persists through prolonged droughts lasting many decades.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Juergens, Norbert -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2013 Mar 29;339(6127):1618-21. doi: 10.1126/science.1222999.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Biocenter Klein Flottbek, University of Hamburg, Hamburg, Germany. norbert.juergens@t-online.de〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23539605" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉

Description: 〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Chapron, Guillaume -- Lopez-Bao, Jose Vicente -- Kjellander, Petter -- Karlsson, Jens -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2013 Mar 29;339(6127):1521. doi: 10.1126/science.339.6127.1521-a.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23539578" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉

Description: 〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Sheil, Douglas -- Meijaard, Erik -- Angelsen, Arild -- Sayer, Jeff -- Vanclay, Jerome -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2013 Jan 18;339(6117):270-1. doi: 10.1126/science.339.6117.270-b.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23329030" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉

Description: 〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Scholes, Mary C -- Scholes, Robert J -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2013 Nov 1;342(6158):565-6. doi: 10.1126/science.1244579.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉School of Animal, Plant & Environmental Science, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg 2000, South Africa.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24179208" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉

Description: 〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Wade, Lizzie -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2013 Jul 19;341(6143):234-5. doi: 10.1126/science.341.6143.234.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23869000" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉

Description: 〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Waldron, Anthony -- Sekercioglu, Cagan Hakki -- Miller, Daniel C -- Mooers, Arne O -- Roberts, J Timmons -- Gittleman, John L -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2013 Sep 13;341(6151):1173. doi: 10.1126/science.341.6151.1173-a.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24030998" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉

Description: 〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Magalhaes, Andre Lincoln Barroso -- Vitule, Jean Ricardo Simoes -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2013 Aug 2;341(6145):457. doi: 10.1126/science.341.6145.457-a.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23908207" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉

Description: 〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Anderson, Elizabeth P -- Maldonado-Ocampo, Javier A -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2013 Nov 8;342(6159):692-3. doi: 10.1126/science.342.6159.692-b.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉School of Environment, Arts, and Society, Florida International University, Miami, FL 33181, USA.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24202161" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉

Description: 〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Smith, M Paul -- Harper, David A T -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2013 Sep 20;341(6152):1355-6. doi: 10.1126/science.1239450.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Oxford University Museum of Natural History, Parks Road, Oxford OX1 3PW, UK. paul.smith@oum.ox.ac.uk〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24052300" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉

Description: 〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Bernhardt, Emily S -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2013 Oct 11;342(6155):205-6. doi: 10.1126/science.1245279.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Biology Department, Duke University, Durham, NC 27708, USA. ebernhar@duke.edu〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24115431" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉

Description: 〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Dalvi, Shashank -- Sreenivasan, Ramki -- Price, Trevor -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2013 Jan 18;339(6117):270. doi: 10.1126/science.339.6117.270-a.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23329029" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉

Description: 〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Michalski, Fernanda -- Peres, Carlos A -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2013 Mar 29;339(6127):1521-2. doi: 10.1126/science.339.6127.1521-b.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23539579" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉

Description: 〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Edwards, David P -- Laurance, William F -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2013 Feb 8;339(6120):646-7. doi: 10.1126/science.339.6120.646-b.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23393243" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉

Description: 〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Le Saout, Soizic -- Hoffmann, Michael -- Shi, Yichuan -- Hughes, Adrian -- Bernard, Cyril -- Brooks, Thomas M -- Bertzky, Bastian -- Butchart, Stuart H M -- Stuart, Simon N -- Badman, Tim -- Rodrigues, Ana S L -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2013 Nov 15;342(6160):803-5. doi: 10.1126/science.1239268.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Centre d'Ecologie Fonctionnelle et Evolutive, CEFE-CNRS UMR5175, 34293 Montpellier, France.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24233709" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉

Description: 〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Butchart, Stuart H M -- McCarthy, Donal P -- Balmford, Andrew -- Bennun, Leon A -- Buchanan, Graeme M -- Burgess, Neil D -- Donald, Paul F -- Fishpool, Lincoln D C -- Garnett, Stephen T -- Leonard, David L -- Maloney, Richard F -- Schaefer, H Martin -- Scharlemann, Jorn P W -- Symes, Andy -- Wiedenfeld, David A -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2013 Jan 18;339(6117):271-2. doi: 10.1126/science.339.6117.271-a.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23329031" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉

Description: 〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Midgley, Guy F -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2012 Jan 13;335(6065):174-5. doi: 10.1126/science.1217245.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Climate Change and Bioadaptation, South African National Biodiversity Institute, Rhodes Drive, Cape Town 7735, South Africa. g.midgley@sanbi.org.za〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22246761" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉

Description: Johnson and colleagues (Reports, 18 May 2012, p. 904) claim that conspecific negative density dependence is a pervasive mechanism driving forest diversity, especially for rare tree species. We show that their results are due to a statistical bias in their analysis caused by the exclusion of joint absences.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Dickie, Ian A -- Hurst, Jennifer M -- Bellingham, Peter J -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2012 Oct 26;338(6106):469; author reply 469. doi: 10.1126/science.1225520.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Landcare Research, Lincoln, 7640 New Zealand. dickiei@landcareresearch.co.nz〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23112313" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉

Description: Plant diversity generally promotes biomass production, but how the shape of the response curve changes with time remains unclear. This is a critical knowledge gap because the shape of this relationship indicates the extent to which loss of the first few species will influence biomass production. Using two long-term (〉/=13 years) biodiversity experiments, we show that the effects of diversity on biomass productivity increased and became less saturating over time. Our analyses suggest that effects of diversity-dependent ecosystem feedbacks and interspecific complementarity accumulate over time, causing high-diversity species combinations that appeared functionally redundant during early years to become more functionally unique through time. Consequently, simplification of diverse ecosystems will likely have greater negative impacts on ecosystem functioning than has been suggested by short-term experiments.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Reich, Peter B -- Tilman, David -- Isbell, Forest -- Mueller, Kevin -- Hobbie, Sarah E -- Flynn, Dan F B -- Eisenhauer, Nico -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2012 May 4;336(6081):589-92. doi: 10.1126/science.1217909.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Department of Forest Resources, University of Minnesota, St. Paul, MN 55108, USA.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22556253" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉

Description: 〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Lanza, Guy R -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2012 Dec 21;338(6114):1537. doi: 10.1126/science.338.6114.1537-a.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23258871" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉

Description: Patterns of species richness and relative abundance at some scales cannot be distinguished from predictions of null models, including zero-sum neutral models of population change and random speciation-extinction models of evolutionary diversification. Both models predict that species richness or population abundance produced by independent iterations of the same processes in different regions should be uncorrelated. We find instead that the number of species and individuals in families of trees in forest plots are strongly correlated across Southeast Asia, Africa, and tropical America. These correlations imply that deterministic processes influenced by evolutionarily conservative family-level traits constrain the number of confamilial tree species and individuals that can be supported in regional species pools and local assemblages in humid tropical forests.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Ricklefs, Robert E -- Renner, Susanne S -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2012 Jan 27;335(6067):464-7. doi: 10.1126/science.1215182.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Department of Biology, University of Missouri-St. Louis, MO 63121-4499, USA. ricklefs@umsl.edu〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22282811" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉

Description: Metabolic engineering of plants can reduce the cost and environmental impact of agriculture while providing for the needs of a growing population. Although our understanding of plant metabolism continues to increase at a rapid pace, relatively few plant metabolic engineering projects with commercial potential have emerged, in part because of a lack of principles for the rational manipulation of plant phenotype. One underexplored approach to identifying such design principles derives from analysis of the dominant constraints on plant fitness, and the evolutionary innovations in response to those constraints, that gave rise to the enormous diversity of natural plant metabolic pathways.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Milo, Ron -- Last, Robert L -- 260392/European Research Council/International -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2012 Jun 29;336(6089):1663-7. doi: 10.1126/science.1217665.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Department of Plant Sciences, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot 76100, Israel.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22745419" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉

Description: 〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Cardinale, Bradley -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2012 May 4;336(6081):552-3. doi: 10.1126/science.1222102.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉School of Natural Resources and Environment, University of Michigan, 440 Church Street, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA. bradcard@umich.edu〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22556243" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉

Description: Ricklefs and Renner (Reports, 27 January 2012, p. 464) suggested that strong correlations in the diversity of shared families between isolated tree assemblages reject neutrality. Simulations of a neutral model indicate, however, that isolated assemblages under various configurations of random speciation and extinction do sustain strong correlations in the diversity of shared families. Thus, reported correlations support rather than reject neutral theory.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Mora, Camilo -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2012 Jun 29;336(6089):1639; author reply 1639. doi: 10.1126/science.1220980.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Department of Geography, University of Hawaii, Honolulu, HI 96822, USA. cmora@hawaii.edu〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22745402" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉

Description: Ecological theory predicts that a complex community formed by a number of species is inherently unstable, guiding ecologists to identify what maintains species diversity in nature. Earlier studies often assumed a community with only one interaction type, either an antagonistic, competitive, or mutualistic interaction, leaving open the question of what the diversity of interaction types contributes to the community maintenance. We show theoretically that the multiple interaction types might hold the key to understanding community dynamics. A moderate mixture of antagonistic and mutualistic interactions can stabilize population dynamics. Furthermore, increasing complexity leads to increased stability in a "hybrid" community. We hypothesize that the diversity of species and interaction types may be the essential element of biodiversity that maintains ecological communities.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Mougi, A -- Kondoh, M -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2012 Jul 20;337(6092):349-51. doi: 10.1126/science.1220529.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Department of Environmental Solution Technology, Faculty of Science and Technology, Ryukoku University, 1-5 Yokoya, Seta Oe-cho, Otsu 520-2194, Japan.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22822151" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉

Description: Kraft et al. (Report, 23 September 2011, p. 1755) argued that the latitudinal trend in beta diversity is spurious and just reflects a trend in gamma diversity. Their results depend on the idiosyncrasies of their data, especially the latitudinally varying degree of undersampling and a local sampling setup that is not suitable for analyzing drivers of beta diversity.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Tuomisto, Hanna -- Ruokolainen, Kalle -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2012 Mar 30;335(6076):1573; author reply 1573. doi: 10.1126/science.1216393.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Department of Biology, University of Turku, Turku, Finland. hanna.tuomisto@utu.fi〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22461591" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉

Description: 〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Lei, Fu-Min -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2012 Jan 20;335(6066):284-5; author reply 285-6. doi: 10.1126/science.335.6066.284-b.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22267791" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉

Description: Ricklefs and Renner (Reports, 27 January 2012, p. 464) found significant correlations for abundances and species diversities of families and orders of trees on different continents, which they suggested falsifies the neutral theory of biodiversity (NTB). We argue that the correlations among families and orders and the lack of correlations among genera can be explained by the NTB.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Chen, Anping -- Wang, Shaopeng -- Pacala, Stephen W -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2012 Jun 29;336(6089):1639; author reply 1639. doi: 10.1126/science.1222534.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, Princeton University, Princeton, NJ 08544, USA. anpingc@princeton.edu〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22745403" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉

Description: 〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Chong, Kwek Y -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2012 Sep 28;337(6102):1604-5.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23019628" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉

Description: Plants possess multifunctional and rapidly evolving specialized metabolic enzymes. Many metabolites do not appear to be immediately required for survival; nonetheless, many may contribute to maintaining population fitness in fluctuating and geographically dispersed environments. Others may serve no contemporary function but are produced inevitably as minor products by single enzymes with varying levels of catalytic promiscuity. The dominance of the terrestrial realm by plants likely mirrored expansion of specialized metabolism originating from primary metabolic pathways. Compared with their evolutionarily constrained counterparts in primary metabolism, specialized metabolic enzymes may be more tolerant to mutations normally considered destabilizing to protein structure and function. If this is true, permissiveness may partially explain the pronounced chemodiversity of terrestrial plants.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Weng, Jing-Ke -- Philippe, Ryan N -- Noel, Joseph P -- Howard Hughes Medical Institute/ -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2012 Jun 29;336(6089):1667-70. doi: 10.1126/science.1217411.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Jack H. Skirball Center for Chemical Biology and Proteomics, The Salk Institute for Biological Studies, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22745420" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉

Description: Most eukaryotic organisms are arthropods. Yet, their diversity in rich terrestrial ecosystems is still unknown. Here we produce tangible estimates of the total species richness of arthropods in a tropical rainforest. Using a comprehensive range of structured protocols, we sampled the phylogenetic breadth of arthropod taxa from the soil to the forest canopy in the San Lorenzo forest, Panama. We collected 6144 arthropod species from 0.48 hectare and extrapolated total species richness to larger areas on the basis of competing models. The whole 6000-hectare forest reserve most likely sustains 25,000 arthropod species. Notably, just 1 hectare of rainforest yields 〉60% of the arthropod biodiversity held in the wider landscape. Models based on plant diversity fitted the accumulated species richness of both herbivore and nonherbivore taxa exceptionally well. This lends credence to global estimates of arthropod biodiversity developed from plant models.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Basset, Yves -- Cizek, Lukas -- Cuenoud, Philippe -- Didham, Raphael K -- Guilhaumon, Francois -- Missa, Olivier -- Novotny, Vojtech -- Odegaard, Frode -- Roslin, Tomas -- Schmidl, Jurgen -- Tishechkin, Alexey K -- Winchester, Neville N -- Roubik, David W -- Aberlenc, Henri-Pierre -- Bail, Johannes -- Barrios, Hector -- Bridle, Jon R -- Castano-Meneses, Gabriela -- Corbara, Bruno -- Curletti, Gianfranco -- Duarte da Rocha, Wesley -- De Bakker, Domir -- Delabie, Jacques H C -- Dejean, Alain -- Fagan, Laura L -- Floren, Andreas -- Kitching, Roger L -- Medianero, Enrique -- Miller, Scott E -- Gama de Oliveira, Evandro -- Orivel, Jerome -- Pollet, Marc -- Rapp, Mathieu -- Ribeiro, Servio P -- Roisin, Yves -- Schmidt, Jesper B -- Sorensen, Line -- Leponce, Maurice -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2012 Dec 14;338(6113):1481-4. doi: 10.1126/science.1226727.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Smithsonian Tropical Research Institute, Panama City, Republic of Panama. bassety@si.edu〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23239740" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉

Description: Adler et al. (Reports, 23 September 2011, p. 1750) analyzed the standardized sampling data from 48 herbaceous-dominated plant communities and concluded that "Productivity is a poor predictor of plant species richness" at fine-scale. However, their method was biased toward site-number-dominated plant communities. They also failed to provide enough data for regional analysis and detailed information for within-site analysis.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Pan, Xubin -- Liu, Fengqiao -- Zhang, Mi -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2012 Mar 23;335(6075):1441; author reply 1441. doi: 10.1126/science.1214786.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Department of Environmental Engineering, Texas A&M University-Kingsville, Kingsville, TX 78363, USA. xubin.hu.pan@gmail.com〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22442463" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉

Description: 〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Webb, Edward L -- Phelps, Jacob -- Friess, Daniel A -- Rao, Madhu -- Ziegler, Alan D -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2012 Apr 20;336(6079):295. doi: 10.1126/science.336.6079.295-a.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22517839" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉

Description: 〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Gong, Baocao -- Hamer, Rowena -- Meng, Xiuxiang -- Meng, Qinghui -- Feng, Jinchao -- Xue, Dayuan -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2012 Nov 9;338(6108):740. doi: 10.1126/science.338.6108.740-a.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23139311" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉

Description: World governments have committed to halting human-induced extinctions and safeguarding important sites for biodiversity by 2020, but the financial costs of meeting these targets are largely unknown. We estimate the cost of reducing the extinction risk of all globally threatened bird species (by 〉/=1 International Union for Conservation of Nature Red List category) to be U.S. $0.875 to $1.23 billion annually over the next decade, of which 12% is currently funded. Incorporating threatened nonavian species increases this total to U.S. $3.41 to $4.76 billion annually. We estimate that protecting and effectively managing all terrestrial sites of global avian conservation significance (11,731 Important Bird Areas) would cost U.S. $65.1 billion annually. Adding sites for other taxa increases this to U.S. $76.1 billion annually. Meeting these targets will require conservation funding to increase by at least an order of magnitude.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉McCarthy, Donal P -- Donald, Paul F -- Scharlemann, Jorn P W -- Buchanan, Graeme M -- Balmford, Andrew -- Green, Jonathan M H -- Bennun, Leon A -- Burgess, Neil D -- Fishpool, Lincoln D C -- Garnett, Stephen T -- Leonard, David L -- Maloney, Richard F -- Morling, Paul -- Schaefer, H Martin -- Symes, Andy -- Wiedenfeld, David A -- Butchart, Stuart H M -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2012 Nov 16;338(6109):946-9. doi: 10.1126/science.1229803. Epub 2012 Oct 11.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉BirdLife International, Wellbrook Court, Cambridge CB3 0NA, UK.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23065904" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉

Description: Only a small fraction of the immense diversity of plant metabolism has been explored for the production of new medicines and other products important to human well-being. The availability of inexpensive high-throughput sequencing is rapidly expanding the number of species that can be investigated for the speedy discovery of previously unknown enzymes and pathways. Exploitation of these resources is being carried out through interdisciplinary synthetic and chemical biology to engineer pathways in plant and microbial systems for improving the production of existing medicines and to create libraries of biologically active products that can be screened for new drug applications.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉De Luca, Vincenzo -- Salim, Vonny -- Atsumi, Sayaka Masada -- Yu, Fang -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2012 Jun 29;336(6089):1658-61. doi: 10.1126/science.1217410.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Department of Biological Sciences, Brock University, 500 Glenridge Avenue, St. Catharines, Ontario L2S 3A1, Canada. vdeluca@brocku.ca〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22745417" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉

Description: 〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Boyd, Ian L -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2012 Jul 20;337(6092):306-7. doi: 10.1126/science.1225049.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Scottish Oceans Institute, University of St Andrews, St Andrews KY16 8LB, UK. ilb@st-andrews.ac.uk〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22822140" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉

Description: Kraft et al. (Report, 23 September 2011, p. 1755) analyzed two data sets and concluded that "there is no need to invoke differences in the mechanisms of community assembly in temperate versus tropical systems to explain these global-scale patterns of beta diversity." We show that their conclusion is based on inappropriate data and inadequate methods of analysis.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Qian, Hong -- Wang, Xianli -- Zhang, Yangjian -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2012 Mar 30;335(6076):1573; author reply 1573. doi: 10.1126/science.1216450.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Research and Collections Center, Illinois State Museum, Springfield, IL 62703, USA. hqian@museum.state.il.us〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22461590" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉

Description: Ricklefs and Renner (Reports, 27 January 2012, p. 464) showed correlations of species richness and individual abundance within families across continents and claimed that neutral theory predicts no such correlation. However, they did not substantiate this claim quantitatively with a neutral model. Here, we show that neutral theory can be consistent with these correlations and, consequently, that the correlations alone cannot reject neutrality.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Etienne, Rampal S -- Rosindell, James -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2012 Jun 29;336(6089):1639; author reply 1639. doi: 10.1126/science.1222056.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Community and Conservation Ecology, Centre for Ecological and Evolutionary Studies, University of Groningen, Box 11103, 9700 CC Groningen, Netherlands.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22745401" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉

Description: 〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Durant, S M -- Pettorelli, N -- Bashir, S -- Woodroffe, R -- Wacher, T -- De Ornellas, P -- Ransom, C -- Abaigar, T -- Abdelgadir, M -- El Alqamy, H -- Beddiaf, M -- Belbachir, F -- Belbachir-Bazi, A -- Berbash, A A -- Beudels-Jamar, R -- Boitani, L -- Breitenmoser, C -- Cano, M -- Chardonnet, P -- Collen, B -- Cornforth, W A -- Cuzin, F -- Gerngross, P -- Haddane, B -- Hadjeloum, M -- Jacobson, A -- Jebali, A -- Lamarque, F -- Mallon, D -- Minkowski, K -- Monfort, S -- Ndoassal, B -- Newby, J -- Ngakoutou, B E -- Niagate, B -- Purchase, G -- Samaila, S -- Samna, A K -- Sillero-Zubiri, C -- Soultan, A E -- Stanley Price, M R -- Baillie, J E M -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2012 Jun 15;336(6087):1379-80. doi: 10.1126/science.336.6087.1379.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22700901" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉