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  • 1
    Call number: 9/M 07.0421(468)
    In: Geological Society Special Publication
    Type of Medium: Monograph available for loan
    Pages: 208 Seiten , Diagramme
    ISBN: 978-1-78620-366-3
    Series Statement: Geological Society Special Publication 468
    Classification:
    Geochemistry
    Language: English
    Note: Hydrocarbon systems, by nature, are a complex interplay of elements that must be spatially and temporally aligned to result in the generation and preservation of subsurface hydrocarbon accumulations. To meet the increasing challenges of discovering hydrocarbon resources, it is essential that we advance our understanding of these systems through new geochemical approaches and analytical developments. Such development requires that academic- and industry-led research efforts converge in ways that are unique to the geosciences. The aim of this volume is to bring together a multidisciplinary geochemical community from industry and academia working in hydrocarbon systems to publish recent advances and state-of-the-art approaches to resolve the many remaining questions in hydrocarbon systems analysis. From Source to Seep presents geochemical and isotopic studies that are grouped into three themes: (1) source-rock identification and the temperature/timing of hydrocarbon generation; (2) mechanisms and time-scales associated with hydrocarbon migration, trapping, storage and alteration; and (3) the impact of fluid flow on reservoir properties. | Contents: Geochemical applications in petroleum systems analysis: new constraints and the power of integration / M. Lawson, M. J. Formolo, L. Summa and J. M. Eiler / Geological Society, London, Special Publications, 468, 1-21, 19 February 2018, https://doi.org/10.1144/SP468.6 --- Source-rock identification and the temperature/timing of hydrocarbon generation --- The utility of methane clumped isotopes to constrain the origins of methane in natural gas accumulations / Daniel A. Stolper, Michael Lawson, Michael J. Formolo, Cara L. Davis, Peter M. J. Douglas and John M. Eiler / Geological Society, London, Special Publications, 468, 23-52, 14 December 2017, https://doi.org/10.1144/SP468.3 --- The isotopic structures of geological organic compounds / John M. Eiler, Matthieu Clog, Michael Lawson, Max Lloyd, Alison Piasecki, Camilo Ponton and Hao Xie / Geological Society, London, Special Publications, 468, 53-81, 14 December 2017, https://doi.org/10.1144/SP468.4 --- Vanadium isotope composition of crude oil: effects of source, maturation and biodegradation / Yongjun Gao, John F. Casey, Luis M. Bernardo, Weihang Yang and K. K. (Adry) Bissada / Geological Society, London, Special Publications, 468, 83-103, 14 December 2017, https://doi.org/10.1144/SP468.2 --- Carbon and hydrogen isotopic compositions of n-alkanes as a tool in petroleum exploration / Nikolai Pedentchouk and Courtney Turich / Geological Society, London, Special Publications, 468, 105-125, 14 December 2017, https://doi.org/10.1144/SP468.1 --- Mechanisms and time-scales associated with hydrocarbon migration, trapping, storage and alteration --- Noble gases in conventional and unconventional petroleum systems / David J. Byrne, P. H. Barry, M. Lawson and C. J. Ballentine / Geological Society, London, Special Publications, 468, 127-149, 14 December 2017, https://doi.org/10.1144/SP468.5 --- Differentiating between biogenic and thermogenic sources of natural gas in coalbed methane reservoirs from the Illinois Basin using noble gas and hydrocarbon geochemistry / Myles T. Moore, David S. Vinson, Colin J. Whyte, William K. Eymold, Talor B. Walsh and Thomas H. Darrah / Geological Society, London, Special Publications, 468, 151-188, 18 January 2018, https://doi.org/10.1144/SP468.8 --- The impact of fluid flow on reservoir properties --- Testing clumped isotopes as a reservoir characterization tool: a comparison with fluid inclusions in a dolomitized sedimentary carbonate reservoir buried to 2–4 km / John M. MacDonald, Cédric M. John and Jean-Pierre Girard / Geological Society, London, Special Publications, 468, 189-202, 14 December 2017, https://doi.org/10.1144/SP468.7
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  • 2
    Publication Date: 2014-03-14
    Description: Studies of both naturally quenched and experimentally reheated melt inclusions have established that they can lose or gain H 2 O after entrapment in their host mineral, before or during eruption. Here we report nanoSIMS analyses of H 2 O, Cl and F in olivine around melt inclusions from two natural basaltic samples: one from the Sommata cinder cone on Vulcano Island in the Aeolian arc and the other from the Jorullo cinder cone in the Trans-Mexican Volcanic Belt. Our results constrain olivine/basaltic melt partition coefficients and allow assessment of mechanisms of volatile loss from melt inclusions in natural samples. Cl contents in olivine from both samples are mostly below detection limits (≤0·03 ± 0·01 ppm), with no detectable variation close to the melt inclusions. Assuming a maximum Cl content of 0·03 ppm for all olivines, maximum estimates for Cl partition coefficients between olivine and glass are 0·00002 ± 0·00002. Olivines from the two localities display contrasting H 2 O and F compositions: Sommata olivines contain 27 ± 11 ppm H 2 O and 0·28 ± 0·07 ppm F, whereas Jorullo olivines have lower and proportionately more variable H 2 O and F (11 ± 12 ppm and 0·12 ± 0·09 ppm, respectively; uncertainties are two standard deviations for the entire population). The variations of H 2 O and F contents in the olivines exhibit clear zonation patterns, increasing with proximity to melt inclusions. This pattern was most probably generated during transfer of volatiles out of the inclusions through the host olivine. H 2 O concentration gradients surrounding melt inclusions are roughly concentric, but significantly elongated parallel to the crystallographic a-a xis of olivine. Because of this preferential crystallographic orientation, this pattern is consistent with H 2 O loss that is rate-limited by the ‘proton–polaron’ mechanism of H diffusion in olivine. Partition coefficients based on olivine compositions immediately adjacent to melt inclusions are 0·0007 ± 0·0003 for H 2 O and 0·0005 ± 0·0003 for F. The H 2 O and F diffusion profiles most probably formed in response to a decrease in the respective fugacities in the external melt, owing to either degassing or mixing with volatile-poor melt. Volatile transport out of inclusions might also have been driven in part by increases in the fugacity within the inclusion owing to post-entrapment crystallization. In the case of F, because of the lack of data on F diffusion in olivine, any interpretation of the measured F gradients is speculative. In the case of H 2 O, we model the concentration gradients using a numerical model of three-dimensional anisotropic diffusion of H, where initial conditions include both H 2 O decrease in the external melt and post-entrapment enrichment of H 2 O in the inclusions. The model confirms that external degassing is the dominant driving force, showing that the orientation of the anisotropy in H diffusion is consistent with the proton–polaron diffusion mechanism in olivine. The model also yields an estimate of the initial H 2 O content of the Sommata melt inclusions before diffusive loss of 6 wt % H 2 O. The findings provide new insights on rapid H 2 O loss during magma ascent and improve our ability to assess the fidelity of the H 2 O record from melt inclusions.
    Print ISSN: 0022-3530
    Electronic ISSN: 1460-2415
    Topics: Geosciences
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  • 3
    Publication Date: 2010-07-24
    Description: The Moon is thought to be depleted relative to the Earth in volatile elements such as H, Cl and the alkalis. Nevertheless, evidence for lunar explosive volcanism has been used to infer that some lunar magmas exsolved a CO-rich and CO(2)-rich vapour phase before or during eruption. Although there is also evidence for other volatile species on glass spherules, until recently there had been no unambiguous reports of indigenous H in lunar rocks. Here we report quantitative ion microprobe measurements of late-stage apatite from lunar basalt 14053 that document concentrations of H, Cl and S that are indistinguishable from apatites in common terrestrial igneous rocks. These volatile contents could reflect post-magmatic metamorphic volatile addition or growth from a late-stage, interstitial, sulphide-saturated melt that contained approximately 1,600 parts per million H(2)O and approximately 3,500 parts per million Cl. Both metamorphic and igneous models of apatite formation suggest a volatile inventory for at least some lunar materials that is similar to comparable terrestrial materials. One possible implication is that portions of the lunar mantle or crust are more volatile-rich than previously thought.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Boyce, Jeremy W -- Liu, Yang -- Rossman, George R -- Guan, Yunbin -- Eiler, John M -- Stolper, Edward M -- Taylor, Lawrence A -- England -- Nature. 2010 Jul 22;466(7305):466-9. doi: 10.1038/nature09274.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Division of Geological and Planetary Sciences, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, California 91125-2500, USA. jwboyce@alum.mit.edu〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20651686" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Print ISSN: 0028-0836
    Electronic ISSN: 1476-4687
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
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  • 4
    Publication Date: 2011-01-29
    Description: Understanding ancient climate changes is hampered by the inability to disentangle trends in ocean temperature from trends in continental ice volume. We used carbonate "clumped" isotope paleothermometry to constrain ocean temperatures, and thereby estimate ice volumes, through the Late Ordovician-Early Silurian glaciation. We find tropical ocean temperatures of 32 degrees to 37 degrees C except for short-lived cooling by ~5 degrees C during the final Ordovician stage. Evidence for ice sheets spans much of the study interval, but the cooling pulse coincided with a glacial maximum during which ice volumes likely equaled or exceeded those of the last (Pleistocene) glacial maximum. This cooling also coincided with a large perturbation of the carbon cycle and the Late Ordovician mass extinction.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Finnegan, Seth -- Bergmann, Kristin -- Eiler, John M -- Jones, David S -- Fike, David A -- Eisenman, Ian -- Hughes, Nigel C -- Tripati, Aradhna K -- Fischer, Woodward W -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2011 Feb 18;331(6019):903-6. doi: 10.1126/science.1200803. Epub 2011 Jan 27.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Division of Geological and Planetary Sciences, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA 91125, USA. sethf@caltech.edu〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21273448" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Print ISSN: 0036-8075
    Electronic ISSN: 1095-9203
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Computer Science , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
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  • 5
    Publication Date: 1997-03-14
    Description: The martian meteorite ALH84001 contains small, disk-shaped concretions of carbonate with concentric chemical and mineralogical zonation. Oxygen isotope compositions of these concretions, measured by ion microprobe, range from delta18O = +9.5 to +20.5 per thousand. Most of the core of one concretion is homogeneous (16.7 +/- 1.2 per thousand) and over 5 per thousand higher in delta18O than a second concretion. Orthopyroxene that hosts the secondary carbonates is isotopically homogeneous (delta18O = 4.6 +/- 1.2 per thousand). Secondary SiO2 has delta18O = 20.4 per thousand. Carbon isotope ratios measured from the core of one concretion average delta13C = 46 +/- 8 per thousand, consistent with formation on Mars. The isotopic variations and mineral compositions offer no evidence for high temperature (〉650 degrees C) carbonate precipitation and suggest non-equilibrium processes at low temperatures (〈 approximately 300 degrees C).〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Valley, J W -- Eiler, J M -- Graham, C M -- Gibson, E K -- Romanek, C S -- Stolper, E M -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 1997 Mar 14;275(5306):1633-8.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Department of Geology and Geophysics, University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI 53706, USA.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/9054355" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Carbon Isotopes ; Carbonates/*chemistry ; Chemical Precipitation ; *Mars ; *Meteoroids ; Minerals/chemistry ; Oxygen Isotopes ; Silicon Dioxide/chemistry ; Temperature
    Print ISSN: 0036-8075
    Electronic ISSN: 1095-9203
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Computer Science , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
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  • 6
    Publication Date: 2003-06-14
    Description: The widespread use of hydrogen fuel cells could have hitherto unknown environmental impacts due to unintended emissions of molecular hydrogen, including an increase in the abundance of water vapor in the stratosphere (plausibly by as much as approximately 1 part per million by volume). This would cause stratospheric cooling, enhancement of the heterogeneous chemistry that destroys ozone, an increase in noctilucent clouds, and changes in tropospheric chemistry and atmosphere-biosphere interactions.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Tromp, Tracey K -- Shia, Run-Lie -- Allen, Mark -- Eiler, John M -- Yung, Y L -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2003 Jun 13;300(5626):1740-2.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉California Institute of Technology, 1200 East California Boulevard, Pasadena, CA 91125, USA.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/12805546" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Print ISSN: 0036-8075
    Electronic ISSN: 1095-9203
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Computer Science , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
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  • 7
    Publication Date: 2011-05-27
    Description: The release of methane into the atmosphere through destabilization of clathrates is a positive feedback mechanism capable of amplifying global warming trends that may have operated several times in the geological past. Such methane release is a hypothesized cause or amplifier for one of the most drastic global warming events in Earth history, the end of the Marinoan 'snowball Earth' ice age, approximately 635 Myr ago. A key piece of evidence supporting this hypothesis is the occurrence of exceptionally depleted carbon isotope signatures (delta(13)C(PDB) down to -48 per thousand; ref. 8) in post-glacial cap dolostones (that is, dolostone overlying glacial deposits) from south China; these signatures have been interpreted as products of methane oxidation at the time of deposition. Here we show, on the basis of carbonate clumped isotope thermometry, (87)Sr/(86)Sr isotope ratios, trace element content and clay mineral evidence, that carbonates bearing the (13)C-depleted signatures crystallized more than 1.6 Myr after deposition of the cap dolostone. Our results indicate that highly (13)C-depleted carbonate cements grew from hydrothermal fluids and suggest that their carbon isotope signatures are a consequence of thermogenic methane oxidation at depth. This finding not only negates carbon isotope evidence for methane release during Marinoan deglaciation in south China, but also eliminates the only known occurrence of a Precambrian sedimentary carbonate with highly (13)C-depleted signatures related to methane oxidation in a seep environment. We propose that the capacity to form highly (13)C-depleted seep carbonates, through biogenic anaeorobic oxidation of methane using sulphate, was limited in the Precambrian period by low sulphate concentrations in sea water. As a consequence, although clathrate destabilization may or may not have had a role in the exit from the 'snowball' state, it would not have left extreme carbon isotope signals in cap dolostones.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Bristow, Thomas F -- Bonifacie, Magali -- Derkowski, Arkadiusz -- Eiler, John M -- Grotzinger, John P -- England -- Nature. 2011 Jun 2;474(7349):68-71. doi: 10.1038/nature10096. Epub 2011 May 25.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Division of Geological and Planetary Sciences, California Institute of Technology, 1200 East California Boulevard, Pasadena, California 91125, USA. thomas.f.bristow@nasa.gov〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21613997" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Carbon Isotopes/analysis ; China ; Geologic Sediments/analysis/*chemistry ; Oxygen Isotopes/analysis ; Temperature ; Trace Elements/analysis
    Print ISSN: 0028-0836
    Electronic ISSN: 1476-4687
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
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  • 8
    Publication Date: 2014-07-06
    Description: Several large and rapid changes in atmospheric temperature and the partial pressure of carbon dioxide in the atmosphere--probably linked to changes in deep ocean circulation--occurred during the last deglaciation. The abrupt temperature rise in the Northern Hemisphere and the restart of the Atlantic meridional overturning circulation at the start of the Bolling-Allerod interstadial, 14,700 years ago, are among the most dramatic deglacial events, but their underlying physical causes are not known. Here we show that the release of heat from warm waters in the deep North Atlantic Ocean probably triggered the Bolling-Allerod warming and reinvigoration of the Atlantic meridional overturning circulation. Our results are based on coupled radiocarbon and uranium-series dates, along with clumped isotope temperature estimates, from water column profiles of fossil deep-sea corals in a limited area of the western North Atlantic. We find that during Heinrich stadial 1 (the cool period immediately before the Bolling-Allerod interstadial), the deep ocean was about three degrees Celsius warmer than shallower waters above. This reversal of the ocean's usual thermal stratification pre-dates the Bolling-Allerod warming and must have been associated with increased salinity at depth to preserve the static stability of the water column. The depleted radiocarbon content of the warm and salty water mass implies a long-term disconnect from rapid surface exchanges, and, although uncertainties remain, is most consistent with a Southern Ocean source. The Heinrich stadial 1 ocean profile is distinct from the modern water column, that for the Last Glacial Maximum and that for the Younger Dryas, suggesting that the patterns we observe are a unique feature of the deglacial climate system. Our observations indicate that the deep ocean influenced dramatic Northern Hemisphere warming by storing heat at depth that preconditioned the system for a subsequent abrupt overturning event during the Bolling-Allerod interstadial.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Thiagarajan, Nivedita -- Subhas, Adam V -- Southon, John R -- Eiler, John M -- Adkins, Jess F -- England -- Nature. 2014 Jul 3;511(7507):75-8. doi: 10.1038/nature13472.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Division of Geological and Planetary Sciences, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, California 91125, USA. ; Earth System Science Department, 3200 Croul Hall, University of California, Irvine, California 92697-3100, USA.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24990748" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Animals ; Anthozoa/physiology ; Atlantic Ocean ; Carbon Radioisotopes ; Global Warming/history ; History, Ancient ; *Hot Temperature ; Ice Cover ; Seawater/*analysis ; Time Factors ; *Water Movements
    Print ISSN: 0028-0836
    Electronic ISSN: 1476-4687
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  • 9
    Publication Date: 2006-01-28
    Description: The elevation of Earth's surface is among the most difficult environmental variables to reconstruct from the geological record. Here we describe an approach to paleoaltimetry based on independent and simultaneous determinations of soil temperatures and the oxygen isotope compositions of soil waters, constrained by measurements of abundances of 13C-18O bonds in soil carbonates. We use this approach to show that the Altiplano plateau in the Bolivian Andes rose at an average rate of 1.03 +/- 0.12 millimeters per year between approximately 10.3 and approximately 6.7 million years ago. This rate is consistent with the removal of dense lower crust and/or lithospheric mantle as the cause of elevation gain.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Ghosh, Prosenjit -- Garzione, Carmala N -- Eiler, John M -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2006 Jan 27;311(5760):511-5.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Division of Geological and Planetary Sciences, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA 91125, USA.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16439658" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Print ISSN: 0036-8075
    Electronic ISSN: 1095-9203
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Computer Science , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
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  • 10
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    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Publication Date: 2007-08-25
    Description: 〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Eiler, John M -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2007 Aug 24;317(5841):1046-7.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Division of Geological and Planetary Sciences, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA 91125, USA. eiler@gps.caltech.edu〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17717176" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Apatites/analysis ; Carbon Isotopes/analysis ; *Fossils ; Geologic Sediments/*chemistry ; Graphite/*analysis ; Greenland ; Life
    Print ISSN: 0036-8075
    Electronic ISSN: 1095-9203
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Computer Science , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
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