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  • 1
    Publication Date: 2012-06-23
    Description: Highly pathogenic avian influenza A/H5N1 virus can cause morbidity and mortality in humans but thus far has not acquired the ability to be transmitted by aerosol or respiratory droplet ("airborne transmission") between humans. To address the concern that the virus could acquire this ability under natural conditions, we genetically modified A/H5N1 virus by site-directed mutagenesis and subsequent serial passage in ferrets. The genetically modified A/H5N1 virus acquired mutations during passage in ferrets, ultimately becoming airborne transmissible in ferrets. None of the recipient ferrets died after airborne infection with the mutant A/H5N1 viruses. Four amino acid substitutions in the host receptor-binding protein hemagglutinin, and one in the polymerase complex protein basic polymerase 2, were consistently present in airborne-transmitted viruses. The transmissible viruses were sensitive to the antiviral drug oseltamivir and reacted well with antisera raised against H5 influenza vaccine strains. Thus, avian A/H5N1 influenza viruses can acquire the capacity for airborne transmission between mammals without recombination in an intermediate host and therefore constitute a risk for human pandemic influenza.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Herfst, Sander -- Schrauwen, Eefje J A -- Linster, Martin -- Chutinimitkul, Salin -- de Wit, Emmie -- Munster, Vincent J -- Sorrell, Erin M -- Bestebroer, Theo M -- Burke, David F -- Smith, Derek J -- Rimmelzwaan, Guus F -- Osterhaus, Albert D M E -- Fouchier, Ron A M -- DP1-OD000490-01/OD/NIH HHS/ -- HHSN266200700010C/PHS HHS/ -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2012 Jun 22;336(6088):1534-41. doi: 10.1126/science.1213362.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Department of Virology, Erasmus Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22723413" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Air Microbiology ; Amino Acid Substitution ; Animals ; Antiviral Agents/pharmacology ; Containment of Biohazards ; Disease Models, Animal ; Female ; *Ferrets ; Hemagglutinin Glycoproteins, Influenza ; Virus/chemistry/genetics/immunology/metabolism ; Humans ; Immune Sera ; Influenza A Virus, H5N1 Subtype/drug effects/*genetics/*pathogenicity/physiology ; Influenza in Birds/epidemiology/virology ; Influenza, Human/epidemiology/transmission/*virology ; Molecular Sequence Data ; Mutagenesis, Site-Directed ; Mutation ; Orthomyxoviridae Infections/transmission/*virology ; Oseltamivir/pharmacology ; Pandemics ; Poultry ; RNA Replicase/chemistry/genetics ; Reassortant Viruses/pathogenicity ; Receptors, Virus/metabolism ; Respiratory System/*virology ; Reverse Genetics ; Serial Passage ; Sialic Acids/metabolism ; Viral Proteins/chemistry/genetics ; Virulence ; Virus Replication ; Virus Shedding
    Print ISSN: 0036-8075
    Electronic ISSN: 1095-9203
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Computer Science , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
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  • 2
    Publication Date: 2013-08-09
    Description: 〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Fouchier, Ron A M -- Kawaoka, Yoshihiro -- Cardona, Carol -- Compans, Richard W -- Garcia-Sastre, Adolfo -- Govorkova, Elena A -- Guan, Yi -- Herfst, Sander -- Orenstein, Walter A -- Peiris, J S Malik -- Perez, Daniel R -- Richt, Juergen A -- Russell, Charles -- Schultz-Cherry, Stacey L -- Smith, Derek J -- Steel, John -- Tompkins, S Mark -- Topham, David J -- Treanor, John J -- Tripp, Ralph A -- Webby, Richard J -- Webster, Robert G -- England -- Nature. 2013 Aug 8;500(7461):150-1. doi: 10.1038/500150a.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23925229" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Animals ; Birds ; Drug Resistance, Viral ; Humans ; Influenza A virus/*genetics/pathogenicity ; Influenza in Birds/transmission/*virology ; Orthomyxoviridae Infections/transmission/*virology ; Pandemics/prevention & control ; Research/standards ; Viral Proteins/genetics/metabolism ; Viral Vaccines
    Print ISSN: 0028-0836
    Electronic ISSN: 1476-4687
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
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  • 3
    Publication Date: 2013-08-09
    Description: Wild waterfowl form the main reservoir of influenza A viruses, from which transmission occurs directly or indirectly to various secondary hosts, including humans. Direct avian-to-human transmission has been observed for viruses of subtypes A(H5N1), A(H7N2), A(H7N3), A(H7N7), A(H9N2) and A(H10N7) upon human exposure to poultry, but a lack of sustained human-to-human transmission has prevented these viruses from causing new pandemics. Recently, avian A(H7N9) viruses were transmitted to humans, causing severe respiratory disease and deaths in China. Because transmission via respiratory droplets and aerosols (hereafter referred to as airborne transmission) is the main route for efficient transmission between humans, it is important to gain an insight into airborne transmission of the A(H7N9) virus. Here we show that although the A/Anhui/1/2013 A(H7N9) virus harbours determinants associated with human adaptation and transmissibility between mammals, its airborne transmissibility in ferrets is limited, and it is intermediate between that of typical human and avian influenza viruses. Multiple A(H7N9) virus genetic variants were transmitted. Upon ferret passage, variants with higher avian receptor binding, higher pH of fusion, and lower thermostability were selected, potentially resulting in reduced transmissibility. This A(H7N9) virus outbreak highlights the need for increased understanding of the determinants of efficient airborne transmission of avian influenza viruses between mammals.〈br /〉〈br /〉〈a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3819191/" target="_blank"〉〈img src="https://static.pubmed.gov/portal/portal3rc.fcgi/4089621/img/3977009" border="0"〉〈/a〉   〈a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3819191/" target="_blank"〉This paper as free author manuscript - peer-reviewed and accepted for publication〈/a〉〈br /〉〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Richard, Mathilde -- Schrauwen, Eefje J A -- de Graaf, Miranda -- Bestebroer, Theo M -- Spronken, Monique I J -- van Boheemen, Sander -- de Meulder, Dennis -- Lexmond, Pascal -- Linster, Martin -- Herfst, Sander -- Smith, Derek J -- van den Brand, Judith M -- Burke, David F -- Kuiken, Thijs -- Rimmelzwaan, Guus F -- Osterhaus, Albert D M E -- Fouchier, Ron A M -- HHSN266200700010C/AI/NIAID NIH HHS/ -- HHSN266200700010C/PHS HHS/ -- England -- Nature. 2013 Sep 26;501(7468):560-3. doi: 10.1038/nature12476. Epub 2013 Aug 7.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Department of Viroscience, Erasmus Medical Center, 3015GE Rotterdam, The Netherlands.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23925116" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Air Microbiology ; Animals ; Birds/virology ; Cercopithecus aethiops ; Dogs ; Ferrets/*virology ; Genome, Viral/genetics ; Hemagglutinin Glycoproteins, Influenza Virus/chemistry ; Humans ; Influenza A virus/chemistry/classification/genetics/*pathogenicity ; Influenza in Birds/transmission/virology ; Influenza, Human/transmission/virology ; Madin Darby Canine Kidney Cells ; Models, Molecular ; Orthomyxoviridae Infections/*transmission/*virology ; Vero Cells
    Print ISSN: 0028-0836
    Electronic ISSN: 1476-4687
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
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  • 4
    Publication Date: 2009-07-04
    Description: The swine-origin A(H1N1) influenza virus that has emerged in humans in early 2009 has raised concerns about pandemic developments. In a ferret pathogenesis and transmission model, the 2009 A(H1N1) influenza virus was found to be more pathogenic than a seasonal A(H1N1) virus, with more extensive virus replication occurring in the respiratory tract. Replication of seasonal A(H1N1) virus was confined to the nasal cavity of ferrets, but the 2009 A(H1N1) influenza virus also replicated in the trachea, bronchi, and bronchioles. Virus shedding was more abundant from the upper respiratory tract for 2009 A(H1N1) influenza virus as compared with seasonal virus, and transmission via aerosol or respiratory droplets was equally efficient. These data suggest that the 2009 A(H1N1) influenza virus has the ability to persist in the human population, potentially with more severe clinical consequences.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Munster, Vincent J -- de Wit, Emmie -- van den Brand, Judith M A -- Herfst, Sander -- Schrauwen, Eefje J A -- Bestebroer, Theo M -- van de Vijver, David -- Boucher, Charles A -- Koopmans, Marion -- Rimmelzwaan, Guus F -- Kuiken, Thijs -- Osterhaus, Albert D M E -- Fouchier, Ron A M -- HHSN266200700010C/PHS HHS/ -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2009 Jul 24;325(5939):481-3. doi: 10.1126/science.1177127. Epub 2009 Jul 2.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉National Influenza Center and Department of Virology, Erasmus Medical Center, 3015GE Rotterdam, The Netherlands.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19574348" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Animals ; Bronchi/virology ; Child, Preschool ; Disease Models, Animal ; Female ; Ferrets ; Humans ; Influenza A Virus, H1N1 Subtype/*pathogenicity ; Influenza, Human/pathology/transmission/*virology ; Orthomyxoviridae Infections/pathology/transmission/virology ; Respiratory System/virology ; Seasons ; Swine/virology ; Trachea/virology ; Virus Replication ; Virus Shedding
    Print ISSN: 0036-8075
    Electronic ISSN: 1095-9203
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Computer Science , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
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  • 5
    Publication Date: 2012-06-23
    Description: Avian A/H5N1 influenza viruses pose a pandemic threat. As few as five amino acid substitutions, or four with reassortment, might be sufficient for mammal-to-mammal transmission through respiratory droplets. From surveillance data, we found that two of these substitutions are common in A/H5N1 viruses, and thus, some viruses might require only three additional substitutions to become transmissible via respiratory droplets between mammals. We used a mathematical model of within-host virus evolution to study factors that could increase and decrease the probability of the remaining substitutions evolving after the virus has infected a mammalian host. These factors, combined with the presence of some of these substitutions in circulating strains, make a virus evolving in nature a potentially serious threat. These results highlight critical areas in which more data are needed for assessing, and potentially averting, this threat.〈br /〉〈br /〉〈a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3426314/" target="_blank"〉〈img src="https://static.pubmed.gov/portal/portal3rc.fcgi/4089621/img/3977009" border="0"〉〈/a〉   〈a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3426314/" target="_blank"〉This paper as free author manuscript - peer-reviewed and accepted for publication〈/a〉〈br /〉〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Russell, Colin A -- Fonville, Judith M -- Brown, Andre E X -- Burke, David F -- Smith, David L -- James, Sarah L -- Herfst, Sander -- van Boheemen, Sander -- Linster, Martin -- Schrauwen, Eefje J -- Katzelnick, Leah -- Mosterin, Ana -- Kuiken, Thijs -- Maher, Eileen -- Neumann, Gabriele -- Osterhaus, Albert D M E -- Kawaoka, Yoshihiro -- Fouchier, Ron A M -- Smith, Derek J -- DP1 OD000490/OD/NIH HHS/ -- DP1-OD000490-01/OD/NIH HHS/ -- HHSN266200700010C/AI/NIAID NIH HHS/ -- HHSN266200700010C/PHS HHS/ -- R01 AI 069274/AI/NIAID NIH HHS/ -- R56 AI069274/AI/NIAID NIH HHS/ -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2012 Jun 22;336(6088):1541-7. doi: 10.1126/science.1222526.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Department of Zoology, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22723414" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Adaptation, Physiological ; Air Microbiology ; Amino Acid Substitution ; Animals ; Birds ; *Evolution, Molecular ; Genetic Fitness ; Glycosylation ; Hemagglutinin Glycoproteins, Influenza Virus/*genetics/metabolism ; High-Throughput Nucleotide Sequencing ; Humans ; Influenza A Virus, H5N1 Subtype/*genetics/*pathogenicity ; Influenza in Birds/virology ; Influenza, Human/immunology/transmission/*virology ; Mammals ; Models, Biological ; Mutation ; Orthomyxoviridae Infections/transmission/*virology ; Probability ; RNA Replicase/*genetics ; Receptors, Virus/metabolism ; Respiratory System/*virology ; Selection, Genetic ; Sialic Acids/metabolism ; Viral Proteins/*genetics
    Print ISSN: 0036-8075
    Electronic ISSN: 1095-9203
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Computer Science , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
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  • 6
    Publication Date: 2012-01-24
    Description: 〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Fouchier, Ron A M -- Herfst, Sander -- Osterhaus, Albert D M E -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2012 Feb 10;335(6069):662-3. doi: 10.1126/science.1218376. Epub 2012 Jan 19.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Department of Virology, Erasmus Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands. r.fouchier@erasmusmc.nl〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22267582" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Advisory Committees ; Aerosols ; Animals ; Biological Warfare Agents ; Bioterrorism/prevention & control ; Containment of Biohazards ; Humans ; Influenza A Virus, H5N1 Subtype/genetics/*pathogenicity ; Influenza, Human/epidemiology/transmission/*virology ; Mammals ; National Institutes of Health (U.S.) ; Netherlands ; Orthomyxoviridae Infections/transmission/*virology ; Pandemics/prevention & control ; *Public Health ; *Publishing ; Security Measures ; United States
    Print ISSN: 0036-8075
    Electronic ISSN: 1095-9203
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Computer Science , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
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  • 7
    Publication Date: 2013-08-10
    Description: 〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Fouchier, Ron A M -- Kawaoka, Yoshihiro -- Cardona, Carol -- Compans, Richard W -- Garcia-Sastre, Adolfo -- Govorkova, Elena A -- Guan, Yi -- Herfst, Sander -- Orenstein, Walter A -- Peiris, J S Malik -- Perez, Daniel R -- Richt, Juergen A -- Russell, Charles -- Schultz-Cherry, Stacey L -- Smith, Derek J -- Steel, John -- Tompkins, S Mark -- Topham, David J -- Treanor, John J -- Tripp, Ralph A -- Webby, Richard J -- Webster, Robert G -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2013 Aug 9;341(6146):612-3. doi: 10.1126/science.341.6146.612.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23929965" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Animals ; Drug Resistance, Multiple, Viral/*genetics ; Humans ; Influenza A virus/*genetics/*pathogenicity ; Influenza Vaccines/genetics/immunology ; Influenza in Birds/*transmission/*virology ; Influenza, Human/*prevention & control/transmission/virology ; Pandemics/*prevention & control ; Poultry ; Security Measures
    Print ISSN: 0036-8075
    Electronic ISSN: 1095-9203
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Computer Science , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
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  • 8
    Publication Date: 2013-08-09
    Description: Since the end of March 2013, avian a influenza viruses of the H7N9 subtype have caused more than 130 human cases of infection in China, many of which were severe, resulting in 43 fatalities. Although this A(H7N9) virus outbreak is now under control, the virus (or one with similar properties) could reemerge as winter approaches. To better assess the pandemic threat posed by A(H7N9) viruses, NIAID/NIH Centers of Excellence in Influenza Research and Surveillance (CEIRS) investigators and other expert laboratories in China and elsewhere have characterized the wild-type avian A(H7N9) viruses in terms of host range, virulence, and transmission, and are evaluating the effectiveness of antiviral drugs and vaccine candidates. However, to fully assess the potential risk associated with these novel viruses, there is a need for additional research including experiments that may be classified as "gain-of-function" (GOF). Here, we outline the aspects of the current situation that most urgently require additional research, our proposed studies, and risk-mitigation strategies.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Fouchier, Ron A M -- Kawaoka, Yoshihiro -- Cardona, Carol -- Compans, Richard W -- Garcia-Sastre, Adolfo -- Govorkova, Elena A -- Guan, Yi -- Herfst, Sander -- Orenstein, Walter A -- Peiris, J S Malik -- Perez, Daniel R -- Richt, Juergen A -- Russell, Charles -- Schultz-Cherry, Stacey L -- Smith, Derek J -- Steel, John -- Tompkins, S Mark -- Topham, David J -- Treanor, John J -- Tripp, Ralph A -- Webby, Richard J -- Webster, Robert G -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2013 Aug 7.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Department of Viroscience, Erasmus Medical Center, 3015GE, Rotterdam, Netherlands.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23926190" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Print ISSN: 0036-8075
    Electronic ISSN: 1095-9203
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Computer Science , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
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  • 9
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    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Publication Date: 2015-02-07
    Description: 〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Verhagen, Josanne H -- Herfst, Sander -- Fouchier, Ron A M -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2015 Feb 6;347(6222):616-7. doi: 10.1126/science.aaa6724. Epub 2015 Feb 5.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Department of Viroscience, Erasmus Medical Center, 3015 CE Rotterdam, Netherlands.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25657235" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: *Animal Migration ; Animals ; Animals, Wild/*virology ; Asia/epidemiology ; Europe/epidemiology ; HN Protein/genetics ; Humans ; Influenza A virus/classification/genetics/*isolation & purification ; Influenza Vaccines/administration & dosage ; Influenza in Birds/*epidemiology/*transmission ; Influenza, Human/*epidemiology/prevention & control/*transmission ; Poultry/*virology
    Print ISSN: 0036-8075
    Electronic ISSN: 1095-9203
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Computer Science , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
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  • 10
    Publication Date: 2013-08-07
    Print ISSN: 0036-8075
    Electronic ISSN: 1095-9203
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Computer Science , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
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