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  • *Fossils  (97)
  • American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)  (97)
  • American Institute of Physics (AIP)
  • Nature Publishing Group
  • Periodicals Archive Online (PAO)
  • 2010-2014  (93)
  • 1985-1989  (4)
  • 2011  (55)
  • 2010  (38)
  • 1987  (4)
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  • American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)  (97)
  • American Institute of Physics (AIP)
  • Nature Publishing Group
  • Periodicals Archive Online (PAO)
  • Nature Publishing Group (NPG)  (51)
Years
  • 2010-2014  (93)
  • 1985-1989  (4)
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  • 1
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    Paleontology. Altering the past: China's faked fossils problem (2011)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2011-01-06
    Description: 〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Stone, Richard -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2010 Dec 24;330(6012):1740-1. doi: 10.1126/science.330.6012.1740.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21205648" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Animals ; China ; *Fossils ; *Museums ; *Paleontology/education/standards
    Print ISSN: 0036-8075
    Electronic ISSN: 1095-9203
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Computer Science , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
    Published by American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
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  • 2
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    Paleontology. The feeding habits of ammonites (2011)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2011-01-08
    Description: 〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Tanabe, Kazushige -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2011 Jan 7;331(6013):37-8. doi: 10.1126/science.1201002.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Department of Earth and Planetary Science, University of Tokyo, Tokyo 113-0033, Japan. tanabe@eps.s.u-tokyo.ac.jp〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21212343" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Animals ; Cephalopoda/*anatomy & histology/physiology ; Diet ; Digestive System ; Extinction, Biological ; *Fossils ; Gastropoda ; Isopoda ; Jaw/anatomy & histology ; Tooth/anatomy & histology ; X-Ray Microtomography ; *Zooplankton
    Print ISSN: 0036-8075
    Electronic ISSN: 1095-9203
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Computer Science , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
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  • 3
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    Evolution. Living fossil younger than thought (2011)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2011-11-15
    Description: 〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Renner, Susanne S -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2011 Nov 11;334(6057):766-7. doi: 10.1126/science.1214649.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Biology Department, University of Munich, 80638 Munich, Germany. renner@lrz.uni-muenchen.de〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22076366" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: *Biological Evolution ; *Cycadophyta ; *Fossils ; *Genetic Speciation
    Print ISSN: 0036-8075
    Electronic ISSN: 1095-9203
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Computer Science , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
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  • 4
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    Paleontology. Pint-sized predator rattles the dinosaur family tree (2011)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2011-01-15
    Description: 〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Balter, Michael -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2011 Jan 14;331(6014):134. doi: 10.1126/science.331.6014.134.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21233355" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Animals ; Argentina ; Biological Evolution ; Dinosaurs/anatomy & histology/*classification ; Extinction, Biological ; *Fossils
    Print ISSN: 0036-8075
    Electronic ISSN: 1095-9203
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Computer Science , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
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  • 5
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    Paleontology. Evolving large and complex brains (2011)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2011-05-21
    Description: 〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Northcutt, R Glenn -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2011 May 20;332(6032):926-7. doi: 10.1126/science.1206915.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Laboratory of Comparative Neurobiology, Scripps Institution of Oceanography and Department of Neurosciences, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA. rgnorthcutt@ucsd.edu〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21596983" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Animals ; *Biological Evolution ; Brain/*anatomy & histology ; Cerebellum/anatomy & histology ; Cerebrum/anatomy & histology ; *Fossils ; Hair ; Mammals/*anatomy & histology ; Olfactory Bulb/anatomy & histology ; Olfactory Mucosa/anatomy & histology ; Organ Size ; Skull/anatomy & histology/radiography ; Tomography, X-Ray Computed
    Print ISSN: 0036-8075
    Electronic ISSN: 1095-9203
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Computer Science , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
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  • 6
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    An egg-adult association, gender, and reproduction in pterosaurs (2011)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2011-01-22
    Description: A sexually mature individual of Darwinopterus preserved together with an egg from the Jurassic of China provides direct evidence of gender in pterosaurs and insights into the reproductive biology of these extinct fliers. This new find and several other examples of Darwinopterus demonstrate that males of this pterosaur had a relatively small pelvis and a large cranial crest, whereas females had a relatively large pelvis and no crest. The ratio of egg mass to adult mass is relatively low, as in extant reptiles, and is comparable to values for squamates. A parchment-like eggshell points to burial and significant uptake of water after oviposition. This evidence for low parental investment contradicts the widespread assumption that reproduction in pterosaurs was like that of birds and shows that it was essentially like that of reptiles.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Lu, Junchang -- Unwin, David M -- Deeming, D Charles -- Jin, Xingsheng -- Liu, Yongqing -- Ji, Qiang -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2011 Jan 21;331(6015):321-4. doi: 10.1126/science.1197323.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Institute of Geology, Chinese Academy of Geological Sciences, Beijing 100037, China. lujc2008@126.com〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21252343" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Animals ; Bone and Bones/anatomy & histology ; China ; Egg Shell ; Female ; *Fossils ; Male ; Oviposition ; *Ovum ; Pelvis/anatomy & histology ; Phylogeny ; *Reproduction ; Reptiles/*anatomy & histology/classification/*physiology ; Sex Characteristics
    Print ISSN: 0036-8075
    Electronic ISSN: 1095-9203
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Computer Science , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
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  • 7
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    The diets of early hominins (2011)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2011-10-15
    Description: Diet changes are considered key events in human evolution. Most studies of early hominin diets focused on tooth size, shape, and craniomandibular morphology, as well as stone tools and butchered animal bones. However, in recent years, dental microwear and stable isotope analyses have hinted at unexpected diversity and complexity in early hominin diets. Some traditional ideas have held; others, such as an increasing reliance on hard-object feeding and a dichotomy between Australopithecus and Paranthropus, have been challenged. The first known evidence of C(4) plant (tropical grasses and sedges) and hard-object (e.g., seeds and nuts) consumption dates to millions of years after the appearance of the earliest probable hominins, and there are no consistent trends in diet change among these species through time.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Ungar, Peter S -- Sponheimer, Matt -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2011 Oct 14;334(6053):190-3. doi: 10.1126/science.1207701.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Department of Anthropology, University of Arkansas, Fayetteville, AR 72701, USA. pungar@uark.edu〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21998380" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Animals ; *Biological Evolution ; Carbon Isotopes/analysis ; Dental Enamel/chemistry ; Dentition ; *Diet ; Ecosystem ; Food ; *Fossils ; *Hominidae ; Jaw/anatomy & histology ; Skull/anatomy & histology ; Tooth/anatomy & histology ; Tooth Wear
    Print ISSN: 0036-8075
    Electronic ISSN: 1095-9203
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  • 8
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    Latitudinal gradients in greenhouse seawater delta(18) O: evidence from Eocene sirenian tooth enamel (2011)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2011-04-23
    Description: The Eocene greenhouse climate state has been linked to a more vigorous hydrologic cycle at mid- and high latitudes; similar information on precipitation levels at low latitudes is, however, limited. Oxygen isotopic fluxes track moisture fluxes and, thus, the delta(18)O values of ocean surface waters can provide insight into hydrologic cycle changes. The offset between tropical delta(18)O values from sampled Eocene sirenian tooth enamel and modern surface waters is greater than the expected 1.0 per mil increase due to increased continental ice volume. This increased offset could result from suppression of surface-water delta(18)O values by a tropical, annual moisture balance substantially wetter than that of today. Results from an atmospheric general circulation model support this interpretation and suggest that Eocene low latitudes were extremely wet.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Clementz, Mark T -- Sewall, Jacob O -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2011 Apr 22;332(6028):455-8. doi: 10.1126/science.1201182.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Department of Geology and Geophysics, University of Wyoming, Laramie, WY 82071, USA. mclemen1@uwyo.edu〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21512030" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Animals ; Dental Enamel/*chemistry ; Dugong ; *Fossils ; Geography ; *Greenhouse Effect ; Humidity ; Oceans and Seas ; Oxygen Isotopes/*analysis ; Seawater/*chemistry ; Steam ; Temperature ; Trichechus ; *Tropical Climate ; *Water Cycle
    Print ISSN: 0036-8075
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  • 9
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    Human evolution. African data bolster new view of modern human origins (2011)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2011-10-15
    Description: 〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Gibbons, Ann -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2011 Oct 14;334(6053):167. doi: 10.1126/science.334.6053.167.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21998361" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Africa South of the Sahara ; African Continental Ancestry Group/*genetics ; Animals ; *Biological Evolution ; *Fossils ; Genome ; Genome, Human ; Hominidae/*genetics ; Humans ; Radiometric Dating ; Skull/anatomy & histology
    Print ISSN: 0036-8075
    Electronic ISSN: 1095-9203
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Computer Science , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
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  • 10
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    Viviparity and K-selected life history in a Mesozoic marine plesiosaur (Reptilia, Sauropterygia) (2011)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2011-08-13
    Description: Viviparity is known in several clades of Mesozoic aquatic reptiles, but evidence for it is lacking in the Plesiosauria. Here, we report a Late Cretaceous plesiosaur fossil consisting of a fetus preserved within an adult of the same taxon. We interpret this occurrence as a gravid female and unborn young and hence as definitive evidence for plesiosaur viviparity. Quantitative analysis indicates that plesiosaurs gave birth to large, probably single progeny. The combination of viviparity, large offspring size, and small brood number differs markedly from the pattern seen in other marine reptiles but does resemble the K-selected strategy of all extant marine mammals and a few extant lizards. Plesiosaurs may have shared other life history traits with these clades, such as sociality and maternal care.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉O'Keefe, F R -- Chiappe, L M -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2011 Aug 12;333(6044):870-3. doi: 10.1126/science.1205689.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Department of Biological Sciences, Marshall University, Huntington, WV 25755, USA. okeefef@marshall.edu〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21836013" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Animals ; Bone and Bones ; Embryo, Nonmammalian/anatomy & histology ; Female ; *Fossils ; Reptiles/anatomy & histology/classification/embryology/*physiology ; *Viviparity, Nonmammalian
    Print ISSN: 0036-8075
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  • 11
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    Nocturnality in dinosaurs inferred from scleral ring and orbit morphology (2011)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2011-04-16
    Description: Variation in daily activity patterns facilitates temporal partitioning of habitat and resources among species. Knowledge of temporal niche partitioning in paleobiological systems has been limited by the difficulty of obtaining reliable information about activity patterns from fossils. On the basis of an analysis of scleral ring and orbit morphology in 33 archosaurs, including dinosaurs and pterosaurs, we show that the eyes of Mesozoic archosaurs were adapted to all major types of diel activity (that is, nocturnal, diurnal, and cathemeral) and provide concrete evidence of temporal niche partitioning in the Mesozoic. Similar to extant amniotes, flyers were predominantly diurnal; terrestrial predators, at least partially, nocturnal; and large herbivores, cathemeral. These similarities suggest that ecology drives the evolution of diel activity patterns.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Schmitz, Lars -- Motani, Ryosuke -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2011 May 6;332(6030):705-8. doi: 10.1126/science.1200043. Epub 2011 Apr 14.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Department of Evolution and Ecology, University of California, Davis, CA 95616, USA. lschmitz@ucdavis.edu〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21493820" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: *Activity Cycles ; Animals ; Behavior, Animal ; Birds/anatomy & histology/physiology ; Circadian Rhythm ; Dinosaurs/*anatomy & histology/classification/*physiology ; Ecosystem ; *Fossils ; Light ; *Night Vision ; Orbit/*anatomy & histology ; Phylogeny ; *Sclera ; *Vision, Ocular
    Print ISSN: 0036-8075
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  • 12
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    Paleoanthropology. Skeletons present an exquisite paleo-puzzle (2011)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2011-09-10
    Description: 〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Gibbons, Ann -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2011 Sep 9;333(6048):1370-2. doi: 10.1126/science.333.6048.1370. Epub 2011 Sep 8.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21903788" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Animals ; Bone and Bones/anatomy & histology ; Brain/anatomy & histology ; Female ; *Fossils ; Hand/anatomy & histology ; *Hominidae/anatomy & histology/classification ; Humans ; Male ; Pelvic Bones/anatomy & histology ; Skeleton ; Skull/anatomy & histology ; South Africa
    Print ISSN: 0036-8075
    Electronic ISSN: 1095-9203
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Computer Science , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
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  • 13
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    Paleoanthropology. A Denisovan legacy in the immune system? (2011)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2011-08-27
    Description: 〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Gibbons, Ann -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2011 Aug 26;333(6046):1086. doi: 10.1126/science.333.6046.1086.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21868647" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Alleles ; Animals ; Asian Continental Ancestry Group/genetics ; European Continental Ancestry Group/genetics ; Female ; *Fossils ; *Genes, MHC Class I ; HLA-B Antigens/*genetics ; HLA-C Antigens/*genetics ; Hominidae/*genetics/*immunology ; Humans
    Print ISSN: 0036-8075
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  • 14
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    Paleoanthropology. Who was Homo habilis--and was it really Homo? (2011)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2011-06-18
    Description: 〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Gibbons, Ann -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2011 Jun 17;332(6036):1370-1. doi: 10.1126/science.332.6036.1370.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21680822" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Africa ; Animals ; Asia ; Bone and Bones/anatomy & histology ; Brain/anatomy & histology ; *Diet ; *Fossils ; *Hominidae/anatomy & histology/classification ; Humans ; Tool Use Behavior ; Tooth Wear
    Print ISSN: 0036-8075
    Electronic ISSN: 1095-9203
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  • 15
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    Paleoanthropology Society & American Assoc. of Physical Anthropologists. Snapshots from the meeting (2011)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2011-04-30
    Description: 〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Gibbons, Ann -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2011 Apr 29;332(6029):535. doi: 10.1126/science.332.6029.535.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21527694" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Animals ; Carpal Bones/anatomy & histology ; Femur/anatomy & histology ; *Fossils ; Hominidae/*anatomy & histology/classification
    Print ISSN: 0036-8075
    Electronic ISSN: 1095-9203
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  • 16
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    Paleoanthropology. Little Foot, big mystery (2011)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2011-09-10
    Description: 〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Balter, Michael -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2011 Sep 9;333(6048):1374. doi: 10.1126/science.333.6048.1374. Epub 2011 Sep 8.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21903790" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Animals ; Bone and Bones/anatomy & histology ; Foot Bones/anatomy & histology ; *Fossils ; Hand/anatomy & histology ; *Hominidae/anatomy & histology/classification/physiology ; Humans ; Skeleton ; Skull/anatomy & histology ; South Africa
    Print ISSN: 0036-8075
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    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Computer Science , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
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  • 17
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    Comment on "Calcareous nannoplankton response to surface-water acidification around Oceanic Anoxic Event 1a" (2011)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2011-04-09
    Description: Erba et al. (Reports, 23 July 2010, p. 428) attributed calcareous nannofossil morphology and assemblage changes across Cretaceous Oceanic Anoxic Event 1a to the effects of surface ocean acidification. We argue that the quality of carbonate preservation in these sequences, the unsupported assumptions of the biotic response to acidity, and the absence of independent proxy estimates for ocean pH or atmospheric pCO(2) render this conclusion questionable.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Gibbs, Samantha J -- Robinson, Stuart A -- Bown, Paul R -- Jones, Tom Dunkley -- Henderiks, Jorijntje -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2011 Apr 8;332(6026):175; author reply 175. doi: 10.1126/science.1199459.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉School of Ocean and Earth Sciences, National Oceanography Centre, Southampton, European Way, Southampton, SO14 3ZH, UK. sxg@noc.soton.ac.uk〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21474738" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Adaptation, Physiological ; Atmosphere ; *Calcification, Physiologic ; Calcium Carbonate/analysis/*chemistry ; Carbon Dioxide ; *Ecosystem ; *Fossils ; Geologic Sediments ; Hydrogen-Ion Concentration ; Oceans and Seas ; Oxygen ; *Plankton/cytology/physiology ; Seawater/*chemistry ; Time
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    Profile: Lee Berger. Paleoanthropologist now rides high on a new fossil tide (2011)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2011-09-10
    Description: 〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Balter, Michael -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2011 Sep 9;333(6048):1373-5. doi: 10.1126/science.333.6048.1373. Epub 2011 Sep 8.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21903789" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Animals ; *Fossils ; History, 20th Century ; History, 21st Century ; *Hominidae ; Humans ; Paleontology/history ; South Africa ; United States
    Print ISSN: 0036-8075
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    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Computer Science , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
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    Paleontology. Bad birthday news for first bird? (2011)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2011-07-30
    Description: 〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Balter, Michael -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2011 Jul 29;333(6042):511. doi: 10.1126/science.333.6042.511.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21798906" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Animals ; *Birds/anatomy & histology/classification ; China ; *Dinosaurs/classification ; *Fossils ; Germany
    Print ISSN: 0036-8075
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    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Computer Science , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
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    Was North Africa the launch pad for modern human migrations? (2011)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2011-01-08
    Description: 〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Balter, Michael -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2011 Jan 7;331(6013):20-3. doi: 10.1126/science.331.6013.20.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21212332" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Africa South of the Sahara ; Africa, Northern ; Anthropology ; *Biological Evolution ; *Emigration and Immigration ; *Fossils ; Humans ; Paleodontology ; Skull/anatomy & histology ; Time ; Tooth/anatomy & histology
    Print ISSN: 0036-8075
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    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Computer Science , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
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    A defense of the primitive cheetah skull (2011)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2011-03-10
    Description: 〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Mazak, Ji H -- Christiansen, Per -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2011 Mar 4;331(6021):1136-7; discussion 1137. doi: 10.1126/science.331.6021.1136-b.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21385697" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Acinonyx/*anatomy & histology ; Animals ; China ; *Fossils ; Skull/*anatomy & histology
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    Paleontology. What drives biodiversity changes? (2011)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2011-11-26
    Description: 〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Crampton, James -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2011 Nov 25;334(6059):1073-4. doi: 10.1126/science.1214829.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉GNS Science, Lower Hutt, New Zealand. j.crampton@gns.cri.nz〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22116873" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Animals ; *Aquatic Organisms ; *Biodiversity ; *Fossils ; *Geologic Sediments ; *Geological Phenomena ; *Seawater
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    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Computer Science , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
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    Calibrating the end-Permian mass extinction (2011)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2011-11-19
    Description: The end-Permian mass extinction was the most severe biodiversity crisis in Earth history. To better constrain the timing, and ultimately the causes of this event, we collected a suite of geochronologic, isotopic, and biostratigraphic data on several well-preserved sedimentary sections in South China. High-precision U-Pb dating reveals that the extinction peak occurred just before 252.28 +/- 0.08 million years ago, after a decline of 2 per mil ( per thousand) in delta(13)C over 90,000 years, and coincided with a delta(13)C excursion of -5 per thousand that is estimated to have lasted 〈/=20,000 years. The extinction interval was less than 200,000 years and synchronous in marine and terrestrial realms; associated charcoal-rich and soot-bearing layers indicate widespread wildfires on land. A massive release of thermogenic carbon dioxide and/or methane may have caused the catastrophic extinction.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Shen, Shu-zhong -- Crowley, James L -- Wang, Yue -- Bowring, Samuel A -- Erwin, Douglas H -- Sadler, Peter M -- Cao, Chang-qun -- Rothman, Daniel H -- Henderson, Charles M -- Ramezani, Jahandar -- Zhang, Hua -- Shen, Yanan -- Wang, Xiang-dong -- Wang, Wei -- Mu, Lin -- Li, Wen-zhong -- Tang, Yue-gang -- Liu, Xiao-lei -- Liu, Lu-jun -- Zeng, Yong -- Jiang, Yao-fa -- Jin, Yu-gan -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2011 Dec 9;334(6061):1367-72. doi: 10.1126/science.1213454. Epub 2011 Nov 17.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉State Key Laboratory of Palaeobiology and Stratigraphy, Nanjing Institute of Geology and Palaeontology, Nanjing 210008, China. szshen@nigpas.ac.cn〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22096103" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Animals ; *Biodiversity ; Carbon Dioxide ; Carbon Isotopes ; China ; *Ecosystem ; *Extinction, Biological ; Fires ; *Fossils ; Geologic Sediments ; Invertebrates/classification ; Isotopes ; Lead ; Mass Spectrometry ; Methane ; Oceans and Seas ; Plants/classification ; Radioisotope Dilution Technique ; Radiometric Dating ; Seawater/chemistry ; Time ; Uranium ; Vertebrates/classification
    Print ISSN: 0036-8075
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    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Computer Science , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
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    A partial pelvis of Australopithecus sediba (2011)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2011-09-10
    Description: The fossil record of the hominin pelvis reflects important evolutionary changes in locomotion and parturition. The partial pelves of two individuals of Australopithecus sediba were reconstructed from previously reported finds and new material. These remains share some features with australopiths, such as large biacetabular diameter, small sacral and coxal joints, and long pubic rami. The specimens also share derived features with Homo, including more vertically oriented and sigmoid-shaped iliac blades, greater robusticity of the iliac body, sinusoidal anterior iliac borders, shortened ischia, and more superiorly oriented pubic rami. These derived features appear in a species with a small adult brain size, suggesting that the birthing of larger-brained babies was not driving the evolution of the pelvis at this time.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Kibii, Job M -- Churchill, Steven E -- Schmid, Peter -- Carlson, Kristian J -- Reed, Nichelle D -- de Ruiter, Darryl J -- Berger, Lee R -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2011 Sep 9;333(6048):1407-11. doi: 10.1126/science.1202521. Epub 2011 Sep 8.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Institute for Human Evolution, University of the Witwatersrand, Private Bag 3, Wits 2050, South Africa.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21903805" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Animals ; Biological Evolution ; Biomechanical Phenomena ; Brain/anatomy & histology ; Female ; *Fossils ; Hominidae/*anatomy & histology/physiology ; Humans ; Ilium/anatomy & histology ; Ischium/anatomy & histology ; Locomotion ; Male ; Parturition ; Pelvic Bones/*anatomy & histology ; Pelvis/*anatomy & histology ; Pubic Bone/anatomy & histology ; Sacrum/anatomy & histology ; South Africa
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    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Computer Science , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
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    A diverse assemblage of Late Cretaceous dinosaur and bird feathers from Canadian amber (2011)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2011-09-17
    Description: The fossil record of early feathers has relied on carbonized compressions that lack fine structural detail. Specimens in amber are preserved in greater detail, but they are rare. Late Cretaceous coal-rich strata from western Canada provide the richest and most diverse Mesozoic feather assemblage yet reported from amber. The fossils include primitive structures closely matching the protofeathers of nonavian dinosaurs, offering new insights into their structure and function. Additional derived morphologies confirm that plumage specialized for flight and underwater diving had evolved in Late Cretaceous birds. Because amber preserves feather structure and pigmentation in unmatched detail, these fossils provide novel insights regarding feather evolution.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉McKellar, Ryan C -- Chatterton, Brian D E -- Wolfe, Alexander P -- Currie, Philip J -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2011 Sep 16;333(6049):1619-22. doi: 10.1126/science.1203344.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Department of Earth and Atmospheric Sciences, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta T6G 2E3, Canada. rcm1@ualberta.ca〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21921196" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Amber ; Animals ; *Biological Evolution ; Birds/*anatomy & histology ; Canada ; Dinosaurs/*anatomy & histology ; Feathers/*anatomy & histology ; *Fossils ; *Pigmentation
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    The role of ammonites in the Mesozoic marine food web revealed by jaw preservation (2011)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2011-01-08
    Description: Ammonites are prominent in macroevolutionary studies because of their abundance and diversity in the fossil record, but their paleobiology and position in the marine food web are not well understood due to the lack of preserved soft tissue. We present three-dimensional reconstructions of the buccal apparatus in the Mesozoic ammonite Baculites with the use of synchrotron x-ray microtomography. Buccal mass morphology, combined with the coexistence of food remains found in the buccal mass, suggests that these ammonites fed on plankton. This diet may have extended to all aptychophoran ammonites, which share the same buccal mass morphology. Understanding the role of these ammonites in the Mesozoic food web provides insights into their radiation in the Early Jurassic, as well as their extinction at the end of the Cretaceous/early Paleogene.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Kruta, Isabelle -- Landman, Neil -- Rouget, Isabelle -- Cecca, Fabrizio -- Tafforeau, Paul -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2011 Jan 7;331(6013):70-2. doi: 10.1126/science.1198793.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉UMR-CNRS 7207, Departement Histoire de la Terre, Museum National d'Histoire Naturelle, 47 rue Cuvier, 75231 Paris Cedex 05, France. kruta@mnhn.fr〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21212354" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Animals ; Biological Evolution ; Cephalopoda/*anatomy & histology/physiology ; Diet ; Digestive System ; Extinction, Biological ; Feeding Behavior ; *Food Chain ; *Fossils ; Gastropoda/anatomy & histology ; Isopoda/anatomy & histology ; Jaw/anatomy & histology ; Tooth/anatomy & histology ; X-Ray Microtomography ; *Zooplankton
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    Evolution. The mammal family tree (2011)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2011-10-29
    Description: 〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Helgen, Kristofer M -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2011 Oct 28;334(6055):458-9. doi: 10.1126/science.1214544.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Division of Mammals, National Museum of Natural History, Smithsonian Institution, MRC 108, P.O. Box 37012, Washington, DC 20013, USA. helgenk@si.edu〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22034419" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Animals ; *Extinction, Biological ; *Fossils ; *Mammals ; *Phylogeny
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    Ocean science. A faster water cycle (2011)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2011-04-23
    Description: 〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Bowen, Gabriel J -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2011 Apr 22;332(6028):430-1. doi: 10.1126/science.1205253.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Earth and Atmospheric Sciences, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN 47907, USA. gabe@purdue.edu〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21512025" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Animals ; Dental Enamel/chemistry ; Dugong ; *Fossils ; Geography ; Greenhouse Effect ; Oceans and Seas ; Oxygen Isotopes/*analysis ; Seawater/*chemistry ; Steam ; Trichechus ; Tropical Climate ; *Water Cycle
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    Australopithecus sediba hand demonstrates mosaic evolution of locomotor and manipulative abilities (2011)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2011-09-10
    Description: Hand bones from a single individual with a clear taxonomic affiliation are scarce in the hominin fossil record, which has hampered understanding the evolution of manipulative abilities in hominins. Here we describe and analyze a nearly complete wrist and hand of an adult female [Malapa Hominin 2 (MH2)] Australopithecus sediba from Malapa, South Africa (1.977 million years ago). The hand presents a suite of Australopithecus-like features, such as a strong flexor apparatus associated with arboreal locomotion, and Homo-like features, such as a long thumb and short fingers associated with precision gripping and possibly stone tool production. Comparisons to other fossil hominins suggest that there were at least two distinct hand morphotypes around the Plio-Pleistocene transition. The MH2 fossils suggest that Au. sediba may represent a basal condition associated with early stone tool use and production.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Kivell, Tracy L -- Kibii, Job M -- Churchill, Steven E -- Schmid, Peter -- Berger, Lee R -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2011 Sep 9;333(6048):1411-7. doi: 10.1126/science.1202625. Epub 2011 Sep 8.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Department of Human Evolution, Max Planck Institute for Evolutionary Anthropology, Deutscher Platz 6, Leipzig 04103, Germany.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21903806" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Animals ; *Biological Evolution ; Biomechanical Phenomena ; Carpal Bones/anatomy & histology ; Female ; Finger Phalanges/anatomy & histology ; *Fossils ; Hand/*anatomy & histology/physiology ; Hand Bones/*anatomy & histology ; Hominidae/*anatomy & histology/classification/physiology ; Humans ; Locomotion ; Metacarpal Bones/anatomy & histology ; Motor Activity ; South Africa ; Thumb/anatomy & histology ; Tool Use Behavior
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    Dietary change and evolution of horses in North America (2011)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2011-03-10
    Description: The evolution of high-crowned molars among horses (Family Equidae) is thought to be an adaptation for abrasive diets associated with the spread of grasslands. The sharpness and relief of the worn cusp apices of teeth (mesowear) are a measure of dietary abrasion. We collected mesowear data for North American Equidae for the past 55.5 million years to test the association of molar height and dietary abrasion. Mesowear trends in horses are reflective of global cooling and associated vegetation changes. There is a strong correlation between mesowear and crown height in horses; however, most horse paleopopulations had highly variable amounts of dietary abrasion, suggesting that selective pressures for crown height may have been weak much of the time. However, instances of higher abrasion were observed in some paleopopulations, suggesting intervals of stronger selection for the evolution of dentitions, including the early Miocene shortly before the first appearance of Equinae, the horse subfamily in which high-crowned dentitions evolved.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Mihlbachler, Matthew C -- Rivals, Florent -- Solounias, Nikos -- Semprebon, Gina M -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2011 Mar 4;331(6021):1178-81. doi: 10.1126/science.1196166.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Department of Anatomy, New York College of Osteopathic Medicine, Old Westbury, NY 11568, USA. mmihlbac@nyit.edu〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21385712" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Animals ; *Biological Evolution ; Climate ; *Dentition ; *Diet ; *Equidae/anatomy & histology/classification ; *Fossils ; Horses/anatomy & histology/classification ; Molar/*anatomy & histology ; North America ; Paleodontology ; Phylogeny ; Poaceae ; Tooth Crown/*anatomy & histology ; Tooth Wear
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    The Cambrian conundrum: early divergence and later ecological success in the early history of animals (2011)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2011-11-26
    Description: Diverse bilaterian clades emerged apparently within a few million years during the early Cambrian, and various environmental, developmental, and ecological causes have been proposed to explain this abrupt appearance. A compilation of the patterns of fossil and molecular diversification, comparative developmental data, and information on ecological feeding strategies indicate that the major animal clades diverged many tens of millions of years before their first appearance in the fossil record, demonstrating a macroevolutionary lag between the establishment of their developmental toolkits during the Cryogenian [(850 to 635 million years ago (Ma)], and the later ecological success of metazoans during the Ediacaran (635 to 541 Ma) and Cambrian (541 to 488 Ma) periods. We argue that this diversification involved new forms of developmental regulation, as well as innovations in networks of ecological interaction within the context of permissive environmental circumstances.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Erwin, Douglas H -- Laflamme, Marc -- Tweedt, Sarah M -- Sperling, Erik A -- Pisani, Davide -- Peterson, Kevin J -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2011 Nov 25;334(6059):1091-7. doi: 10.1126/science.1206375.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Department of Paleobiology, National Museum of Natural History, Washington, DC 20013-7012, USA. erwind@si.edu〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22116879" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Animals ; *Biological Evolution ; *Ecosystem ; Environment ; Evolution, Molecular ; Extinction, Biological ; *Fossils ; Gene Expression Regulation, Developmental ; Genes, Developmental ; *Genetic Speciation ; *Phylogeny ; Time
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    Dinosaur body temperatures determined from isotopic ((1)(3)C-(1)(8)O) ordering in fossil biominerals (2011)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2011-06-28
    Description: The nature of the physiology and thermal regulation of the nonavian dinosaurs is the subject of debate. Previously, arguments have been made for both endothermic and ectothermic metabolisms on the basis of differing methodologies. We used clumped isotope thermometry to determine body temperatures from the fossilized teeth of large Jurassic sauropods. Our data indicate body temperatures of 36 degrees to 38 degrees C, which are similar to those of most modern mammals. This temperature range is 4 degrees to 7 degrees C lower than predicted by a model that showed scaling of dinosaur body temperature with mass, which could indicate that sauropods had mechanisms to prevent excessively high body temperatures being reached because of their gigantic size.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Eagle, Robert A -- Tutken, Thomas -- Martin, Taylor S -- Tripati, Aradhna K -- Fricke, Henry C -- Connely, Melissa -- Cifelli, Richard L -- Eiler, John M -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2011 Jul 22;333(6041):443-5. doi: 10.1126/science.1206196. Epub 2011 Jun 23.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Division of Geological and Planetary Sciences, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA 91125, USA. rob.eagle@gmail.com〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21700837" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Animals ; Body Size ; *Body Temperature ; Body Temperature Regulation ; Carbon Isotopes/*analysis ; Carbonates/analysis ; Dental Enamel/*chemistry ; Dinosaurs/*physiology ; *Fossils ; Oxygen Isotopes/*analysis ; Phosphates/analysis ; Tanzania ; United States
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    Interplay between changing climate and species' ecology drives macroevolutionary dynamics (2011)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2011-04-16
    Description: Ecological change provokes speciation and extinction, but our knowledge of the interplay among the biotic and abiotic drivers of macroevolution remains limited. Using the unparalleled fossil record of Cenozoic macroperforate planktonic foraminifera, we demonstrate that macroevolutionary dynamics depend on the interaction between species' ecology and the changing climate. This interplay drives diversification but differs between speciation probability and extinction risk: Speciation was more strongly shaped by diversity dependence than by climate change, whereas the reverse was true for extinction. Crucially, no single ecology was optimal in all environments, and species with distinct ecologies had significantly different probabilities of speciation and extinction. The ensuing macroevolutionary dynamics depend fundamentally on the ecological structure of species' assemblages.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Ezard, Thomas H G -- Aze, Tracy -- Pearson, Paul N -- Purvis, Andy -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2011 Apr 15;332(6027):349-51. doi: 10.1126/science.1203060.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Division of Biology, Silwood Park Campus, Imperial College London, Ascot, Berkshire, SL5 7PY, UK. t.ezard@surrey.ac.uk〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21493859" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: *Biodiversity ; *Biological Evolution ; *Climate Change ; *Ecosystem ; Extinction, Biological ; *Foraminifera/cytology/genetics/physiology ; *Fossils ; *Genetic Speciation ; Phylogeny ; Plankton/cytology/genetics/physiology ; Time
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    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Computer Science , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
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    Paleontology. Terminal developments in Ediacaran embryology (2011)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2011-12-24
    Description: 〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Butterfield, N J -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2011 Dec 23;334(6063):1655-6. doi: 10.1126/science.1216125.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Department of Earth Sciences, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK. njb1005@esc.cam.ac.uk〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22194566" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Animals ; Cell Nucleus/*ultrastructure ; Eukaryota/*growth & development ; *Fossils
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    Recent synchronous radiation of a living fossil (2011)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
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    Publication Date: 2011-10-25
    Description: Modern survivors of previously more diverse lineages are regarded as living fossils, particularly when characterized by morphological stasis. Cycads are often cited as a classic example, reaching their greatest diversity during the Jurassic-Cretaceous (199.6 to 65.5 million years ago) then dwindling to their present diversity of ~300 species as flowering plants rose to dominance. Using fossil-calibrated molecular phylogenies, we show that cycads underwent a near synchronous global rediversification beginning in the late Miocene, followed by a slowdown toward the Recent. Although the cycad lineage is ancient, our timetrees indicate that living cycad species are not much older than ~12 million years. These data reject the hypothesized role of dinosaurs in generating extant diversity and the designation of today's cycad species as living fossils.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Nagalingum, N S -- Marshall, C R -- Quental, T B -- Rai, H S -- Little, D P -- Mathews, S -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2011 Nov 11;334(6057):796-9. doi: 10.1126/science.1209926. Epub 2011 Oct 20.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Arnold Arboretum of Harvard University, 22 Divinity Avenue, Cambridge, MA 02138, USA. nathalie.nagalingum@rbgsyd.nsw.gov.au〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22021670" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Bayes Theorem ; *Biological Evolution ; Climate Change ; *Cycadophyta/anatomy & histology/classification/genetics ; Extinction, Biological ; *Fossils ; Genes, Plant ; *Genetic Speciation ; Molecular Sequence Data ; Phylogeny
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    The response of vegetation on the Andean flank in western Amazonia to Pleistocene climate change (2011)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2011-02-26
    Description: A reconstruction of past environmental change from Ecuador reveals the response of lower montane forest on the Andean flank in western Amazonia to glacial-interglacial global climate change. Radiometric dating of volcanic ash indicates that deposition occurred ~324,000 to 193,000 years ago during parts of Marine Isotope Stages 9, 7, and 6. Fossil pollen and wood preserved within organic sediments suggest that the composition of the forest altered radically in response to glacial-interglacial climate change. The presence of Podocarpus macrofossils ~1000 meters below the lower limit of their modern distribution indicates a relative cooling of at least 5 degrees C during glacials and persistence of wet conditions. Interglacial deposits contain thermophilic palms suggesting warm and wet climates. Hence, global temperature change can radically alter vegetation communities and biodiversity in this region.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Cardenas, Macarena L -- Gosling, William D -- Sherlock, Sarah C -- Poole, Imogen -- Pennington, R Toby -- Mothes, Patricia -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2011 Feb 25;331(6020):1055-8. doi: 10.1126/science.1197947.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Department of Earth and Environmental Sciences, CEPSAR, The Open University, Walton Hall, Milton Keynes MK7 6AA, UK. m.l.cardenas@open.ac.uk〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21350174" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: *Altitude ; *Biodiversity ; *Climate Change ; *Ecosystem ; Ecuador ; Fires ; *Fossils ; Geologic Sediments ; *Plants ; Pollen ; *Trees ; Volcanic Eruptions
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    The foot and ankle of Australopithecus sediba (2011)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2011-09-10
    Description: A well-preserved and articulated partial foot and ankle of Australopithecus sediba, including an associated complete adult distal tibia, talus, and calcaneus, have been discovered at the Malapa site, South Africa, and reported in direct association with the female paratype Malapa Hominin 2. These fossils reveal a mosaic of primitive and derived features that are distinct from those seen in other hominins. The ankle (talocrural) joint is mostly humanlike in form and inferred function, and there is some evidence for a humanlike arch and Achilles tendon. However, Au. sediba is apelike in possessing a more gracile calcaneal body and a more robust medial malleolus than expected. These observations suggest, if present models of foot function are correct, that Au. sediba may have practiced a unique form of bipedalism and some degree of arboreality. Given the combination of features in the Au. sediba foot, as well as comparisons between Au. sediba and older hominins, homoplasy is implied in the acquisition of bipedal adaptations in the hominin foot.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Zipfel, Bernhard -- DeSilva, Jeremy M -- Kidd, Robert S -- Carlson, Kristian J -- Churchill, Steven E -- Berger, Lee R -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2011 Sep 9;333(6048):1417-20. doi: 10.1126/science.1202703. Epub 2011 Sep 8.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Institute for Human Evolution, University of the Witwatersrand, Post Office Wits, 2050 Wits, South Africa. bernhard.zipfel@wits.ac.za〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21903807" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Animals ; Ankle/*anatomy & histology/physiology ; Ankle Joint/anatomy & histology/physiology ; Biological Evolution ; Biomechanical Phenomena ; Calcaneus/anatomy & histology ; Female ; Foot/*anatomy & histology/physiology ; Foot Bones/*anatomy & histology ; Foot Joints/anatomy & histology/physiology ; *Fossils ; Hominidae/*anatomy & histology/physiology ; Humans ; Locomotion ; Male ; Metatarsal Bones/anatomy & histology ; South Africa ; Talus/anatomy & histology ; Tarsal Bones/*anatomy & histology ; Tibia/anatomy & histology
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    The endocast of MH1, Australopithecus sediba (2011)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
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    Publication Date: 2011-09-10
    Description: The virtual endocast of MH1 (Australopithecus sediba), obtained from high-quality synchrotron scanning, reveals generally australopith-like convolutional patterns on the frontal lobes but also some foreshadowing of features of the human frontal lobes, such as posterior repositioning of the olfactory bulbs. Principal component analysis of orbitofrontal dimensions on australopith endocasts (MH1, Sts 5, and Sts 60) indicates that among these, MH1 orbitofrontal shape and organization align most closely with human endocasts. These results are consistent with gradual neural reorganization of the orbitofrontal region in the transition from Australopithecus to Homo, but given the small volume of the MH1 endocast, they are not consistent with gradual brain enlargement before the transition.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Carlson, Kristian J -- Stout, Dietrich -- Jashashvili, Tea -- de Ruiter, Darryl J -- Tafforeau, Paul -- Carlson, Keely -- Berger, Lee R -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2011 Sep 9;333(6048):1402-7. doi: 10.1126/science.1203922. Epub 2011 Sep 8.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Institute for Human Evolution, University of the Witwatersrand, Palaeosciences Centre, Private Bag 3, Wits 2050, South Africa. kristian.carlson@wits.ac.za〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21903804" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Animals ; *Biological Evolution ; Brain/*anatomy & histology/growth & development ; *Fossils ; Frontal Lobe/*anatomy & histology/growth & development ; Hominidae/*anatomy & histology/growth & development ; Humans ; Imaging, Three-Dimensional ; Male ; Olfactory Bulb/anatomy & histology ; Organ Size ; Principal Component Analysis ; Skull/anatomy & histology/growth & development ; South Africa ; Synchrotrons ; Temporal Lobe/anatomy & histology ; Tomography, X-Ray Computed
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    Fossil evidence on origin of the mammalian brain (2011)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2011-05-21
    Description: Many hypotheses have been postulated regarding the early evolution of the mammalian brain. Here, x-ray tomography of the Early Jurassic mammaliaforms Morganucodon and Hadrocodium sheds light on this history. We found that relative brain size expanded to mammalian levels, with enlarged olfactory bulbs, neocortex, olfactory (pyriform) cortex, and cerebellum, in two evolutionary pulses. The initial pulse was probably driven by increased resolution in olfaction and improvements in tactile sensitivity (from body hair) and neuromuscular coordination. A second pulse of olfactory enhancement then enlarged the brain to mammalian levels. The origin of crown Mammalia saw a third pulse of olfactory enhancement, with ossified ethmoid turbinals supporting an expansive olfactory epithelium in the nasal cavity, allowing full expression of a huge odorant receptor genome.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Rowe, Timothy B -- Macrini, Thomas E -- Luo, Zhe-Xi -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2011 May 20;332(6032):955-7. doi: 10.1126/science.1203117.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Jackson School of Geosciences, University of Texas, C1100, Austin, TX 78712, USA. rowe@mail.utexas.edu〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21596988" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Animals ; *Biological Evolution ; Brain/*anatomy & histology ; *Fossils ; Hair ; Mammals/*anatomy & histology/classification/physiology ; Nasal Cavity/anatomy & histology ; Neocortex/anatomy & histology ; Olfactory Bulb/anatomy & histology ; Olfactory Mucosa/anatomy & histology ; Olfactory Pathways/anatomy & histology ; Olfactory Receptor Neurons ; Skull/anatomy & histology/*radiography ; Smell ; Tomography, X-Ray Computed ; Touch
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  • 40
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    Fossilized nuclei and germination structures identify Ediacaran "animal embryos" as encysting protists (2011)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2011-12-24
    Description: Globular fossils showing palintomic cell cleavage in the Ediacaran Doushantuo Formation, China, are widely regarded as embryos of early metazoans, although metazoan synapomorphies, tissue differentiation, and associated juveniles or adults are lacking. We demonstrate using synchrotron-based x-ray tomographic microscopy that the fossils have features incompatible with multicellular metazoan embryos. The developmental pattern is comparable with nonmetazoan holozoans, including germination stages that preclude postcleavage embryology characteristic of metazoans. We conclude that these fossils are neither animals nor embryos. They belong outside crown-group Metazoa, within total-group Holozoa (the sister clade to Fungi that includes Metazoa, Choanoflagellata, and Mesomycetozoea) or perhaps on even more distant branches in the eukaryote tree. They represent an evolutionary grade in which palintomic cleavage served the function of producing propagules for dispersion.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Huldtgren, Therese -- Cunningham, John A -- Yin, Chongyu -- Stampanoni, Marco -- Marone, Federica -- Donoghue, Philip C J -- Bengtson, Stefan -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2011 Dec 23;334(6063):1696-9. doi: 10.1126/science.1209537.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Department of Palaeozoology, Swedish Museum of Natural History, Stockholm, Sweden.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22194575" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Animals ; Biological Evolution ; Cell Division ; Cell Nucleus/*ultrastructure ; Cell Shape ; China ; Embryo, Nonmammalian ; Eukaryota/classification/cytology/*growth & development/ultrastructure ; *Fossils ; Imaging, Three-Dimensional ; Life Cycle Stages ; Mesomycetozoea/classification/cytology/growth & development ; Phylogeny ; Synchrotrons ; Tomography, X-Ray
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    Paleontology. Fossilized feathers (2011)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
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    Publication Date: 2011-09-17
    Description: 〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Norell, Mark A -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2011 Sep 16;333(6049):1590-1. doi: 10.1126/science.1212049.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Division of Paleontology, American Museum of Natural History, New York, NY 10024, USA. norell@amnh.org〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21921190" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Amber ; Animals ; Biological Evolution ; *Birds/anatomy & histology ; *Dinosaurs/anatomy & histology ; Extinction, Biological ; *Feathers/anatomy & histology/ultrastructure ; *Fossils ; Melanosomes/ultrastructure ; *Pigmentation ; Trace Elements
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    Paleontology. On dental occlusion and saber teeth (2011)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
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    Publication Date: 2011-03-26
    Description: 〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Frobisch, Jorg -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2011 Mar 25;331(6024):1525-8. doi: 10.1126/science.1204206.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Museum fur Naturkunde-Leibniz-Institut fur Evolutionsund Biodiversitatsforschung an der Humboldt-Universitat zu Berlin, Invalidenstrasse 43, Berlin, Germany. joerg.froebisch@mfn-berlin.de〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21436427" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Animals ; *Biological Evolution ; Brazil ; Cuspid/*anatomy & histology ; *Dental Occlusion ; *Dentition ; Feeding Behavior ; *Fossils ; Paleodontology ; Vertebrates/*anatomy & histology/classification/physiology
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    Paleontology. Is it time to declutter the dinosaur roster? (2011)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
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    Publication Date: 2011-05-14
    Description: 〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Margottini, Laura -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2011 May 13;332(6031):782. doi: 10.1126/science.332.6031.782.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21566171" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Animals ; Dinosaurs/anatomy & histology/*classification/growth & development ; *Fossils ; Terminology as Topic
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    Paleoanthropology. Who were the Denisovans? (2011)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-27
    Description: 〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Gibbons, Ann -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2011 Aug 26;333(6046):1084-7. doi: 10.1126/science.333.6046.1084.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21868646" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Animals ; *Biological Evolution ; Bone and Bones ; DNA/analysis/genetics ; DNA, Mitochondrial/*genetics ; Female ; *Fossils ; *Hominidae/classification/genetics ; Humans ; Molar/anatomy & histology ; Radiometric Dating ; Siberia ; Tool Use Behavior
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    Paleoanthropology Society & American Assoc. of Physical Anthropologists. A new ancestor for Homo? (2011)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
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    Publication Date: 2011-04-30
    Description: 〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Gibbons, Ann -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2011 Apr 29;332(6029):534. doi: 10.1126/science.332.6029.534-a.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21527693" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Animals ; *Biological Evolution ; Bone and Bones/anatomy & histology ; Brain/anatomy & histology ; *Fossils ; Hominidae/anatomy & histology/*classification
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  • 46
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    Paleoanthropology Society & American Assoc. of Physical Anthropologists. Ancient footprints tell tales of travel (2011)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2011-04-30
    Description: 〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Gibbons, Ann -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2011 Apr 29;332(6029):534-5. doi: 10.1126/science.332.6029.534-b.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21527692" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Female ; Foot/*anatomy & histology ; *Fossils ; History, Ancient ; Humans ; Male ; Radiometric Dating ; Tanzania ; Travel/history ; *Walking
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    A basal dinosaur from the dawn of the dinosaur era in southwestern Pangaea (2011)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2011-01-15
    Description: Upper Triassic rocks in northwestern Argentina preserve the most complete record of dinosaurs before their rise to dominance in the Early Jurassic. Here, we describe a previously unidentified basal theropod, reassess its contemporary Eoraptor as a basal sauropodomorph, divide the faunal record of the Ischigualasto Formation with biozones, and bracket the formation with (40)Ar/(39)Ar ages. Some 230 million years ago in the Late Triassic (mid Carnian), the earliest dinosaurs were the dominant terrestrial carnivores and small herbivores in southwestern Pangaea. The extinction of nondinosaurian herbivores is sequential and is not linked to an increase in dinosaurian diversity, which weakens the predominant scenario for dinosaurian ascendancy as opportunistic replacement.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Martinez, Ricardo N -- Sereno, Paul C -- Alcober, Oscar A -- Colombi, Carina E -- Renne, Paul R -- Montanez, Isabel P -- Currie, Brian S -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2011 Jan 14;331(6014):206-10. doi: 10.1126/science.1198467.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Instituto y Museo de Ciencias Naturales, Universidad Nacional de San Juan, San Juan 5400, Argentina.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21233386" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Animals ; Argentina ; Biological Evolution ; Bone and Bones/anatomy & histology ; Dinosaurs/*anatomy & histology/*classification ; Extinction, Biological ; Femur/anatomy & histology ; *Fossils ; Phylogeny ; Skull/anatomy & histology ; Spine/anatomy & histology
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    Complete fourth metatarsal and arches in the foot of Australopithecus afarensis (2011)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2011-02-12
    Description: The transition to full-time terrestrial bipedality is a hallmark of human evolution. A key correlate of human bipedalism is the development of longitudinal and transverse arches of the foot that provide a rigid propulsive lever and critical shock absorption during striding bipedal gait. Evidence for arches in the earliest well-known Australopithecus species, A. afarensis, has long been debated. A complete fourth metatarsal of A. afarensis was recently discovered at Hadar, Ethiopia. It exhibits torsion of the head relative to the base, a direct correlate of a transverse arch in humans. The orientation of the proximal and distal ends of the bone reflects a longitudinal arch. Further, the deep, flat base and tarsal facets imply that its midfoot had no ape-like midtarsal break. These features show that the A. afarensis foot was functionally like that of modern humans and support the hypothesis that this species was a committed terrestrial biped.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Ward, Carol V -- Kimbel, William H -- Johanson, Donald C -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2011 Feb 11;331(6018):750-3. doi: 10.1126/science.1201463.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Department of Pathology and Anatomical Sciences, M263 Medical Sciences Building, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO 65212, USA. wardcv@missouri.edu〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21311018" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Animals ; Biological Evolution ; Biomechanical Phenomena ; Ethiopia ; Foot/*anatomy & histology/physiology ; *Fossils ; Gait ; Hominidae/*anatomy & histology ; Humans ; Locomotion ; Metatarsal Bones/*anatomy & histology ; Tarsal Joints/anatomy & histology/physiology
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    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Computer Science , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
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    Comment on "Nocturnality in dinosaurs inferred from scleral ring and orbit morphology" (2011)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2011-12-24
    Description: Schmitz and Motani (Reports, 6 May 2011, p. 705) claimed to definitively reconstruct activity patterns of Mesozoic archosaurs using the anatomy of the orbit and scleral ring. However, we find serious flaws in the data, methods, and interpretations of this study. Accordingly, it is not yet possible to reconstruct the activity patterns of most fossil archosaurs with a high degree of confidence.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Hall, Margaret I -- Kirk, E Christopher -- Kamilar, Jason M -- Carrano, Matthew T -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2011 Dec 23;334(6063):1641; author reply 1641. doi: 10.1126/science.1208442.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Department of Physiology, Midwestern University, 19555 North 59th Avenue, Glendale, AZ 85308, USA.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22194558" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: *Activity Cycles ; Animals ; Dinosaurs/*anatomy & histology/*physiology ; *Fossils ; *Night Vision ; Orbit/*anatomy & histology ; *Sclera ; *Vision, Ocular
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    Comment on "The response of vegetation on the Andean flank in western Amazonia to Pleistocene climate change" (2011)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2011-10-01
    Description: Cardenas et al. (Reports, 25 February 2011, p. 1055) used the presence of Podocarpus pollen and wood to infer 〉/=5 degrees C cooling of Andean forests during Quaternary glacial periods. We show that (i) Podocarpus has a wide elevation range in the Neotropics, and (ii) edaphic factors cannot be discounted as a factor governing its distribution. Paleoecologists should therefore reevaluate Podocarpus as a cool-temperature proxy.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Punyasena, Surangi W -- Dalling, James W -- Jaramillo, Carlos -- Turner, Benjamin L -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2011 Sep 30;333(6051):1825; author reply 1825. doi: 10.1126/science.1207525.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Department of Plant Biology, University of Illinois, 505 South Goodwin Avenue, Urbana, IL 61801-3750, USA. punyasena@life.illinois.edu〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21960612" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: *Altitude ; *Biodiversity ; *Climate Change ; *Ecosystem ; *Fossils ; *Plants ; *Trees
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    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Computer Science , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
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    Trace metals as biomarkers for eumelanin pigment in the fossil record (2011)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2011-07-02
    Description: Well-preserved fossils of pivotal early bird and nonavian theropod species have provided unequivocal evidence for feathers and/or downlike integuments. Recent studies have reconstructed color on the basis of melanosome structure; however, the chemistry of these proposed melanosomes has remained unknown. We applied synchrotron x-ray techniques to several fossil and extant organisms, including Confuciusornis sanctus, in order to map and characterize possible chemical residues of melanin pigments. Results show that trace metals, such as copper, are present in fossils as organometallic compounds most likely derived from original eumelanin. The distribution of these compounds provides a long-lived biomarker of melanin presence and density within a range of fossilized organisms. Metal zoning patterns may be preserved long after melanosome structures have been destroyed.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Wogelius, R A -- Manning, P L -- Barden, H E -- Edwards, N P -- Webb, S M -- Sellers, W I -- Taylor, K G -- Larson, P L -- Dodson, P -- You, H -- Da-qing, L -- Bergmann, U -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2011 Sep 16;333(6049):1622-6. doi: 10.1126/science.1205748. Epub 2011 Jun 30.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉School of Earth, Atmospheric, and Environmental Sciences, University of Manchester, Manchester M13 9PL, UK. roy.wogelius@manchester.ac.uk〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21719643" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Animals ; Biomarkers/analysis ; *Birds ; Calcium/analysis ; Copper/*analysis ; Dinosaurs ; Extinction, Biological ; *Feathers/ultrastructure ; *Fossils ; Melanins/*analysis ; Melanosomes/*chemistry ; Microscopy, Electron, Scanning ; Organometallic Compounds/*analysis ; *Pigmentation ; Trace Elements/*analysis ; X-Ray Absorption Spectroscopy ; Zinc/analysis
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    Phanerozoic Earth system evolution and marine biodiversity (2011)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2011-11-26
    Description: The Phanerozoic fossil record of marine animal diversity covaries with the amount of marine sedimentary rock. The extent to which this covariation reflects a geologically controlled sampling bias remains unknown. We show that Phanerozoic records of seawater chemistry and continental flooding contain information on the diversity of marine animals that is independent of sedimentary rock quantity and sampling. Interrelationships among variables suggest long-term interactions among continental flooding, sulfur and carbon cycling, and macroevolution. Thus, mutual responses to interacting Earth systems, not sampling biases, explain much of the observed covariation between Phanerozoic patterns of sedimentation and fossil biodiversity. Linkages between biodiversity and environmental records likely reflect complex biotic responses to changing ocean redox conditions and long-term sea-level fluctuations driven by plate tectonics.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Hannisdal, Bjarte -- Peters, Shanan E -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2011 Nov 25;334(6059):1121-4. doi: 10.1126/science.1210695.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Department of Earth Science, Centre for Geobiology, University of Bergen, Allegaten 41, Bergen, Norway. bjarte.hannisdal@geo.uib.no〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22116884" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Animals ; *Aquatic Organisms ; *Biodiversity ; Canada ; Climate Change ; Ecosystem ; Environment ; Extinction, Biological ; *Fossils ; *Geologic Sediments ; *Geological Phenomena ; Information Theory ; Oxidation-Reduction ; *Seawater/chemistry ; Statistics, Nonparametric ; United States
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    Australopithecus sediba at 1.977 Ma and implications for the origins of the genus Homo (2011)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2011-09-10
    Description: Newly exposed cave sediments at the Malapa site include a flowstone layer capping the sedimentary unit containing the Australopithecus sediba fossils. Uranium-lead dating of the flowstone, combined with paleomagnetic and stratigraphic analysis of the flowstone and underlying sediments, provides a tightly constrained date of 1.977 +/- 0.002 million years ago (Ma) for these fossils. This refined dating suggests that Au. sediba from Malapa predates the earliest uncontested evidence for Homo in Africa.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Pickering, Robyn -- Dirks, Paul H G M -- Jinnah, Zubair -- de Ruiter, Darryl J -- Churchil, Steven E -- Herries, Andy I R -- Woodhead, Jon D -- Hellstrom, John C -- Berger, Lee R -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2011 Sep 9;333(6048):1421-3. doi: 10.1126/science.1203697. Epub 2011 Sep 8.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉School of Earth Sciences, University of Melbourne, Victoria, 3010, Australia. r.pickering@unimelb.edu.au〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21903808" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Animals ; *Fossils ; *Geologic Sediments ; Geology/methods ; *Hominidae/anatomy & histology/classification ; Magnetics ; Radiometric Dating ; South Africa ; Time ; Uranium
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    Impacts of the Cretaceous Terrestrial Revolution and KPg extinction on mammal diversification (2011)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2011-09-24
    Description: Previous analyses of relations, divergence times, and diversification patterns among extant mammalian families have relied on supertree methods and local molecular clocks. We constructed a molecular supermatrix for mammalian families and analyzed these data with likelihood-based methods and relaxed molecular clocks. Phylogenetic analyses resulted in a robust phylogeny with better resolution than phylogenies from supertree methods. Relaxed clock analyses support the long-fuse model of diversification and highlight the importance of including multiple fossil calibrations that are spread across the tree. Molecular time trees and diversification analyses suggest important roles for the Cretaceous Terrestrial Revolution and Cretaceous-Paleogene (KPg) mass extinction in opening up ecospace that promoted interordinal and intraordinal diversification, respectively. By contrast, diversification analyses provide no support for the hypothesis concerning the delayed rise of present-day mammals during the Eocene Period.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Meredith, Robert W -- Janecka, Jan E -- Gatesy, John -- Ryder, Oliver A -- Fisher, Colleen A -- Teeling, Emma C -- Goodbla, Alisha -- Eizirik, Eduardo -- Simao, Taiz L L -- Stadler, Tanja -- Rabosky, Daniel L -- Honeycutt, Rodney L -- Flynn, John J -- Ingram, Colleen M -- Steiner, Cynthia -- Williams, Tiffani L -- Robinson, Terence J -- Burk-Herrick, Angela -- Westerman, Michael -- Ayoub, Nadia A -- Springer, Mark S -- Murphy, William J -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2011 Oct 28;334(6055):521-4. doi: 10.1126/science.1211028. Epub 2011 Sep 22.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Department of Biology, University of California, Riverside, CA 92521, USA.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21940861" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Animals ; Biological Evolution ; Evolution, Molecular ; *Extinction, Biological ; *Fossils ; *Mammals/classification/genetics ; Molecular Sequence Data ; *Phylogeny
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    Out of Tibet: Pliocene woolly rhino suggests high-plateau origin of Ice Age megaherbivores (2011)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2011-09-03
    Description: Ice Age megafauna have long been known to be associated with global cooling during the Pleistocene, and their adaptations to cold environments, such as large body size, long hair, and snow-sweeping structures, are best exemplified by the woolly mammoths and woolly rhinos. These traits were assumed to have evolved as a response to the ice sheet expansion. We report a new Pliocene mammal assemblage from a high-altitude basin in the western Himalayas, including a primitive woolly rhino. These new Tibetan fossils suggest that some megaherbivores first evolved in Tibet before the beginning of the Ice Age. The cold winters in high Tibet served as a habituation ground for the megaherbivores, which became preadapted for the Ice Age, successfully expanding to the Eurasian mammoth steppe.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Deng, Tao -- Wang, Xiaoming -- Fortelius, Mikael -- Li, Qiang -- Wang, Yang -- Tseng, Zhijie J -- Takeuchi, Gary T -- Saylor, Joel E -- Saila, Laura K -- Xie, Guangpu -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2011 Sep 2;333(6047):1285-8. doi: 10.1126/science.1206594.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Key Laboratory of Evolutionary Systematics of Vertebrates, Institute of Vertebrate Paleontology and Paleoanthropology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100044, China.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21885780" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Acclimatization ; *Altitude ; Animals ; *Biological Evolution ; *Cold Climate ; *Fossils ; *Ice Cover ; Mammals/*anatomy & histology/classification ; Mandible/anatomy & histology ; Perissodactyla/*anatomy & histology/classification ; Phylogeny ; Seasons ; Skull/anatomy & histology ; Tibet ; Tooth/anatomy & histology
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    Profile: Dolores Piperno. In archaeobotanist's hands, tiny fossils yield big answers (2010)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2010-07-03
    Description: 〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Balter, Michael -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2010 Jul 2;329(5987):28-9. doi: 10.1126/science.329.5987.28.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20595594" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Agriculture/*history ; Americas ; Animals ; Archaeology/history ; Botany/history ; Diet ; *Fossils ; History, 20th Century ; History, 21st Century ; History, Ancient ; Hominidae ; Humans ; *Plants, Edible ; Radiometric Dating ; Starch/ultrastructure ; United States ; Zea mays
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    Paleontology. And then there were none? (2010)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2010-01-23
    Description: 〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Roberts, Richard G -- Brook, Barry W -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2010 Jan 22;327(5964):420-2. doi: 10.1126/science.1185517.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Centre for Archaeological Science, School of Earth and Environmental Sciences, University of Wollongong, Wollongong, NSW 2522, Australia. rgrob@uow.edu.au〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20093463" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Animals ; Birds ; Carnivora ; *Extinction, Biological ; *Fossils ; Lizards ; Marsupialia ; New South Wales ; Time
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    Geochemistry. Ocean chemistry and early animals (2010)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
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    Publication Date: 2010-04-03
    Description: 〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Narbonne, Guy M -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2010 Apr 2;328(5974):53-4. doi: 10.1126/science.1188688.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Department of Geological Sciences and Geological Engineering, Queen's University, Kingston, ON K7L 3N6, Canada. narbonne@geol.queensu.ca〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20360098" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Animals ; *Biological Evolution ; Carbon/analysis ; China ; Evolution, Chemical ; *Fossils ; Geologic Sediments/*chemistry ; Hydrogen Sulfide/analysis ; Iron/analysis ; Oceans and Seas ; Oxidation-Reduction ; Oxygen/analysis ; Seawater/*chemistry
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    Fossil evidence for evolution of the shape and color of penguin feathers (2010)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2010-10-12
    Description: Penguin feathers are highly modified in form and function, but there have been no fossils to inform their evolution. A giant penguin with feathers was recovered from the late Eocene (~36 million years ago) of Peru. The fossil reveals that key feathering features, including undifferentiated primary wing feathers and broad body contour feather shafts, evolved early in the penguin lineage. Analyses of fossilized color-imparting melanosomes reveal that their dimensions were similar to those of non-penguin avian taxa and that the feathering may have been predominantly gray and reddish-brown. In contrast, the dark black-brown color of extant penguin feathers is generated by large, ellipsoidal melanosomes previously unknown for birds. The nanostructure of penguin feathers was thus modified after earlier macrostructural modifications of feather shape linked to aquatic flight.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Clarke, Julia A -- Ksepka, Daniel T -- Salas-Gismondi, Rodolfo -- Altamirano, Ali J -- Shawkey, Matthew D -- D'Alba, Liliana -- Vinther, Jakob -- DeVries, Thomas J -- Baby, Patrice -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2010 Nov 12;330(6006):954-7. doi: 10.1126/science.1193604. Epub 2010 Sep 30.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Department of Geological Sciences, University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX 78712, USA. julia_clarke@jsg.utexas.edu〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20929737" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Animals ; *Biological Evolution ; Bone and Bones/anatomy & histology ; Feathers/*anatomy & histology/ultrastructure ; *Fossils ; Melanosomes/ultrastructure ; Microscopy, Electron, Scanning ; Peru ; Phylogeny ; *Pigmentation ; Spheniscidae/*anatomy & histology/classification ; Wings, Animal/anatomy & histology
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    A stratified redox model for the Ediacaran ocean (2010)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
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    Publication Date: 2010-02-13
    Description: The Ediacaran Period (635 to 542 million years ago) was a time of fundamental environmental and evolutionary change, culminating in the first appearance of macroscopic animals. Here, we present a detailed spatial and temporal record of Ediacaran ocean chemistry for the Doushantuo Formation in the Nanhua Basin, South China. We find evidence for a metastable zone of euxinic (anoxic and sulfidic) waters impinging on the continental shelf and sandwiched within ferruginous [Fe(II)-enriched] deep waters. A stratified ocean with coeval oxic, sulfidic, and ferruginous zones, favored by overall low oceanic sulfate concentrations, was maintained dynamically throughout the Ediacaran Period. Our model reconciles seemingly conflicting geochemical redox conditions proposed previously for Ediacaran deep oceans and helps to explain the patchy temporal record of early metazoan fossils.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Li, Chao -- Love, Gordon D -- Lyons, Timothy W -- Fike, David A -- Sessions, Alex L -- Chu, Xuelei -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2010 Apr 2;328(5974):80-3. doi: 10.1126/science.1182369. Epub 2010 Feb 11.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Department of Earth Sciences, University of California, Riverside, CA 92521, USA. chaoli@ucr.edu〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20150442" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Animals ; *Biological Evolution ; Carbonates/analysis ; China ; Ferrous Compounds/analysis ; *Fossils ; Geologic Sediments/*chemistry ; Hydrogen Sulfide ; Iron ; Oceans and Seas ; Oxidation-Reduction ; Oxygen/*analysis ; Seawater/*chemistry ; Sulfates/analysis
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    Comment on the paleobiology and classification of Ardipithecus ramidus (2010)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2010-05-29
    Description: White and colleagues (Research Articles, 2 October 2009, pp. 64-106 and www.sciencemag.org/ardipithecus) reported Ardipithecus ramidus as an exclusive member of the human lineage post-African ape divergence. However, their analysis of shared-derived characters provides insufficient evidence of an ancestor-descendant relationship and exclusivity to the hominid lineage. Molecular and anatomical studies rather suggest that Ar. ramidus predates the human/African ape divergence.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Sarmiento, Esteban E -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2010 May 28;328(5982):1105; author reply 1105. doi: 10.1126/science.1184148.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Human Evolution Foundation, East Brunswick, NJ 08816, USA. este444@yahoo.com〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20508113" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Animals ; *Biological Evolution ; Bone and Bones/anatomy & histology ; *Fossils ; Hominidae/*anatomy & histology/*classification/physiology ; Humans ; Locomotion ; Paleodontology ; Time
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    Paleontology. Marine biodiversity dynamics over deep time (2010)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2010-09-04
    Description: 〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Marshall, Charles R -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2010 Sep 3;329(5996):1156-7. doi: 10.1126/science.1194924.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Department of Integrative Biology, University of California Museum of Paleontology, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA. crmarshall@berkeley.edu〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20813942" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Animals ; *Biodiversity ; Data Interpretation, Statistical ; *Databases, Factual ; *Ecosystem ; Extinction, Biological ; *Fossils ; Geography ; *Invertebrates ; Marine Biology ; Oceans and Seas ; *Paleontology ; Population Dynamics ; Time
    Print ISSN: 0036-8075
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    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Computer Science , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
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    Archaeology. Archaeologists see big promise in going molecular (2010)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2010-10-12
    Description: 〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Travis, John -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2010 Oct 1;330(6000):28-9. doi: 10.1126/science.330.6000.28.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20929786" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Animals ; Archaeology/*methods ; Collagen/analysis/chemistry ; DNA/analysis ; *Fossils ; History, Ancient ; Pharmaceutical Preparations/chemistry/history ; Plants, Medicinal ; Proteomics ; RNA/analysis
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    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Computer Science , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
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    Paleoanthropology. Lucy's toolkit? Old bones may show earliest evidence of tool use (2010)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2010-08-14
    Description: 〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Gibbons, Ann -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2010 Aug 13;329(5993):738-9. doi: 10.1126/science.329.5993.738-a.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20705823" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Animals ; Biological Evolution ; *Bone and Bones ; Ethiopia ; *Fossils ; *Hominidae ; Time ; *Tool Use Behavior
    Print ISSN: 0036-8075
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    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Computer Science , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
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    A draft sequence of the Neandertal genome (2010)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2010-05-08
    Description: Neandertals, the closest evolutionary relatives of present-day humans, lived in large parts of Europe and western Asia before disappearing 30,000 years ago. We present a draft sequence of the Neandertal genome composed of more than 4 billion nucleotides from three individuals. Comparisons of the Neandertal genome to the genomes of five present-day humans from different parts of the world identify a number of genomic regions that may have been affected by positive selection in ancestral modern humans, including genes involved in metabolism and in cognitive and skeletal development. We show that Neandertals shared more genetic variants with present-day humans in Eurasia than with present-day humans in sub-Saharan Africa, suggesting that gene flow from Neandertals into the ancestors of non-Africans occurred before the divergence of Eurasian groups from each other.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Green, Richard E -- Krause, Johannes -- Briggs, Adrian W -- Maricic, Tomislav -- Stenzel, Udo -- Kircher, Martin -- Patterson, Nick -- Li, Heng -- Zhai, Weiwei -- Fritz, Markus Hsi-Yang -- Hansen, Nancy F -- Durand, Eric Y -- Malaspinas, Anna-Sapfo -- Jensen, Jeffrey D -- Marques-Bonet, Tomas -- Alkan, Can -- Prufer, Kay -- Meyer, Matthias -- Burbano, Hernan A -- Good, Jeffrey M -- Schultz, Rigo -- Aximu-Petri, Ayinuer -- Butthof, Anne -- Hober, Barbara -- Hoffner, Barbara -- Siegemund, Madlen -- Weihmann, Antje -- Nusbaum, Chad -- Lander, Eric S -- Russ, Carsten -- Novod, Nathaniel -- Affourtit, Jason -- Egholm, Michael -- Verna, Christine -- Rudan, Pavao -- Brajkovic, Dejana -- Kucan, Zeljko -- Gusic, Ivan -- Doronichev, Vladimir B -- Golovanova, Liubov V -- Lalueza-Fox, Carles -- de la Rasilla, Marco -- Fortea, Javier -- Rosas, Antonio -- Schmitz, Ralf W -- Johnson, Philip L F -- Eichler, Evan E -- Falush, Daniel -- Birney, Ewan -- Mullikin, James C -- Slatkin, Montgomery -- Nielsen, Rasmus -- Kelso, Janet -- Lachmann, Michael -- Reich, David -- Paabo, Svante -- GM40282/GM/NIGMS NIH HHS/ -- Howard Hughes Medical Institute/ -- Intramural NIH HHS/ -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2010 May 7;328(5979):710-22. doi: 10.1126/science.1188021.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Department of Evolutionary Genetics, Max-Planck Institute for Evolutionary Anthropology, D-04103 Leipzig, Germany. green@eva.mpg.de〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20448178" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: African Continental Ancestry Group/genetics ; Animals ; Asian Continental Ancestry Group/genetics ; Base Sequence ; Bone and Bones ; DNA, Mitochondrial/genetics ; European Continental Ancestry Group/genetics ; Evolution, Molecular ; Extinction, Biological ; Female ; *Fossils ; Gene Dosage ; Gene Flow ; Genetic Variation ; *Genome ; *Genome, Human ; Haplotypes ; Hominidae/*genetics ; Humans ; Pan troglodytes/genetics ; Polymorphism, Single Nucleotide ; Selection, Genetic ; Sequence Alignment ; *Sequence Analysis, DNA ; Time
    Print ISSN: 0036-8075
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    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Computer Science , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
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    Comment on "Narrow primary feather rachises in Confuciusornis and Archaeopteryx suggest poor flight ability" (2010)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2010-10-16
    Description: Nudds and Dyke (Reports, 14 May 2010, p. 887) reported that the primary features of the early birds Archaeopteryx and Confuciusornis were too weak to power flight. This conclusion is not supported because the authors overestimated the mass of the subjects and understated the strength of the primary shafts in at least one example. The total biology of the birds indicates that they could achieve flapping flight.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Paul, Gregory S -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2010 Oct 15;330(6002):320; author reply 320. doi: 10.1126/science.1192963.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉GSP1954@aol.com〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20947747" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Animals ; Biomechanical Phenomena ; Birds/*anatomy & histology/*physiology ; Body Weight ; Feathers/*anatomy & histology ; *Flight, Animal ; *Fossils ; Wings, Animal/*anatomy & histology/physiology
    Print ISSN: 0036-8075
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    Reefs as cradles of evolution and sources of biodiversity in the Phanerozoic (2010)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2010-01-09
    Description: Large-scale biodiversity gradients among environments and habitats are usually attributed to a complex array of ecological and evolutionary factors. We tested the evolutionary component of such gradients by compiling the environments of the geologically oldest occurrences of marine genera and using sampling standardization to assess if originations tended to be clustered in particular environments. Shallow, tropical environments and carbonate substrates all tend to have harbored high origination rates. Diversity within these environments tended to be preferentially generated in reefs, probably because of their habitat complexity. Reefs were also prolific at exporting diversity to other environments, which might be a consequence of low-diversity habitats being more susceptible to invasions.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Kiessling, Wolfgang -- Simpson, Carl -- Foote, Michael -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2010 Jan 8;327(5962):196-8. doi: 10.1126/science.1182241.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Museum fur Naturkunde, Leibniz Institute for Research on Evolution and Biodiversity at the Humboldt University Berlin, 10115 Berlin, Germany. wolfgang.kiessling@mfn-berlin.de〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20056888" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Animals ; *Anthozoa ; *Biodiversity ; *Biological Evolution ; Calcium Carbonate ; *Ecosystem ; Environment ; Fishes ; *Fossils ; Geography ; *Invertebrates/classification
    Print ISSN: 0036-8075
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    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Computer Science , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
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    Comment on "Climate, critters, and cetaceans: Cenozoic drivers of the evolution of modern whales" (2010)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2010-10-12
    Description: Marx and Uhen (Reports, 19 February 2010, p. 993) suggested that correlated diversity changes in the fossil record of whales and diatoms reflects secular evolutionary signals of underlying ecological drivers. We question the meaning of this association and outline avenues for more complete testing of correlations between productivity and marine consumers through geologic time.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Pyenson, Nicholas D -- Irmis, Randall B -- Lipps, Jere H -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2010 Oct 8;330(6001):178; author reply 178. doi: 10.1126/science.1189866.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Department of Zoology, 6270 University Boulevard, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC V6T 1Z4, Canada. pyensonn@si.edu〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20929760" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Animals ; Biodiversity ; *Biological Evolution ; Climate ; *Diatoms ; *Ecosystem ; Food Chain ; *Fossils ; Geologic Sediments ; Oceans and Seas ; *Whales
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    Paleontology. Excavation yields tantalizing hints of earliest marine reptiles (2010)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2010-11-27
    Description: 〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Stone, Richard -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2010 Nov 26;330(6008):1164-5. doi: 10.1126/science.330.6008.1164-b.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21109639" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Animals ; *Aquatic Organisms/physiology ; China ; Extinction, Biological ; *Fossils ; Oceans and Seas ; *Reptiles/anatomy & histology/physiology
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    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Computer Science , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
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    The shifting balance of diversity among major marine animal groups (2010)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
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    Publication Date: 2010-09-04
    Description: The fossil record demonstrates that each major taxonomic group has a consistent net rate of diversification and a limit to its species richness. It has been thought that long-term changes in the dominance of major taxonomic groups can be predicted from these characteristics. However, new analyses show that diversity limits may rise or fall in response to adaptive radiations or extinctions. These changes are idiosyncratic and occur at different times in each taxa. For example, the end-Permian mass extinction permanently reduced the diversity of important, previously dominant groups such as brachiopods and crinoids. The current global crisis may therefore permanently alter the biosphere's taxonomic composition by changing the rules of evolution.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Alroy, J -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2010 Sep 3;329(5996):1191-4. doi: 10.1126/science.1189910.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Paleobiology Database, University of California, 735 State Street, Santa Barbara, CA 93101, USA.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20813951" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Adaptation, Biological ; Animals ; Anthozoa ; *Biodiversity ; Biological Evolution ; Data Interpretation, Statistical ; *Databases, Factual ; Extinction, Biological ; *Fossils ; *Invertebrates ; Marine Biology ; Models, Biological ; *Mollusca ; Oceans and Seas ; Paleontology ; Population Dynamics ; Statistics as Topic ; Time
    Print ISSN: 0036-8075
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    A basal alvarezsauroid theropod from the early Late Jurassic of Xinjiang, China (2010)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2010-01-30
    Description: The fossil record of Jurassic theropod dinosaurs closely related to birds remains poor. A new theropod from the earliest Late Jurassic of western China represents the earliest diverging member of the enigmatic theropod group Alvarezsauroidea and confirms that this group is a basal member of Maniraptora, the clade containing birds and their closest theropod relatives. It extends the fossil record of Alvarezsauroidea by 63 million years and provides evidence for maniraptorans earlier in the fossil record than Archaeopteryx. The new taxon confirms extreme morphological convergence between birds and derived alvarezsauroids and illuminates incipient stages of the highly modified alvarezsaurid forelimb.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Choiniere, Jonah N -- Xu, Xing -- Clark, James M -- Forster, Catherine A -- Guo, Yu -- Han, Fenglu -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2010 Jan 29;327(5965):571-4. doi: 10.1126/science.1182143.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Department of Biological Sciences, The George Washington University, Washington, DC 20052, USA. jonah.choiniere@gmail.com〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20110503" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Animals ; Biological Evolution ; Birds/classification ; Bone and Bones/anatomy & histology ; Bones of Upper Extremity/anatomy & histology ; China ; *Dinosaurs/anatomy & histology/classification ; Forelimb/anatomy & histology ; *Fossils ; Phylogeny ; Skeleton ; Skull/anatomy & histology ; Spine/anatomy & histology ; Tooth/anatomy & histology
    Print ISSN: 0036-8075
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    Plumage color patterns of an extinct dinosaur (2010)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2010-02-06
    Description: For as long as dinosaurs have been known to exist, there has been speculation about their appearance. Fossil feathers can preserve the morphology of color-imparting melanosomes, which allow color patterns in feathered dinosaurs to be reconstructed. Here, we have mapped feather color patterns in a Late Jurassic basal paravian theropod dinosaur. Quantitative comparisons with melanosome shape and density in extant feathers indicate that the body was gray and dark and the face had rufous speckles. The crown was rufous, and the long limb feathers were white with distal black spangles. The evolution of melanin-based within-feather pigmentation patterns may coincide with that of elongate pennaceous feathers in the common ancestor of Maniraptora, before active powered flight. Feathers may thus have played a role in sexual selection or other communication.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Li, Quanguo -- Gao, Ke-Qin -- Vinther, Jakob -- Shawkey, Matthew D -- Clarke, Julia A -- D'Alba, Liliana -- Meng, Qingjin -- Briggs, Derek E G -- Prum, Richard O -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2010 Mar 12;327(5971):1369-72. doi: 10.1126/science.1186290. Epub 2010 Feb 4.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Beijing Museum of Natural History, 126 Tianqiao South Street, Beijing 100050, People's Republic of China.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20133521" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Animal Communication ; Animals ; Behavior, Animal ; Birds/anatomy & histology ; Dinosaurs/*anatomy & histology ; Discriminant Analysis ; Feathers/*anatomy & histology/ultrastructure ; *Fossils ; Melanosomes/ultrastructure ; Phylogeny ; *Pigmentation
    Print ISSN: 0036-8075
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    Paleoanthropology. Candidate human ancestor from South Africa sparks praise and debate (2010)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2010-04-10
    Description: 〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Balter, Michael -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2010 Apr 9;328(5975):154-5. doi: 10.1126/science.328.5975.154.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20378782" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Animals ; Biological Evolution ; Bone and Bones/anatomy & histology ; Female ; *Fossils ; Hominidae/anatomy & histology/*classification ; Humans ; Male ; Radiometric Dating ; Skull/anatomy & histology ; South Africa
    Print ISSN: 0036-8075
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    Botany. The rise of sunflowers (2010)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2010-10-12
    Description: 〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Stuessy, Tod -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2010 Sep 24;329(5999):1605-6. doi: 10.1126/science.1195336.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Department of Systematic and Evolutionary Botany, Biodiversity Center, University of Vienna, Rennweg 14, A-1030 Vienna, Austria. tod.stuessy@univie.ac.at〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20929832" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: *Asteraceae/anatomy & histology/classification ; *Biological Evolution ; Flowers/anatomy & histology ; *Fossils ; *Helianthus/anatomy & histology/classification/genetics ; Phylogeny ; South America
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    Comment on "Narrow primary feather rachises in Confuciusornis and Archaeopteryx suggest poor flight ability" (2010)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2010-10-16
    Description: Nudds and Dyke (Reports, 14 May 2010, p. 887) compared the rachis diameters of the primary feathers of Archaeopteryx and Confuciusornis to those of modern birds and found that the primary feathers of these two basal birds were too weak to support sustained flight. Our measurements of Confuciusornis specimens suggest that their conclusions need to be further evaluated.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Zheng, Xiaoting -- Xu, Xing -- Zhou, Zhonghe -- Miao, Desui -- Zhang, Fucheng -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2010 Oct 15;330(6002):320; author reply 320. doi: 10.1126/science.1193223.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Shandong Tianyu Museum of Nature, Pingyi, Shandong 273300, China.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20947746" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Animals ; Biomechanical Phenomena ; Birds/*anatomy & histology/*physiology ; Feathers/*anatomy & histology ; *Flight, Animal ; *Fossils ; Wings, Animal/*anatomy & histology/physiology
    Print ISSN: 0036-8075
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    Eocene Patagonia fossils of the daisy family (2010)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2010-10-12
    Description: Fossil capitula and pollen grains of Asteraceae from the Eocene of Patagonia, southern Argentina, exhibit morphological features recognized today in taxa, such as Mutisioideae and Carduoideae, that are phylogenetically close to the root of the asteracean tree. This fossil supports the hypothesis of a South American origin of Asteraceae and an Eocene age of divergence and suggests that an ancestral stock of Asteraceae may have formed part of a geoflora developed in southern Gondwana before the establishment of effective dispersal barriers within this landmass.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Barreda, V D -- Palazzesi, L -- Telleria, M C -- Katinas, L -- Crisci, J V -- Bremer, K -- Passalia, M G -- Corsolini, R -- Rodriguez Brizuela, R -- Bechis, F -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2010 Sep 24;329(5999):1621. doi: 10.1126/science.1193108.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Seccion Paleopalinologia, Division Paleobotanica, Museo Argentino de Ciencias Naturales Bernardino Rivadavia, Avenida Angel Gallardo 470, C1405DJR Buenos Aires, Argentina. vbarreda@macn.gov.ar〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20929840" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Argentina ; *Asteraceae/anatomy & histology/classification/genetics ; *Biological Evolution ; Climate ; Flowers/*anatomy & histology ; *Fossils ; Phylogeny ; Pollen ; South America
    Print ISSN: 0036-8075
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    Australopithecus sediba: a new species of Homo-like australopith from South Africa (2010)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2010-04-10
    Description: Despite a rich African Plio-Pleistocene hominin fossil record, the ancestry of Homo and its relation to earlier australopithecines remain unresolved. Here we report on two partial skeletons with an age of 1.95 to 1.78 million years. The fossils were encased in cave deposits at the Malapa site in South Africa. The skeletons were found close together and are directly associated with craniodental remains. Together they represent a new species of Australopithecus that is probably descended from Australopithecus africanus. Combined craniodental and postcranial evidence demonstrates that this new species shares more derived features with early Homo than any other australopith species and thus might help reveal the ancestor of that genus.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Berger, Lee R -- de Ruiter, Darryl J -- Churchill, Steven E -- Schmid, Peter -- Carlson, Kristian J -- Dirks, Paul H G M -- Kibii, Job M -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2010 Apr 9;328(5975):195-204. doi: 10.1126/science.1184944.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Institute for Human Evolution, University of the Witwatersrand, Private Bag 3, Wits 2050, South Africa. profleeberger@yahoo.com〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20378811" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Animals ; Biological Evolution ; Body Size ; Bone and Bones/anatomy & histology ; Dentition ; Female ; *Fossils ; Hominidae/anatomy & histology/*classification ; Male ; Mandible/anatomy & histology ; Skeleton ; Skull/anatomy & histology ; South Africa
    Print ISSN: 0036-8075
    Electronic ISSN: 1095-9203
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Computer Science , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
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    Regulation of body temperature by some Mesozoic marine reptiles (2010)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2010-06-12
    Description: What the body temperature and thermoregulation processes of extinct vertebrates were are central questions for understanding their ecology and evolution. The thermophysiologic status of the great marine reptiles is still unknown, even though some studies have suggested that thermoregulation may have contributed to their exceptional evolutionary success as apex predators of Mesozoic aquatic ecosystems. We tested the thermal status of ichthyosaurs, plesiosaurs, and mosasaurs by comparing the oxygen isotope compositions of their tooth phosphate to those of coexisting fish. Data distribution reveals that these large marine reptiles were able to maintain a constant and high body temperature in oceanic environments ranging from tropical to cold temperate. Their estimated body temperatures, in the range from 35 degrees +/- 2 degrees C to 39 degrees +/- 2 degrees C, suggest high metabolic rates required for predation and fast swimming over large distances offshore.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Bernard, Aurelien -- Lecuyer, Christophe -- Vincent, Peggy -- Amiot, Romain -- Bardet, Nathalie -- Buffetaut, Eric -- Cuny, Gilles -- Fourel, Francois -- Martineau, Francois -- Mazin, Jean-Michel -- Prieur, Abel -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2010 Jun 11;328(5984):1379-82. doi: 10.1126/science.1187443.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉CNRS UMR 5125, Paleoenvironnements et Paleobiosphere, Universite Lyon 1, Lyon, 2 Rue Raphael Dubois, 69622 Villeurbanne Cedex, France.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20538946" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Adaptation, Physiological ; Animals ; Biological Evolution ; Body Temperature ; *Body Temperature Regulation ; Extinction, Biological ; Fishes ; *Fossils ; Geologic Sediments ; Oceans and Seas ; Oxygen Isotopes/analysis ; Paleodontology ; Phosphates/chemistry ; Predatory Behavior ; Reptiles/anatomy & histology/*physiology ; Seawater ; Swimming ; Temperature ; Tooth/chemistry
    Print ISSN: 0036-8075
    Electronic ISSN: 1095-9203
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Computer Science , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
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    The Chicxulub asteroid impact and mass extinction at the Cretaceous-Paleogene boundary (2010)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2010-03-06
    Description: The Cretaceous-Paleogene boundary approximately 65.5 million years ago marks one of the three largest mass extinctions in the past 500 million years. The extinction event coincided with a large asteroid impact at Chicxulub, Mexico, and occurred within the time of Deccan flood basalt volcanism in India. Here, we synthesize records of the global stratigraphy across this boundary to assess the proposed causes of the mass extinction. Notably, a single ejecta-rich deposit compositionally linked to the Chicxulub impact is globally distributed at the Cretaceous-Paleogene boundary. The temporal match between the ejecta layer and the onset of the extinctions and the agreement of ecological patterns in the fossil record with modeled environmental perturbations (for example, darkness and cooling) lead us to conclude that the Chicxulub impact triggered the mass extinction.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Schulte, Peter -- Alegret, Laia -- Arenillas, Ignacio -- Arz, Jose A -- Barton, Penny J -- Bown, Paul R -- Bralower, Timothy J -- Christeson, Gail L -- Claeys, Philippe -- Cockell, Charles S -- Collins, Gareth S -- Deutsch, Alexander -- Goldin, Tamara J -- Goto, Kazuhisa -- Grajales-Nishimura, Jose M -- Grieve, Richard A F -- Gulick, Sean P S -- Johnson, Kirk R -- Kiessling, Wolfgang -- Koeberl, Christian -- Kring, David A -- MacLeod, Kenneth G -- Matsui, Takafumi -- Melosh, Jay -- Montanari, Alessandro -- Morgan, Joanna V -- Neal, Clive R -- Nichols, Douglas J -- Norris, Richard D -- Pierazzo, Elisabetta -- Ravizza, Greg -- Rebolledo-Vieyra, Mario -- Reimold, Wolf Uwe -- Robin, Eric -- Salge, Tobias -- Speijer, Robert P -- Sweet, Arthur R -- Urrutia-Fucugauchi, Jaime -- Vajda, Vivi -- Whalen, Michael T -- Willumsen, Pi S -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2010 Mar 5;327(5970):1214-8. doi: 10.1126/science.1177265.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉GeoZentrum Nordbayern, Universitat Erlangen-Nurnberg, Schlossgarten 5, D-91054 Erlangen, Germany. schulte@geol.uni-erlangen.de〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20203042" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Animals ; *Extinction, Biological ; *Fossils ; Geologic Sediments ; Mexico ; *Minor Planets
    Print ISSN: 0036-8075
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    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Computer Science , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
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  • 80
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    Narrow primary feather rachises in Confuciusornis and Archaeopteryx suggest poor flight ability (2010)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2010-05-15
    Description: The fossil birds Archaeopteryx and Confuciusornis had feathered wings resembling those of living birds, but their flight capabilities remain uncertain. Analysis of the rachises of their primary feathers shows that the rachises were much thinner and weaker than those of modern birds, and thus the birds were not capable of flight. Only if the primary feather rachises were solid in cross-section (the strongest structural configuration), and not hollow as in living birds, would flight have been possible. Hence, if Archaeopteryx and Confuciusornis were flapping flyers, they must have had a feather structure that was fundamentally different from that of living birds. Alternatively, if they were only gliders, then the flapping wing stroke must have appeared after the divergence of Confuciusornis, likely within the enantiornithine or ornithurine radiations.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Nudds, Robert L -- Dyke, Gareth J -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2010 May 14;328(5980):887-9. doi: 10.1126/science.1188895.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Faculty of Life Sciences, University of Manchester, Manchester M13 9PT, UK. robert.nudds@manchester.ac.uk〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20466930" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Animals ; Biomechanical Phenomena ; Birds/*anatomy & histology/*physiology ; Feathers/*anatomy & histology ; *Flight, Animal ; *Fossils ; Wings, Animal/*anatomy & histology/physiology
    Print ISSN: 0036-8075
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    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Computer Science , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
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  • 81
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    Paleoanthropology. Neandertal brain growth shows a head start for moderns (2010)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2010-11-13
    Description: 〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Gibbons, Ann -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2010 Nov 12;330(6006):900-1. doi: 10.1126/science.330.6006.900-a.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21071640" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Aging ; Animals ; Brain/anatomy & histology/*growth & development/physiology/radiography ; Computer Simulation ; *Fossils ; Hominidae/anatomy & histology/*growth & development ; Humans ; Imaging, Three-Dimensional ; Pan troglodytes/anatomy & histology/growth & development ; Skull/*anatomy & histology/growth & development ; Tomography, X-Ray Computed
    Print ISSN: 0036-8075
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    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Computer Science , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
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    Society of Vertebrate Paleontology. When rodents marched into Paris (2010)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2010-10-30
    Description: 〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Gibbons, Ann -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2010 Oct 29;330(6004):583. doi: 10.1126/science.330.6004.583-b.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21030626" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Animal Migration ; Animals ; Asia ; Carnivora ; Europe ; *Fossils ; Incisor ; Jaw ; Paris ; Population Dynamics ; *Rodentia
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    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Computer Science , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
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  • 83
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    Paleogenetics. Close encounters of the prehistoric kind (2010)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2010-05-08
    Description: 〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Gibbons, Ann -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2010 May 7;328(5979):680-4. doi: 10.1126/science.328.5979.680.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20448163" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: African Continental Ancestry Group/genetics ; Animals ; Asian Continental Ancestry Group/genetics ; European Continental Ancestry Group/genetics ; Extinction, Biological ; Female ; *Fossils ; Gene Flow ; *Genome ; *Genome, Human ; Hominidae/anatomy & histology/*genetics/physiology ; Humans ; Mutation ; Pan troglodytes/genetics ; Polymorphism, Single Nucleotide ; *Sequence Analysis, DNA
    Print ISSN: 0036-8075
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    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Computer Science , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
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  • 84
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    Climate, critters, and cetaceans: Cenozoic drivers of the evolution of modern whales (2010)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2010-02-20
    Description: Modern cetaceans, a poster child of evolution, play an important role in the ocean ecosystem as apex predators and nutrient distributors, as well as evolutionary "stepping stones" for the deep sea biota. Recent discussions on the impact of climate change and marine exploitation on current cetacean populations may benefit from insights into what factors have influenced cetacean diversity in the past. Previous studies suggested that the rise of diatoms as dominant marine primary producers and global temperature change were key factors in the evolution of modern whales. Based on a comprehensive diversity data set, we show that much of observed cetacean paleodiversity can indeed be explained by diatom diversity in conjunction with variations in climate as indicated by oxygen stable isotope records (delta18O).〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Marx, Felix G -- Uhen, Mark D -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2010 Feb 19;327(5968):993-6. doi: 10.1126/science.1185581.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Department of Geology, University of Otago, 360 Leith Walk, Post Office Box 56, Dunedin, Otago 9016, New Zealand. f.g.marx@bristol.ac.uk〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20167785" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Animals ; Biodiversity ; *Biological Evolution ; *Cetacea/classification/physiology ; *Climate Change ; *Diatoms ; *Ecosystem ; Feeding Behavior ; Food Chain ; *Fossils ; Geologic Sediments ; Oceans and Seas ; Seawater ; Temperature ; *Whales/classification/physiology
    Print ISSN: 0036-8075
    Electronic ISSN: 1095-9203
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Computer Science , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
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  • 85
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    Geological setting and age of Australopithecus sediba from southern Africa (2010)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2010-04-10
    Description: We describe the geological, geochronological, geomorphological, and faunal context of the Malapa site and the fossils of Australopithecus sediba. The hominins occur with a macrofauna assemblage that existed in Africa between 2.36 and 1.50 million years ago (Ma). The fossils are encased in water-laid, clastic sediments that were deposited along the lower parts of what is now a deeply eroded cave system, immediately above a flowstone layer with a U-Pb date of 2.026 +/- 0.021 Ma. The flowstone has a reversed paleomagnetic signature and the overlying hominin-bearing sediments are of normal polarity, indicating deposition during the 1.95- to 1.78-Ma Olduvai Subchron. The two hominin specimens were buried together in a single debris flow that lithified soon after deposition in a phreatic environment inaccessible to scavengers.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Dirks, Paul H G M -- Kibii, Job M -- Kuhn, Brian F -- Steininger, Christine -- Churchill, Steven E -- Kramers, Jan D -- Pickering, Robyn -- Farber, Daniel L -- Meriaux, Anne-Sophie -- Herries, Andy I R -- King, Geoffrey C P -- Berger, Lee R -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2010 Apr 9;328(5975):205-8. doi: 10.1126/science.1184950.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉School of Earth and Environmental Sciences, James Cook University, Townsville, QLD 4811, Australia. paul.dirks@jcu.edu.au〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20378812" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Animals ; *Fossils ; *Geologic Sediments ; Geological Phenomena ; *Hominidae ; Radiometric Dating ; South Africa
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    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Computer Science , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
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    Paleogenetics. Cloned Neandertals still in the realm of sci-fi (2010)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2010-05-08
    Description: 〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Pennisi, Elizabeth -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2010 May 7;328(5979):682-3. doi: 10.1126/science.328.5979.682.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20448164" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Animals ; *Cloning, Organism/ethics ; *Extinction, Biological ; *Fossils ; Genome ; Genome, Human ; Hominidae/*genetics ; Humans
    Print ISSN: 0036-8075
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    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Computer Science , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
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  • 87
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    Tyrannosaur paleobiology: new research on ancient exemplar organisms (2010)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2010-09-18
    Description: Tyrannosaurs, the group of dinosaurian carnivores that includes Tyrannosaurus rex and its closest relatives, are icons of prehistory. They are also the most intensively studied extinct dinosaurs, and thanks to large sample sizes and an influx of new discoveries, have become ancient exemplar organisms used to study many themes in vertebrate paleontology. A phylogeny that includes recently described species shows that tyrannosaurs originated by the Middle Jurassic but remained mostly small and ecologically marginal until the latest Cretaceous. Anatomical, biomechanical, and histological studies of T. rex and other derived tyrannosaurs show that large tyrannosaurs could not run rapidly, were capable of crushing bite forces, had accelerated growth rates and keen senses, and underwent pronounced changes during ontogeny. The biology and evolutionary history of tyrannosaurs provide a foundation for comparison with other dinosaurs and living organisms.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Brusatte, Stephen L -- Norell, Mark A -- Carr, Thomas D -- Erickson, Gregory M -- Hutchinson, John R -- Balanoff, Amy M -- Bever, Gabe S -- Choiniere, Jonah N -- Makovicky, Peter J -- Xu, Xing -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2010 Sep 17;329(5998):1481-5. doi: 10.1126/science.1193304.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Division of Paleontology, American Museum of Natural History, Central Park West at 79th Street, New York, NY 10024, USA. sbrusatte@amnh.org〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20847260" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Animals ; Behavior, Animal ; *Biological Evolution ; *Dinosaurs/anatomy & histology/growth & development/physiology ; Ecosystem ; *Fossils ; Phylogeny ; Population Dynamics
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    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Computer Science , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
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    Evolutionary novelty is concentrated at the edge of coral species distributions (2010)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2010-06-19
    Description: Conservation priorities are calculated on the basis of species richness, endemism, and threats. However, areas ranked highly for these factors may not represent regions of maximal evolutionary potential. The relationship between geography and evolutionary innovation was analyzed in a dominant complex of Caribbean reef corals, in which morphological and genetic data concur on species differences. Based on geometric morphometrics of Pleistocene corals and genetically characterized modern colonies, we found that morphological disparity varies from the center to the edge of the Caribbean, and we show that lineages are static at well-connected central locations but split or fuse in edge zones where gene flow is limited. Thus, conservation efforts in corals should focus not only on the centers of diversity but also on peripheral areas of species ranges and population connectivity.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Budd, Ann F -- Pandolfi, John M -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2010 Jun 18;328(5985):1558-61. doi: 10.1126/science.1188947.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Department of Geoscience, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA 52242, USA. ann-budd@uiowa.edu〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20558718" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Adaptation, Biological ; Animals ; Anthozoa/*anatomy & histology/classification/*genetics ; Barbados ; *Biodiversity ; *Biological Evolution ; Caribbean Region ; Extinction, Biological ; *Fossils ; Gene Flow ; Genetic Speciation ; Geography ; Hybridization, Genetic
    Print ISSN: 0036-8075
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  • 89
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    Paleontology. On giant filter feeders (2010)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2010-02-20
    Description: 〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Cavin, Lionel -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2010 Feb 19;327(5968):968-9. doi: 10.1126/science.1186904.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Department of Geology and Palaeontology, Natural History Museum, Geneva, Switzerland. lionel.cavin@ville-ge.ch〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20167777" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Animals ; Biodiversity ; Biological Evolution ; Climate ; *Diatoms ; Extinction, Biological ; Feeding Behavior ; *Fishes/anatomy & histology/classification/physiology ; Food Chain ; *Fossils ; Geologic Sediments ; Phylogeny ; *Whales/anatomy & histology/classification/physiology
    Print ISSN: 0036-8075
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    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Computer Science , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
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  • 90
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    Calcareous nannoplankton response to surface-water acidification around Oceanic Anoxic Event 1a (2010)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2010-07-24
    Description: Ocean acidification induced by atmospheric CO2 may be a major threat to marine ecosystems, particularly to calcareous nannoplankton. We show that, during the Aptian (approximately 120 million years ago) Oceanic Anoxic Event 1a, which resulted from a massive addition of volcanic CO2, the morphological features of calcareous nannofossils traced the biological response to acidified surface waters. We observe the demise of heavily calcified nannoconids and reduced calcite paleofluxes at the beginning of a pre-anoxia calcification crisis. Ephemeral coccolith dwarfism and malformation represent species-specific adjustments to survive lower pH, whereas later, abundance peaks indicate intermittent alkalinity recovery. Deepwater acidification occurred with a delay of 25,000 to 30,000 years. After the dissolution climax, nannoplankton and carbonate recovery developed over approximately 160,000 years under persisting global dysoxia-anoxia.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Erba, Elisabetta -- Bottini, Cinzia -- Weissert, Helmut J -- Keller, Christina E -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2010 Jul 23;329(5990):428-32. doi: 10.1126/science.1188886.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Dipartimento di Scienze della Terra Ardito Desio, Universita degli Studi di Milano, via Mangiagalli 34, 20133 Milano, Italy. elisabetta.erba@unimi.it〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20651148" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Adaptation, Physiological ; Atmosphere ; *Calcification, Physiologic ; Calcium Carbonate ; Carbon Dioxide ; *Ecosystem ; *Fossils ; Geologic Sediments ; Hydrogen-Ion Concentration ; Oceans and Seas ; *Oxygen ; *Plankton/cytology/physiology ; Population Dynamics ; Seawater/*chemistry ; Time
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    Paleontology. China clamps down on illegal fossil trading (2010)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2010-09-18
    Description: 〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Stone, Richard -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2010 Sep 17;329(5998):1453. doi: 10.1126/science.329.5998.1453-a.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20847239" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Animals ; China ; *Fossils ; Government Regulation ; Paleontology/*legislation & jurisprudence
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    Electronic ISSN: 1095-9203
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Computer Science , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
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  • 92
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    Paleontology. Warm-blooded "sea dragons"? (2010)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2010-06-12
    Description: 〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Motani, Ryosuke -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2010 Jun 11;328(5984):1361-2. doi: 10.1126/science.1191409.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Department of Geology, University of California, Davis, CA 95616, USA. rmotani@ucdavis.edu〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20538937" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Adaptation, Physiological ; Animals ; Biological Evolution ; Body Size ; Body Temperature ; *Body Temperature Regulation ; Extinction, Biological ; Fishes/physiology ; *Fossils ; Oceans and Seas ; Oxygen Isotopes/analysis ; Reptiles/anatomy & histology/*physiology ; Seawater ; Temperature
    Print ISSN: 0036-8075
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    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Computer Science , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
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  • 93
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    Paleontology. Bird-dinosaur link firmed up, and in brilliant Technicolor (2010)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2010-01-30
    Description: 〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Stone, Richard -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2010 Jan 29;327(5965):508. doi: 10.1126/science.327.5965.508.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20110471" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Animals ; *Biological Evolution ; *Birds/anatomy & histology/classification/physiology ; Bone and Bones/anatomy & histology ; China ; *Dinosaurs/anatomy & histology/classification/physiology ; *Feathers/anatomy & histology/physiology ; Flight, Animal ; *Fossils ; Melanins/analysis ; Melanosomes/chemistry ; Pigmentation
    Print ISSN: 0036-8075
    Electronic ISSN: 1095-9203
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Computer Science , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
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  • 94
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    New early Jurassic tetrapod assemblages constrain Triassic-Jurassic tetrapod extinction event (1987)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 1987-08-28
    Description: The discovery of the first definitively correlated earliest Jurassic (200 million years before present) tetrapod assemblage (Fundy basin, Newark Supergroup, Nova Scotia) allows reevaluation of the duration of the Triassic-Jurassic tetrapod extinction event. Present are tritheledont and mammal-like reptiles, prosauropod, theropod, and ornithischian dinosaurs, protosuchian and sphenosuchian crocodylomorphs, sphenodontids, and hybodont, semionotid, and palaeonisciform fishes. All of the families are known from Late Triassic and Jurassic strata from elsewhere; however, pollen and spore, radiometric, and geochemical correlation indicate an early Hettangian age for these assemblages. Because all "typical Triassic" forms are absent from these assemblages, most Triassic-Jurassic tetrapod extinctions occurred before this time and without the introduction of new families. As was previously suggested by studies of marine invertebrates, this pattern is consistent with a global extinction event at the Triassic-Jurassic boundary. The Manicouagan impact structure of Quebec provides dates broadly compatible with the Triassic-Jurassic boundary and, following the impact theory of mass extinctions, may be implicated in the cause.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Olsen, P E -- Shubin, N H -- Anders, M H -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 1987 Aug 28;237(4818):1025-9.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/3616622" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Animals ; *Fossils ; Invertebrates ; Nova Scotia ; *Paleontology ; Vertebrates
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    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Computer Science , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
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  • 95
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    Microbial trace-fossil formation, biogenous, and abiotic weathering in the Antarctic cold desert (1987)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 1987-05-08
    Description: In the Antarctic cold desert (Ross Desert), the survival of the cryptoendolithic microorganisms that colonize the near-surface layer of porous sandstone rocks depends on a precarious equilibrium of biological and geological factors. An unfavorable shift of this equilibrium results in death, and this may be followed by formation of trace fossils that preserve the characteristic iron-leaching pattern caused by microbial activity. Similar microbial trace fossil may exist in the geological record. If life ever arose on early Mars, similar processes may have occurred there and left recognizable traces.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Friedmann, E I -- Weed, R -- DPP83-14180/DP/NCCDPHP CDC HHS/ -- NSG-7337/NS/NINDS NIH HHS/ -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 1987 May 8;236(4802):703-5.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Department of Biological Science, Florida State University, Tallahassee 32306, USA.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/11536571" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Antarctic Regions ; *Cold Climate ; *Desert Climate ; *Environmental Microbiology ; Exobiology ; *Fossils ; Geological Phenomena ; Geology ; Iron ; Mars ; Quartz ; *Weather
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    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Computer Science , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
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  • 96
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    Early Archean (3.3-billion to 3.5-billion-year-old) microfossils from Warrawoona Group, Australia (1987)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 1987-07-03
    Description: Cellularly preserved filamentous and colonial fossil microorganisms have been discovered in bedded carbonaceous cherts from the Early Archean Apex Basalt and Towers Formation of northwestern Western Australia. The cell types detected suggest that cyanobacteria, and therefore oxygen-producing photosynthesis, may have been extant as early as 3.3 billion to 3.5 billion years ago. These fossils are among the oldest now known from the geologic record; their discovery substantiates previous reports of Early Archean microfossils in Warrawoona Group strata.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Schopf, J W -- Packer, B M -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 1987 Jul 3;237:70-3.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Department of Earth and Space Sciences, University of California, Los Angeles 90024, USA.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/11539686" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Carbon/analysis ; Cyanobacteria ; *Environmental Microbiology ; *Fossils ; Geologic Sediments/*microbiology ; Oxygen/analysis/metabolism ; Photosynthesis/physiology ; Western Australia
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    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Computer Science , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
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  • 97
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    Environmental trends in extinction during the Paleozoic (1987)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 1987-01-02
    Description: Extinction intensities calculated from 505 Paleozoic marine assemblages divided among six environmental zones and 40 stratigraphic intervals indicate that whole communities exhibit increasing extinction offshore but that genera within individual taxonomic classes tend to have their highest extinction onshore. The offshore trend at the community level results from a concentration of genera in classes with low characteristic extinction rates in nearshore environments. This finding is consistent with the ecologic expectation that organisms inhabiting unpredictably fluctuating environments should suffer more extinction than counterparts living under more predictably equitable conditions.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Sepkoski, J J Jr -- DEB 81-08890/DE/NIDCR NIH HHS/ -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 1987 Jan 2;235:64-6.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Department of the Geophysical Sciences, University of Chicago, IL 60637, USA.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/11539724" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Animals ; *Biological Evolution ; Classification ; Ecosystem ; *Environment ; *Fossils ; Invertebrates ; *Marine Biology ; Mollusca ; North America ; *Paleontology
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    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Computer Science , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
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