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  • *Ecosystem
  • Cell & Developmental Biology
  • Fluid Mechanics and Thermodynamics
  • 2005-2009  (283)
  • 2008  (283)
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  • 2005-2009  (283)
Year
  • 1
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    Microbiology: metagenomics (2008)
    Nature Publishing Group (NPG)
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    Publication Date: 2008-09-27
    Description: 〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Hugenholtz, Philip -- Tyson, Gene W -- England -- Nature. 2008 Sep 25;455(7212):481-3. doi: 10.1038/455481a.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18818648" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Biodiversity ; Computational Biology/trends ; *Ecosystem ; *Environmental Microbiology ; Eukaryotic Cells/metabolism ; Evolution, Molecular ; *Genetics, Microbial/methods ; Genome/genetics ; *Genomics/economics/methods/trends ; Humans ; Marine Biology ; Prokaryotic Cells/metabolism ; Sequence Analysis, DNA/economics ; Time Factors ; Viruses/genetics
    Print ISSN: 0028-0836
    Electronic ISSN: 1476-4687
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
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  • 2
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    Loss of plant species after chronic low-level nitrogen deposition to prairie grasslands (2008)
    Nature Publishing Group (NPG)
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    Publication Date: 2008-02-08
    Description: Rates of atmospheric deposition of biologically active nitrogen (N) are two to seven times the pre-industrial rates in many developed nations because of combustion of fossil fuels and agricultural fertilization. They are expected to increase similarly over the next 50 years in industrializing nations of Asia and South America. Although the environmental impacts of high rates of nitrogen addition have been well studied, this is not so for the lower, chronic rates that characterize much of the globe. Here we present results of the first multi-decadal experiment to examine the impacts of chronic, experimental nitrogen addition as low as 10 kg N ha(-1) yr(-1) above ambient atmospheric nitrogen deposition (6 kg N ha(-1) yr(-1) at our site). This total input rate is comparable to terrestrial nitrogen deposition in many industrialized nations. We found that this chronic low-level nitrogen addition rate reduced plant species numbers by 17% relative to controls receiving ambient N deposition. Moreover, species numbers were reduced more per unit of added nitrogen at lower addition rates, suggesting that chronic but low-level nitrogen deposition may have a greater impact on diversity than previously thought. A second experiment showed that a decade after cessation of nitrogen addition, relative plant species number, although not species abundances, had recovered, demonstrating that some effects of nitrogen addition are reversible.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Clark, Christopher M -- Tilman, David -- England -- Nature. 2008 Feb 7;451(7179):712-5. doi: 10.1038/nature06503.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Department of Ecology, Evolution and Behavior, 100 Ecology, 1987 Upper Buford Circle, University of Minnesota, St. Paul, Minnesota 55108, USA. clark134@umn.edu〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18256670" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: *Biodiversity ; Biomass ; *Ecosystem ; Nitrogen/*metabolism ; Plants/classification/*metabolism ; *Poaceae/metabolism ; Random Allocation ; Time Factors
    Print ISSN: 0028-0836
    Electronic ISSN: 1476-4687
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
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  • 3
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    Net carbon dioxide losses of northern ecosystems in response to autumn warming (2008)
    Nature Publishing Group (NPG)
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    Publication Date: 2008-01-04
    Description: The carbon balance of terrestrial ecosystems is particularly sensitive to climatic changes in autumn and spring, with spring and autumn temperatures over northern latitudes having risen by about 1.1 degrees C and 0.8 degrees C, respectively, over the past two decades. A simultaneous greening trend has also been observed, characterized by a longer growing season and greater photosynthetic activity. These observations have led to speculation that spring and autumn warming could enhance carbon sequestration and extend the period of net carbon uptake in the future. Here we analyse interannual variations in atmospheric carbon dioxide concentration data and ecosystem carbon dioxide fluxes. We find that atmospheric records from the past 20 years show a trend towards an earlier autumn-to-winter carbon dioxide build-up, suggesting a shorter net carbon uptake period. This trend cannot be explained by changes in atmospheric transport alone and, together with the ecosystem flux data, suggest increasing carbon losses in autumn. We use a process-based terrestrial biosphere model and satellite vegetation greenness index observations to investigate further the observed seasonal response of northern ecosystems to autumnal warming. We find that both photosynthesis and respiration increase during autumn warming, but the increase in respiration is greater. In contrast, warming increases photosynthesis more than respiration in spring. Our simulations and observations indicate that northern terrestrial ecosystems may currently lose carbon dioxide in response to autumn warming, with a sensitivity of about 0.2 PgC degrees C(-1), offsetting 90% of the increased carbon dioxide uptake during spring. If future autumn warming occurs at a faster rate than in spring, the ability of northern ecosystems to sequester carbon may be diminished earlier than previously suggested.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Piao, Shilong -- Ciais, Philippe -- Friedlingstein, Pierre -- Peylin, Philippe -- Reichstein, Markus -- Luyssaert, Sebastiaan -- Margolis, Hank -- Fang, Jingyun -- Barr, Alan -- Chen, Anping -- Grelle, Achim -- Hollinger, David Y -- Laurila, Tuomas -- Lindroth, Anders -- Richardson, Andrew D -- Vesala, Timo -- England -- Nature. 2008 Jan 3;451(7174):49-52. doi: 10.1038/nature06444.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉LSCE, UMR CEA-CNRS, Batiment 709, CE, L'Orme des Merisiers, F-91191 Gif-sur-Yvette, France. slpiao@lsce.ipsl.fr〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18172494" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Atmosphere/chemistry ; Biomass ; Carbon Dioxide/analysis/*metabolism ; Cell Respiration ; *Ecosystem ; Fossil Fuels ; Geography ; Greenhouse Effect ; History, 20th Century ; History, 21st Century ; Oceans and Seas ; Photosynthesis ; Plant Transpiration ; Plants/metabolism ; Rain ; *Seasons ; Soil/analysis ; *Temperature ; Water/metabolism
    Print ISSN: 0028-0836
    Electronic ISSN: 1476-4687
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
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  • 4
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    Scaling laws of marine predator search behaviour (2008)
    Nature Publishing Group (NPG)
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    Publication Date: 2008-02-29
    Description: Many free-ranging predators have to make foraging decisions with little, if any, knowledge of present resource distribution and availability. The optimal search strategy they should use to maximize encounter rates with prey in heterogeneous natural environments remains a largely unresolved issue in ecology. Levy walks are specialized random walks giving rise to fractal movement trajectories that may represent an optimal solution for searching complex landscapes. However, the adaptive significance of this putative strategy in response to natural prey distributions remains untested. Here we analyse over a million movement displacements recorded from animal-attached electronic tags to show that diverse marine predators-sharks, bony fishes, sea turtles and penguins-exhibit Levy-walk-like behaviour close to a theoretical optimum. Prey density distributions also display Levy-like fractal patterns, suggesting response movements by predators to prey distributions. Simulations show that predators have higher encounter rates when adopting Levy-type foraging in natural-like prey fields compared with purely random landscapes. This is consistent with the hypothesis that observed search patterns are adapted to observed statistical patterns of the landscape. This may explain why Levy-like behaviour seems to be widespread among diverse organisms, from microbes to humans, as a 'rule' that evolved in response to patchy resource distributions.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Sims, David W -- Southall, Emily J -- Humphries, Nicolas E -- Hays, Graeme C -- Bradshaw, Corey J A -- Pitchford, Jonathan W -- James, Alex -- Ahmed, Mohammed Z -- Brierley, Andrew S -- Hindell, Mark A -- Morritt, David -- Musyl, Michael K -- Righton, David -- Shepard, Emily L C -- Wearmouth, Victoria J -- Wilson, Rory P -- Witt, Matthew J -- Metcalfe, Julian D -- England -- Nature. 2008 Feb 28;451(7182):1098-102. doi: 10.1038/nature06518.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Marine Biological Association of the United Kingdom, The Laboratory, Citadel Hill, Plymouth PL1 2PB, UK. dws@mba.ac.uk〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18305542" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Animals ; *Ecosystem ; Euphausiacea ; *Feeding Behavior ; Fractals ; Gadiformes ; *Marine Biology ; *Models, Biological ; *Motor Activity ; Oceans and Seas ; Population Density ; *Predatory Behavior ; Probability ; Seals, Earless ; Sharks ; Spheniscidae ; Tuna ; Turtles
    Print ISSN: 0028-0836
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  • 5
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    Old-growth forests as global carbon sinks (2008)
    Nature Publishing Group (NPG)
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    Publication Date: 2008-09-12
    Description: Old-growth forests remove carbon dioxide from the atmosphere at rates that vary with climate and nitrogen deposition. The sequestered carbon dioxide is stored in live woody tissues and slowly decomposing organic matter in litter and soil. Old-growth forests therefore serve as a global carbon dioxide sink, but they are not protected by international treaties, because it is generally thought that ageing forests cease to accumulate carbon. Here we report a search of literature and databases for forest carbon-flux estimates. We find that in forests between 15 and 800 years of age, net ecosystem productivity (the net carbon balance of the forest including soils) is usually positive. Our results demonstrate that old-growth forests can continue to accumulate carbon, contrary to the long-standing view that they are carbon neutral. Over 30 per cent of the global forest area is unmanaged primary forest, and this area contains the remaining old-growth forests. Half of the primary forests (6 x 10(8) hectares) are located in the boreal and temperate regions of the Northern Hemisphere. On the basis of our analysis, these forests alone sequester about 1.3 +/- 0.5 gigatonnes of carbon per year. Thus, our findings suggest that 15 per cent of the global forest area, which is currently not considered when offsetting increasing atmospheric carbon dioxide concentrations, provides at least 10 per cent of the global net ecosystem productivity. Old-growth forests accumulate carbon for centuries and contain large quantities of it. We expect, however, that much of this carbon, even soil carbon, will move back to the atmosphere if these forests are disturbed.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Luyssaert, Sebastiaan -- Schulze, E-Detlef -- Borner, Annett -- Knohl, Alexander -- Hessenmoller, Dominik -- Law, Beverly E -- Ciais, Philippe -- Grace, John -- England -- Nature. 2008 Sep 11;455(7210):213-5. doi: 10.1038/nature07276.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Department of Biology, University of Antwerp, 2610 Wilrijk, Belgium. sebastiaan.luyssaert@ua.ac.be〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18784722" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Animals ; Atmosphere/chemistry ; Biomass ; Carbon/*metabolism ; Carbon Dioxide/metabolism ; Databases, Factual ; Disasters ; *Ecosystem ; History, 15th Century ; History, 16th Century ; History, 17th Century ; History, 18th Century ; History, 19th Century ; History, 20th Century ; History, 21st Century ; History, Ancient ; History, Medieval ; Human Activities ; Time Factors ; Trees/*metabolism
    Print ISSN: 0028-0836
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    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
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  • 6
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    High-amplitude fluctuations and alternative dynamical states of midges in Lake Myvatn (2008)
    Nature Publishing Group (NPG)
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    Publication Date: 2008-03-07
    Description: Complex dynamics are often shown by simple ecological models and have been clearly demonstrated in laboratory and natural systems. Yet many classes of theoretically possible dynamics are still poorly documented in nature. Here we study long-term time-series data of a midge, Tanytarsus gracilentus (Diptera: Chironomidae), in Lake Myvatn, Iceland. The midge undergoes density fluctuations of almost six orders of magnitude. Rather than regular cycles, however, these fluctuations have irregular periods of 4-7 years, indicating complex dynamics. We fit three consumer-resource models capable of qualitatively distinct dynamics to the data. Of these, the best-fitting model shows alternative dynamical states in the absence of environmental variability; depending on the initial midge densities, the model shows either fluctuations around a fixed point or high-amplitude cycles. This explains the observed complex population dynamics: high-amplitude but irregular fluctuations occur because stochastic variability causes the dynamics to switch between domains of attraction to the alternative states. In the model, the amplitude of fluctuations depends strongly on minute resource subsidies into the midge habitat. These resource subsidies may be sensitive to human-caused changes in the hydrology of the lake, with human impacts such as dredging leading to higher-amplitude fluctuations. Tanytarsus gracilentus is a key component of the Myvatn ecosystem, representing two-thirds of the secondary productivity of the lake and providing vital food resources to fish and to breeding bird populations. Therefore the high-amplitude, irregular fluctuations in midge densities generated by alternative dynamical states dominate much of the ecology of the lake.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Ives, Anthony R -- Einarsson, Arni -- Jansen, Vincent A A -- Gardarsson, Arnthor -- England -- Nature. 2008 Mar 6;452(7183):84-7. doi: 10.1038/nature06610.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Department of Zoology, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin 53706, USA. arives@wisc.edu〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18322533" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Animals ; Chironomidae/*physiology ; Computer Simulation ; *Ecosystem ; Eukaryota/physiology ; Food ; *Fresh Water ; Iceland ; Models, Biological ; Population Density ; Stochastic Processes
    Print ISSN: 0028-0836
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  • 7
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    Population biology: Case of the absent lemmings (2008)
    Nature Publishing Group (NPG)
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    Publication Date: 2008-11-07
    Description: 〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Coulson, Tim -- Malo, Aurelio -- England -- Nature. 2008 Nov 6;456(7218):43-4. doi: 10.1038/456043a.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18987726" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Animals ; Arvicolinae/*physiology ; *Ecosystem ; Female ; *Greenhouse Effect ; History, 20th Century ; History, 21st Century ; Norway ; Population Dynamics ; Seasons ; Snow ; Temperature
    Print ISSN: 0028-0836
    Electronic ISSN: 1476-4687
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
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  • 8
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    The Red List still matters (2008)
    Nature Publishing Group (NPG)
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    Publication Date: 2008-10-10
    Description: 〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉England -- Nature. 2008 Oct 9;455(7214):707-8. doi: 10.1038/455707b.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18843306" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Animals ; Biodiversity ; Conservation of Natural Resources/*methods ; *Ecosystem ; *Extinction, Biological ; Greenhouse Effect
    Print ISSN: 0028-0836
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    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
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  • 9
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    Microbiology: straight from the gut (2008)
    Nature Publishing Group (NPG)
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    Publication Date: 2008-05-30
    Description: 〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Mandavilli, Apoorva -- England -- Nature. 2008 May 29;453(7195):581-2. doi: 10.1038/453581a.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18509413" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Adult ; Defensins/metabolism ; *Ecosystem ; Feces/*microbiology ; Female ; Humans ; Infant, Newborn ; Intestines/*microbiology/*transplantation ; Models, Biological ; Nod2 Signaling Adaptor Protein/genetics/metabolism
    Print ISSN: 0028-0836
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  • 10
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    Increasing risk of Amazonian drought due to decreasing aerosol pollution (2008)
    Nature Publishing Group (NPG)
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    Publication Date: 2008-05-10
    Description: The Amazon rainforest plays a crucial role in the climate system, helping to drive atmospheric circulations in the tropics by absorbing energy and recycling about half of the rainfall that falls on it. This region (Amazonia) is also estimated to contain about one-tenth of the total carbon stored in land ecosystems, and to account for one-tenth of global, net primary productivity. The resilience of the forest to the combined pressures of deforestation and global warming is therefore of great concern, especially as some general circulation models (GCMs) predict a severe drying of Amazonia in the twenty-first century. Here we analyse these climate projections with reference to the 2005 drought in western Amazonia, which was associated with unusually warm North Atlantic sea surface temperatures (SSTs). We show that reduction of dry-season (July-October) rainfall in western Amazonia correlates well with an index of the north-south SST gradient across the equatorial Atlantic (the 'Atlantic N-S gradient'). Our climate model is unusual among current GCMs in that it is able to reproduce this relationship and also the observed twentieth-century multidecadal variability in the Atlantic N-S gradient, provided that the effects of aerosols are included in the model. Simulations for the twenty-first century using the same model show a strong tendency for the SST conditions associated with the 2005 drought to become much more common, owing to continuing reductions in reflective aerosol pollution in the Northern Hemisphere.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Cox, Peter M -- Harris, Phil P -- Huntingford, Chris -- Betts, Richard A -- Collins, Matthew -- Jones, Chris D -- Jupp, Tim E -- Marengo, Jose A -- Nobre, Carlos A -- England -- Nature. 2008 May 8;453(7192):212-5. doi: 10.1038/nature06960.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉School of Engineering, Computing and Mathematics, University of Exeter, Exeter EX4 4QF, UK. p.m.cox@exeter.ac.uk〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18464740" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Aerosols/*analysis ; Atlantic Ocean ; Carbon Dioxide/analysis ; Disasters/history/*statistics & numerical data ; *Ecosystem ; Environmental Pollution/*statistics & numerical data ; *Greenhouse Effect ; History, 20th Century ; History, 21st Century ; *Models, Theoretical ; Pacific Ocean ; Probability ; Rain ; Seasons ; South America ; Temperature ; Trees/*physiology
    Print ISSN: 0028-0836
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  • 11
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    Handle with care (2008)
    Nature Publishing Group (NPG)
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    Publication Date: 2008-09-19
    Description: 〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉England -- Nature. 2008 Sep 18;455(7211):263-4. doi: 10.1038/455263b.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18800078" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Animals ; Ecology/*methods/trends ; *Ecosystem ; *Human Activities ; Nature
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  • 12
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    Ecology: The heart of the wood (2008)
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    Publication Date: 2008-09-19
    Description: 〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Marris, Emma -- England -- Nature. 2008 Sep 18;455(7211):277-80. doi: 10.1038/455277a.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18800107" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Animals ; Conservation of Natural Resources/methods ; *Ecosystem ; Human Activities ; Models, Biological ; Nature ; Poland ; Time Factors ; *Trees/physiology
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  • 13
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    Bagged and boxed: it's a frog's life (2008)
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    Publication Date: 2008-03-28
    Description: 〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Marris, Emma -- England -- Nature. 2008 Mar 27;452(7186):394-5. doi: 10.1038/452394a.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18368084" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Animals ; Animals, Domestic ; Animals, Wild ; Anura/*physiology ; Biodiversity ; Conservation of Natural Resources/*methods ; *Ecosystem ; Extinction, Biological ; Female ; Male ; Population Density
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  • 14
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    Acclaimed photo was faked (2008)
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    Publication Date: 2008-02-29
    Description: 〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Qiu, Jane -- England -- Nature. 2008 Feb 28;451(7182):1034-5. doi: 10.1038/4511034b.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18305500" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Animal Migration ; Animals ; *Antelopes/physiology ; China ; Ecology ; *Ecosystem ; *Fraud ; *Photography/standards ; *Railroads ; Tibet
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  • 15
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    Linking climate change to lemming cycles (2008)
    Nature Publishing Group (NPG)
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    Publication Date: 2008-11-07
    Description: The population cycles of rodents at northern latitudes have puzzled people for centuries, and their impact is manifest throughout the alpine ecosystem. Climate change is known to be able to drive animal population dynamics between stable and cyclic phases, and has been suggested to cause the recent changes in cyclic dynamics of rodents and their predators. But although predator-rodent interactions are commonly argued to be the cause of the Fennoscandian rodent cycles, the role of the environment in the modulation of such dynamics is often poorly understood in natural systems. Hence, quantitative links between climate-driven processes and rodent dynamics have so far been lacking. Here we show that winter weather and snow conditions, together with density dependence in the net population growth rate, account for the observed population dynamics of the rodent community dominated by lemmings (Lemmus lemmus) in an alpine Norwegian core habitat between 1970 and 1997, and predict the observed absence of rodent peak years after 1994. These local rodent dynamics are coherent with alpine bird dynamics both locally and over all of southern Norway, consistent with the influence of large-scale fluctuations in winter conditions. The relationship between commonly available meteorological data and snow conditions indicates that changes in temperature and humidity, and thus conditions in the subnivean space, seem to markedly affect the dynamics of alpine rodents and their linked groups. The pattern of less regular rodent peaks, and corresponding changes in the overall dynamics of the alpine ecosystem, thus seems likely to prevail over a growing area under projected climate change.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Kausrud, Kyrre L -- Mysterud, Atle -- Steen, Harald -- Vik, Jon Olav -- Ostbye, Eivind -- Cazelles, Bernard -- Framstad, Erik -- Eikeset, Anne Maria -- Mysterud, Ivar -- Solhoy, Torstein -- Stenseth, Nils Chr -- England -- Nature. 2008 Nov 6;456(7218):93-7. doi: 10.1038/nature07442.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Centre for Ecological and Evolutionary Synthesis, University of Oslo, PO Box 1066 Blindern, N-0316 Oslo, Norway.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18987742" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Animals ; Arvicolinae/*physiology ; Birds/physiology ; *Ecosystem ; *Greenhouse Effect ; History, 20th Century ; History, 21st Century ; Humidity ; Models, Biological ; Norway ; Population Dynamics ; Seasons ; Snow ; Temperature
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  • 16
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    Complex systems: ecology for bankers (2008)
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    Publication Date: 2008-02-22
    Description: 〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉May, Robert M -- Levin, Simon A -- Sugihara, George -- England -- Nature. 2008 Feb 21;451(7181):893-5. doi: 10.1038/451893a.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18288170" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Animals ; *Ecology ; *Economics ; *Ecosystem ; Risk Management
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    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
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    Feathers fly over Hawaiian bird (2008)
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    Publication Date: 2008-12-17
    Description: 〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Dalton, Rex -- England -- Nature. 2008 Dec 11;456(7223):682-3. doi: 10.1038/456682a.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19079016" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Animals ; *Conservation of Natural Resources ; Dissent and Disputes ; *Ecosystem ; Hawaii ; Passeriformes/*physiology ; Research
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    Coherent ecological dynamics induced by large-scale disturbance (2008)
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    Publication Date: 2008-07-18
    Description: Aggregate community-level response to disturbance is a principle concern in ecology because post-disturbance dynamics are integral to the ability of ecosystems to maintain function in an uncertain world. Community-level responses to disturbance can be arrayed along a spectrum ranging from synchronous oscillations where all species rise and fall together, to compensatory dynamics where total biomass remains relatively constant despite fluctuations in the densities of individual species. An important recent insight is that patterns of synchrony and compensation can vary with the timescale of analysis and that spectral time series methods can enable detection of coherent dynamics that would otherwise be obscured by opposing patterns occurring at different scales. Here I show that application of wavelet analysis to experimentally manipulated plankton communities reveals strong synchrony after disturbance. The result is paradoxical because it is well established that these communities contain both disturbance-sensitive and disturbance-tolerant species leading to compensation within functional groups. Theory predicts that compensatory substitution of functionally equivalent species should stabilize ecological communities, yet I found at the whole-community level a large increase in seasonal biomass variation. Resolution of the paradox hinges on patterns of seasonality among species. The compensatory shift in community composition after disturbance resulted in a loss of cold-season dominants, which before disturbance had served to stabilize biomass throughout the year. Species dominating the disturbed community peaked coherently during the warm season, explaining the observed synchrony and increase in seasonal biomass variation. These results suggest that theory relating compensatory dynamics to ecological stability needs to consider not only complementarity in species responses to environmental change, but also seasonal complementarity among disturbance-tolerant and disturbance-sensitive species.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Keitt, Timothy H -- England -- Nature. 2008 Jul 17;454(7202):331-4. doi: 10.1038/nature06935.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Integrative Biology, University of Texas, Austin, Texas 78712, USA. tkeitt@mail.utexas.edu〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18633416" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Animals ; Biomass ; Crustacea/physiology ; *Ecosystem ; Fresh Water ; Hot Temperature ; Hydrogen-Ion Concentration ; Plankton/*physiology ; Population Dynamics ; Seasons ; Time Factors
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    Soil ecology: What lies beneath (2008)
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    Publication Date: 2008-10-10
    Description: 〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Dance, Amber -- England -- Nature. 2008 Oct 9;455(7214):724-5. doi: 10.1038/455724a.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18843336" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Agriculture/methods ; Animals ; Biodiversity ; *Ecosystem ; *Soil ; Soil Microbiology
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    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
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    Major viral impact on the functioning of benthic deep-sea ecosystems (2008)
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    Publication Date: 2008-08-30
    Description: Viruses are the most abundant biological organisms of the world's oceans. Viral infections are a substantial source of mortality in a range of organisms-including autotrophic and heterotrophic plankton-but their impact on the deep ocean and benthic biosphere is completely unknown. Here we report that viral production in deep-sea benthic ecosystems worldwide is extremely high, and that viral infections are responsible for the abatement of 80% of prokaryotic heterotrophic production. Virus-induced prokaryotic mortality increases with increasing water depth, and beneath a depth of 1,000 m nearly all of the prokaryotic heterotrophic production is transformed into organic detritus. The viral shunt, releasing on a global scale approximately 0.37-0.63 gigatonnes of carbon per year, is an essential source of labile organic detritus in the deep-sea ecosystems. This process sustains a high prokaryotic biomass and provides an important contribution to prokaryotic metabolism, allowing the system to cope with the severe organic resource limitation of deep-sea ecosystems. Our results indicate that viruses have an important role in global biogeochemical cycles, in deep-sea metabolism and the overall functioning of the largest ecosystem of our biosphere.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Danovaro, Roberto -- Dell'Anno, Antonio -- Corinaldesi, Cinzia -- Magagnini, Mirko -- Noble, Rachel -- Tamburini, Christian -- Weinbauer, Markus -- England -- Nature. 2008 Aug 28;454(7208):1084-7. doi: 10.1038/nature07268.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Department of Marine Science, Faculty of Science, Polytechnic University of Marche, Via Brecce Bianche, 60131 Ancona, Italy. r.danovaro@univpm.it〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18756250" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Biomass ; Carbon/metabolism ; *Ecosystem ; Geologic Sediments/virology ; Heterotrophic Processes ; Hydrostatic Pressure ; Microbial Viability ; Oceans and Seas ; Prokaryotic Cells/cytology/metabolism/virology ; Seawater/*virology ; *Virus Physiological Phenomena ; Viruses/isolation & purification/metabolism
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    Two symbols, one solution (2008)
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    Publication Date: 2008-05-24
    Description: 〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉England -- Nature. 2008 May 22;453(7194):427. doi: 10.1038/453427a.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18497764" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Animals ; Brazil ; Conservation of Natural Resources/economics/*methods ; *Ecosystem ; Forestry/economics/methods ; *Greenhouse Effect ; Trees/*physiology ; Tropical Climate ; Ursidae/*physiology
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    Nitrogen saturation and net ecosystem production (2008)
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    Publication Date: 2008-02-15
    Description: Magnani et al. found that net carbon (C) sequestration of temperate and boreal forests is clearly driven by nitrogen (N) deposition. From the positive relationship between average net ecosystem production (NEP) and wet N deposition, the authors further conclude that "no signs of N saturation were apparent" in the studied forests and that this is "casting doubts on the risk of widespread ecosystem nitrogen saturation". Nitrogen additions can clearly alter net ecosystem production, but net ecosystem production cannot be used as an indicator of N saturation.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉De Schrijver, An -- Verheyen, Kris -- Mertens, Jan -- Staelens, Jeroen -- Wuyts, Karen -- Muys, Bart -- England -- Nature. 2008 Feb 14;451(7180):E1; discussion E3-4. doi: 10.1038/nature06578.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Laboratory of Forestry, Ghent University, Geraardsbergse Steenweg 267, 9090 Gontrode, Belgium. An.Deschrijver@Ugent.be〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18272969" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Carbon/metabolism ; *Ecosystem ; Nitrogen/*metabolism ; Trees/metabolism
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    Carbon cycle: sources, sinks and seasons (2008)
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    Publication Date: 2008-01-04
    Description: 〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Miller, John B -- England -- Nature. 2008 Jan 3;451(7174):26-7. doi: 10.1038/451026a.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18172488" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Atmosphere/*chemistry ; Biomass ; Carbon Dioxide/analysis/*metabolism ; *Ecosystem ; Fossil Fuels ; Geography ; Greenhouse Effect ; Oceans and Seas ; Plants/metabolism ; *Seasons ; Temperature
    Print ISSN: 0028-0836
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    Volcanic carbon dioxide vents show ecosystem effects of ocean acidification (2008)
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    Publication Date: 2008-06-10
    Description: The atmospheric partial pressure of carbon dioxide (p(CO(2))) will almost certainly be double that of pre-industrial levels by 2100 and will be considerably higher than at any time during the past few million years. The oceans are a principal sink for anthropogenic CO(2) where it is estimated to have caused a 30% increase in the concentration of H(+) in ocean surface waters since the early 1900s and may lead to a drop in seawater pH of up to 0.5 units by 2100 (refs 2, 3). Our understanding of how increased ocean acidity may affect marine ecosystems is at present very limited as almost all studies have been in vitro, short-term, rapid perturbation experiments on isolated elements of the ecosystem. Here we show the effects of acidification on benthic ecosystems at shallow coastal sites where volcanic CO(2) vents lower the pH of the water column. Along gradients of normal pH (8.1-8.2) to lowered pH (mean 7.8-7.9, minimum 7.4-7.5), typical rocky shore communities with abundant calcareous organisms shifted to communities lacking scleractinian corals with significant reductions in sea urchin and coralline algal abundance. To our knowledge, this is the first ecosystem-scale validation of predictions that these important groups of organisms are susceptible to elevated amounts of p(CO(2)). Sea-grass production was highest in an area at mean pH 7.6 (1,827 (mu)atm p(CO(2))) where coralline algal biomass was significantly reduced and gastropod shells were dissolving due to periods of carbonate sub-saturation. The species populating the vent sites comprise a suite of organisms that are resilient to naturally high concentrations of p(CO(2)) and indicate that ocean acidification may benefit highly invasive non-native algal species. Our results provide the first in situ insights into how shallow water marine communities might change when susceptible organisms are removed owing to ocean acidification.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Hall-Spencer, Jason M -- Rodolfo-Metalpa, Riccardo -- Martin, Sophie -- Ransome, Emma -- Fine, Maoz -- Turner, Suzanne M -- Rowley, Sonia J -- Tedesco, Dario -- Buia, Maria-Cristina -- England -- Nature. 2008 Jul 3;454(7200):96-9. doi: 10.1038/nature07051. Epub 2008 Jun 8.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Marine Institute, Marine Biology and Ecology Research Centre, University of Plymouth, Plymouth PL4 8AA, UK. jhall-spencer@plymouth.ac.uk〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18536730" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Acids/analysis/chemistry ; Alismatidae/physiology ; Animals ; Atlantic Ocean ; Calcium Carbonate/analysis ; *Carbon Dioxide/pharmacology ; *Ecosystem ; Eukaryota/physiology ; Hydrogen-Ion Concentration ; Invertebrates/physiology ; Italy ; Population Density ; Seawater/*chemistry ; *Volcanic Eruptions
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    Ecologically implausible carbon response? (2008)
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    Publication Date: 2008-02-15
    Description: Magnani et al. present a very strong correlation between mean lifetime net ecosystem production (NEP, defined as the net rate of carbon (C) accumulation in ecosystems) and wet nitrogen (N) deposition. For their data in the range 4.9-9.8 kg N ha(-1) yr(-1), on which the correlation largely depends, the response is approximately 725 kg C per kg N in wet deposition. According to the authors, the maximum N wet deposition level of 9.8 kg N ha(-1) yr(-1) is equivalent to a total deposition of 15 kg N ha(-1 )yr(-1), implying a net sequestration near 470 kg C per kg N of total deposition. We question the ecological plausibility of the relationship and show, from a multi-factor analysis of European forest measurements, how interactions with site productivity and environment imply a much smaller NEP response to N deposition.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉de Vries, Wim -- Solberg, Svein -- Dobbertin, Matthias -- Sterba, Hubert -- Laubhahn, Daniel -- Reinds, Gert Jan -- Nabuurs, Gert-Jan -- Gundersen, Per -- Sutton, Mark A -- England -- Nature. 2008 Feb 14;451(7180):E1-3; discussion E3-4. doi: 10.1038/nature06579.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Alterra, Wageningen University and Research Centre, PO Box 47, 6700 AA Wageningen, The Netherlands. wim.devries@wur.nl〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18272968" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Carbon/*metabolism ; Ecology ; *Ecosystem ; Europe ; Nitrogen/metabolism ; Trees/metabolism
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    Counterintuitive carbon-to-nutrient coupling in an Arctic pelagic ecosystem (2008)
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    Publication Date: 2008-08-22
    Description: Predicting the ocean's role in the global carbon cycle requires an understanding of the stoichiometric coupling between carbon and growth-limiting elements in biogeochemical processes. A recent addition to such knowledge is that the carbon/nitrogen ratio of inorganic consumption and release of dissolved organic matter may increase in a high-CO(2) world. This will, however, yield a negative feedback on atmospheric CO(2) only if the extra organic material escapes mineralization within the photic zone. Here we show, in the context of an Arctic pelagic ecosystem, how the fate and effects of added degradable organic carbon depend critically on the state of the microbial food web. When bacterial growth rate was limited by mineral nutrients, extra organic carbon accumulated in the system. When bacteria were limited by organic carbon, however, addition of labile dissolved organic carbon reduced phytoplankton biomass and activity and also the rate at which total organic carbon accumulated, explained as the result of stimulated bacterial competition for mineral nutrients. This counterintuitive 'more organic carbon gives less organic carbon' effect was particularly pronounced in diatom-dominated systems where the carbon/mineral nutrient ratio in phytoplankton production was high. Our results highlight how descriptions of present and future states of the oceanic carbon cycle require detailed understanding of the stoichiometric coupling between carbon and growth-limiting mineral nutrients in both autotrophic and heterotrophic processes.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Thingstad, T F -- Bellerby, R G J -- Bratbak, G -- Borsheim, K Y -- Egge, J K -- Heldal, M -- Larsen, A -- Neill, C -- Nejstgaard, J -- Norland, S -- Sandaa, R-A -- Skjoldal, E F -- Tanaka, T -- Thyrhaug, R -- Topper, B -- England -- Nature. 2008 Sep 18;455(7211):387-90. doi: 10.1038/nature07235. Epub 2008 Aug 20.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Department of Biology, University of Bergen, Jahnebakken 5PO Box 7800, 5020 Bergen, Norway. frede.thingstad@bio.uib.no〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18716617" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Animals ; Arctic Regions ; Atmosphere/chemistry ; Autotrophic Processes/drug effects/radiation effects ; Bacteria/drug effects/growth & development/metabolism/radiation effects ; Biomass ; Carbon/*metabolism ; Carbon Dioxide/metabolism ; Diatoms/metabolism/radiation effects ; *Ecosystem ; Eutrophication ; Food Chain ; Glucose/metabolism/pharmacology ; Heterotrophic Processes/drug effects/radiation effects ; Phytoplankton/drug effects/growth & development/metabolism/radiation effects
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    Palaeontology: modern life in ancient mats (2008)
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    Publication Date: 2008-03-07
    Description: 〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Tice, Michael M -- England -- Nature. 2008 Mar 6;452(7183):40-1. doi: 10.1038/452040a.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18322521" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: *Ecosystem ; Fossils ; Geologic Sediments/*chemistry/*microbiology ; *Marine Biology ; Models, Biological ; Oceans and Seas ; Paleontology ; Seawater/*microbiology ; Silicon Dioxide/chemistry ; South Africa ; Time Factors ; Water Movements
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    Attributing physical and biological impacts to anthropogenic climate change (2008)
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    Publication Date: 2008-05-16
    Description: Significant changes in physical and biological systems are occurring on all continents and in most oceans, with a concentration of available data in Europe and North America. Most of these changes are in the direction expected with warming temperature. Here we show that these changes in natural systems since at least 1970 are occurring in regions of observed temperature increases, and that these temperature increases at continental scales cannot be explained by natural climate variations alone. Given the conclusions from the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) Fourth Assessment Report that most of the observed increase in global average temperatures since the mid-twentieth century is very likely to be due to the observed increase in anthropogenic greenhouse gas concentrations, and furthermore that it is likely that there has been significant anthropogenic warming over the past 50 years averaged over each continent except Antarctica, we conclude that anthropogenic climate change is having a significant impact on physical and biological systems globally and in some continents.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Rosenzweig, Cynthia -- Karoly, David -- Vicarelli, Marta -- Neofotis, Peter -- Wu, Qigang -- Casassa, Gino -- Menzel, Annette -- Root, Terry L -- Estrella, Nicole -- Seguin, Bernard -- Tryjanowski, Piotr -- Liu, Chunzhen -- Rawlins, Samuel -- Imeson, Anton -- England -- Nature. 2008 May 15;453(7193):353-7. doi: 10.1038/nature06937.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉NASA/Goddard Institute for Space Studies and Columbia Center for Climate Systems Research, 2800 Broadway, New York, New York 10025, USA. crosenzweig@giss.nasa.gov〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18480817" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Agriculture ; Databases, Factual ; *Ecosystem ; Forestry ; Geography ; *Greenhouse Effect ; History, 20th Century ; History, 21st Century ; *Human Activities ; Ice ; Internationality ; Marine Biology ; Models, Statistical ; Temperature
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    Biodiversity and biogeography of phages in modern stromatolites and thrombolites (2008)
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    Publication Date: 2008-03-04
    Description: Viruses, and more particularly phages (viruses that infect bacteria), represent one of the most abundant living entities in aquatic and terrestrial environments. The biogeography of phages has only recently been investigated and so far reveals a cosmopolitan distribution of phage genetic material (or genotypes). Here we address this cosmopolitan distribution through the analysis of phage communities in modern microbialites, the living representatives of one of the most ancient life forms on Earth. On the basis of a comparative metagenomic analysis of viral communities associated with marine (Highborne Cay, Bahamas) and freshwater (Pozas Azules II and Rio Mesquites, Mexico) microbialites, we show that some phage genotypes are geographically restricted. The high percentage of unknown sequences recovered from the three metagenomes (〉97%), the low percentage similarities with sequences from other environmental viral (n = 42) and microbial (n = 36) metagenomes, and the absence of viral genotypes shared among microbialites indicate that viruses are genetically unique in these environments. Identifiable sequences in the Highborne Cay metagenome were dominated by single-stranded DNA microphages that were not detected in any other samples examined, including sea water, fresh water, sediment, terrestrial, extreme, metazoan-associated and marine microbial mats. Finally, a marine signature was present in the phage community of the Pozas Azules II microbialites, even though this environment has not been in contact with the ocean for tens of millions of years. Taken together, these results prove that viruses in modern microbialites display biogeographical variability and suggest that they may be derived from an ancient community.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Desnues, Christelle -- Rodriguez-Brito, Beltran -- Rayhawk, Steve -- Kelley, Scott -- Tran, Tuong -- Haynes, Matthew -- Liu, Hong -- Furlan, Mike -- Wegley, Linda -- Chau, Betty -- Ruan, Yijun -- Hall, Dana -- Angly, Florent E -- Edwards, Robert A -- Li, Linlin -- Thurber, Rebecca Vega -- Reid, R Pamela -- Siefert, Janet -- Souza, Valeria -- Valentine, David L -- Swan, Brandon K -- Breitbart, Mya -- Rohwer, Forest -- England -- Nature. 2008 Mar 20;452(7185):340-3. doi: 10.1038/nature06735. Epub 2008 Mar 2.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Department of Biology, San Diego State University, San Diego, California 92182, USA. cdesnues@yahoo.fr〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18311127" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Bacteriophages/classification/genetics/*isolation & purification/*physiology ; Bahamas ; *Biodiversity ; Capsid/chemistry ; Computational Biology ; DNA, Viral/analysis/genetics ; *Ecosystem ; Fresh Water/microbiology/virology ; Genome, Viral/genetics ; Genomics ; *Geography ; Geologic Sediments/microbiology/virology ; Mexico ; Molecular Sequence Data ; Phylogeny ; Proteome/metabolism ; Seawater/microbiology/virology ; *Water Microbiology
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    Ecosystem energetic implications of parasite and free-living biomass in three estuaries (2008)
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    Publication Date: 2008-07-25
    Description: Parasites can have strong impacts but are thought to contribute little biomass to ecosystems. We quantified the biomass of free-living and parasitic species in three estuaries on the Pacific coast of California and Baja California. Here we show that parasites have substantial biomass in these ecosystems. We found that parasite biomass exceeded that of top predators. The biomass of trematodes was particularly high, being comparable to that of the abundant birds, fishes, burrowing shrimps and polychaetes. Trophically transmitted parasites and parasitic castrators subsumed more biomass than did other parasitic functional groups. The extended phenotype biomass controlled by parasitic castrators sometimes exceeded that of their uninfected hosts. The annual production of free-swimming trematode transmission stages was greater than the combined biomass of all quantified parasites and was also greater than bird biomass. This biomass and productivity of parasites implies a profound role for infectious processes in these estuaries.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Kuris, Armand M -- Hechinger, Ryan F -- Shaw, Jenny C -- Whitney, Kathleen L -- Aguirre-Macedo, Leopoldina -- Boch, Charlie A -- Dobson, Andrew P -- Dunham, Eleca J -- Fredensborg, Brian L -- Huspeni, Todd C -- Lorda, Julio -- Mababa, Luzviminda -- Mancini, Frank T -- Mora, Adrienne B -- Pickering, Maria -- Talhouk, Nadia L -- Torchin, Mark E -- Lafferty, Kevin D -- England -- Nature. 2008 Jul 24;454(7203):515-8. doi: 10.1038/nature06970.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Department of Ecology, Evolution and Marine Biology and Marine Science Institute, University of California, Santa Barbara, California 93106, USA. kuris@lifesci.ucsb.edu〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18650923" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Animals ; *Biomass ; California ; *Ecosystem ; Host-Parasite Interactions ; Pacific Ocean ; Parasites/*isolation & purification/*physiology ; Snails/parasitology ; Trematoda/isolation & purification/physiology ; Trematode Infections/parasitology ; Wetlands
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    Stream denitrification across biomes and its response to anthropogenic nitrate loading (2008)
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    Publication Date: 2008-03-14
    Description: Anthropogenic addition of bioavailable nitrogen to the biosphere is increasing and terrestrial ecosystems are becoming increasingly nitrogen-saturated, causing more bioavailable nitrogen to enter groundwater and surface waters. Large-scale nitrogen budgets show that an average of about 20-25 per cent of the nitrogen added to the biosphere is exported from rivers to the ocean or inland basins, indicating that substantial sinks for nitrogen must exist in the landscape. Streams and rivers may themselves be important sinks for bioavailable nitrogen owing to their hydrological connections with terrestrial systems, high rates of biological activity, and streambed sediment environments that favour microbial denitrification. Here we present data from nitrogen stable isotope tracer experiments across 72 streams and 8 regions representing several biomes. We show that total biotic uptake and denitrification of nitrate increase with stream nitrate concentration, but that the efficiency of biotic uptake and denitrification declines as concentration increases, reducing the proportion of in-stream nitrate that is removed from transport. Our data suggest that the total uptake of nitrate is related to ecosystem photosynthesis and that denitrification is related to ecosystem respiration. In addition, we use a stream network model to demonstrate that excess nitrate in streams elicits a disproportionate increase in the fraction of nitrate that is exported to receiving waters and reduces the relative role of small versus large streams as nitrate sinks.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Mulholland, Patrick J -- Helton, Ashley M -- Poole, Geoffrey C -- Hall, Robert O -- Hamilton, Stephen K -- Peterson, Bruce J -- Tank, Jennifer L -- Ashkenas, Linda R -- Cooper, Lee W -- Dahm, Clifford N -- Dodds, Walter K -- Findlay, Stuart E G -- Gregory, Stanley V -- Grimm, Nancy B -- Johnson, Sherri L -- McDowell, William H -- Meyer, Judy L -- Valett, H Maurice -- Webster, Jackson R -- Arango, Clay P -- Beaulieu, Jake J -- Bernot, Melody J -- Burgin, Amy J -- Crenshaw, Chelsea L -- Johnson, Laura T -- Niederlehner, B R -- O'Brien, Jonathan M -- Potter, Jody D -- Sheibley, Richard W -- Sobota, Daniel J -- Thomas, Suzanne M -- England -- Nature. 2008 Mar 13;452(7184):202-5. doi: 10.1038/nature06686.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Environmental Sciences Division, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, Tennessee 37831, USA. mulhollandpj@ornl.gov〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18337819" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Agriculture ; Bacteria/metabolism ; Computer Simulation ; *Ecosystem ; Geography ; *Human Activities ; Nitrates/*analysis/*metabolism ; Nitrites/*analysis/*metabolism ; Nitrogen/analysis/metabolism ; Nitrogen Isotopes ; Plants/metabolism ; Rivers/*chemistry ; Urbanization
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    Mountain pine beetle and forest carbon feedback to climate change (2008)
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    Publication Date: 2008-04-25
    Description: The mountain pine beetle (Dendroctonus ponderosae Hopkins, Coleoptera: Curculionidae, Scolytinae) is a native insect of the pine forests of western North America, and its populations periodically erupt into large-scale outbreaks. During outbreaks, the resulting widespread tree mortality reduces forest carbon uptake and increases future emissions from the decay of killed trees. The impacts of insects on forest carbon dynamics, however, are generally ignored in large-scale modelling analyses. The current outbreak in British Columbia, Canada, is an order of magnitude larger in area and severity than all previous recorded outbreaks. Here we estimate that the cumulative impact of the beetle outbreak in the affected region during 2000-2020 will be 270 megatonnes (Mt) carbon (or 36 g carbon m(-2) yr(-1) on average over 374,000 km2 of forest). This impact converted the forest from a small net carbon sink to a large net carbon source both during and immediately after the outbreak. In the worst year, the impacts resulting from the beetle outbreak in British Columbia were equivalent to approximately 75% of the average annual direct forest fire emissions from all of Canada during 1959-1999. The resulting reduction in net primary production was of similar magnitude to increases observed during the 1980s and 1990s as a result of global change. Climate change has contributed to the unprecedented extent and severity of this outbreak. Insect outbreaks such as this represent an important mechanism by which climate change may undermine the ability of northern forests to take up and store atmospheric carbon, and such impacts should be accounted for in large-scale modelling analyses.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Kurz, W A -- Dymond, C C -- Stinson, G -- Rampley, G J -- Neilson, E T -- Carroll, A L -- Ebata, T -- Safranyik, L -- England -- Nature. 2008 Apr 24;452(7190):987-90. doi: 10.1038/nature06777.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Natural Resources Canada, Canadian Forest Service, Pacific Forestry Centre, Victoria, British Columbia, V8Z 1M5, Canada. wkurz@nrcan.gc.ca〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18432244" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Animals ; Atmosphere/chemistry ; Beetles/*metabolism ; British Columbia ; Carbon/*metabolism ; Computer Simulation ; *Ecosystem ; Feedback, Physiological ; *Greenhouse Effect ; Monte Carlo Method ; Pinus/*metabolism ; Plant Diseases ; Trees/*metabolism
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    Functional metagenomic profiling of nine biomes (2008)
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    Publication Date: 2008-03-14
    Description: Microbial activities shape the biogeochemistry of the planet and macroorganism health. Determining the metabolic processes performed by microbes is important both for understanding and for manipulating ecosystems (for example, disruption of key processes that lead to disease, conservation of environmental services, and so on). Describing microbial function is hampered by the inability to culture most microbes and by high levels of genomic plasticity. Metagenomic approaches analyse microbial communities to determine the metabolic processes that are important for growth and survival in any given environment. Here we conduct a metagenomic comparison of almost 15 million sequences from 45 distinct microbiomes and, for the first time, 42 distinct viromes and show that there are strongly discriminatory metabolic profiles across environments. Most of the functional diversity was maintained in all of the communities, but the relative occurrence of metabolisms varied, and the differences between metagenomes predicted the biogeochemical conditions of each environment. The magnitude of the microbial metabolic capabilities encoded by the viromes was extensive, suggesting that they serve as a repository for storing and sharing genes among their microbial hosts and influence global evolutionary and metabolic processes.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Dinsdale, Elizabeth A -- Edwards, Robert A -- Hall, Dana -- Angly, Florent -- Breitbart, Mya -- Brulc, Jennifer M -- Furlan, Mike -- Desnues, Christelle -- Haynes, Matthew -- Li, Linlin -- McDaniel, Lauren -- Moran, Mary Ann -- Nelson, Karen E -- Nilsson, Christina -- Olson, Robert -- Paul, John -- Brito, Beltran Rodriguez -- Ruan, Yijun -- Swan, Brandon K -- Stevens, Rick -- Valentine, David L -- Thurber, Rebecca Vega -- Wegley, Linda -- White, Bryan A -- Rohwer, Forest -- England -- Nature. 2008 Apr 3;452(7187):629-32. doi: 10.1038/nature06810. Epub 2008 Mar 12.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Department of Biology, San Diego State University, San Diego, California 92182, USA. elizabeth_dinsdale@hotmail.com〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18337718" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Animals ; Anthozoa/physiology ; Archaea/genetics/isolation & purification/metabolism ; Bacteria/*genetics/isolation & purification/*metabolism ; Chemotaxis/genetics ; Computational Biology ; Culicidae/physiology ; *Ecosystem ; Fishes/physiology ; Fresh Water ; *Gene Expression Profiling ; Genome, Archaeal ; Genome, Bacterial ; Genome, Viral ; *Genomics ; Microbiology ; Seawater ; Viruses/*genetics/isolation & purification/*metabolism
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    Climate change: attributing cause and effect (2008)
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    Publication Date: 2008-05-16
    Description: 〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Zwiers, Francis -- Hegerl, Gabriele -- England -- Nature. 2008 May 15;453(7193):296-7. doi: 10.1038/453296a.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18480804" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: *Ecosystem ; *Greenhouse Effect ; History, 20th Century ; History, 21st Century ; *Human Activities ; Meta-Analysis as Topic ; Models, Statistical
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    The cranial endoskeleton of Tiktaalik roseae (2008)
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    Publication Date: 2008-10-17
    Description: Among the morphological changes that occurred during the 'fish-to-tetrapod' transition was a marked reorganization of the cranial endoskeleton. Details of this transition, including the sequence of character acquisition, have not been evident from the fossil record. Here we describe the braincase, palatoquadrate and branchial skeleton of Tiktaalik roseae, the Late Devonian sarcopterygian fish most closely related to tetrapods. Although retaining a primitive configuration in many respects, the cranial endoskeleton of T. roseae shares derived features with tetrapods such as a large basal articulation and a flat, horizontally oriented entopterygoid. Other features in T. roseae, like the short, straight hyomandibula, show morphology intermediate between the condition observed in more primitive fish and that observed in tetrapods. The combination of characters in T. roseae helps to resolve the relative timing of modifications in the cranial endoskeleton. The sequence of modifications suggests changes in head mobility and intracranial kinesis that have ramifications for the origin of vertebrate terrestriality.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Downs, Jason P -- Daeschler, Edward B -- Jenkins, Farish A Jr -- Shubin, Neil H -- England -- Nature. 2008 Oct 16;455(7215):925-9. doi: 10.1038/nature07189.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Academy of Natural Sciences of Philadelphia, 1900 Benjamin Franklin Parkway, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19103, USA. downs@ansp.org〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18923515" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Animals ; *Biological Evolution ; *Ecosystem ; Fishes/*anatomy & histology/physiology ; *Fossils ; Models, Biological ; Skull/*anatomy & histology/physiology
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    Conservation biology. Cats, rats and seabirds (2008)
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    Publication Date: 2008-01-11
    Description: 〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Le Corre, Matthieu -- England -- Nature. 2008 Jan 10;451(7175):134-5. doi: 10.1038/451134a.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18185575" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Altitude ; Animals ; Birds/classification/*physiology ; Cats/*physiology ; Conservation of Natural Resources ; *Ecosystem ; Geography ; Oceans and Seas ; Population Density ; Predatory Behavior/*physiology ; Rats/*physiology ; Reproduction/*physiology
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    Forestry carbon dioxide projects to close down (2008)
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    Publication Date: 2008-12-02
    Description: 〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Ledford, Heidi -- England -- Nature. 2008 Nov 20;456(7220):289. doi: 10.1038/456289a.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19043832" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Carbon Dioxide/analysis/*pharmacology ; *Ecosystem ; *Forestry/economics ; Nitrogen/analysis/metabolism ; Research/economics/*trends ; Temperature ; Trees/*drug effects ; United States
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    Death and life beneath the sea floor (2008)
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    Publication Date: 2008-08-30
    Description: 〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Ledford, Heidi -- England -- Nature. 2008 Aug 28;454(7208):1038. doi: 10.1038/4541038a.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18756220" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Archaea/chemistry/isolation & purification/virology ; Bacteria/chemistry/isolation & purification/virology ; *Biodiversity ; Biomass ; Carbon/metabolism ; *Ecosystem ; Geologic Sediments/chemistry/*microbiology/*virology ; Marine Biology ; Oceans and Seas ; *Seawater/analysis/chemistry/microbiology/virology ; Water Movements
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    All eyes on the Amazon. Carlos Nobre interviewed by Jeff Tollefson (2008)
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    Publication Date: 2008-03-14
    Description: 〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Nobre, Carlos -- England -- Nature. 2008 Mar 13;452(7184):137. doi: 10.1038/452137a.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18337781" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Agriculture/economics/trends ; Animals ; Brazil ; Conservation of Natural Resources/*trends ; *Ecosystem ; Fires/prevention & control ; Forestry/economics/*trends ; *Greenhouse Effect ; Rain ; Trees/*physiology ; Tropical Climate
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    Environmental economics: to the rich man the spoils (2008)
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    Publication Date: 2008-02-29
    Description: 〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Turner, R Kerry -- Fisher, Brendan -- England -- Nature. 2008 Feb 28;451(7182):1067-8. doi: 10.1038/4511067a.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18305537" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Animals ; Developed Countries/*economics ; Developing Countries/*economics ; Ecology/*economics/trends ; *Ecosystem ; Greenhouse Effect ; Poverty/*statistics & numerical data
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    Successful range-expanding plants experience less above-ground and below-ground enemy impact (2008)
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    Publication Date: 2008-11-21
    Description: Many species are currently moving to higher latitudes and altitudes. However, little is known about the factors that influence the future performance of range-expanding species in their new habitats. Here we show that range-expanding plant species from a riverine area were better defended against shoot and root enemies than were related native plant species growing in the same area. We grew fifteen plant species with and without non-coevolved polyphagous locusts and cosmopolitan, polyphagous aphids. Contrary to our expectations, the locusts performed more poorly on the range-expanding plant species than on the congeneric native plant species, whereas the aphids showed no difference. The shoot herbivores reduced the biomass of the native plants more than they did that of the congeneric range expanders. Also, the range-expanding plants developed fewer pathogenic effects in their root-zone soil than did the related native species. Current predictions forecast biodiversity loss due to limitations in the ability of species to adjust to climate warming conditions in their range. Our results strongly suggest that the plants that shift ranges towards higher latitudes and altitudes may include potential invaders, as the successful range expanders may experience less control by above-ground or below-ground enemies than the natives.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Engelkes, Tim -- Morrien, Elly -- Verhoeven, Koen J F -- Bezemer, T Martijn -- Biere, Arjen -- Harvey, Jeffrey A -- McIntyre, Lauren M -- Tamis, Wil L M -- van der Putten, Wim H -- England -- Nature. 2008 Dec 18;456(7224):946-8. doi: 10.1038/nature07474. Epub 2008 Nov 19.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Department of Multitrophic Interactions, Netherlands Institute of Ecology (NIOO-KNAW), PO Box 40, 6666 ZG Heteren, The Netherlands.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19020504" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Adaptation, Physiological/*physiology ; Altitude ; Animals ; Aphids/physiology ; Biodiversity ; Biomass ; *Ecosystem ; *Feeding Behavior ; Grasshoppers/physiology ; Plant Roots/*physiology ; Plant Shoots/*physiology ; Rivers ; Soil ; Temperature
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    Sea of dreams (2008)
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    Publication Date: 2008-12-30
    Description: 〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Schiermeier, Quirin -- England -- Nature. 2008 Nov 27;456(7221):540-1. doi: 10.1038/nj7221-540a.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19112617" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Animals ; Conservation of Natural Resources/trends ; *Ecosystem ; Employment/statistics & numerical data ; Engineering ; Greenhouse Effect ; Industry/manpower ; Marine Biology/manpower/trends ; Oceanography/education/*manpower/*trends ; Oceans and Seas ; Petroleum ; Physics
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    Climate science: The long summer begins (2008)
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    Publication Date: 2008-07-18
    Description: 〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Schiermeier, Quirin -- England -- Nature. 2008 Jul 17;454(7202):266-9. doi: 10.1038/454266a.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18633390" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Animals ; Arctic Regions ; *Ecosystem ; Environmental Monitoring/methods ; *Greenhouse Effect ; Oceanography/methods ; Oceans and Seas ; *Seasons
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    Ecology: Return of the niche (2008)
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    Publication Date: 2008-07-04
    Description: 〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Leibold, Mathew A -- England -- Nature. 2008 Jul 3;454(7200):39-41. doi: 10.1038/454039a.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18596794" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: *Ecosystem ; *Models, Biological ; Population Density ; Trees/*physiology
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    Terrestrial ecosystem carbon dynamics and climate feedbacks (2008)
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    Publication Date: 2008-01-19
    Description: 〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Heimann, Martin -- Reichstein, Markus -- England -- Nature. 2008 Jan 17;451(7176):289-92. doi: 10.1038/nature06591.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Max Planck Institute for Biogeochemistry, Hans-Knoll-Strasse 10, D-07745 Jena, Germany. martin.heimann@bgc-jena.mpg.de〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18202646" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Animals ; Carbon/*metabolism ; Carbon Dioxide/metabolism ; Cell Respiration ; *Climate ; *Ecosystem ; *Feedback ; Photosynthesis
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    Clusters of ant colonies and robust criticality in a tropical agroecosystem (2008)
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    Details
    Publication Date: 2008-01-25
    Description: Although sometimes difficult to measure at large scales, spatial pattern is important in natural biological spaces as a determinant of key ecological properties such as species diversity, stability, resiliency and others. Here we demonstrate, at a large spatial scale, that a common species of tropical arboreal ant forms clusters of nests through a combination of local satellite colony formation and density-dependent control by natural enemies, mainly a parasitic fly. Cluster sizes fall off as a power law consistent with a so-called robust critical state. This endogenous cluster formation at a critical state is a unique example of an insect population forming a non-random pattern at a large spatial scale. Furthermore, because the species is a keystone of a larger network that contributes to the ecosystem function of pest control, this is an example of how spatial dynamics at a large scale can affect ecosystem service at a local level.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Vandermeer, John -- Perfecto, Ivette -- Philpott, Stacy M -- England -- Nature. 2008 Jan 24;451(7177):457-9. doi: 10.1038/nature06477.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, Kraus Natural Science Building, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109, USA. jvander@umich.edu〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18216853" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: *Agriculture ; Animals ; Ants/parasitology/*physiology ; Coffee/parasitology/physiology ; *Ecosystem ; Female ; Mexico ; Pest Control, Biological ; Population Density ; Survival Rate ; Time Factors ; Trees/parasitology/physiology ; *Tropical Climate
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    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
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    Diversity and productivity peak at intermediate dispersal rate in evolving metacommunities (2008)
    Nature Publishing Group (NPG)
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    Publication Date: 2008-03-14
    Description: Positive relationships between species diversity and productivity have been reported for a number of ecosystems. Theoretical and experimental studies have attempted to determine the mechanisms that generate this pattern over short timescales, but little attention has been given to the problem of understanding how diversity and productivity are linked over evolutionary timescales. Here, we investigate the role of dispersal in determining both diversity and productivity over evolutionary timescales, using experimental metacommunities of the bacterium Pseudomonas fluorescens assembled by divergent natural selection. We show that both regional diversity and productivity peak at an intermediate dispersal rate. Moreover, we demonstrate that these two patterns are linked: selection at intermediate rates of dispersal leads to high niche differentiation between genotypes, allowing greater coverage of the heterogeneous environment and a higher regional productivity. We argue that processes that operate over both ecological and evolutionary timescales should be jointly considered when attempting to understand the emergence of ecosystem-level properties such as diversity-function relationships.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Venail, P A -- MacLean, R C -- Bouvier, T -- Brockhurst, M A -- Hochberg, M E -- Mouquet, N -- England -- Nature. 2008 Mar 13;452(7184):210-4. doi: 10.1038/nature06554.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Universite Montpellier 2, CNRS, UMR 5554 Institut des Sciences de l'Evolution, CC065 Place Eugene Bataillon, Montpellier cedex 05, France. pvenail@univ-montp2.fr〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18337821" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: *Biodiversity ; *Biological Evolution ; *Ecosystem ; Genotype ; Models, Biological ; Phenotype ; Pseudomonas fluorescens/*genetics/*physiology ; *Selection, Genetic
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    Oceanography: red tide rising (2008)
    Nature Publishing Group (NPG)
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    Publication Date: 2008-03-07
    Description: 〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Schrope, Mark -- England -- Nature. 2008 Mar 6;452(7183):24-6. doi: 10.1038/452024a.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18322500" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Animals ; Dinoflagellida/*growth & development/metabolism ; *Ecosystem ; Eutrophication/*physiology ; Florida ; Nitrogen/metabolism ; Oceanography
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    Prolonged suppression of ecosystem carbon dioxide uptake after an anomalously warm year (2008)
    Nature Publishing Group (NPG)
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    Publication Date: 2008-09-19
    Description: Terrestrial ecosystems control carbon dioxide fluxes to and from the atmosphere through photosynthesis and respiration, a balance between net primary productivity and heterotrophic respiration, that determines whether an ecosystem is sequestering carbon or releasing it to the atmosphere. Global and site-specific data sets have demonstrated that climate and climate variability influence biogeochemical processes that determine net ecosystem carbon dioxide exchange (NEE) at multiple timescales. Experimental data necessary to quantify impacts of a single climate variable, such as temperature anomalies, on NEE and carbon sequestration of ecosystems at interannual timescales have been lacking. This derives from an inability of field studies to avoid the confounding effects of natural intra-annual and interannual variability in temperature and precipitation. Here we present results from a four-year study using replicate 12,000-kg intact tallgrass prairie monoliths located in four 184-m(3) enclosed lysimeters. We exposed 6 of 12 monoliths to an anomalously warm year in the second year of the study and continuously quantified rates of ecosystem processes, including NEE. We find that warming decreases NEE in both the extreme year and the following year by inducing drought that suppresses net primary productivity in the extreme year and by stimulating heterotrophic respiration of soil biota in the subsequent year. Our data indicate that two years are required for NEE in the previously warmed experimental ecosystems to recover to levels measured in the control ecosystems. This time lag caused net ecosystem carbon sequestration in previously warmed ecosystems to be decreased threefold over the study period, compared with control ecosystems. Our findings suggest that more frequent anomalously warm years, a possible consequence of increasing anthropogenic carbon dioxide levels, may lead to a sustained decrease in carbon dioxide uptake by terrestrial ecosystems.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Arnone, John A 3rd -- Verburg, Paul S J -- Johnson, Dale W -- Larsen, Jessica D -- Jasoni, Richard L -- Lucchesi, Annmarie J -- Batts, Candace M -- von Nagy, Christopher -- Coulombe, William G -- Schorran, David E -- Buck, Paul E -- Braswell, Bobby H -- Coleman, James S -- Sherry, Rebecca A -- Wallace, Linda L -- Luo, Yiqi -- Schimel, David S -- England -- Nature. 2008 Sep 18;455(7211):383-6. doi: 10.1038/nature07296.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Desert Research Institute, Reno, Nevada 89512, USA. jarnone@dri.edu〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18800137" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Carbon Dioxide/*metabolism ; *Climate ; Disasters ; *Ecosystem ; *Hot Temperature ; Time Factors
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    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
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    Conservation. Providential outcome (2008)
    Nature Publishing Group (NPG)
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    Publication Date: 2008-01-11
    Description: 〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Schrope, Mark -- England -- Nature. 2008 Jan 10;451(7175):122-3. doi: 10.1038/451122a.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18185561" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Animals ; Anthozoa ; Caribbean Region ; Colombia ; *Conservation of Natural Resources/methods ; *Ecology/methods ; *Ecosystem ; *Geography ; Oceans and Seas
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    Strong effect of dispersal network structure on ecological dynamics (2008)
    Nature Publishing Group (NPG)
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    Publication Date: 2008-10-22
    Description: A central question in ecology with great importance for management, conservation and biological control is how changing connectivity affects the persistence and dynamics of interacting species. Researchers in many disciplines have used large systems of coupled oscillators to model the behaviour of a diverse array of fluctuating systems in nature. In the well-studied regime of weak coupling, synchronization is favoured by increases in coupling strength and large-scale network structures (for example 'small worlds') that produce short cuts and clustering. Here we show that, by contrast, randomizing the structure of dispersal networks in a model of predators and prey tends to favour asynchrony and prolonged transient dynamics, with resulting effects on the amplitudes of population fluctuations. Our results focus on synchronization and dynamics of clusters in models, and on timescales, more appropriate for ecology, namely smaller systems with strong interactions outside the weak-coupling regime, rather than the better-studied cases of large, weakly coupled systems. In these smaller systems, the dynamics of transients and the effects of changes in connectivity can be well understood using a set of methods including numerical reconstructions of phase dynamics, examinations of cluster formation and the consideration of important aspects of cyclic dynamics, such as amplitude.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Holland, Matthew D -- Hastings, Alan -- England -- Nature. 2008 Dec 11;456(7223):792-4. doi: 10.1038/nature07395. Epub 2008 Oct 19.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Department of Environmental Science and Policy, University of California, Davis, One Shields Avenue, Davis, California 95616, USA. mdholland@ucdavis.edu〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18931656" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Animals ; *Ecosystem ; Food Chain ; *Models, Biological ; Population Dynamics
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    Nitrogen cycle: out of reach (2008)
    Nature Publishing Group (NPG)
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    Publication Date: 2008-03-14
    Description: 〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Seitzinger, Sybil -- England -- Nature. 2008 Mar 13;452(7184):162-3. doi: 10.1038/452162a.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18337810" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Bacteria/metabolism ; *Ecosystem ; Human Activities ; Nitrates/analysis/*metabolism ; Nitrites/analysis/*metabolism ; Nitrogen/analysis/metabolism ; Plants/metabolism ; Rivers/*chemistry
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    Tierra del Fuego: the beavers must die (2008)
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    Publication Date: 2008-06-20
    Description: 〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Choi, Charles -- England -- Nature. 2008 Jun 19;453(7198):968. doi: 10.1038/453968a.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18563116" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Animals ; Argentina ; Chile ; Ecology/*methods ; *Ecosystem ; International Cooperation ; Population Density ; Rodentia/*physiology ; Scotland ; Trees/growth & development
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    A unifying framework for dinitrogen fixation in the terrestrial biosphere (2008)
    Nature Publishing Group (NPG)
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    Publication Date: 2008-06-20
    Description: Dinitrogen (N(2)) fixation is widely recognized as an important process in controlling ecosystem responses to global environmental change, both today and in the past; however, significant discrepancies exist between theory and observations of patterns of N(2) fixation across major sectors of the land biosphere. A question remains as to why symbiotic N(2)-fixing plants are more abundant in vast areas of the tropics than in many of the mature forests that seem to be nitrogen-limited in the temperate and boreal zones. Here we present a unifying framework for terrestrial N(2) fixation that can explain the geographic occurrence of N(2) fixers across diverse biomes and at the global scale. By examining trade-offs inherent in plant carbon, nitrogen and phosphorus capture, we find a clear advantage to symbiotic N(2) fixers in phosphorus-limited tropical savannas and lowland tropical forests. The ability of N(2) fixers to invest nitrogen into phosphorus acquisition seems vital to sustained N(2) fixation in phosphorus-limited tropical ecosystems. In contrast, modern-day temperatures seem to constrain N(2) fixation rates and N(2)-fixing species from mature forests in the high latitudes. We propose that an analysis that couples biogeochemical cycling and biophysical mechanisms is sufficient to explain the principal geographical patterns of symbiotic N(2) fixation on land, thus providing a basis for predicting the response of nutrient-limited ecosystems to climate change and increasing atmospheric CO(2).〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Houlton, Benjamin Z -- Wang, Ying-Ping -- Vitousek, Peter M -- Field, Christopher B -- England -- Nature. 2008 Jul 17;454(7202):327-30. doi: 10.1038/nature07028. Epub 2008 Jun 18.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Biological Sciences, Stanford University, Stanford, California 94305, USA. bzhoulton@ucdavis.edu〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18563086" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: *Ecosystem ; Models, Biological ; *Nitrogen Fixation ; Nitrogenase/metabolism ; Phosphates/metabolism ; Phosphoric Monoester Hydrolases/metabolism ; Plants/enzymology/*metabolism ; Soil/analysis ; Symbiosis ; Temperature ; Tropical Climate
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    Ecology. Green with complexity (2008)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
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    Publication Date: 2008-02-16
    Description: 〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Naeem, Shahid -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2008 Feb 15;319(5865):913-4. doi: 10.1126/science.1154770.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Department of Ecology, Evolution, and Environmental Biology, Columbia University, New York, NY 10027, USA. sn2121@columbia.edu〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18276879" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Animals ; Behavior, Animal ; Biodiversity ; *Ecosystem ; Feeding Behavior ; *Grasshoppers ; Photosynthesis ; *Plants/metabolism ; *Predatory Behavior ; *Spiders
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    Extending the sub-sea-floor biosphere (2008)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
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    Publication Date: 2008-05-24
    Description: Sub-sea-floor sediments may contain two-thirds of Earth's total prokaryotic biomass. However, this has its basis in data extrapolation from ~500-meter to 4-kilometer depths, whereas the deepest documented prokaryotes are from only 842 meters. Here, we provide evidence for low concentrations of living prokaryotic cells in the deepest (1626 meters below the sea floor), oldest (111 million years old), and potentially hottest (~100 degrees C) marine sediments investigated. These Newfoundland margin sediments also have DNA sequences related to thermophilic and/or hyperthermophilic Archaea. These form two unique clusters within Pyrococcus and Thermococcus genera, suggesting unknown, uncultured groups are present in deep, hot, marine sediments (~54 degrees to 100 degrees C). Sequences of anaerobic methane-oxidizing Archaea were also present, suggesting a deep biosphere partly supported by methane. These findings demonstrate that the sub-sea-floor biosphere extends to at least 1600 meters below the sea floor and probably deeper, given an upper temperature limit for prokaryotic life of at least 113 degrees C and increasing thermogenic energy supply with depth.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Roussel, Erwan G -- Bonavita, Marie-Anne Cambon -- Querellou, Joel -- Cragg, Barry A -- Webster, Gordon -- Prieur, Daniel -- Parkes, R John -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2008 May 23;320(5879):1046. doi: 10.1126/science.1154545.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Laboratoire de Microbiologie des Environnements Extremes, UMR 6197, Universite de Bretagne Occidentale, Ifremer, Centre de Brest, BP70, 29280 Plouzane, France.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18497290" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Anaerobiosis ; *Archaea/classification/genetics/physiology ; Atlantic Ocean ; *Bacteria/classification/genetics ; Bacterial Physiological Phenomena ; Colony Count, Microbial ; *Ecosystem ; Genes, rRNA ; Geologic Sediments/*microbiology ; Molecular Sequence Data ; Newfoundland and Labrador ; Oxidation-Reduction ; Phylogeny ; RNA, Ribosomal, 16S ; Temperature
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    Climate change. Ecosystem disturbance, carbon, and climate (2008)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
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    Publication Date: 2008-08-02
    Description: 〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Running, Steven W -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2008 Aug 1;321(5889):652-3. doi: 10.1126/science.1159607.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Numerical Terradynamic Simulation Group, College of Forestry, University of Montana, Missoula, MT 59812, USA. swr@ntsg.umt.edu〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18669853" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Agriculture ; Animals ; Atmosphere ; *Carbon ; Carbon Dioxide ; *Climate ; Conservation of Natural Resources ; *Ecosystem ; Fires ; Greenhouse Effect ; Humans ; Insects ; *Models, Theoretical ; Photosynthesis ; Seasons ; Trees
    Print ISSN: 0036-8075
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    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Computer Science , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
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    Deep drilling into the Chesapeake Bay impact structure (2008)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
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    Publication Date: 2008-06-28
    Description: Samples from a 1.76-kilometer-deep corehole drilled near the center of the late Eocene Chesapeake Bay impact structure (Virginia, USA) reveal its geologic, hydrologic, and biologic history. We conducted stratigraphic and petrologic analyses of the cores to elucidate the timing and results of impact-melt creation and distribution, transient-cavity collapse, and ocean-water resurge. Comparison of post-impact sedimentary sequences inside and outside the structure indicates that compaction of the crater fill influenced long-term sedimentation patterns in the mid-Atlantic region. Salty connate water of the target remains in the crater fill today, where it poses a potential threat to the regional groundwater resource. Observed depth variations in microbial abundance indicate a complex history of impact-related thermal sterilization and habitat modification, and subsequent post-impact repopulation.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Gohn, G S -- Koeberl, C -- Miller, K G -- Reimold, W U -- Browning, J V -- Cockell, C S -- Horton, J W Jr -- Kenkmann, T -- Kulpecz, A A -- Powars, D S -- Sanford, W E -- Voytek, M A -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2008 Jun 27;320(5884):1740-5. doi: 10.1126/science.1158708.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉U.S. Geological Survey, Reston, VA 20192, USA. ggohn@usgs.gov〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18583604" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Bacteria/growth & development/*isolation & purification ; *Ecosystem ; Geologic Sediments/chemistry/*microbiology ; Hot Temperature ; Salinity ; Seawater ; Time ; Virginia
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    Forests and climate change: forcings, feedbacks, and the climate benefits of forests (2008)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2008-06-17
    Description: The world's forests influence climate through physical, chemical, and biological processes that affect planetary energetics, the hydrologic cycle, and atmospheric composition. These complex and nonlinear forest-atmosphere interactions can dampen or amplify anthropogenic climate change. Tropical, temperate, and boreal reforestation and afforestation attenuate global warming through carbon sequestration. Biogeophysical feedbacks can enhance or diminish this negative climate forcing. Tropical forests mitigate warming through evaporative cooling, but the low albedo of boreal forests is a positive climate forcing. The evaporative effect of temperate forests is unclear. The net climate forcing from these and other processes is not known. Forests are under tremendous pressure from global change. Interdisciplinary science that integrates knowledge of the many interacting climate services of forests with the impacts of global change is necessary to identify and understand as yet unexplored feedbacks in the Earth system and the potential of forests to mitigate climate change.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Bonan, Gordon B -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2008 Jun 13;320(5882):1444-9. doi: 10.1126/science.1155121.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉National Center for Atmospheric Research, P.O. Box 3000, Boulder, Colorado 80307, USA. bonan@ucar.edu〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18556546" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Agriculture ; Atmosphere ; Carbon ; *Climate ; Conservation of Natural Resources ; *Ecosystem ; Greenhouse Effect ; Research ; Temperature ; *Trees ; Tropical Climate
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    Ecology. Putting the heat on tropical animals (2008)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
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    Publication Date: 2008-06-07
    Description: 〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Tewksbury, Joshua J -- Huey, Raymond B -- Deutsch, Curtis A -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2008 Jun 6;320(5881):1296-7. doi: 10.1126/science.1159328.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Department of Biology, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195, USA.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18535231" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Acclimatization ; Amphibians/*physiology ; Animals ; *Climate ; *Ecosystem ; Fishes/*physiology ; Geography ; Oceans and Seas ; Population Dynamics ; Reptiles/*physiology ; Seasons ; Seawater ; Temperature ; *Tropical Climate
    Print ISSN: 0036-8075
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    Ecology. Managing coastal wetlands (2008)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2008-01-19
    Description: 〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Valiela, Ivan -- Fox, Sophia E -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2008 Jan 18;319(5861):290-1. doi: 10.1126/science.1153477.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Ecosystems Center and Boston University Marine Program, Marine Biological Laboratory, Woods Hole, MA 02543, USA. ivaliela@mbl.edu〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18202280" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Animals ; *Conservation of Natural Resources/economics ; Cost-Benefit Analysis ; *Ecosystem ; *Penaeidae ; *Rhizophoraceae ; Thailand ; Trees ; Water Movements ; *Wetlands
    Print ISSN: 0036-8075
    Electronic ISSN: 1095-9203
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Computer Science , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
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    Microbial biogeography: from taxonomy to traits (2008)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2008-05-24
    Description: The biogeographic variation of life has predominantly been studied using taxonomy, but this focus is changing. There is a resurging interest in understanding patterns in the distribution not only of taxa but also of the traits those taxa possess. Patterns of trait variation shed light on fundamental questions in biology, including why organisms live where they do and how they will respond to environmental change. Technological advances such as environmental genomics place microbial ecology in a unique position to move trait-based biogeography forward. We anticipate that as trait-based biogeography continues to evolve, micro- and macroorganisms will be studied in concert, establishing a science that is informed by and relevant to all domains of life.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Green, Jessica L -- Bohannan, Brendan J M -- Whitaker, Rachel J -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2008 May 23;320(5879):1039-43. doi: 10.1126/science.1153475.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Center for Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, Department of Biology, University of Oregon, Eugene, Oregon 97403, USA. jlgreen@uoregon.edu〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18497288" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Animals ; Archaea/classification/genetics/metabolism/physiology ; Bacteria/*classification/genetics/metabolism ; *Bacterial Physiological Phenomena ; Biodiversity ; DNA, Ribosomal/genetics ; Ecology ; *Ecosystem ; Environment ; Gene Dosage ; Genes, Bacterial ; Genomics ; Plant Physiological Phenomena
    Print ISSN: 0036-8075
    Electronic ISSN: 1095-9203
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Computer Science , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
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    Experimental evidence for spatial self-organization and its emergent effects in mussel bed ecosystems (2008)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2008-11-01
    Description: Spatial self-organization is the main theoretical explanation for the global occurrence of regular or otherwise coherent spatial patterns in ecosystems. Using mussel beds as a model ecosystem, we provide an experimental demonstration of spatial self-organization. Under homogeneous laboratory conditions, mussels developed regular patterns, similar to those in the field. An individual-based model derived from our experiments showed that interactions between individuals explained the observed patterns. Furthermore, a field study showed that pattern formation affected ecosystem-level processes in terms of improved growth and resistance to wave action. Our results imply that spatial self-organization is an important determinant of the structure and functioning of ecosystems, and it needs to be considered in their conservation.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉van de Koppel, Johan -- Gascoigne, Joanna C -- Theraulaz, Guy -- Rietkerk, Max -- Mooij, Wolf M -- Herman, Peter M J -- D18866/Biotechnology and Biological Sciences Research Council/United Kingdom -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2008 Oct 31;322(5902):739-42. doi: 10.1126/science.1163952.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Spatial Ecology Department, the Netherlands Institute of Ecology (NIOO-KNAW), Post Office Box 140, 4400 AC Yerseke, Netherlands. J.vandeKoppel@nioo.knaw.nl〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18974353" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Animals ; Biomass ; Bivalvia/*physiology ; *Ecosystem ; Models, Biological ; Movement ; Population Dynamics ; Spatial Behavior ; Wales
    Print ISSN: 0036-8075
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    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Computer Science , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
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    Ecosystem feedbacks and nitrogen fixation in boreal forests (2008)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2008-05-31
    Description: Biological feedback mechanisms regulate fundamental ecosystem processes and potentially regulate ecosystem productivity. To date, no studies have documented the down-regulation of terrestrial nitrogen (N) fixation via an ecosystem-level feedback mechanism. Herein, we demonstrate such a feedback in boreal forests. Rapid cycling of N in early secondary succession forests yielded greater throughfall N deposition, which in turn decreased N fixation by cyanobacterial associates in feather moss carpets that reside on the forest floor. The forest canopy exerts a tight control on biotic N input at a period of high productivity.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉DeLuca, Thomas H -- Zackrisson, Olle -- Gundale, Michael J -- Nilsson, Marie-Charlotte -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2008 May 30;320(5880):1181. doi: 10.1126/science.1154836.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Ecology and Economics Research Department, The Wilderness Society, 503 West Mendenhall, Bozeman, MT 59715, USA. tom_deluca@tws.org〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18511682" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: *Ecosystem ; *Nitrogen Fixation ; *Trees
    Print ISSN: 0036-8075
    Electronic ISSN: 1095-9203
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Computer Science , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
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    A call to action for coral reefs (2008)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2008-10-11
    Description: 〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Dodge, Richard E -- Birkeland, Charles -- Hatziolos, Marea -- Kleypas, Joan -- Palumbi, Stephen R -- Hoegh-Guldberg, Ove -- van Woesik, Rob -- Ogden, John C -- Aronson, Richard B -- Causey, Billy D -- Staub, Francis -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2008 Oct 10;322(5899):189-90. doi: 10.1126/science.322.5899.189b.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18845729" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Animals ; *Anthozoa ; Carbon Dioxide ; *Conservation of Natural Resources ; *Ecosystem ; Environmental Pollution ; Fisheries/legislation & jurisprudence ; Public Policy
    Print ISSN: 0036-8075
    Electronic ISSN: 1095-9203
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Computer Science , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
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    Climate. Blooms like it hot (2008)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2008-04-05
    Description: 〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Paerl, Hans W -- Huisman, Jef -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2008 Apr 4;320(5872):57-8. doi: 10.1126/science.1155398.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Institute of Marine Sciences, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Morehead City, NC 28557, USA. hpaerl@email.unc.edu〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18388279" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: *Climate ; Cyanobacteria/*growth & development/physiology ; *Ecosystem ; Greenhouse Effect ; Salinity ; Temperature ; *Water Microbiology
    Print ISSN: 0036-8075
    Electronic ISSN: 1095-9203
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Computer Science , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
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    A global map of human impact on marine ecosystems (2008)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2008-02-16
    Description: The management and conservation of the world's oceans require synthesis of spatial data on the distribution and intensity of human activities and the overlap of their impacts on marine ecosystems. We developed an ecosystem-specific, multiscale spatial model to synthesize 17 global data sets of anthropogenic drivers of ecological change for 20 marine ecosystems. Our analysis indicates that no area is unaffected by human influence and that a large fraction (41%) is strongly affected by multiple drivers. However, large areas of relatively little human impact remain, particularly near the poles. The analytical process and resulting maps provide flexible tools for regional and global efforts to allocate conservation resources; to implement ecosystem-based management; and to inform marine spatial planning, education, and basic research.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Halpern, Benjamin S -- Walbridge, Shaun -- Selkoe, Kimberly A -- Kappel, Carrie V -- Micheli, Fiorenza -- D'Agrosa, Caterina -- Bruno, John F -- Casey, Kenneth S -- Ebert, Colin -- Fox, Helen E -- Fujita, Rod -- Heinemann, Dennis -- Lenihan, Hunter S -- Madin, Elizabeth M P -- Perry, Matthew T -- Selig, Elizabeth R -- Spalding, Mark -- Steneck, Robert -- Watson, Reg -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2008 Feb 15;319(5865):948-52. doi: 10.1126/science.1149345.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉National Center for Ecological Analysis and Synthesis, 735 State Street, Santa Barbara, CA 93101, USA. halpern@nceas.ucsb.edu〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18276889" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Animals ; Climate ; Conservation of Natural Resources ; *Ecosystem ; Fisheries ; *Human Activities ; Humans ; Mathematics ; Models, Theoretical ; Oceans and Seas
    Print ISSN: 0036-8075
    Electronic ISSN: 1095-9203
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Computer Science , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
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    Science careers. Measuring the impact of invasive plants (2008)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2008-06-17
    Description: 〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Pain, Elisabeth -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2008 Jun 13;320(5882):1516. doi: 10.1126/science.320.5882.1516.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18556564" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: *Career Choice ; Ecology ; *Ecosystem ; Female ; Humans ; *Plant Development ; *Research ; *Trees
    Print ISSN: 0036-8075
    Electronic ISSN: 1095-9203
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Computer Science , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
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    Environmental science. Aging infrastructure and ecosystem restoration (2008)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2008-01-19
    Description: 〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Doyle, Martin W -- Stanley, Emily H -- Havlick, David G -- Kaiser, Mark J -- Steinbach, George -- Graf, William L -- Galloway, Gerald E -- Riggsbee, J Adam -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2008 Jan 18;319(5861):286-7. doi: 10.1126/science.1149852.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA. mwdoyle@email.unc.edu〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18202277" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Animals ; *Ecology ; *Ecosystem ; Public Policy ; United States
    Print ISSN: 0036-8075
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    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Computer Science , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
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    The inner lives of sponges (2008)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2008-05-24
    Description: 〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Vogel, Gretchen -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2008 May 23;320(5879):1028-30. doi: 10.1126/science.320.5879.1028.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18497285" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Animals ; Bacteria/classification/cytology/genetics/isolation & purification ; *Bacterial Physiological Phenomena ; Drug Evaluation, Preclinical ; *Ecosystem ; Genes, rRNA ; Pharmaceutical Preparations/isolation & purification ; Porifera/chemistry/*microbiology/*physiology ; RNA, Ribosomal, 16S/genetics ; *Symbiosis
    Print ISSN: 0036-8075
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    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Computer Science , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
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    Comment on "A global map of human impact on marine ecosystems" (2008)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2008-09-13
    Description: Halpern et al. (Reports, 15 February 2008, p. 948) integrated spatial data on 17 drivers of change in the oceans to map the global distribution of human impact. Although fishery catches are a dominant driver, the data reflect activity while impacts occur at different space and time scales. Failure to account for this spatial disconnection could lead to potentially misleading conclusions.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Heath, Michael R -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2008 Sep 12;321(5895):1446; author reply 1446. doi: 10.1126/science.1157390.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Fisheries Research Services, Marine Laboratory, 375 Victoria Road, Aberdeen AB11 9DB, UK. heathmr@marlab.ac.uk〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18787153" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Animals ; *Ecosystem ; *Fisheries ; *Fishes ; Food Chain ; *Human Activities ; Humans ; Oceans and Seas ; Population Dynamics
    Print ISSN: 0036-8075
    Electronic ISSN: 1095-9203
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Computer Science , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
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    Comment on "Habitat split and the global decline of amphibians" (2008)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2008-05-20
    Description: Becker et al. (Reports, 14 December 2007, p. 1775) reported that forest amphibians with terrestrial development are less susceptible to the effects of habitat degradation than those with aquatic larvae. However, analysis with more appropriate statistical methods suggests there is no evidence for a difference between aquatic-reproducing and terrestrial-reproducing species.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Cannatella, David C -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2008 May 16;320(5878):874; author reply 874. doi: 10.1126/science.1155114.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Section of Integrative Biology, University of Texas, Austin, TX 78712, USA. catfish@mail.utexas.edu〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18487175" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: *Amphibians/physiology ; Animals ; *Anura/physiology ; Biodiversity ; Brazil ; *Ecosystem ; Larva ; Population Dynamics ; Regression Analysis ; Reproduction ; Statistics as Topic ; Trees ; Water
    Print ISSN: 0036-8075
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    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Computer Science , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
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    Systems biology. The scale of prediction (2008)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2008-06-07
    Description: 〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Baliga, Nitin S -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2008 Jun 6;320(5881):1297-8. doi: 10.1126/science.1159485.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Institute for Systems Biology, 1441 N. 34th Street, Seattle, WA 98103, USA. nbaliga@systemsbiology.org〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18535232" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: *Adaptation, Physiological ; *Bacterial Physiological Phenomena ; Computer Simulation ; Directed Molecular Evolution ; *Ecosystem ; Environment ; Escherichia coli/genetics/physiology ; *Gene Regulatory Networks ; *Metabolic Networks and Pathways ; Models, Biological ; Systems Biology
    Print ISSN: 0036-8075
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    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Computer Science , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
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    Bats limit insects in a neotropical agroforestry system (2008)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2008-04-05
    Description: Exclosure experiments have demonstrated the effects of bird predation on arthropods. In a Mexican coffee plantation, we excluded foliage-gleaning bird and bat predators from coffee plants. Effects of bats and birds were additive. In the dry season, birds reduced arthropods in coffee plants by 30%; birds and bats together reduced arthropods by 46%. In the wet season, bats reduced arthropods by 84%, whereas birds reduced them by only 58%. We conclude that previous "bird" exclosure experiments may have systematically underestimated the effects of bats.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Williams-Guillen, Kimberly -- Perfecto, Ivette -- Vandermeer, John -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2008 Apr 4;320(5872):70. doi: 10.1126/science.1152944.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉School of Natural Resources and Environment, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA. kimwg@umich.edu〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18388285" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Animals ; Arthropods ; *Birds ; *Chiroptera/physiology ; *Climate ; *Coffea ; *Ecosystem ; Insects ; Mexico ; Population Dynamics ; Predatory Behavior ; Reproduction ; Seasons
    Print ISSN: 0036-8075
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    Emergence of anoxia in the California current large marine ecosystem (2008)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2008-02-16
    Description: Eastern boundary current systems are among the world's most productive large marine ecosystems. Because upwelling currents transport nutrient-rich but oxygen-depleted water onto shallow seas, large expanses of productive continental shelves can be vulnerable to the risk of extreme low-oxygen events. Here, we report the novel rise of water-column shelf anoxia in the northern California Current system, a large marine ecosystem with no previous record of such extreme oxygen deficits. The expansion of anoxia highlights the potential for rapid and discontinuous ecosystem change in productive coastal systems that sustain a major portion of the world's fisheries.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Chan, F -- Barth, J A -- Lubchenco, J -- Kirincich, A -- Weeks, H -- Peterson, W T -- Menge, B A -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2008 Feb 15;319(5865):920. doi: 10.1126/science.1149016.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Department of Zoology, Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR 97331, USA. chanft@science.oregonstate.edu〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18276882" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Animals ; Bacteria/growth & development ; *Ecosystem ; *Fishes ; *Invertebrates ; *Oxygen ; Pacific Ocean ; Population Dynamics ; Seasons ; *Seawater ; *Water Movements
    Print ISSN: 0036-8075
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    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Computer Science , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
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    Ecology. Comprehensive conservation database details threats to mammals (2008)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2008-10-11
    Description: 〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Pennisi, Elizabeth -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2008 Oct 10;322(5899):178-9. doi: 10.1126/science.322.5899.178b.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18845720" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Animals ; Biodiversity ; *Conservation of Natural Resources ; *Databases, Factual ; *Ecosystem ; *Extinction, Biological ; *Mammals/classification ; Marine Biology ; Population Density
    Print ISSN: 0036-8075
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    Functional traits and niche-based tree community assembly in an Amazonian forest (2008)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2008-10-25
    Description: It is debated whether species-level differences in ecological strategy, which play a key role in much of coexistence theory, are important in structuring highly diverse communities. We examined the co-occurrence patterns of over 1100 tree species in a 25-hectare Amazonian forest plot in relation to field-measured functional traits. Using a null model approach, we show that co-occurring trees are often less ecologically similar than a niche-free (neutral) model predicts. Furthermore, we find evidence for processes that simultaneously drive convergence and divergence in key aspects of plant strategy, suggesting that at least two distinct niche-based processes are occurring. Our results show that strategy differentiation among species contributes to the maintenance of diversity in one of the most diverse tropical forests in the world.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Kraft, Nathan J B -- Valencia, Renato -- Ackerly, David D -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2008 Oct 24;322(5901):580-2. doi: 10.1126/science.1160662.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Department of Integrative Biology, University of California, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18948539" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: *Biodiversity ; *Ecosystem ; Ecuador ; Nitrogen/analysis ; Plant Leaves/anatomy & histology/chemistry ; Population Dynamics ; Seeds ; *Trees/anatomy & histology/growth & development/physiology ; *Tropical Climate ; Wood
    Print ISSN: 0036-8075
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    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Computer Science , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
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    Ecology. Physiology and climate change (2008)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2008-11-01
    Description: 〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Portner, Hans O -- Farrell, Anthony P -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2008 Oct 31;322(5902):690-2. doi: 10.1126/science.1163156.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Animal Ecophysiology, Alfred-Wegener-Institute for Polar and Marine Research, 27515 Bremerhaven, Germany. hans.poertner@awi.de〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18974339" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: *Adaptation, Physiological ; Animals ; Body Size ; *Climate ; Cues ; *Ecosystem ; Fishes/*physiology ; Food Chain ; Growth ; Oceans and Seas ; Oxygen ; Plankton/*physiology ; Reproduction ; Seasons ; Temperature
    Print ISSN: 0036-8075
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    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Computer Science , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
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    Where species go, legal protections must follow (2008)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2008-11-15
    Description: 〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Chapron, Guillaume -- Samelius, Gustaf -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2008 Nov 14;322(5904):1049-50; author reply 1049-50. doi: 10.1126/science.322.5904.1049b.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19008429" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Animals ; Biodiversity ; *Climate ; Conservation of Natural Resources/legislation & jurisprudence ; Ecology/*legislation & jurisprudence/methods ; *Ecosystem ; Population Dynamics
    Print ISSN: 0036-8075
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    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Computer Science , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
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  • 80
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    Conserving top predators in ecosystems (2008)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2008-04-05
    Description: 〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Chapron, Guillaume -- Andren, Henrik -- Liberg, Olof -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2008 Apr 4;320(5872):47. doi: 10.1126/science.320.5872.47a.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18388274" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Animals ; Conservation of Natural Resources ; *Ecosystem ; *Predatory Behavior ; *Wolves
    Print ISSN: 0036-8075
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    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Computer Science , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
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  • 81
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    Evolution. Where have all Thoreau's flowers gone? (2008)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2008-07-05
    Description: 〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Pennisi, Elizabeth -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2008 Jul 4;321(5885):24-5. doi: 10.1126/science.321.5885.24b.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18599747" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Biological Evolution ; *Climate ; *Ecosystem ; Flowers/*growth & development ; Greenhouse Effect ; Massachusetts ; *Plant Development ; Seasons ; Species Specificity ; Time Factors
    Print ISSN: 0036-8075
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    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Computer Science , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
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  • 82
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    Coastal ecosystem-based management with nonlinear ecological functions and values (2008)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2008-01-19
    Description: A common assumption is that ecosystem services respond linearly to changes in habitat size. This assumption leads frequently to an "all or none" choice of either preserving coastal habitats or converting them to human use. However, our survey of wave attenuation data from field studies of mangroves, salt marshes, seagrass beds, nearshore coral reefs, and sand dunes reveals that these relationships are rarely linear. By incorporating nonlinear wave attenuation in estimating coastal protection values of mangroves in Thailand, we show that the optimal land use option may instead be the integration of development and conservation consistent with ecosystem-based management goals. This result suggests that reconciling competing demands on coastal habitats should not always result in stark preservation-versus-conversion choices.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Barbier, Edward B -- Koch, Evamaria W -- Silliman, Brian R -- Hacker, Sally D -- Wolanski, Eric -- Primavera, Jurgenne -- Granek, Elise F -- Polasky, Stephen -- Aswani, Shankar -- Cramer, Lori A -- Stoms, David M -- Kennedy, Chris J -- Bael, David -- Kappel, Carrie V -- Perillo, Gerardo M E -- Reed, Denise J -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2008 Jan 18;319(5861):321-3. doi: 10.1126/science.1150349.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Department of Economics and Finance, University of Wyoming, Laramie, WY 82071, USA. ebarbier@uwyo.edu〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18202288" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Alismatidae ; Animals ; Anthozoa ; Aquaculture/economics ; *Conservation of Natural Resources/economics ; Cost-Benefit Analysis ; *Ecology ; *Ecosystem ; Fisheries/economics ; Lythraceae ; Penaeidae ; *Rhizophoraceae ; Thailand ; Trees ; Water Movements ; *Wetlands ; Wood
    Print ISSN: 0036-8075
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    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Computer Science , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
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  • 83
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    Biogeochemistry. News about nitrogen (2008)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2008-05-10
    Description: 〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Horner-Devine, M Claire -- Martiny, Adam C -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2008 May 9;320(5877):757-8. doi: 10.1126/science.1147012.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉School of Aquatic and Fishery Sciences, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195, USA.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18467581" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Ammonia/metabolism ; Archaea/metabolism ; Cyanobacteria/metabolism ; *Ecosystem ; *Environmental Microbiology ; Humans ; Nitrogen/*metabolism ; Nitrogen Fixation
    Print ISSN: 0036-8075
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    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Computer Science , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
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  • 84
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    Ecology. Contaminating a lake to save others (2008)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2008-11-29
    Description: 〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Stokstad, Erik -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2008 Nov 28;322(5906):1319. doi: 10.1126/science.322.5906.1319.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19039114" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Air Pollutants/analysis ; Animals ; Canada ; *Ecology ; *Ecosystem ; *Fresh Water ; *Mercury ; Mercury Isotopes ; *Research ; Soil Pollutants/analysis ; United States ; *Water Pollutants, Chemical/analysis
    Print ISSN: 0036-8075
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    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Computer Science , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
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  • 85
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    Ecology. Canada's experimental lakes (2008)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2008-11-29
    Description: 〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Stokstad, Erik -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2008 Nov 28;322(5906):1316-9. doi: 10.1126/science.322.5906.1316.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19039113" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Acid Rain ; Animals ; *Ecology/economics/manpower/organization & administration ; *Ecosystem ; Eutrophication ; *Fresh Water ; Ontario ; *Research ; Water Pollution, Chemical
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  • 86
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    Land clearing and the biofuel carbon debt (2008)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2008-02-09
    Description: Increasing energy use, climate change, and carbon dioxide (CO2) emissions from fossil fuels make switching to low-carbon fuels a high priority. Biofuels are a potential low-carbon energy source, but whether biofuels offer carbon savings depends on how they are produced. Converting rainforests, peatlands, savannas, or grasslands to produce food crop-based biofuels in Brazil, Southeast Asia, and the United States creates a "biofuel carbon debt" by releasing 17 to 420 times more CO2 than the annual greenhouse gas (GHG) reductions that these biofuels would provide by displacing fossil fuels. In contrast, biofuels made from waste biomass or from biomass grown on degraded and abandoned agricultural lands planted with perennials incur little or no carbon debt and can offer immediate and sustained GHG advantages.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Fargione, Joseph -- Hill, Jason -- Tilman, David -- Polasky, Stephen -- Hawthorne, Peter -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2008 Feb 29;319(5867):1235-8. doi: 10.1126/science.1152747. Epub 2008 Feb 7.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉The Nature Conservancy, 1101 West River Parkway, Suite 200, Minneapolis, MN 55415, USA.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18258862" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: *Biomass ; Brazil ; Carbon ; *Carbon Dioxide/metabolism ; Crops, Agricultural ; *Ecosystem ; *Energy-Generating Resources ; Greenhouse Effect ; Indonesia ; Malaysia ; Plant Development ; *Plants/metabolism ; *Soil ; Time Factors ; United States
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    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Computer Science , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
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    Ecology. Privatization prevents collapse of fish stocks, global analysis shows (2008)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2008-09-20
    Description: 〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Stokstad, Erik -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2008 Sep 19;321(5896):1619. doi: 10.1126/science.321.5896.1619a.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18801974" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Animals ; *Ecosystem ; *Fisheries/economics/methods/statistics & numerical data ; *Fishes ; Humans ; Motivation ; Population Dynamics
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    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Computer Science , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
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  • 88
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    Climate-driven ecosystem succession in the Sahara: the past 6000 years (2008)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2008-05-10
    Description: Desiccation of the Sahara since the middle Holocene has eradicated all but a few natural archives recording its transition from a "green Sahara" to the present hyperarid desert. Our continuous 6000-year paleoenvironmental reconstruction from northern Chad shows progressive drying of the regional terrestrial ecosystem in response to weakening insolation forcing of the African monsoon and abrupt hydrological change in the local aquatic ecosystem controlled by site-specific thresholds. Strong reductions in tropical trees and then Sahelian grassland cover allowed large-scale dust mobilization from 4300 calendar years before the present (cal yr B.P.). Today's desert ecosystem and regional wind regime were established around 2700 cal yr B.P. This gradual rather than abrupt termination of the African Humid Period in the eastern Sahara suggests a relatively weak biogeophysical feedback on climate.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Kropelin, S -- Verschuren, D -- Lezine, A-M -- Eggermont, H -- Cocquyt, C -- Francus, P -- Cazet, J-P -- Fagot, M -- Rumes, B -- Russell, J M -- Darius, F -- Conley, D J -- Schuster, M -- von Suchodoletz, H -- Engstrom, D R -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2008 May 9;320(5877):765-8. doi: 10.1126/science.1154913.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Africa Research Unit, Institute of Prehistoric Archaeology, University of Cologne, Jennerstrasse 8, D-50823 Koln, Germany. s.kroe@uni-koeln.de〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18467583" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Africa ; Biological Evolution ; *Desert Climate ; *Ecosystem ; Fresh Water ; Geologic Sediments ; History, Ancient ; Plants ; Time ; Weather
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    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Computer Science , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
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  • 89
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    Oceans. On phytoplankton trends (2008)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2008-03-08
    Description: 〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Smetacek, Victor -- Cloern, James E -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2008 Mar 7;319(5868):1346-8. doi: 10.1126/science.1151330.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Alfred Wegener Institute for Polar and Marine Research of the Helmholtz Foundation, 27570 Bremerhaven, and the University of Bremen, FB 2, 28334 Bremen, Germany. Victor.Smetacek@awi.de〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18323440" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Animals ; Biomass ; Climate ; Diatoms/growth & development/physiology ; *Ecosystem ; Environment ; Food Chain ; Life Cycle Stages ; Oceans and Seas ; *Phytoplankton/growth & development/physiology ; Population Dynamics ; Seasons ; Temperature
    Print ISSN: 0036-8075
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    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Computer Science , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
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  • 90
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    Environmental genomics reveals a single-species ecosystem deep within Earth (2008)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2008-10-11
    Description: DNA from low-biodiversity fracture water collected at 2.8-kilometer depth in a South African gold mine was sequenced and assembled into a single, complete genome. This bacterium, Candidatus Desulforudis audaxviator, composes 〉99.9% of the microorganisms inhabiting the fluid phase of this particular fracture. Its genome indicates a motile, sporulating, sulfate-reducing, chemoautotrophic thermophile that can fix its own nitrogen and carbon by using machinery shared with archaea. Candidatus Desulforudis audaxviator is capable of an independent life-style well suited to long-term isolation from the photosphere deep within Earth's crust and offers an example of a natural ecosystem that appears to have its biological component entirely encoded within a single genome.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Chivian, Dylan -- Brodie, Eoin L -- Alm, Eric J -- Culley, David E -- Dehal, Paramvir S -- DeSantis, Todd Z -- Gihring, Thomas M -- Lapidus, Alla -- Lin, Li-Hung -- Lowry, Stephen R -- Moser, Duane P -- Richardson, Paul M -- Southam, Gordon -- Wanger, Greg -- Pratt, Lisa M -- Andersen, Gary L -- Hazen, Terry C -- Brockman, Fred J -- Arkin, Adam P -- Onstott, Tullis C -- Howard Hughes Medical Institute/ -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2008 Oct 10;322(5899):275-8. doi: 10.1126/science.1155495.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Physical Biosciences Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA. DCChivian@lbl.gov〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18845759" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Ammonia/metabolism ; Carbon/metabolism ; *Ecosystem ; Genes, Bacterial ; *Genome, Bacterial ; Genomics/*methods ; Gold ; Mining ; Molecular Sequence Data ; Movement ; Oxidation-Reduction ; Peptococcaceae/classification/*genetics/growth & development/physiology ; Phylogeny ; Sequence Analysis, DNA ; South Africa ; Spores, Bacterial/physiology ; Sulfates/metabolism ; Temperature ; *Water Microbiology
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  • 91
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    Ecology. Assisted colonization and rapid climate change (2008)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2008-07-19
    Description: 〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Hoegh-Guldberg, O -- Hughes, L -- McIntyre, S -- Lindenmayer, D B -- Parmesan, C -- Possingham, H P -- Thomas, C D -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2008 Jul 18;321(5887):345-6. doi: 10.1126/science.1157897.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Centre for Marine Studies, Australian Research Council Centre for Excellence in Reef Studies and the Coral Reef Targeted Research Project, University of Queensland, St Lucia, Queensland (QLD) 4072, Australia. oveh@uq.edu.au〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18635780" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Adaptation, Biological ; Animals ; Biodiversity ; *Climate ; *Conservation of Natural Resources ; Ecology/*methods ; *Ecosystem ; Extinction, Biological ; Geography ; Humans ; Population Dynamics ; Socioeconomic Factors
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  • 92
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    Assisted colonization won't help rare species (2008)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2008-11-15
    Description: 〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Huang, Danwei -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2008 Nov 14;322(5904):1049; author reply 1049-50. doi: 10.1126/science.322.5904.1049a.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19008428" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Animals ; *Anthozoa/classification/physiology ; *Climate ; Ecology/*methods ; *Ecosystem ; Extinction, Biological ; Population Dynamics
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  • 93
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    Thinking outside the reef (2008)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2008-03-29
    Description: 〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Peterson, Eric L -- Beger, Maria -- Richards, Zoe T -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2008 Mar 28;319(5871):1759. doi: 10.1126/science.319.5871.1759c.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18369123" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Animals ; *Anthozoa ; Atmosphere ; Carbon Dioxide ; *Conservation of Natural Resources ; *Ecosystem ; Forestry ; Hydrogen-Ion Concentration ; Oceans and Seas
    Print ISSN: 0036-8075
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  • 94
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    Niche partitioning increases resource exploitation by diverse communities (2008)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
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    Publication Date: 2008-09-13
    Description: Classical ecological theory suggests that the coexistence of consumer species is fostered by resource-use differences, leading to greater resource use in communities with more species. However, explicit empirical support for this idea is lacking, because resource use by species is generally confounded with other species-specific attributes. We overcame this obstacle by co-opting behavioral plasticity in food choice among a group of animal consumers, allowing us to manipulate patterns of resource use while controlling for the effects of species identity and diversity. Within an aphid-parasitoid-radish community, we created a fully factorial manipulation of consumer resource-use breadth (specialist versus generalist) and species diversity (one versus three species) and found that resource exploitation improved with greater specialist, but not generalist, diversity. Therefore, resource partitioning, and not diversity per se, fostered greater overall resource consumption in our multispecies consumer communities.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Finke, Deborah L -- Snyder, William E -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2008 Sep 12;321(5895):1488-90. doi: 10.1126/science.1160854.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Department of Entomology, Washington State University, Pullman, WA 99164, USA. finked@missouri.edu〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18787167" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Animals ; Aphids/*parasitology/*physiology ; *Ecosystem ; Feeding Behavior ; Female ; Host-Parasite Interactions ; Oviposition ; Raphanus/*parasitology/physiology ; Wasps/*physiology
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    Coral adaptation in the face of climate change (2008)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2008-04-19
    Description: 〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Baird, Andrew -- Maynard, Jeffrey A -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2008 Apr 18;320(5874):315-6; author reply 315-6. doi: 10.1126/science.320.5874.315.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18420915" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: *Adaptation, Physiological ; Animals ; Anthozoa/*physiology ; *Climate ; *Ecosystem ; Hydrogen-Ion Concentration
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    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Computer Science , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
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  • 96
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    Resource partitioning and sympatric differentiation among closely related bacterioplankton (2008)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2008-05-24
    Description: Identifying ecologically differentiated populations within complex microbial communities remains challenging, yet is critical for interpreting the evolution and ecology of microbes in the wild. Here we describe spatial and temporal resource partitioning among Vibrionaceae strains coexisting in coastal bacterioplankton. A quantitative model (AdaptML) establishes the evolutionary history of ecological differentiation, thus revealing populations specific for seasons and life-styles (combinations of free-living, particle, or zooplankton associations). These ecological population boundaries frequently occur at deep phylogenetic levels (consistent with named species); however, recent and perhaps ongoing adaptive radiation is evident in Vibrio splendidus, which comprises numerous ecologically distinct populations at different levels of phylogenetic differentiation. Thus, environmental specialization may be an important correlate or even trigger of speciation among sympatric microbes.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Hunt, Dana E -- David, Lawrence A -- Gevers, Dirk -- Preheim, Sarah P -- Alm, Eric J -- Polz, Martin F -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2008 May 23;320(5879):1081-5. doi: 10.1126/science.1157890.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT), Cambridge, MA 02139, USA.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18497299" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Algorithms ; Animals ; Atlantic Ocean ; Biological Evolution ; *Ecosystem ; *Genetic Speciation ; Markov Chains ; Models, Biological ; Molecular Sequence Data ; Phylogeny ; Plankton/*physiology ; Seasons ; Seawater/*microbiology ; Vibrio/classification/genetics/physiology ; Vibrionaceae/classification/genetics/*physiology ; Zooplankton/physiology
    Print ISSN: 0036-8075
    Electronic ISSN: 1095-9203
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Computer Science , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
    Published by American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
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  • 97
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    Ecology. Senate bill would scale up forest restoration (2008)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2008-02-16
    Description: 〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Stokstad, Erik -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2008 Feb 15;319(5865):887. doi: 10.1126/science.319.5865.887a.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18276858" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Animals ; *Ecosystem ; Environment ; Fires/prevention & control ; Forestry/*legislation & jurisprudence ; *Trees ; United States
    Print ISSN: 0036-8075
    Electronic ISSN: 1095-9203
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Computer Science , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
    Published by American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
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  • 98
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    Reducing greenhouse gas emissions from deforestation and forest degradation: global land-use implications (2008)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2008-06-17
    Description: Recent climate talks in Bali have made progress toward action on deforestation and forest degradation in developing countries, within the anticipated post-Kyoto emissions reduction agreements. As a result of such action, many forests will be better protected, but some land-use change will be displaced to other locations. The demonstration phase launched at Bali offers an opportunity to examine potential outcomes for biodiversity and ecosystem services. Research will be needed into selection of priority areas for reducing emissions from deforestation and forest degradation to deliver multiple benefits, on-the-ground methods to best ensure these benefits, and minimization of displaced land-use change into nontarget countries and ecosystems, including through revised conservation investments.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Miles, Lera -- Kapos, Valerie -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2008 Jun 13;320(5882):1454-5. doi: 10.1126/science.1155358.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉United Nations Environmental Programme (UNEP) World Conservation Monitoring Centre (WCMC), 219 Huntingdon Road, Cambridge CB3 0DL, UK. lera.miles@unep-wcmc.org〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18556549" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: *Atmosphere ; Biodiversity ; Carbon ; *Conservation of Natural Resources/economics ; Developing Countries/economics ; Economics ; *Ecosystem ; *Greenhouse Effect ; Public Policy ; *Trees ; United Nations/economics
    Print ISSN: 0036-8075
    Electronic ISSN: 1095-9203
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Computer Science , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
    Published by American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
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  • 99
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    Ecology. From remarkable rescue to restoration of lost habitat (2008)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2008-10-11
    Description: 〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Stone, Richard -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2008 Oct 10;322(5899):184. doi: 10.1126/science.322.5899.184.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18845724" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: *Angiosperms ; Animals ; Biodiversity ; *Bivalvia ; China ; Cyprinidae ; *Ecosystem ; Eutrophication ; Fisheries ; *Fishes ; *Fresh Water ; Population Dynamics
    Print ISSN: 0036-8075
    Electronic ISSN: 1095-9203
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Computer Science , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
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  • 100
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    Physiographic control on the development of Spartina marshes (2008)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2008-11-15
    Description: The established paradigm indicates that low-lying marsh production is primarily regulated by submergence and the resulting edaphic conditions. The physical sedimentary environment is in turn deemed to affect production through its effect on marsh-surface elevation relative to sea level. However, our results working with Spartina anglica indicate that production and marsh perennation are controlled by variation in surface level relative to the plant's meristematic base and not hindered by prolonged submergence. These findings suggest that plant responses to changes in sedimentary conditions determine marsh development and survival in the short term, independently of long-term changes in relative sea level.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Fragoso, Gerardo -- Spencer, Tom -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2008 Nov 14;322(5904):1064. doi: 10.1126/science.1159973.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉United Nations Environmental Programme-World Conservation Monitoring Centre (UNEP-WCMC), 219 Huntingdon Road, Cambridge CB3 0DL, UK. gerardo.fragoso@unep-wcmc.org〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19008437" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: *Ecosystem ; Geologic Sediments ; Meristem/physiology ; Oxygen ; Poaceae/*growth & development/physiology ; Water ; *Wetlands
    Print ISSN: 0036-8075
    Electronic ISSN: 1095-9203
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Computer Science , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
    Published by American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
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