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  • 1
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    Cahokia and Mississippi River floods [Anthropology] (2015)
    National Academy of Sciences
    Details
    Publication Date: 2015-05-20
    Description: Here we establish the timing of major flood events of the central Mississippi River over the last 1,800 y, using floodwater sediments deposited in two floodplain lakes. Shifts in the frequency of high-magnitude floods are mediated by moisture availability over midcontinental North America and correspond to the emergence and decline...
    Print ISSN: 0027-8424
    Electronic ISSN: 1091-6490
    Topics: Biology , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General
    Published by National Academy of Sciences
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  • 2
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    Fossil steroids record the appearance of Demospongiae during the Cryogenian period (2009)
    Nature Publishing Group (NPG)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2009-02-06
    Description: The Neoproterozoic era (1,000-542 Myr ago) was an era of climatic extremes and biological evolutionary developments culminating in the emergence of animals (Metazoa) and new ecosystems. Here we show that abundant sedimentary 24-isopropylcholestanes, the hydrocarbon remains of C(30) sterols produced by marine demosponges, record the presence of Metazoa in the geological record before the end of the Marinoan glaciation ( approximately 635 Myr ago). These sterane biomarkers are abundant in all formations of the Huqf Supergroup, South Oman Salt Basin, and, based on a new high-precision geochronology, constitute a continuous 100-Myr-long chemical fossil record of demosponges through the terminal Neoproterozoic and into the Early Cambrian epoch. The demosponge steranes occur in strata that underlie the Marinoan cap carbonate (〉635 Myr ago). They currently represent the oldest evidence for animals in the fossil record, and are evidence for animals pre-dating the termination of the Marinoan glaciation. This suggests that shallow shelf waters in some late Cryogenian ocean basins (〉635 Myr ago) contained dissolved oxygen in concentrations sufficient to support basal metazoan life at least 100 Myr before the rapid diversification of bilaterians during the Cambrian explosion. Biomarker analysis has yet to reveal any convincing evidence for ancient sponges pre-dating the first globally extensive Neoproterozoic glacial episode (the Sturtian, approximately 713 Myr ago in Oman).〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Love, Gordon D -- Grosjean, Emmanuelle -- Stalvies, Charlotte -- Fike, David A -- Grotzinger, John P -- Bradley, Alexander S -- Kelly, Amy E -- Bhatia, Maya -- Meredith, William -- Snape, Colin E -- Bowring, Samuel A -- Condon, Daniel J -- Summons, Roger E -- England -- Nature. 2009 Feb 5;457(7230):718-21. doi: 10.1038/nature07673.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Department of Earth Sciences, University of California, Riverside, California 92521, USA. glove@ucr.edu〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19194449" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Animals ; Arabia ; *Biological Evolution ; Biomarkers/analysis/chemistry ; Cholestanes/*analysis/*chemistry/isolation & purification ; *Fossils ; Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry ; Geologic Sediments/*chemistry ; History, Ancient ; Hydrocarbons/analysis/chemistry ; Ice Cover ; Oceans and Seas ; Oxygen/analysis ; Porifera/*physiology ; Seawater/chemistry
    Print ISSN: 0028-0836
    Electronic ISSN: 1476-4687
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
    Published by Nature Publishing Group (NPG)
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  • 3
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    A stratified redox model for the Ediacaran ocean (2010)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2010-02-13
    Description: The Ediacaran Period (635 to 542 million years ago) was a time of fundamental environmental and evolutionary change, culminating in the first appearance of macroscopic animals. Here, we present a detailed spatial and temporal record of Ediacaran ocean chemistry for the Doushantuo Formation in the Nanhua Basin, South China. We find evidence for a metastable zone of euxinic (anoxic and sulfidic) waters impinging on the continental shelf and sandwiched within ferruginous [Fe(II)-enriched] deep waters. A stratified ocean with coeval oxic, sulfidic, and ferruginous zones, favored by overall low oceanic sulfate concentrations, was maintained dynamically throughout the Ediacaran Period. Our model reconciles seemingly conflicting geochemical redox conditions proposed previously for Ediacaran deep oceans and helps to explain the patchy temporal record of early metazoan fossils.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Li, Chao -- Love, Gordon D -- Lyons, Timothy W -- Fike, David A -- Sessions, Alex L -- Chu, Xuelei -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2010 Apr 2;328(5974):80-3. doi: 10.1126/science.1182369. Epub 2010 Feb 11.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Department of Earth Sciences, University of California, Riverside, CA 92521, USA. chaoli@ucr.edu〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20150442" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Animals ; *Biological Evolution ; Carbonates/analysis ; China ; Ferrous Compounds/analysis ; *Fossils ; Geologic Sediments/*chemistry ; Hydrogen Sulfide ; Iron ; Oceans and Seas ; Oxidation-Reduction ; Oxygen/*analysis ; Seawater/*chemistry ; Sulfates/analysis
    Print ISSN: 0036-8075
    Electronic ISSN: 1095-9203
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Computer Science , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
    Published by American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
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  • 4
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    The magnitude and duration of Late Ordovician-Early Silurian glaciation (2011)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2011-01-29
    Description: Understanding ancient climate changes is hampered by the inability to disentangle trends in ocean temperature from trends in continental ice volume. We used carbonate "clumped" isotope paleothermometry to constrain ocean temperatures, and thereby estimate ice volumes, through the Late Ordovician-Early Silurian glaciation. We find tropical ocean temperatures of 32 degrees to 37 degrees C except for short-lived cooling by ~5 degrees C during the final Ordovician stage. Evidence for ice sheets spans much of the study interval, but the cooling pulse coincided with a glacial maximum during which ice volumes likely equaled or exceeded those of the last (Pleistocene) glacial maximum. This cooling also coincided with a large perturbation of the carbon cycle and the Late Ordovician mass extinction.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Finnegan, Seth -- Bergmann, Kristin -- Eiler, John M -- Jones, David S -- Fike, David A -- Eisenman, Ian -- Hughes, Nigel C -- Tripati, Aradhna K -- Fischer, Woodward W -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2011 Feb 18;331(6019):903-6. doi: 10.1126/science.1200803. Epub 2011 Jan 27.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Division of Geological and Planetary Sciences, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA 91125, USA. sethf@caltech.edu〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21273448" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Print ISSN: 0036-8075
    Electronic ISSN: 1095-9203
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Computer Science , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
    Published by American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
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  • 5
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Oxidation of the Ediacaran Ocean (2006)
    [s.l.] : Nature Publishing Group
    Nature 444 (2006), S. 744-747 
    Details
    ISSN: 1476-4687
    Source: Nature Archives 1869 - 2009
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
    Notes: [Auszug] Oxygenation of the Earth’s surface is increasingly thought to have occurred in two steps. The first step, which occurred ∼2,300 million years (Myr) ago, involved a significant increase in atmospheric oxygen concentrations and oxygenation of the surface ocean. A further increase in ...
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/nature05345
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    Paper (German National Licenses)
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  • 6
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Fike et al. reply (2007)
    [s.l.] : Nature Publishing Group
    Nature 450.2007, 7170, E18-, (1 S.) 
    Details
    ISSN: 1476-4687
    Source: Nature Archives 1869 - 2009
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
    Notes: [Auszug] Replying to: K. Grey & C. R. Calver Nature 450, doi: 10.1038/nature06360 (2007). Calver and Grey point out the difficulties of relating the Australian acritarch record to the global record of environmental change. This results from the ...
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/nature06361
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  • 7
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    SQUID-SIMS is a useful approach to uncover primary signals in the Archean sulfur cycle (2014)
    National Academy of Sciences
    Details
    Publication Date: 2014-04-01
    Print ISSN: 0027-8424
    Electronic ISSN: 1091-6490
    Topics: Biology , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General
    Published by National Academy of Sciences
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  • 8
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    Depositional history, tectonics, and provenance of the Cambrian-Ordovician boundary interval in the western margin of the North China block (2015)
    Geological Society of America (GSA)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2015-08-26
    Description: Cambrian–Ordovician strata of the North China block, one of China’s main tectonic provinces, are a thick (up to 1800 m) succession of mixed carbonate and siliciclastic sedimentary rocks. Sedimentological, biostratigraphic, and chemostratigraphic analysis of strata that straddle the Cambrian-Ordovician boundary at the Subaiyingou section in the present-day western part of Inner Mongolia (northwest China) indicate the presence of a significant unconformity between mixed carbonate–fine-siliciclastic strata of the Cambrian Series 3 Abuqiehai Formation, and dominantly carbonate strata of the early Middle Ordovician Sandaokan Formation. The latter is a transgressive systems tract with retrogradationally stacked parasequences that include lowstand shoreline quartz sandstone deposits. The Abuqiehai strata have similar sedimentological characteristics to those of the Cambrian Laurentian inner detrital belt, including slightly bioturbated lime mudstone and marlstone/shale, grainstone, flat-pebble conglomerate, and microbialite. The lower part of the Sandaokan Formation records the rising limb of the middle Darriwilian positive isotopic excursion, recognized herein for the first time in the western North China block. A Cambrian-Ordovician unconformity is developed in many successions globally, and our section in Inner Mongolia records a hiatus of similar timing and duration to a regionally extensive unconformity recorded along the ancient northern Indian continental margin. Other parts of the North China block record a hiatus of much shorter duration but show a similar record of input of siliciclastic sediment above the unconformity. We interpret the western margin of the North China block to have been affected by a regionally significant tectonic event that occurred on the northern margin of east Gondwana, the Kurgiakh or Bhimphedian orogeny. The Inner Mongolian region was, therefore, likely an along-strike continuation of the northern Indian margin, in contrast to most recent paleogeographic reconstructions.
    Print ISSN: 0016-7606
    Electronic ISSN: 1943-2674
    Topics: Geosciences
    Published by Geological Society of America (GSA)
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  • 9
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    The source of gypsum in Mammoth Cave, Kentucky (2015)
    Geological Society of America (GSA)
    In: Geology
    Details
    Publication Date: 2015-05-23
    Print ISSN: 0091-7613
    Electronic ISSN: 1943-2682
    Topics: Geosciences
    Published by Geological Society of America (GSA)
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  • 10
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    The source of gypsum in Mammoth Cave, Kentucky (2015)
    Geological Society of America (GSA)
    In: Geology
    Details
    Publication Date: 2015-01-21
    Description: Mammoth Cave (Kentucky, USA) is the world’s longest human-navigable cave system. Gypsum (CaSO 4 •2H 2 O) crystals line many dry passages of the limestone cave and the source of sulfur for the gypsum remains uncertain. Previous workers have suggested sulfate from pyrite oxidation, Mississippian-aged sulfate evaporites, and Pleistocene soil sulfate as possible sulfur sources. We use sulfur isotopes ( 34 S) to constrain the gypsum sulfur source by comparing the 34 S values of different possible sources to that of gypsum throughout the cave. 34 S gypsum values (n = 106) from 12 different locations within the Mammoth Cave system are along a continuum of 34 S values from –12.0 to +12.8, with little variability along the crystal growth axis or between samples within the same cave chamber. Neither sulfur from coeval sedimentary evaporites (i.e., gypsum, anhydrite) nor from formations overlying the cave is required to explain the 34 S gypsum data. Rather, the range of pyrite 34 S in strata immediately surrounding the cave is sufficient to generate the spectrum of observed 34 S gypsum . Modern water 34 S SO4 values are similar to the host formation 34 S pyrite , suggesting that oxidized pyrite from the host formation continues to be a major sulfur source to this day. Together, these observations strongly suggest a significant local source of sulfur for Mammoth Cave gypsum, the majority (66%–100%) of which is derived from the oxidation of pyrite in strata adjacent to the cave.
    Print ISSN: 0091-7613
    Electronic ISSN: 1943-2682
    Topics: Geosciences
    Published by Geological Society of America (GSA)
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