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  • Articles  (46)
  • *Evolution, Molecular  (25)
  • Signal Transduction
  • American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)  (46)
  • 2010-2014  (46)
  • 2013  (22)
  • 2012  (24)
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  • Articles  (46)
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  • 2010-2014  (46)
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  • 1
    Publication Date: 2012-06-30
    Description: Wood is a major pool of organic carbon that is highly resistant to decay, owing largely to the presence of lignin. The only organisms capable of substantial lignin decay are white rot fungi in the Agaricomycetes, which also contains non-lignin-degrading brown rot and ectomycorrhizal species. Comparative analyses of 31 fungal genomes (12 generated for this study) suggest that lignin-degrading peroxidases expanded in the lineage leading to the ancestor of the Agaricomycetes, which is reconstructed as a white rot species, and then contracted in parallel lineages leading to brown rot and mycorrhizal species. Molecular clock analyses suggest that the origin of lignin degradation might have coincided with the sharp decrease in the rate of organic carbon burial around the end of the Carboniferous period.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Floudas, Dimitrios -- Binder, Manfred -- Riley, Robert -- Barry, Kerrie -- Blanchette, Robert A -- Henrissat, Bernard -- Martinez, Angel T -- Otillar, Robert -- Spatafora, Joseph W -- Yadav, Jagjit S -- Aerts, Andrea -- Benoit, Isabelle -- Boyd, Alex -- Carlson, Alexis -- Copeland, Alex -- Coutinho, Pedro M -- de Vries, Ronald P -- Ferreira, Patricia -- Findley, Keisha -- Foster, Brian -- Gaskell, Jill -- Glotzer, Dylan -- Gorecki, Pawel -- Heitman, Joseph -- Hesse, Cedar -- Hori, Chiaki -- Igarashi, Kiyohiko -- Jurgens, Joel A -- Kallen, Nathan -- Kersten, Phil -- Kohler, Annegret -- Kues, Ursula -- Kumar, T K Arun -- Kuo, Alan -- LaButti, Kurt -- Larrondo, Luis F -- Lindquist, Erika -- Ling, Albee -- Lombard, Vincent -- Lucas, Susan -- Lundell, Taina -- Martin, Rachael -- McLaughlin, David J -- Morgenstern, Ingo -- Morin, Emanuelle -- Murat, Claude -- Nagy, Laszlo G -- Nolan, Matt -- Ohm, Robin A -- Patyshakuliyeva, Aleksandrina -- Rokas, Antonis -- Ruiz-Duenas, Francisco J -- Sabat, Grzegorz -- Salamov, Asaf -- Samejima, Masahiro -- Schmutz, Jeremy -- Slot, Jason C -- St John, Franz -- Stenlid, Jan -- Sun, Hui -- Sun, Sheng -- Syed, Khajamohiddin -- Tsang, Adrian -- Wiebenga, Ad -- Young, Darcy -- Pisabarro, Antonio -- Eastwood, Daniel C -- Martin, Francis -- Cullen, Dan -- Grigoriev, Igor V -- Hibbett, David S -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2012 Jun 29;336(6089):1715-9. doi: 10.1126/science.1221748.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Biology Department, Clark University, Worcester, MA 01610, USA.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22745431" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Basidiomycota/classification/*enzymology/*genetics ; Bayes Theorem ; *Evolution, Molecular ; *Genome, Fungal ; Indoles ; Lignin/*metabolism ; Peroxidases/*genetics/metabolism ; Wood/metabolism
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  • 2
    Publication Date: 2012-03-31
    Description: Rapamycin, an inhibitor of mechanistic target of rapamycin complex 1 (mTORC1), extends the life spans of yeast, flies, and mice. Calorie restriction, which increases life span and insulin sensitivity, is proposed to function by inhibition of mTORC1, yet paradoxically, chronic administration of rapamycin substantially impairs glucose tolerance and insulin action. We demonstrate that rapamycin disrupted a second mTOR complex, mTORC2, in vivo and that mTORC2 was required for the insulin-mediated suppression of hepatic gluconeogenesis. Further, decreased mTORC1 signaling was sufficient to extend life span independently from changes in glucose homeostasis, as female mice heterozygous for both mTOR and mLST8 exhibited decreased mTORC1 activity and extended life span but had normal glucose tolerance and insulin sensitivity. Thus, mTORC2 disruption is an important mediator of the effects of rapamycin in vivo.〈br /〉〈br /〉〈a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3324089/" target="_blank"〉〈img src="https://static.pubmed.gov/portal/portal3rc.fcgi/4089621/img/3977009" border="0"〉〈/a〉   〈a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3324089/" target="_blank"〉This paper as free author manuscript - peer-reviewed and accepted for publication〈/a〉〈br /〉〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Lamming, Dudley W -- Ye, Lan -- Katajisto, Pekka -- Goncalves, Marcus D -- Saitoh, Maki -- Stevens, Deanna M -- Davis, James G -- Salmon, Adam B -- Richardson, Arlan -- Ahima, Rexford S -- Guertin, David A -- Sabatini, David M -- Baur, Joseph A -- 1F32AG032833-01A1/AG/NIA NIH HHS/ -- CA129105/CA/NCI NIH HHS/ -- F32 AG032833/AG/NIA NIH HHS/ -- P30DK19525/DK/NIDDK NIH HHS/ -- R01 CA129105/CA/NCI NIH HHS/ -- R01 CA129105-05/CA/NCI NIH HHS/ -- Howard Hughes Medical Institute/ -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2012 Mar 30;335(6076):1638-43. doi: 10.1126/science.1215135.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Whitehead Institute for Biomedical Research, Cambridge, MA 02142, USA.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22461615" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Adipose Tissue, White/metabolism ; Animals ; Carrier Proteins/genetics/metabolism ; Female ; Gluconeogenesis ; Glucose/metabolism ; Glucose Clamp Technique ; Homeostasis ; Insulin/administration & dosage/blood ; *Insulin Resistance ; Liver/metabolism ; *Longevity ; Male ; Mice ; Mice, Inbred C57BL ; Multiprotein Complexes ; Muscle, Skeletal/metabolism ; Phosphorylation ; Proteins/antagonists & inhibitors/metabolism ; Proto-Oncogene Proteins c-akt/metabolism ; Signal Transduction ; Sirolimus/*pharmacology ; TOR Serine-Threonine Kinases/genetics/metabolism
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  • 3
    Publication Date: 2012-05-19
    Description: As a first step toward understanding how rare variants contribute to risk for complex diseases, we sequenced 15,585 human protein-coding genes to an average median depth of 111x in 2440 individuals of European (n = 1351) and African (n = 1088) ancestry. We identified over 500,000 single-nucleotide variants (SNVs), the majority of which were rare (86% with a minor allele frequency less than 0.5%), previously unknown (82%), and population-specific (82%). On average, 2.3% of the 13,595 SNVs each person carried were predicted to affect protein function of ~313 genes per genome, and ~95.7% of SNVs predicted to be functionally important were rare. This excess of rare functional variants is due to the combined effects of explosive, recent accelerated population growth and weak purifying selection. Furthermore, we show that large sample sizes will be required to associate rare variants with complex traits.〈br /〉〈br /〉〈a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3708544/" target="_blank"〉〈img src="https://static.pubmed.gov/portal/portal3rc.fcgi/4089621/img/3977009" border="0"〉〈/a〉   〈a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3708544/" target="_blank"〉This paper as free author manuscript - peer-reviewed and accepted for publication〈/a〉〈br /〉〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Tennessen, Jacob A -- Bigham, Abigail W -- O'Connor, Timothy D -- Fu, Wenqing -- Kenny, Eimear E -- Gravel, Simon -- McGee, Sean -- Do, Ron -- Liu, Xiaoming -- Jun, Goo -- Kang, Hyun Min -- Jordan, Daniel -- Leal, Suzanne M -- Gabriel, Stacey -- Rieder, Mark J -- Abecasis, Goncalo -- Altshuler, David -- Nickerson, Deborah A -- Boerwinkle, Eric -- Sunyaev, Shamil -- Bustamante, Carlos D -- Bamshad, Michael J -- Akey, Joshua M -- Broad GO -- Seattle GO -- NHLBI Exome Sequencing Project -- R01 HG003229/HG/NHGRI NIH HHS/ -- RC2 HL-102923/HL/NHLBI NIH HHS/ -- RC2 HL-102924/HL/NHLBI NIH HHS/ -- RC2 HL-102925/HL/NHLBI NIH HHS/ -- RC2 HL-102926/HL/NHLBI NIH HHS/ -- RC2 HL-103010/HL/NHLBI NIH HHS/ -- RC2 HL102926/HL/NHLBI NIH HHS/ -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2012 Jul 6;337(6090):64-9. doi: 10.1126/science.1219240. Epub 2012 May 17.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Department of Genome Sciences, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195, USA.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22604720" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: African Americans/*genetics ; Disease/genetics ; European Continental Ancestry Group/*genetics ; *Evolution, Molecular ; *Exome ; Female ; Gene Frequency ; Genetic Association Studies ; Genetic Predisposition to Disease ; *Genetic Variation ; *Genome, Human ; *High-Throughput Nucleotide Sequencing ; Humans ; Male ; *Polymorphism, Single Nucleotide ; Population Growth ; Selection, Genetic
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  • 4
    Publication Date: 2012-06-23
    Description: Avian A/H5N1 influenza viruses pose a pandemic threat. As few as five amino acid substitutions, or four with reassortment, might be sufficient for mammal-to-mammal transmission through respiratory droplets. From surveillance data, we found that two of these substitutions are common in A/H5N1 viruses, and thus, some viruses might require only three additional substitutions to become transmissible via respiratory droplets between mammals. We used a mathematical model of within-host virus evolution to study factors that could increase and decrease the probability of the remaining substitutions evolving after the virus has infected a mammalian host. These factors, combined with the presence of some of these substitutions in circulating strains, make a virus evolving in nature a potentially serious threat. These results highlight critical areas in which more data are needed for assessing, and potentially averting, this threat.〈br /〉〈br /〉〈a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3426314/" target="_blank"〉〈img src="https://static.pubmed.gov/portal/portal3rc.fcgi/4089621/img/3977009" border="0"〉〈/a〉   〈a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3426314/" target="_blank"〉This paper as free author manuscript - peer-reviewed and accepted for publication〈/a〉〈br /〉〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Russell, Colin A -- Fonville, Judith M -- Brown, Andre E X -- Burke, David F -- Smith, David L -- James, Sarah L -- Herfst, Sander -- van Boheemen, Sander -- Linster, Martin -- Schrauwen, Eefje J -- Katzelnick, Leah -- Mosterin, Ana -- Kuiken, Thijs -- Maher, Eileen -- Neumann, Gabriele -- Osterhaus, Albert D M E -- Kawaoka, Yoshihiro -- Fouchier, Ron A M -- Smith, Derek J -- DP1 OD000490/OD/NIH HHS/ -- DP1-OD000490-01/OD/NIH HHS/ -- HHSN266200700010C/AI/NIAID NIH HHS/ -- HHSN266200700010C/PHS HHS/ -- R01 AI 069274/AI/NIAID NIH HHS/ -- R56 AI069274/AI/NIAID NIH HHS/ -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2012 Jun 22;336(6088):1541-7. doi: 10.1126/science.1222526.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Department of Zoology, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22723414" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Adaptation, Physiological ; Air Microbiology ; Amino Acid Substitution ; Animals ; Birds ; *Evolution, Molecular ; Genetic Fitness ; Glycosylation ; Hemagglutinin Glycoproteins, Influenza Virus/*genetics/metabolism ; High-Throughput Nucleotide Sequencing ; Humans ; Influenza A Virus, H5N1 Subtype/*genetics/*pathogenicity ; Influenza in Birds/virology ; Influenza, Human/immunology/transmission/*virology ; Mammals ; Models, Biological ; Mutation ; Orthomyxoviridae Infections/transmission/*virology ; Probability ; RNA Replicase/*genetics ; Receptors, Virus/metabolism ; Respiratory System/*virology ; Selection, Genetic ; Sialic Acids/metabolism ; Viral Proteins/*genetics
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  • 5
    Publication Date: 2012-02-22
    Description: The primary endosymbiotic origin of the plastid in eukaryotes more than 1 billion years ago led to the evolution of algae and plants. We analyzed draft genome and transcriptome data from the basally diverging alga Cyanophora paradoxa and provide evidence for a single origin of the primary plastid in the eukaryote supergroup Plantae. C. paradoxa retains ancestral features of starch biosynthesis, fermentation, and plastid protein translocation common to plants and algae but lacks typical eukaryotic light-harvesting complex proteins. Traces of an ancient link to parasites such as Chlamydiae were found in the genomes of C. paradoxa and other Plantae. Apparently, Chlamydia-like bacteria donated genes that allow export of photosynthate from the plastid and its polymerization into storage polysaccharide in the cytosol.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Price, Dana C -- Chan, Cheong Xin -- Yoon, Hwan Su -- Yang, Eun Chan -- Qiu, Huan -- Weber, Andreas P M -- Schwacke, Rainer -- Gross, Jeferson -- Blouin, Nicolas A -- Lane, Chris -- Reyes-Prieto, Adrian -- Durnford, Dion G -- Neilson, Jonathan A D -- Lang, B Franz -- Burger, Gertraud -- Steiner, Jurgen M -- Loffelhardt, Wolfgang -- Meuser, Jonathan E -- Posewitz, Matthew C -- Ball, Steven -- Arias, Maria Cecilia -- Henrissat, Bernard -- Coutinho, Pedro M -- Rensing, Stefan A -- Symeonidi, Aikaterini -- Doddapaneni, Harshavardhan -- Green, Beverley R -- Rajah, Veeran D -- Boore, Jeffrey -- Bhattacharya, Debashish -- MSP-14226/Canadian Institutes of Health Research/Canada -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2012 Feb 17;335(6070):843-7. doi: 10.1126/science.1213561.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Department of Ecology, Evolution, and Natural Resources, Rutgers University, New Brunswick, NJ 08901, USA.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22344442" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Biological Evolution ; Cyanobacteria/genetics ; Cyanophora/*genetics ; *Evolution, Molecular ; Gene Transfer, Horizontal ; Genes, Bacterial ; *Genome, Plant ; Molecular Sequence Data ; Photosynthesis/*genetics ; Phylogeny ; Symbiosis
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  • 6
    Publication Date: 2013-11-23
    Description: The molecular basis of antigenic drift was determined for the hemagglutinin (HA) of human influenza A/H3N2 virus. From 1968 to 2003, antigenic change was caused mainly by single amino acid substitutions, which occurred at only seven positions in HA immediately adjacent to the receptor binding site. Most of these substitutions were involved in antigenic change more than once. Equivalent positions were responsible for the recent antigenic changes of influenza B and A/H1N1 viruses. Substitution of a single amino acid at one of these positions substantially changed the virus-specific antibody response in infected ferrets. These findings have potentially far-reaching consequences for understanding the evolutionary mechanisms that govern influenza viruses.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Koel, Bjorn F -- Burke, David F -- Bestebroer, Theo M -- van der Vliet, Stefan -- Zondag, Gerben C M -- Vervaet, Gaby -- Skepner, Eugene -- Lewis, Nicola S -- Spronken, Monique I J -- Russell, Colin A -- Eropkin, Mikhail Y -- Hurt, Aeron C -- Barr, Ian G -- de Jong, Jan C -- Rimmelzwaan, Guus F -- Osterhaus, Albert D M E -- Fouchier, Ron A M -- Smith, Derek J -- DP1-OD000490-01/OD/NIH HHS/ -- HHSN266200700010C/PHS HHS/ -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2013 Nov 22;342(6161):976-9. doi: 10.1126/science.1244730.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Department of Viroscience, Erasmus MC, 3015GE Rotterdam, Netherlands.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24264991" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Amino Acid Substitution/genetics/immunology ; Antigens, Viral/genetics/*immunology ; Binding Sites/genetics ; *Evolution, Molecular ; Hemagglutinin Glycoproteins, Influenza Virus/genetics/*immunology ; Humans ; Influenza A Virus, H3N2 Subtype/genetics/*immunology ; Mutation
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  • 7
    Publication Date: 2013-02-23
    Description: Foreign particles and cells are cleared from the body by phagocytes that must also recognize and avoid clearance of "self" cells. The membrane protein CD47 is reportedly a "marker of self" in mice that impedes phagocytosis of self by signaling through the phagocyte receptor CD172a. Minimal "Self" peptides were computationally designed from human CD47 and then synthesized and attached to virus-size particles for intravenous injection into mice that express a CD172a variant compatible with hCD47. Self peptides delay macrophage-mediated clearance of nanoparticles, which promotes persistent circulation that enhances dye and drug delivery to tumors. Self-peptide affinity for CD172a is near the optimum measured for human CD172a variants, and Self peptide also potently inhibits nanoparticle uptake mediated by the contractile cytoskeleton. The reductionist approach reveals the importance of human Self peptides and their utility in enhancing drug delivery and imaging.〈br /〉〈br /〉〈a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3966479/" target="_blank"〉〈img src="https://static.pubmed.gov/portal/portal3rc.fcgi/4089621/img/3977009" border="0"〉〈/a〉   〈a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3966479/" target="_blank"〉This paper as free author manuscript - peer-reviewed and accepted for publication〈/a〉〈br /〉〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Rodriguez, Pia L -- Harada, Takamasa -- Christian, David A -- Pantano, Diego A -- Tsai, Richard K -- Discher, Dennis E -- 8UL1TR000003/TR/NCATS NIH HHS/ -- P01-DK032094/DK/NIDDK NIH HHS/ -- P30-DK090969/DK/NIDDK NIH HHS/ -- R01 EB007049/EB/NIBIB NIH HHS/ -- R01 HL062352/HL/NHLBI NIH HHS/ -- R01-EB007049/EB/NIBIB NIH HHS/ -- R01-HL062352/HL/NHLBI NIH HHS/ -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2013 Feb 22;339(6122):971-5. doi: 10.1126/science.1229568.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Molecular and Cell Biophysics and NanoBioPolymers Laboratory, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23430657" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Animals ; *Antigens, CD47/chemistry/immunology/metabolism ; Antigens, Differentiation/*metabolism ; Antineoplastic Agents/administration & dosage ; Autoantigens ; Blood Circulation ; Diagnostic Imaging/methods ; Drug Delivery Systems/*methods ; Humans ; Mice ; Mice, Inbred NOD ; Mice, SCID ; *Nanoparticles/administration & dosage/analysis ; Neoplasms/chemistry/diagnosis/drug therapy ; Paclitaxel/administration & dosage ; Particle Size ; Peptide Fragments/chemical synthesis/chemistry/immunology/*metabolism ; Phagocytes/immunology/metabolism ; *Phagocytosis ; Receptors, Immunologic/immunology/*metabolism ; Signal Transduction
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  • 8
    Publication Date: 2012-02-11
    Description: Pathogen-associated molecular patterns decisively influence antiviral immune responses, whereas the contribution of endogenous signals of tissue damage, also known as damage-associated molecular patterns or alarmins, remains ill defined. We show that interleukin-33 (IL-33), an alarmin released from necrotic cells, is necessary for potent CD8(+) T cell (CTL) responses to replicating, prototypic RNA and DNA viruses in mice. IL-33 signaled through its receptor on activated CTLs, enhanced clonal expansion in a CTL-intrinsic fashion, determined plurifunctional effector cell differentiation, and was necessary for virus control. Moreover, recombinant IL-33 augmented vaccine-induced CTL responses. Radio-resistant cells of the splenic T cell zone produced IL-33, and efficient CTL responses required IL-33 from radio-resistant cells but not from hematopoietic cells. Thus, alarmin release by radio-resistant cells orchestrates protective antiviral CTL responses.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Bonilla, Weldy V -- Frohlich, Anja -- Senn, Karin -- Kallert, Sandra -- Fernandez, Marylise -- Johnson, Susan -- Kreutzfeldt, Mario -- Hegazy, Ahmed N -- Schrick, Christina -- Fallon, Padraic G -- Klemenz, Roman -- Nakae, Susumu -- Adler, Heiko -- Merkler, Doron -- Lohning, Max -- Pinschewer, Daniel D -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2012 Feb 24;335(6071):984-9. doi: 10.1126/science.1215418. Epub 2012 Feb 9.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Department of Pathology and Immunology, University of Geneva, 1 rue Michel Servet, 1211 Geneva 4, Switzerland.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22323740" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Adoptive Transfer ; Animals ; Arenaviridae Infections/*immunology/pathology ; Cell Differentiation ; Gene Expression Profiling ; Herpesviridae Infections/*immunology ; Interleukin-33 ; Interleukins/genetics/immunology/*metabolism ; Lymphocyte Activation ; Lymphocytic choriomeningitis virus/*immunology/physiology ; Mice ; Mice, Transgenic ; Necrosis ; Receptors, Interleukin/genetics/metabolism ; Recombinant Proteins/immunology ; Rhadinovirus/*immunology ; Signal Transduction ; Stromal Cells/immunology/metabolism ; T-Lymphocytes, Cytotoxic/*immunology/transplantation ; Tumor Virus Infections/immunology ; Up-Regulation ; Vaccinia virus/immunology ; Virus Replication
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  • 9
    Publication Date: 2013-06-08
    Description: Evolutionarily young genes that serve essential functions represent a paradox; they must perform a function that either was not required until after their birth or was redundant with another gene. How young genes rapidly acquire essential function is largely unknown. We traced the evolutionary steps by which the Drosophila gene Umbrea acquired an essential role in chromosome segregation in D. melanogaster since the gene's origin less than 15 million years ago. Umbrea neofunctionalization occurred via loss of an ancestral heterochromatin-localizing domain, followed by alterations that rewired its protein interaction network and led to species-specific centromere localization. Our evolutionary cell biology approach provides temporal and mechanistic detail about how young genes gain essential function. Such innovations may constantly alter the repertoire of centromeric proteins in eukaryotes.〈br /〉〈br /〉〈a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4119826/" target="_blank"〉〈img src="https://static.pubmed.gov/portal/portal3rc.fcgi/4089621/img/3977009" border="0"〉〈/a〉   〈a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4119826/" target="_blank"〉This paper as free author manuscript - peer-reviewed and accepted for publication〈/a〉〈br /〉〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Ross, Benjamin D -- Rosin, Leah -- Thomae, Andreas W -- Hiatt, Mary Alice -- Vermaak, Danielle -- de la Cruz, Aida Flor A -- Imhof, Axel -- Mellone, Barbara G -- Malik, Harmit S -- R01 GM074108/GM/NIGMS NIH HHS/ -- R01GM074108/GM/NIGMS NIH HHS/ -- T32HG000035/HG/NHGRI NIH HHS/ -- Howard Hughes Medical Institute/ -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2013 Jun 7;340(6137):1211-4. doi: 10.1126/science.1234393.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Molecular and Cellular Biology Program, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195, USA.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23744945" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Amino Acid Sequence ; Animals ; Centromere/genetics/*physiology ; Chromosomal Proteins, Non-Histone/*genetics ; Drosophila/*genetics ; Drosophila Proteins/*genetics ; *Evolution, Molecular ; Gene Duplication ; Genes, Insect/*physiology ; Molecular Sequence Data
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  • 10
    Publication Date: 2013-08-31
    Description: Invasion of microbial DNA into the cytoplasm of animal cells triggers a cascade of host immune reactions that help clear the infection; however, self DNA in the cytoplasm can cause autoimmune diseases. Biochemical approaches led to the identification of cyclic guanosine monophosphate-adenosine monophosphate (cGAMP) synthase (cGAS) as a cytosolic DNA sensor that triggers innate immune responses. Here, we show that cells from cGAS-deficient (cGas(-/-)) mice, including fibroblasts, macrophages, and dendritic cells, failed to produce type I interferons and other cytokines in response to DNA transfection or DNA virus infection. cGas(-/-) mice were more susceptible to lethal infection with herpes simplex virus 1 (HSV1) than wild-type mice. We also show that cGAMP is an adjuvant that boosts antigen-specific T cell activation and antibody production in mice.〈br /〉〈br /〉〈a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3863637/" target="_blank"〉〈img src="https://static.pubmed.gov/portal/portal3rc.fcgi/4089621/img/3977009" border="0"〉〈/a〉   〈a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3863637/" target="_blank"〉This paper as free author manuscript - peer-reviewed and accepted for publication〈/a〉〈br /〉〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Li, Xiao-Dong -- Wu, Jiaxi -- Gao, Daxing -- Wang, Hua -- Sun, Lijun -- Chen, Zhijian J -- 5T32AI070116/AI/NIAID NIH HHS/ -- AI-093967/AI/NIAID NIH HHS/ -- R01 AI093967/AI/NIAID NIH HHS/ -- Howard Hughes Medical Institute/ -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2013 Sep 20;341(6152):1390-4. doi: 10.1126/science.1244040. Epub 2013 Aug 29.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Department of Molecular Biology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX 75390-9148, USA.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23989956" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Animals ; Antibodies, Viral/biosynthesis ; DNA, Viral/genetics/immunology ; Dendritic Cells/immunology ; Fibroblasts/immunology ; Herpes Simplex/*immunology ; *Herpesvirus 1, Human ; Interferon Regulatory Factor-3/genetics ; Interferon-beta/*biosynthesis/genetics ; Lymphocyte Activation ; Macrophages/immunology ; Mice ; Mice, Knockout ; Nucleotidyltransferases/genetics/*immunology ; Signal Transduction ; T-Lymphocytes/immunology ; Transfection
    Print ISSN: 0036-8075
    Electronic ISSN: 1095-9203
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Computer Science , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
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