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  • Artikel  (543)
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  • 1
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Springer
    Entomologia experimentalis et applicata 34 (1983), S. 20-26 
    ISSN: 1570-7458
    Schlagwort(e): Dioryctria abietella ; Cone pyralid ; Lepidoptera ; Pyralidae ; Sex pheromone, (Z,E)-9,11-tetradecadienyl acetate ; Single sensillum recordings ; Electroantennography ; Gas chromatography ; Mass spectrometry
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Biologie
    Beschreibung / Inhaltsverzeichnis: Résumé L'analyse en chromatographie gazeuse associée à une détection électroantennographique a montré que l'acétate (Z,E)-9,11-tétradécadiényle (Z,E)-9,11–14:Ac est l'un des composants de la phéromone de Dioryctria abietella Schiff (Lepid.: Pyralidae). Couplage chromatographie en phase gazeuse spectrometrie de masse a montré la présence d'acétate tétradécadiényle avec un spectre de masse et un indice de rétention identiques au Z,E-9,11–14:Ac Un récepteur cellulaire sensible à la fois au Z,E-9,11–14:Ac et à un extrait de la femelle a été identifié sous l'antenne du mâle. Les analyses des antennogrammes et de la cellule isolée ont étayé la caractérisation du composant de la phéromone comme étant Z,E-9,11–14:Ac. Un récepteur cellulaire additionnel sensible à l'acétate (Z.)-9-tétradécadiényle et à l'acétate (Z.E.)-9,12-tétradécadiényle a été trouvé sur l'antenne du mâle, mais il n'était pas activé par l'extrait de la femelle. Sur le terrain Z,E-9,11–14:Ac, présenté seul, attirait des nombres importants de mâles de D. abietella. L'addition de l'acétate (Z)-9-tétradécényle a inhibé l'attraction des mâles par les pièges.
    Notizen: Summary Gas chromatographic analyses coupled with electro-antennographic detection indicated that (Z,E)-9,11-tetradecadienyl acetate (Z,E-9, 11–14:Ac) is a pheromone component of the cone pyralid Dioryctria abietella. Gas chromatographic-mass spectrometric analyses confirmed the presence of a tetradecadienyl acetate with mass spectrum and retention index identical to Z,E-9,11–14:Ac. A receptor cell sensitive to both Z,E-9,11–14:Ac and the female extract was identified on the male antenna. An additional receptor cell sensitive to (Z)-9-tetradecenyl acetate and (Z,E)-9,12-tetradecadienyl acetate was found on the male antenna but was not activated by the female extract. In the field Z,E-9,11–14:Ac presented alone attracted significant numbers of male D. abietella. Addition of (Z)-9-tetradecenyl acetate inhibited the attraction of males to traps.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    Standort Signatur Erwartet Verfügbarkeit
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  • 2
    ISSN: 1432-0789
    Schlagwort(e): Wheat ; Paddy straw compost ; N and P enrichment ; Rock phosphate ; Pyrite ; Triticum aestivum ; Nutrient uptake
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Biologie , Geologie und Paläontologie , Land- und Forstwirtschaft, Gartenbau, Fischereiwirtschaft, Hauswirtschaft
    Notizen: Summary A nutrient-rich compost from paddy straw was prepared using urea and Mussoorie rock phosphate for N and P enrichment respectively. Inorganic N was partly conserved in the compost by the addition of pyrite. Citric-acid-soluble P also increased with the addition of pyrite. Compost containing about 1.6% total N and 3.3% total P was found to be a good source of P for a wheat crop and also supplied a significant amount of N to the plants.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    Standort Signatur Erwartet Verfügbarkeit
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  • 3
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Springer
    Biology and fertility of soils 3 (1987), S. 199-204 
    ISSN: 1432-0789
    Schlagwort(e): Phosphatases ; Rhizosphere ; Organic phosphorus ; Allium cepa ; Brassica oleracea ; Triticum aestivum ; Trifolium alexandrinum
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Biologie , Geologie und Paläontologie , Land- und Forstwirtschaft, Gartenbau, Fischereiwirtschaft, Hauswirtschaft
    Notizen: Summary The distribution of phosphatase activity and of phosphate fractions of the soil in the proximity of roots was studied in order to evaluate the significance of phosphatases in P nutrition of various plants (Brassica oleracea, Allium cepa, Triticum aestivum, Trifolium alexandrinum). A considerable increase in both acid and alkaline phosphatase activity in all the four soil-root interfaces was observed. Maximum distances from the root surface at which activity increases were observed ranged from 2.0 mm to 3.1 mm for acid phosphatase and from 1.2 mm to 1.6 mm for alkaline phosphatase. The increase in phosphatase activity depended upon plant age, plant species and soil type. A significant correlation was noticed between the depletion of organic P and phosphatase activity in the rhizosphere soil of wheat (r = 0.99**) and clover (r = 0.97**). The maximum organic P depletion was 65% in clover and 86% in wheat, which was observed within a distance from the root of 0.8 mm in clover and 1.5 mm in wheat. Both the phosphatases in combination appear to be responsible for the depletion of organic P.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    Standort Signatur Erwartet Verfügbarkeit
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  • 4
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Springer
    Biology and fertility of soils 5 (1987), S. 76-82 
    ISSN: 1432-0789
    Schlagwort(e): Biomass accumulation ; Decomposition ; Litter ; Soil organic matter ; Soil respiration ; 14C deposition ; Triticum aestivum
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Biologie , Geologie und Paläontologie , Land- und Forstwirtschaft, Gartenbau, Fischereiwirtschaft, Hauswirtschaft
    Notizen: Summary In a field experiment with 14C-labeled winter wheat conducted in the north-central region of the United States, crop-accumulated carbon (grain excluded) returned to the soil was found to be 542 g m−2 year−1. Almost half of the carbon from the underground compartment was released in the form of CO2 during the first 3 months after harvest due to very favorable conditions for biological activity. After 18 months, no less than 80% of the carbon from the plant residues was mineralized. About 16% of straw carbon and 24% of root carbon was transferred into soil organic matter. The annual rate of soil organic matter decomposition was approximated as 1.7%.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    Standort Signatur Erwartet Verfügbarkeit
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  • 5
    ISSN: 1432-0789
    Schlagwort(e): Triticum aestivum ; T. turgidum ; Nitrogen fixation ; Field inoculation ; Acetylene reduction assay (ARA)
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Biologie , Geologie und Paläontologie , Land- und Forstwirtschaft, Gartenbau, Fischereiwirtschaft, Hauswirtschaft
    Notizen: Summary Eight commercial Israeli spring wheat cultivars (six Triticum aestivum and two T. turgidum) grown with 40 and 120 kg N/ha were tested for responses to inoculation with Azospirillum brasilense. At the low level of N fertilization (40 kg/ha), five cultivars showed significant increases in plant dry weight measured at the milky ripe stage; however, by maturation only the cultivar “Miriam” showed a significant increase in grain yield. Two cultivars, which had shown a positive inoculation effect at the earlier stages, had a significant decrease in grain yield. No significant effect of inoculation was found at the high N level. To confirm those results, four wheat (T. aestivum) cultivars were tested separately over 4 years in 4 different locations under varying N levels. Only Miriam showed a consistently positive effect of Azospirillum inoculation on grain yield. Inoculation increased the number of roots per plant on Miriam compared with uninoculated plants. This effect was found at all N levels. Nutrient (N, P and K) accumulation and number of fertile tillers per unit area were also enhanced by Azospirillum, but these parameters were greatly affected by the level of applied N. It is suggested that the positive response of the spring wheat cultivar “Miriam” to Azospirillum inoculation is due to its capacity to escape water stresses at the end of the growth season.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    Standort Signatur Erwartet Verfügbarkeit
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  • 6
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Springer
    Biology and fertility of soils 4 (1987), S. 55-59 
    ISSN: 1432-0789
    Schlagwort(e): Azospirillum brasilense ; Triticum aestivum ; Inoculation ; N and dry matter yield ; N percentages in plant parts ; Associative N2 fixation
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Biologie , Geologie und Paläontologie , Land- und Forstwirtschaft, Gartenbau, Fischereiwirtschaft, Hauswirtschaft
    Notizen: Summary Wheat plants (Triticum aestivum) grown in pots and in the field under the Mediterranean climate of the south of France were inoculated with a strain of Azospirillum brasilense. Comparisons with non-inoculated plants grown under the same conditions showed significant responses to inoculation with an increase in the number of fertile tillers, shoot and root dry weight, and root to shoot biomass ratio. The roots of inoculated plants attracted relatively more assimilates than those of the control plants until a late stage of growth (heading stage) but the rhizosphere respiration expressed per unit of root growth was not increased by inoculation. Nitrogen yield, both total and in grains, was also enhanced; however, N percentages of all aerial parts of the plants grown in pots were always statistically lower after inoculation than in the control. At maturity, the N % in seeds was 1.81 and 2.45, respectively. The possible mechanisms of this effect of inoculation under the experimental conditions of this study are discussed.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    Standort Signatur Erwartet Verfügbarkeit
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  • 7
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Springer
    Biology and fertility of soils 7 (1988), S. 67-70 
    ISSN: 1432-0789
    Schlagwort(e): Root activity ; Soil C mineralization ; 14C-labelled plant material ; Decomposition stages ; Wheat ; Triticum aestivum
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Biologie , Geologie und Paläontologie , Land- und Forstwirtschaft, Gartenbau, Fischereiwirtschaft, Hauswirtschaft
    Notizen: Summary Two different soils were amended with 14C-labelled plant material and incubated under controlled laboratory conditions for 2 years. Half the samples were cropped with wheat (Triticum aestivum) 10 times in succession. At flowering, the wheat was harvested and the roots removed from the soil, and a new crop was started. Thus, the soil was continuously occupied by predominantly active root systems. The remaining samples were maintained without plants under the same conditions. The aim of the experiment was to study the effects of active roots on C-mineralization rates during different stages of decomposition and during long-term incubation. During the first 200 days, corresponding to the active decomposition stages, the roots weakly reduced 14C mineralization. With a lower level of decomposition, when more than 60% of the initial 14C was mineralized and when the available nutrients were markedly exhausted by plant uptake, the roots stimulated 14C mineralization.[/ p]
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    Standort Signatur Erwartet Verfügbarkeit
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  • 8
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Springer
    Biology and fertility of soils 7 (1988), S. 71-78 
    ISSN: 1432-0789
    Schlagwort(e): Root activity ; Rhizosphere ; C metabolism ; Microbial biomass ; Microbial activity ; Wheat ; Triticum aestivum
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Biologie , Geologie und Paläontologie , Land- und Forstwirtschaft, Gartenbau, Fischereiwirtschaft, Hauswirtschaft
    Notizen: Summary Two different soils were amended with 14C-labelled plant material and incubated under controlled laboratory conditions for 2 years. Half the samples were cropped with wheat (Triticum aestivum) 10 times in succession. At flowering, the wheat was harvested and the old roots removed from the soil, so that the soil was continuously occupied by predominantly active root systems. The remaining samples were maintained without plants under the same conditions. During the initial stages of high microbial activity, due to decomposition of the labile compounds, the size of the total microbial biomass was comparable for both treatments, and the metabolic quotient (qCO2-C = mg CO2-C·mg−1 Biomass C·h−1) was increased by the plants. During the subsequent low-activity decomposition stages, after the labile compounds had been progressively mineralized, the biomass was multiplied by a factor of 2–4 in the presence of plants compared to the bare soils. Nevertheless, qCO2-C tended to reach similar low values with both treatments. The 14C-labelled biomass was reduced by the presence of roots and qCO2-14C was increased. The significance of these results obtained from a model experiment is discussed in terms of (1) the variation in the substrate originating from the roots and controlled by the plant physiology, (2) nutrient availability for plants and microorganisms, (3) soil biotic capacities and (4) increased microbial turnover rates induced by the roots.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    Standort Signatur Erwartet Verfügbarkeit
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  • 9
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Springer
    Biology and fertility of soils 4 (1987), S. 37-40 
    ISSN: 1432-0789
    Schlagwort(e): Azospirillum brasilense ; Azospirillum amazonense ; rate reductase ; Inoculation ; Wheat ; Triticum aestivum
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Biologie , Geologie und Paläontologie , Land- und Forstwirtschaft, Gartenbau, Fischereiwirtschaft, Hauswirtschaft
    Notizen: Summary Three field experiments with wheat were conducted in 1983, 1984, and 1985 in Terra Roxa soil in Paraná, the major Brazilian wheat-growing region, to study inoculation effects of various strains of Azospirillum brasilense and A. amazonense. In all three experiments inoculation with A. brasilense Sp 245 isolated from surface-sterilized wheat roots in Paraná produced the highest plant dry weights and highest N% in plant tops and grain. Grain yield increases with this strain were up to 31 % but were not significant. The application of 60 or 100 kg N ha−1 to the controls increased N accumulation and produced yields less than inoculation with this strain. Another A. brasilense strain from surface-sterilized wheat roots (Sp 107st) also produced increased N assimilation at the lower N fertilizer level but reduced dry weights at the high N level, while strain Sp 7 + Cd reduced dry weights and N% in the straw at both N levels. The A. amazonense strain isolated from washed roots and a nitrate reductase negative mutant of strain Sp 245 were ineffective. Strains Sp 245 and Sp 107st showed the best establishment within roots while strain Cd established only in the soil.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    Standort Signatur Erwartet Verfügbarkeit
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  • 10
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Springer
    Biology and fertility of soils 4 (1987), S. 41-46 
    ISSN: 1432-0789
    Schlagwort(e): Competition ; Migration ; Colonization potential ; Replica printing ; Triticum aestivum ; Pseudomonas fluorescens ; Bacillus subtilis
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Biologie , Geologie und Paläontologie , Land- und Forstwirtschaft, Gartenbau, Fischereiwirtschaft, Hauswirtschaft
    Notizen: Summary Colonization patterns of Pseudomonas fluorescens and Bacillus subtilis on roots of wheat seedlings growing on water agar were studied qualitatively by replica printing and quantitatively by the plate count method. The results indicated a stronger colonization potential for P. fluorescens (up to 107 cfu/cm root) than for B. subtilis (up to 105 cfu/cm root). Although the numbers of both species were lower when inoculated together, the observed colonization patterns on the roots were comparable to those found with single inoculations. For none of these bacteria was active migration along the root surface in any direction observed, indicating that distal positions are reached mainly by a passive displacement on the root tip and elongating cells. Ecological implications of the observed phenomena are discussed.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    Standort Signatur Erwartet Verfügbarkeit
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  • 11
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Springer
    Biology and fertility of soils 5 (1987), S. 31-35 
    ISSN: 1432-0789
    Schlagwort(e): Gaeumannomyces graminis ; VegVetative growth ; Pathogenicity ; Herbicides ; Diquat+paraquat ; Glyphosate ; Dicamba ; Trifluralin ; Chlorsulfuron ; Chlorthal dimethyl ; Triticum aestivum
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Biologie , Geologie und Paläontologie , Land- und Forstwirtschaft, Gartenbau, Fischereiwirtschaft, Hauswirtschaft
    Notizen: Summary The effects of Spray Seed (diquat + paraquat), Roundup (glyphosate), Banvel-D (dicamba), Treflan (trifluralin), Glean (chlorsulfuron) and Dacthal (chlorthal dimethyl) at concentrations of 0–500 ppm product on the vegetative growth, vigour and pathogenicity of Gaeumannomyces graminis var. tritici (Ggt) on wheat were examined. All herbicides with the exception of dicamba and chlorsulfuron inhibited fungal growth on potato dextrose agar (PDA) at concentrations 10–500-fold of rates recommended for use in the field. The vegetative growth of the pathogen growing out of straw colonized on PDA supplemented with 100 ppm diquat + paraquat or glyphosate was reduced by 47.4% and 42.4%, respectively. When portions of these colonies were subcultured onto unamended PDA, their growth and the pathogenicity of straw pieces colonized by these subcultures were found to be unaltered. Straw colonized by Ggt on agar amended with concentrations of diquat + paraquat or at all concentrations of glyphosate produced less root disease in wheat seedlings in comparison to those colonized on unamended agar. It is proposed that the reduced pathogenicity of inocula prepared on agar amended with these two herbicides is due to poor colonization by the pathogen of straw on these media, and that a similar effect on saprophytic colonization in the field could lead to a reduction in the field inocula of the pathogen.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    Standort Signatur Erwartet Verfügbarkeit
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  • 12
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Springer
    Biology and fertility of soils 6 (1988), S. 315-321 
    ISSN: 1432-0789
    Schlagwort(e): Biopores ; Root growth ; Transpiration ; Simulations ; Mechanical impedance ; Triticum aestivum
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Biologie , Geologie und Paläontologie , Land- und Forstwirtschaft, Gartenbau, Fischereiwirtschaft, Hauswirtschaft
    Notizen: Summary The use of vertical biopores by wheat (Triticum aestivum) seminal roots for easy access to the subsoil and the consequences for plant water supply and yield has been investigated by computer simulation. Parameters included were: biopore density and diameter, depth of cultivation and strength of the subsoil — all under a wide range of seasonal weather conditions. The model predicts that biopores add significantly to root penetration at depth, even at a density of 0.1% v/v of small, vertical pores, while 1.5% to 2.0% v/v can ensure maximum root penetration. When the growing season is shorter a larger number of biopores is needed to ensure timely root penetration to depth. With shallow tillage, biopores occur closer to the soil surface, and their importance is increased. Deeper root penetration invariably gives greater water uptake and transpiration, but may have a negative effect on grain yield, especially under the driest climatic conditions. An increase in early water use may result in less soil water being available during the grain-filling period. The effect of biopores on plant transpiration varies from year to year, depending on the amount of rain and its distribution in time, and on the amount of soil water stored at time of sowing.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    Standort Signatur Erwartet Verfügbarkeit
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  • 13
    ISSN: 1432-0983
    Schlagwort(e): Triticum aestivum ; Plant mitochondrial DNA ; Ribosomal genes ; Sequence rearrangements
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Biologie
    Notizen: Summary The nucleotide sequence of the wheat mitochondrial 26S ribosomal RNA gene and flanking regions was determined and compared with mitochondrial 26S rRNA genes from maize and Oenothera. All three genes exhibit a high degree of homology except within two variable regions. When the plant mitochondrial 26S rRNA genes are compared with Escherichia coli 23S rRNA and chloroplast 23S and 4.5S rRNA genes, a third variable region is apparent close to the 3′ end of the gene. The 5′ and 3′ ends of the wheat mitochondrial gene were determined by S1 nuclease mapping. Computer analysis of the wheat mitochondrial gene revealed several small sequences present either in the 5′ region of the 26S rRNA gene or in the 18S rRNA gene.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    Standort Signatur Erwartet Verfügbarkeit
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  • 14
    ISSN: 1432-0983
    Schlagwort(e): Triticum aestivum ; Genomic variability ; Mitochondrial DNA ; Somatic tissue culture ; Regeneration ability
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Biologie
    Notizen: Summary Embryogenic and non-embryogenic long-term callus cultures of hexaploid wheat exhibit differences in the organization of their mitochondrial genome. Embryogenic and non-embryogenic fractions of callus cultures initiated from immature embryos of the wheat cultivar “Chinese Spring” have been isolated and subsequently subcultured. DNA-DNA hybridization experiments using labelled cloned wheat mitochondrial DNA fragments have shown that the mitochondrial DNA organization of embryogenic subcultures derived from embryogenic parts of “Chinese Spring” calli is closely related to that of the initial “Chinese Spring” calli, while non-embryogenic subcultures derived from non-embryogenic fragments of “Chinese Spring” calli exhibit a mitochondrial DNA organization similar to that found in non-embryogenic calli derived from cultivar “Aquila”. In addition, somatic tissue cultures initiated from three other non-embryogenic wheat cultivars (“Talent”, “Thésée” and “Capitole”) display mitochondrial DNA arrangements similar to those found in cultivar “Aquila”. These results strongly suggest that, in wheat callus cultures, a particular mitochondrial genome organization is correlated with the ability of cultured cells to regenerate whole plants.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    Standort Signatur Erwartet Verfügbarkeit
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  • 15
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Springer
    Journal of molecular evolution 23 (1986), S. 113-118 
    ISSN: 1432-1432
    Schlagwort(e): Primordial terrestrial atmospheres ; CH4, C2H2, CO2 ; Prebiotic synthesis ; High-frequency discharge ; Hydrocarbons ; Gas chromatography ; Mass Spectrometry
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Biologie
    Notizen: Summary Various hydrocarbons were synthesized by high-frequency discharge in a primordial terrestrial model atmosphere. The products were extracted by benzene or methanol and analyzed by GC-MS. The mean carbon chain length of the hydrocarbons formed by the discharge through pure CH4 gas was less than 6. Benzene was also obtained. Some isomers were obtained for each of the hydrocarbons containing a given number of carbons. When a small amount of C2H2 was added to the CH4, longer chain compounds were formed, as compared with discharge in CH4 only. However, when the amount of C2H2 was increased, unextractable high molecular weight compounds were produced. The amounts of products decreased as the mixing ratio of CO2 to CH4 increased. No hydrocarbons were detected when the ratio of CO2/CH4 exceeded 1.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    Standort Signatur Erwartet Verfügbarkeit
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  • 16
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Springer
    Trees 1 (1987), S. 94-101 
    ISSN: 1432-2285
    Schlagwort(e): Monoterpenes ; Abies alba Mill ; Resin ; Seeds ; Gas chromatography
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Biologie , Land- und Forstwirtschaft, Gartenbau, Fischereiwirtschaft, Hauswirtschaft
    Notizen: Summary Using gas-chromatographic methods, the variability of the contents of monoterpene hydrocarbons (α-pinene, β-pinene, Δ3carene and limonene) in the resin of silver fir seeds (Abies alba Mill.) was studied. Resin cavities were characterized according to their position on the seed surface. It was estabilished that the terpene content of the resin of cavities localized on the abaxialadaxial surfaces of the seed differs significantly, creating a gradient of resin composition around the circumference of the seed. The differences between various resin cavities of single seeds were greater than the differences between different seeds of a single cone and between seeds of various cones on a single tree. An accurate definition of the resin cavity location on the seeds appears to be a fundamental condition for the collection of a sample representing the resin composition of individual trees. Resin biosynthesis in the course of organogenesis and the control of terpene contents in the resin of various locations on the seed and the cone are discussed.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
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  • 17
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Springer
    Nutrient cycling in agroecosystems 20 (1989), S. 59-66 
    ISSN: 1573-0867
    Schlagwort(e): Ammonia volatilization ; nitrogen leaching ; denitrification ; time of N application ; wheat ; Triticum aestivum ; Triticale ; irrigation
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Land- und Forstwirtschaft, Gartenbau, Fischereiwirtschaft, Hauswirtschaft
    Notizen: Abstract Grain yield, nitrogen (N) assimilation, ammonia (NH3) volatilization, denitrification and fertilizer N distribution were examined in three commercially grown cereal crops; two were sown into conventionally tilled fields, while the third was direct drilled into an untilled field. The crops were top dressed with urea at establishment, tillering or ear initiation. Crop yield and N assimilation were measured in 16 m by 2.5 m plots receiving 0, 35, 70, 105, 140 or 175 kg N ha−1. A mass balance micrometeorological technique was used to measure NH3 volatilization, and other fertilizer N transformations and transfers were studied using15N labelled urea in microplots. On the conventionally tilled sites application of urea increased the grain yield of wheat from 3.9 to 5.5 t ha−1, when averaged over the five application rates, three application times and two sites. There were no site or application time effects. However, on the direct drilled site, time of application had a significant effect on grain yield. When urea was applied at establishment, grain yield was not significantly increased and the mean yield (2.81 t ha−1) was less than that obtained from treatments fertilized at tillering or ear initiation (4.09 and 4.0 t ha−1, respectively). Much of the variation in grain yield at the no-till site could be ascribed to differences in NH3 volatilization. At the no-till site, NH3 losses were equivalent to 24, 12 and 1% of the N applied at establishment, tillering and ear initiation, respectively. Negligible volatilization of NH3 occurred at the other sites. The surface soil at the no-till site had the highest urease activity and the soil was covered with alkaline ash resulting from stubble burning. Plant recovery of fertilizer N did not vary with application time on conventionally tilled sites (mean 62%). However, plant recovery of15N applied to the no-till site at establishment (35% of the applied N) was significantly less than that from plots where the application was delayed (45% at tillering and 55% at ear initiation, respectively). Leaching of N to below 300 mm depth was minimal (0 to 5% of the applied N). The calculated denitrification losses ranged from 1% to 14% of the applied N. The results show that the relative importance of NH3 volatilization, leaching and denitrification varied with site and fertilization time. The importance of the various N loss mechanisms needs to be taken into account when N fertilization strategies are being developed.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
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  • 18
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Springer
    Sexual plant reproduction 1 (1988), S. 217-222 
    ISSN: 1432-2145
    Schlagwort(e): Triticum aestivum ; Cytology ; In vitroandrogenesis ; Fluorescent microscopy
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Biologie
    Notizen: Summary Two winter wheat genotypes (‘Diószegi 200’ and ‘Mv 15’) were compared for their in vitro androgenic capacity. On average, the induction frequency of embryogenic structures was 71.7% in ‘Diószegi 200’ and only 4.3% in ‘Mv 15’. The haploid induction ability of the two genotypes differed considerably, with ‘Diószegi 200’ being much higher. The difference in the in vitro inductability of the microspores may result from genetic differences which are manifested in the survival rate of the microspores during the culture period and their adaptability to in vitro conditions. Special DNA fluorochrornes were suitable for studying the different pathways of in vitro androgenesis. Our data indicate that the repeated equal divisions of the microspore nucleus might lead to pollen embryo formation, and subsequent divisions of the vegetative portion of the pollen grain after the first asymmetric microspore mitosis can result in pollen callus formation.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
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  • 19
    ISSN: 1432-2145
    Schlagwort(e): Pollen development ; Triticum aestivum ; RH0007
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Biologie
    Notizen: Summary A study of pollen development in wheat was made using transmission electron microscopy (TEM). Microspores contain undifferentiated plastids and mitochondria that are dividing. Vacuolation occurs, probably due to the coalescence of small vacuoles budded off the endoplasmic reticulum (ER). As the pollen grain is formed and matures, the ER becomes distended with deposits of granular storage material. Mitochondria proliferate and become filled with cristae. Similarly, plastids divide and accumulate starch. The exine wall is deposited at a rapid rate throughout development, and the precursors appear to be synthesized in the tapetum. Tapetal cells become binucleate during the meiosis stage, and Ubisch bodies form on the plasma membrane surface that faces the locule. Tapetal plastids become surrounded by an electron-translucent halo. Rough ER is associated with the halo around the plastids and with the plasma membrane. We hypothesize that the sporopollenin precursors for both the Ubisch bodies and exine pollen wall are synthesized in the tapetal plastids and are transported to the tapetal cell surface via the ER. The microspore plastids appear to be involved in activities other than precursor synthesis: plastid proliferation in young microspores, and starch synthesis later in development. Plants treated with the chemical hybridizing agent RH0007 show a pattern of development similar to that shown by untreated control plants through the meiosis stage. In the young microspore stage the exine wall is deposited irregularly and is thinner than that of control plants. In many cases the microspores are seen to have wavy contours. With the onset of vacuolation, microspores become plasmolyzed and abort. The tapetal cells in RH0007-treated locules divide normally through the meiosis stage. Less sporopollenin is deposited in the Ubisch bodies, and the pattern is less regular than that of the control. In many cases, the tapetal cells expand into the locule. At the base of one of the locules treated with a dosage of RH0007 that causes 95% male sterility, several microspores survived and developed into pollen grains that were sterile. The conditions at the base of the locule may have reduced the osmotic stress on the microspores, allowing them to survive. Preliminary work showed that the extractable quantity of carotenoids in RHOOO7-treated anthers was slightly greater than in controls. We concluded that RH0007 appears to interfere with the polymerization of carotenoid precursors into the exine wall and Ubisch bodies, rather than interfering with the synthesis of the precursors.
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  • 20
    ISSN: 1432-0983
    Schlagwort(e): Triticum aestivum ; Tissue culture ; Mitochondrial DNA ; Genomic variability
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Biologie
    Notizen: Summary Wheat mitochondria) DNA has been isolated from callus cultures initiated from both immature embryos and the corresponding parental cultivar. A Sall restriction pattern study has shown that the organization of callus culture mitochondria) DNA underwent extensive change, characterized by either the disappearance or the decrease in the relative stoichiometry of several restriction bands. Hybridization of labelled mitochondrial fragments obtained from a recombinant cosmid library to Southern blots of callus and parental line restricted mitochondria) DNAs has shown that a fraction of the mitochondria) genome was lost in callus cultures. Data from a Sall + HindIII restriction map of a defined part of the wheat mitochondria) genome concerned with some of these variations strongly suggest that the observed variations correspond to the disappearance of at least one mitochondria) DNA subgenomic molecule in callus cultures.
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  • 21
    ISSN: 1432-0789
    Schlagwort(e): Rhizosphere bacteria ; Nitrogenase activity ; Triticum aestivum ; Inoculation
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Biologie , Geologie und Paläontologie , Land- und Forstwirtschaft, Gartenbau, Fischereiwirtschaft, Hauswirtschaft
    Notizen: Summary Wheat seedlings were inoculated with rhizosphere nitrogen-fixing bacteria and grown gnotobiotically for 15 days. The growth medium consisted of semisolid agar with or without plant nutrients. The bacteria, isolated from roots of field-grown wheat, were three unidentified Gram-negative rods (A1, A2, E1), one Enterobacter agglomerans (C1) and two Bacillus polymyxa (B1, B2). A strain of Azospirillum brasilense (USA 10) was included for comparison. Nitrogenase activity (acetylene reduction activity, ARA) was tested on intact plants after 8 and 15 days of growth. In semisolid agar without plant nutrients, five isolates showed ARA of 0.01–0.9 nmol C2H4 plant−1 h−1, while the two strains of B. polymyxa had higher ARA of 3.3–10.6 nmol C2H4 plant−1 h−1. Plant development was not affected by inoculation with bacteria, except that inoculation with B. polymyxa resulted in shorter shoots and lower root weight. Transmission electronmicroscopy of roots revealed different degrees of infection. A. brasilense, A1 and A2, occurred mainly in the mucilage on the root surface and between outer epidermal cells (low infectivity). B. polymyxa strains and E1 were found in and between epidermal cells (intermediate infectivity) while E. agglomerans invaded the cortex and was occasionally found within the stele (high infectivity).
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  • 22
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Springer
    Biochemical genetics 24 (1986), S. 435-446 
    ISSN: 1573-4927
    Schlagwort(e): superoxide dismutase ; Triticum aestivum ; isozymes ; isoelectric focusing ; structural genes
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Biologie , Chemie und Pharmazie
    Notizen: Abstract Extracts of mature grains of a large number of aneuploid derivatives of Triticum aestivum cv. Chinese Spring and of the members of five wheat-alien chromosome addition series were subjected to isoelectric focusing in polyacrylamide gels in order to study the genetic control of superoxide dismutase (SOD). Evidence was obtained that homologous structural genes for the mitochondrial form of SOD are located in the long arms of the homoeologous group 2 chromosomes of Chinese Spring and in chromosome 2R of Secale cereale cv. Imperial. The SOD gene loci located in chromosomes 2A, 2B, 2D, and 2R were designated Sod-A1, Sod-B1, Sod-D1, and Sod-R1, respectively. Chromosome-arm pairing data indicate that 2DL is not homoeologous to either 2AS or 2BL. The results of this study suggest, however, that 2BL is partially homoeologous to both 2AL and 2DL.
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  • 23
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Springer
    Biochemical genetics 19 (1981), S. 263-276 
    ISSN: 1573-4927
    Schlagwort(e): nitrate reductase ; Triticum aestivum ; ditelosomics
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Biologie , Chemie und Pharmazie
    Notizen: Abstract The nitrate reductase activities (NRA) of 31 ditelosomic stocks were compared with that of the control plant [Chinese Spring (CS) euploid], using in vivo and in vitro assay procedures that had been optimized with respect to the euploid. Fourteen stocks exhibited significant differences in in vivo NRA from that of the euploid; the effect of removal of a chromosome arm was always to increase NRA. Eight of these stocks showed similar effects in vitro, although in three, a casein-sensitive factor had to be eliminated before the difference was expressed. Homoeologous group effects were evident among ditelosomics of groups 2, 4, and 7, while for three chromosomes (2D, 7A, and 7B), removal of either arm resulted in a similar increase in NRA in vivo and probably in vitro.
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  • 24
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Springer
    Biochemical genetics 25 (1987), S. 837-846 
    ISSN: 1573-4927
    Schlagwort(e): NADH dehydrogenase ; aromatic alcohol dehydrogenase ; Triticum aestivum ; isozymes ; structural genes
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Biologie , Chemie und Pharmazie
    Notizen: Abstract The genetic control of NADH dehydrogenase-1 (NDH-1) and aromatic alcohol dehydrogenase-2 (AADH-2) was investigated in Triticum aestivum cv. Chinese Spring. Evidence was obtained that NDH-1 is active as a monomer and is encoded by genes located in the p arms of the homoeologous group 4 chromosomes. The NDH-1 gene loci located in 4 Ap, 4Bp, and 4Dp were designated Ndh-A1, Ndh-B1, and Ndh-D1, respectively. Aadh-A2 was previously reported to be located in 6Aq; in this study, Aadh-B2 and Aadh-D2 were localized in 6Bq and 6Dq, respectively. Alcohol dehydrogenase-1 is expressed on AADH-2 zymograms; the presence of a contaminating aliphatic alcohol in one or more reagents is suggested as the probable cause of this phenomenon.
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  • 25
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Springer
    Biochemical genetics 26 (1988), S. 287-301 
    ISSN: 1573-4927
    Schlagwort(e): shikimate dehydrogenase ; electrophoresis ; isoelectric focusing ; isozymest ; Triticeae ; Triticum aestivum
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Biologie , Chemie und Pharmazie
    Notizen: Abstract Starch gel electrophoresis and polyacrylamide gel isoelectric focusing (IEF) were used to investigate the genetic control of Triticeae shikimate dehydrogenase-1 (SKDH-1). Studies of wheat-alien species chromosome addition lines established thatSkdh-1 ofHordeum vulgare cv. Betzes is located in chromosome 5H,Skdh-V1 ofDasypyrum villosum in 5V,Skdh-R1 ofSecale cereale cvs. Dakold and King II in 5R, andSkdh-S 11 ofTriticum longissimum in 5S1S. Also, the chromosomal locations of the genes that encode SKDH-1 inT. aestivum cv. Chinese Spring,T. umbellulatum, andS. cereale cv. Imperial, determined earlier using zone electrophoresis, were reconfirmed using IEF. Zone electrophoresis and IEF do not differ markedly in their ability to detect the expression of alienSkdh-1 genes in wheat-alien species chromosome addition lines. However, IEF may be superior to zone electrophoresis as a technique for detecting and analyzing SKDH-1 genetic variants within Triticeae species; among the species studied, IEF generally resolved two or more isozymes perSkdh-1 allele present, while zone electrophoresis resolved only one.
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  • 26
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Springer
    Plant molecular biology 11 (1988), S. 311-319 
    ISSN: 1573-5028
    Schlagwort(e): chloroplast gene ; iron-sulphur protein ; psaC ; Pisum sativum ; Triticum aestivum
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Biologie
    Notizen: Abstract The gene for the 8 kDa subunit of photosystem I has been located in the small single copy region of wheat chloroplast DNA by coupled transcription-translation of cloned fragments of DNA and by DNA sequence analysis. The pea gene for this subunit was located in pea chloroplast DNA by using the wheat gene as a probe. The location was confirmed by immunoprecipitation of the products of coupled transcription-translation of cloned DNA with antiserum raised against the small subunits of pea photosystem I and by DNA sequence analysis. The deduced amino acid sequences of the pea and wheat proteins are identical in seventy-six out of the eighty-one amino acid residues. There are nine conserved cysteine residues, eight of which are arranged in the primary structure in a similar way to those in bacterial ferredoxins containing two 4Fe-4S centres, suggesting that the polypeptide binds iron sulphur centres A and B of photosystem I.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
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  • 27
    ISSN: 1432-2048
    Schlagwort(e): Amyloplast DNA ; DNA accumulation ; Endosperm development ; Triticum aestivum
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Biologie
    Notizen: Abstract The accumulation of amyloplast DNA during endosperm development was studied in two cultivars of spring wheat, Triticum aestivum L. ‘Chinese Spring’ (CS) and ‘Spica’, small and relatively larger-grained cultivars, respectively. Endosperms were isolated between 9 and 45 days post anthesis (dpa) and the amyloplast DNA content of endosperm nucleic-acid extracts was measured by quantitative hybridisation with a homologous chloroplast-DNA probe. The endosperm cells of CS and Spica accumulated amyloplast DNA during development in a similar way. In both cultivars there was a large increase in the amount of plastid DNA (ptDNA) per endosperm between 9 and about 15 dpa, after which there was no further increase. Because nuclear DNA continued to accumulate until 24 dpa, the percentage contribution of amyloplast DNA to total DNA fluctuated in both cultivars during development, reaching maxima at 12 dpa of about 1.00% and 0.85%, and dropping to apparently constant levels of 0.60% and 0.52% in CS and Spica, respectively, by 24 dpa. In both cultivars, the average number of ptDNA copies per amyloplast was calculated to increase from about 10 copies at 9 dpa to about 50 copies in the mature amyloplasts at 31 dpa. However, the heavier endosperms of Spica contain more cells than those of CS and the varieties therefore differed in the amount of ptDNA that accumulated per endosperm: Spica endosperms accumulated 110 ng of ptDNA by 15 dpa, compared with only 85 ng in CS. The apparent accumulation of ptDNA copies in wheat amyloplasts during endosperm development contrasts with the decline in chloroplast-DNA copies in wheat chloroplasts during leaf development.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
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  • 28
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Springer
    Theoretical and applied genetics 66 (1983), S. 101-109 
    ISSN: 1432-2242
    Schlagwort(e): Anther culture ; Culture temperature ; Induction frequency ; Pollen callus (plantlet) ; Triticum aestivum
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Biologie
    Notizen: Summary The response of anther culture to culture temperature was studied in detail using many varieties, F1 hybrids and pollen-derived lines of wheat (Triticum aestivum) as materials. The suitable culture temperature for inducing pollen callus (or embryoids) in wheat anther culture ranged from 26 °C to 30 °C, varying with genotypes. But for the great majority of wheat genotypes the suitable culture temperatures lay between 28 °C and 30°C. The most significant genotypic variation in the response to culture temperature was observed in the comparison between the culture at 33 °C for eight days followed by culture at 25 °C (or 26 °C) and the continuous culture at 25 °C (or 26 °C). This genotypic variation in the response to culture temperature is a heritable character which may be controlled by multiple genes. The effect of culture at 30 °C for eight days followed by culture at 26 °C was similar to, or in some cases, better than that of continuous culture at 28 °C, and the effect of culture at 32 °C for eight days followed by culture at 28 °C was similar to that of continuous culture at 30 °C. In the range from 26 °C to 32 °C, the overwhelming majority of pollen calli emerged before the 40th day after anther inoculation, and the higher the culture temperature, the earlier and more concentrated the emerging period of the pollen callus. The pollen callus obtained at high temperatures above 28 °C should be transferred in time onto the regeneration medium at 25°–27°C to induce shoots.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
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  • 29
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Springer
    Theoretical and applied genetics 64 (1983), S. 255-258 
    ISSN: 1432-2242
    Schlagwort(e): Triticum aestivum ; Wheat ; Malate dehydrogenase ; Chromosomal location
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Biologie
    Notizen: Summary The malate dehydrogenase (E.C. no 1.1.1. 37) of Triticum aestivum L. cv. Chinese Spring, shows two activity zones. The results obtained support the hypothesis that the malate dehydrogenase isozymes of zone II are dimers composed of the six possible combinations of subunits coded by triplicate genes located in the long arms of chromosomes of the homoeologous group 1.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
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  • 30
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Springer
    Theoretical and applied genetics 68 (1984), S. 335-345 
    ISSN: 1432-2242
    Schlagwort(e): Triticum aestivum ; 2D electrophoresis ; Developmental genetics ; Cytoplasmic inheritance ; Genetic regulation
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Biologie
    Notizen: Summary Two-dimensional gel electrophoresis of denaturated proteins were performed at five developmental stages or organs (hereafter referred to as stage-organs) on two wheat lines with four different cytoplasms. Five hundred and fifty to 712 reproducible spots were scored depending on the stage-organ. Each stage-organ is unambiguously characterized and several types of control of protein quantity are recorded. Post-translational modifications are hypothetized and may sometimes be stagespecific. Two cytoplasmic patterns are found: one for the euplasmic lines with Triticum aestivum cytoplasm and one for the alloplasmic lines with Aegilops juvenalis, Ae. ventricosa and Ae. kotschyi cytoplasms. Cytoplasmic variation is observed for 28 spots showing position difference, all of which are probably products of the LS gene, and for four spots showing differences for regulation of protein quantity. Nuclear variation between ‘Chinese Spring’ and ‘Selkirk’ is found for 20 allelic differences and for 20 regulatory systems, the latter number being probably underestimated.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
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  • 31
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Springer
    Theoretical and applied genetics 71 (1985), S. 31-38 
    ISSN: 1432-2242
    Schlagwort(e): Triticum aestivum ; 2D electrophoresis ; Gene localization ; Homoeologous genes ; Genetic regulation
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Biologie
    Notizen: Summary Among the 782 spots observed in two-dimensional gel electrophoresis of denatured proteins from etiolated wheat shoots, 185 were found to be variable between the euploid and 26 ditelosomic lines of ‘Chinese Spring’. Thirty-five structural genes were located on 17 chromosome arms. Numerous intensity changes showing alterations in protein levels were observed and led to the following statements: 1) regulators are frequently found and can be assigned for a same polypeptide to various chromosome arms; 2) for most polypeptides homoeologous arms do not manifest similar effects; 3) nevertheless, when affecting the same polypeptide, homoeologous arms display in most cases identical regulatory effects; 4) gene dosage compensation is observed in only one out of four homoeoallelic situations.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
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  • 32
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Springer
    Theoretical and applied genetics 73 (1986), S. 122-128 
    ISSN: 1432-2242
    Schlagwort(e): α-amylase ; Triticum aestivum ; Secale montanum ; C-banding ; Meiotic pairing
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Biologie
    Notizen: Summary A 5BS/5RmS translocation chromosome spontaneously recovered from a ‘Chinese Spring’ — Secale montanum wheat-rye telocentric 5RmS addition line has been identified and cytologically studied using C-banding in somatic and meiotic cells. Analysis of the translocated chromosome showed that a terminal segment of the short arm of 5B had been replaced by a short terminal region of chromosome arm 5RmS. The translocation led to the deletion of the genetic system promoting pairing located in 5BS, which is slightly compensated for when doses of 5RmS are increased, indicating homoeology to wheat chromosome 5BS. The α-amylase phenotype in 5B/5Rm translocated material was studied and found to be identical to that of ditelocentric line 5BL of ‘Chinese Spring’. An effect on the α-amylase activity was detected as a result of the removal of the terminal region of 5BS, perhaps as a consequence of variation in dormancy period duration.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
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  • 33
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Springer
    Theoretical and applied genetics 73 (1986), S. 246-251 
    ISSN: 1432-2242
    Schlagwort(e): Triticum aestivum ; 2D electrophoresis ; Gene localization ; Gene regulation ; Homoeology
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Biologie
    Notizen: Summary Two-dimensional gel electrophoresis was conducted on denatured proteins of the 10-day-old first leaf (1F stage) of 18 homoeologous ditelosomic (DT) lines of wheat cultivar ‘Chinese Spring’. The observations, compared to the euploid control and relative to previous data found on 7-day-old etiolated seedlings (G7 stage) of the same lines lead to the following statements: 1) the structural genes of 24 spots can be assigned to 12 chromosome arms; 2) regulatory effects are completely different between the 1F and the G7 stages which may indicate that the regulation of protein amounts is often stage-specific; 3) no case of complete gene dosage compensation is observed among 4 groups of hypothesized homoeoallelic products; 4) homoeologous DT lines do not manifest similar effects which suggest the absence of homoeology for the detected regulatory effects.
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  • 34
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Springer
    Theoretical and applied genetics 73 (1987), S. 459-464 
    ISSN: 1432-2242
    Schlagwort(e): β-amylase ; Isozymes ; Triticum aestivum ; Somaclonal variation
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Biologie
    Notizen: Summary The progeny of 149 plants regenerated from tissue culture of immature wheat (Triticum aestivum) embryos were screened for variation in their grain β-amylase isozyme pattern. One regenerant was found which was heterozygous for a variant pattern characterized by the presence of at least five new isozyme bands, as well as an increased intensity in existing bands in two more positions. The F2 of a homozygous variant crossed back to the parent segregated in an approximate 3∶1 ratio but resolution of the gels was not sufficient to distinguish whether this represents a dominant or co-dominant single mutant gene. No chromosome abnormalities were evident in mitosis or meiosis of the homozygous variant or in the F1 of the variant crossed back to the parent. No recombination has been seen between the variant bands and production of multiple bands from a single locus is consistent with the nature of the known β-amylase loci. However, the variant bands were not evident in a survey of 111 diverse genotypes, nor were they present in developing grain of the parent cultivar. Therefore, this variant could represent a rare mutation leading to expression of a currently unexpressed locus.
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  • 35
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Springer
    Theoretical and applied genetics 73 (1987), S. 846-855 
    ISSN: 1432-2242
    Schlagwort(e): Puccinia graminis tritici ; Triticum aestivum ; Monosomic analysis ; Rust resistance ; Gene identification
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Biologie
    Notizen: Summary ‘Chris’ wheat possessed genes Sr5, Sr7a, Sr8a, Sr9g and Sr12. ‘W3746’, derived from the cross ‘Chris’/‘Baart’, possessed Sr7a and Sr12. The response conferred by Sr7a was influenced by the genetic background. Although Sr7a or Sr12 alone conferred no observable resistance upon adult plants, the adult resistances of ‘Chris’ and ‘W3746’ to predominant pathotypes appeared to be associated with the interaction of Sr7a and Sr12, or genes at closely linked loci.
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  • 36
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Springer
    Theoretical and applied genetics 74 (1987), S. 584-588 
    ISSN: 1432-2242
    Schlagwort(e): Triticum aestivum ; T. turgidum ; Aegilops squarrosa ; Cation uptake ; D genome
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Biologie
    Notizen: Summary K/Na ratios have been determined in the leaves of salt-treated plants of 14 disomic substitution lines in which each of the D-genome chromosomes replaces the homoeologous A- or B-genome chromosome in the tetraploid wheat variety Langdon (AABB genome). Aneuploid lines of hexaploid bread wheat (cv Chinese Spring) having a reduced or an enhanced complement of chromosome 4D have also been examined. These investigations show that the gene(s) determining K/Na ratios in the leaves of wheat plants grown in the presence of salt is located on the long arm of chromosome 4D.
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  • 37
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Springer
    Theoretical and applied genetics 78 (1989), S. 728-734 
    ISSN: 1432-2242
    Schlagwort(e): Esterases ; Genetic variability ; Triticum aestivum
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Biologie
    Notizen: Summary Genetic variability of endosperm esterase has been studied in 42 cultivars of Triticum aestivum L. 2n=6x=42. Different techniques, including sequential electrophoresis and electrofocusing, have been used with various substrates and esterase inhibitors. The electrophoretic patterns in each cultivar are described. Chromosomal location using the nullitetrasomic and ditelosomic lines of Chinese Spring was carried out in order to relate and/or locate the esterase genes to specific chromosomes. Most of the esterase isozymes located were in the long arm of the chromosomes of the homoeology group 3; but we have found six located in the short arms, five of them in the chromosome 3AS and one in the 3DS. This location increases the number of esterase genes described, because no esterase genes had been described so far in short arms of chromosomes of the homoeology group 3. The genetic control is discussed and, according to our results, between 12 and 15 loci, organized in five “compound loci”, control the endosperm esterases in wheat. Also one “modifier” gene modifying the mobility of two esterase bands and present in all the cultivars studied is postulated.
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  • 38
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Springer
    Theoretical and applied genetics 78 (1989), S. 873-878 
    ISSN: 1432-2242
    Schlagwort(e): Heat shock proteins ; 2D electrophoresis ; Triticum aestivum ; Gene location ; Gene regulation
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Biologie
    Notizen: Summary The low molecular weight heat shock protein (HSP) profiles of the hexaploid wheat cultivar “Chinese Spring” and its ditelosomic series were characterized by isoelectric focusing polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis of denatured in vivo radiolabeled proteins. Comparisons of the ditelosomics (DTs) to the euploid “Chinese Spring” enabled the assignment of genes controlling 9 of the 13 targeted HSPs to seven chromosome arms. There did not appear to be a genome-specific action in the regulation of expression of these HSPs. There did appear to be a higher frequency of controlling genes within homoeologous DT lines 3, 4 and 7. Significant variation in protein quantity was evident among the DT lines for some HSPs, while other HSPs were remarkably stable in their expression across all DTs examined. The results are useful in identifying specific DT lines for the investigation of HSP functions in hexaploid wheat.
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  • 39
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Springer
    Theoretical and applied genetics 66 (1983), S. 111-121 
    ISSN: 1432-2242
    Schlagwort(e): Triticum aestivum ; Agropyron ; Intergeneric hybrids ; Embryo culture ; Chromosome pairing
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Biologie
    Notizen: Summary Intergeneric hybrids of Triticum aestivum (2n=42,AABBDD) with Agropyron ciliare (2n= 28,SSYY), A. trachycaulum (2n=28,SSHH), A. yezoense (2n=28,SSYY) and A. scirpeum (2n=28) are reported for the first time. F1 hybrids of T. aestivum were also produced with A. intermedium (2n=42,E1E1E2E2Z1Z1) and A. junceum (2n=14,JuJu). All wheat-Agropyron hybrids were obtained by embryo rescue technique. Cultivars and reciprocal crosses differed for seed set, seed development and F1 plant production. The F1 hybrids were sterile. Attempts to obtain amphiploids were unsuccessful. However, backcross derivatives were obtained with wheat as the recurrent parent. The level of chromosome pairing in A. trachycaulum x wheat, A. yezoense x wheat and wheat x A. junceum hybrids provided no evidence of homologous or homoeologous pairing. Mean pairing frequencies in A. ciliare x wheat, wheat x A. scirpeum and wheat x A. intermedium hybrids indicated homoeologous or autosyndetic pairing. Ph gene was more effective in regulating homoeologous pairing in A. yezoense x wheat hybrids than in A. ciliare x wheat hybrid. Chromosome pairing data of BC1 derivatives indicated that either some of the wheat chromosomes were eliminated or Agropyron chromosomes caused reduced pairing of wheat homologues.
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  • 40
    ISSN: 1432-2242
    Schlagwort(e): Triticum aestivum ; Gliadins ; Electrophoresis ; Hybridological analysis ; Genetic nomenclature
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Biologie
    Notizen: Summary Inheritance of gliadin components in winter wheat has been studied by one-dimensional polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. Single F2 grains from 36 intervarietal hybrid combinations have been analysed. The genetic analysis has revealed blocks, including 1–6 gliadin components, which are inherited as individual mendelian traits. About 80 variants of blocks have been detected. On the basis of the allelism test they are grouped into 6 series in accordance with the number of known gliadin-coding loci located on chromosomes of the homoeologous groups 1 and 6. Each series includes 8–18 blocks controlled by different alleles of one gliadin-coding locus. Blocks of components have been confirmed to be inherited codominantly in accordance to the gene dose in the triploid endosperm. The highest similarity between members of one series is observed in groups of blocks controlled by chromosomes ID and 6D. On the contrary, many blocks controlled by chromosomes 1A and 1B have no bands in common. The presented catalogue of blocks of components may be used to make up gliadin genetic formulae and to compare electrophoregrams obtained by different authors. Blocks of gliadin components are suitable genetic markers for use in revealing and studying heterogeneity of wheat varieties, in tracing their origin, in identifying recombinations, translocations and substitutions of the genetic material and in solving many other problems of the origin, evolution and selection of hexaploid wheat.
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  • 41
    ISSN: 1432-2242
    Schlagwort(e): Amphiplasty ; Ag-NOR ; Addition lines ; Nucleolar organizer ; Agropyron elongatum ; Triticum aestivum
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Biologie
    Notizen: Summary The nucleolar organizer activity of the Agropyron elongatum, its amphiploid with hexaploid wheat (Triticum aestivum) and the chromosome addition lines is analyzed by the silver-staining procedure. Four Ag-NORs are observed in A. elongatum corresponding to the chromosomes 6E and 7E. In the amphiploid T. aestivum — A. elongatum, eight Ag-NORs are observed which corresponds the wheat chromosomes 1B and 6B and to the elongatum chromosomes 6E and 7E. Thus, there is codominance in the nucleolar organizer activity of the chromosomes of the two species. However, a partial amphiplasty is detected since less than 8 Ag-NORs (7 up to 4) are observed in some metaphase cells; the chromosomes 6E and 7E are occasionally suppressed by wheat chromosomes. This conclusion is confirmed by the behaviour of the addition lines since only in those corresponding to the chromosomes 6E and 7E are the elongatum chromosomes nucleolar active although occasionally they can be suppressed by wheat chromosomes.
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  • 42
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Springer
    Theoretical and applied genetics 69 (1984), S. 193-198 
    ISSN: 1432-2242
    Schlagwort(e): C-banding ; Heterochromatin ; Meiosis ; Common wheat ; Triticum aestivum
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Biologie
    Notizen: Summary The meiotic identification of nine pairs of chromosomes at metaphase I of meiosis of Triticum aestivum (B genome, 4A and 7A) has been achieved using a Giemsa C-banding technique. As a result, the analysis of the pairing of each chromosome arm in disomic and monosomic intervarietal hybrids between ‘Chinese Spring’ and the Spanish cultivar ‘Pané 247’ could be carried out. Differences in the chiasmata frequencies per chromosome arm cannot be explained on the basis of relative arm lengths only. Possible effects of arm-to-arm heterochromatic differences on meiotic pairing are discussed.
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  • 43
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Springer
    Theoretical and applied genetics 69 (1984), S. 31-37 
    ISSN: 1432-2242
    Schlagwort(e): Triticum aestivum ; Gliadins ; Two-dimensional electrophoresis ; Hybridological analysis
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Biologie
    Notizen: Summary Blocks of gliadin components found both in a number of varieties and in single F2 grains of winter wheat intervarietal hybrids have been studied by two-dimensional electrophoresis combining electrophoresis in acidic aluminium-lactate buffer (pH3.1) and SDS-electrophoresis. Gliadin components (spots) have been shown to be inherited as linked groups (blocks), codominantly and in accordance with a gene dosage in triploid endosperm. Blocks include components differing in their electrophoretic mobility and molecular weight. Some allelic variants of blocks differ only in presence of few additional components or in the electrophoretic mobility of components with similar molecular weights; other variants may contain no similar components. Apparently, in the course of evolution, mutations in individual genes of gliadin-coding loci and processes changing the number of expressing genes and the sizes of their structural part occurred.
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  • 44
    ISSN: 1432-2242
    Schlagwort(e): Intrachromosomal mapping ; Nucleolar organiser region ; Triticum aestivum
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Biologie
    Notizen: Summary Restriction enzyme digestion of the ribosomal RNA genes of the nucleolar organisers of wheat has revealed fragment length polymorphisms for the nucleolar organiser on chromosome 1B and the nucleolar organiser on 6B. Variation between genotypes for these regions has also been demonstrated. This variation has been exploited to determine the recombination frequency between the physically defined nucleolar organiser on 1B (designatedNor1) and other markers; two loci,Glu-B1 andGli-B1 which code for endosperm storage proteins andRf3, a locus restoring fertility to male sterility conditioned byT. timopheevi cytoplasm.Gli-B1 andRf3 were located on the short-arm satellite but recombine with the nucleolar organiser giving a gene order ofNor1 — Rf3 — Gli-B1. Glu-B1 is located on the long arm of 1B but shows relatively little recombination withNor1, which is, in physical distance, distal on the short arm. This illustrates the discrepancy between map distance and physical distance on wheat chromosomes due to the distal localisation of chiasmata. The recombination betweenNor1 andRf3 indicates that, contrary to previous suggestions, fertility restoration is not a property of the nucleolar organiser but of a separate locus.
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  • 45
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Springer
    Theoretical and applied genetics 69 (1985), S. 325-328 
    ISSN: 1432-2242
    Schlagwort(e): Line × tester analysis ; Triticum aestivum ; Gene action ; Combining ability ; Mating designs
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Biologie
    Notizen: Summary For studying the inheritance of metric traits, diallel cross and factorial mating designs are commonly used. Since factorial mating design is less restrictive in crossing plans, the genetic information drawn from it was compared with that from a diallel cross. The comparison was made using graphical, genetic components and combining ability analyses for grain yield, grain weight and spike length in a field experiment of bread wheat (Triticum aestivum L.). Analyses were made on a nine parent diallel cross and a 4 ♀ × 5 ♂ factorial mating design which was sampled from the diallel cross. In general, there was a high degree of agreement between the results obtained from factorial mating design and diallel cross analyses showing thereby that the former provides almost equivalent genetic information to the latter.
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  • 46
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Springer
    Theoretical and applied genetics 69 (1985), S. 583-589 
    ISSN: 1432-2242
    Schlagwort(e): Common wheat ; Triticum aestivum ; Electrophoresis ; Endosperm proteins ; Glutenins ; Gliadins ; Genetic control
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Biologie
    Notizen: Summary Total endosperm proteins extracted from both several common wheat cultivars and some intervarietal substitution lines derived from them were fractionated according to their molecular weight in a high resolution one-dimensional gel electrophoresis. The four donor cultivars and the recipient one — ‘Chinese Spring’, possessed differentially migrating protein bands in the fractions of high molecular weight (HMW) glutenins and gliadins. Several of these bands were identified for the first time in this study. By utilizing intervarietal substitution lines the control of the HMW glutenins and gliadins by chromosomes of homoeologous group 1 was either reaffirmed or, for the new bands, established. Several HMW gliadin subunits showed a considerable variation in their staining intensity in the intervarietal substitution lines indicating that their expression was dependent on the genetic background.
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  • 47
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Springer
    Theoretical and applied genetics 70 (1985), S. 294-299 
    ISSN: 1432-2242
    Schlagwort(e): Anther culture ; Pollen callus (plantlet) ; Induction frequency ; Triticum aestivum ; Agropyron glaucum
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Biologie
    Notizen: Summary Experimental results showed that the use of potato extract as a basic component of culture medium had a promoting effect on producing calli in anther culture of the intergeneric hybrids of Triticum aestivum × Triticum-Agropyron (intermediate type). The induction frequencies of pollen callus on the Potato-II medium containing potato extract as the main component was much higher than that found on N6 and W5 media. The induction frequencies of pollen callus and green plantlets in four intergeneric hybrid material inoculated at the late-uninucleate pollen stage were all higher than those inoculated at the mid-uninucleate stage. Appropriate increases in culture temperature significantly increased pollen callus induction frequencies of the intergeneric hybrids. The genotype and physiological state of anther donor plants also influenced pollen callus and green plantlet induction frequencies.
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  • 48
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Springer
    Theoretical and applied genetics 70 (1985), S. 634-642 
    ISSN: 1432-2242
    Schlagwort(e): Hexaploid wheat ; Triticum aestivum ; Glutenins ; Electrophoresis ; Amino acid analysis ; Peptide mapping
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Biologie
    Notizen: Summary Several high molecular weight endosperm glutenin subunits, coded by genes located on chromosomes 1A, 1B and 1D of common wheat, Triticum aestivum L. em. Thell., were isolated from excised gel segments and subjected to amino acid analysis and peptide mapping; the latter was carried out following a limited digestion with trypsin, chymotrypsin or Staphylococcus aureus — V8 protease. Generally, all high molecular weight glutenins had a similar amino acid composition but several significant differences were observed in some of them. Both analyses revealed that the structural similarity among the various subunits was related to the homology of the genes coding them: subunits coded by homoalleles, i.e., different alleles of the same gene, were most similar; those coded by homoeoalleles, i.e., alleles of homoeologous genes, were less similar; whereas subunits coded either by alleles of different genes of the same gene cluster, or by nonhomoeoalleles of homoeologous clusters, were the least similar. Several small peptides derived from protease digestion of various subunits had a higher than expected staining intensity indicating that small peptide repeats may be interspersed within the glutenin subunits. The evolutionary course of the high molecular weight glutenins is discussed.
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  • 49
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Springer
    Theoretical and applied genetics 71 (1985), S. 278-283 
    ISSN: 1432-2242
    Schlagwort(e): Nucleolar competition ; Amphiplasty ; Ag-NORs ; Addition lines ; Triticum aestivum ; Aegilops umbellulata
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Biologie
    Notizen: Summary The nucleolar organizer activity of wheat (Triticum aestivum, AABBDD) and Aegilops umbellulata (UU) chromosomes have been analyzed in the complete set of the chromosome addition lines by using a highly reproducible silver-staining procedure. Chromosomes 1U and 5U produce the partial inactivation of wheat nucleolar organizer chromosomes 6B, 1B and 5D. The chromosomes D and G from Ae. umbellulata, which are not SAT-chromosomes, seem to specifically influence the activity of wheat NORs. The predominant status of the U genome with respect to nucleolar competition in the Triticeae is confirmed.
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  • 50
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Springer
    Theoretical and applied genetics 71 (1986), S. 750-756 
    ISSN: 1432-2242
    Schlagwort(e): Triticum aestivum ; Agropyron caninum ; Elymus caninus ; Intergeneric hybrids ; Chromosome pairing
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Biologie
    Notizen: Summary Intergeneric hybrids were produced between common wheat, Triticum aestivum (2n=6x=42, AABBDD) and wheatgrass, Etymus caninus (Agropyron caninum) (2n=4x=28, SSHH) — the first successful report of this cross. Reciprocal crosses and genotypes differed for percent seed set, seed development and F1 hybrid plant production. With E. caninus as the pollen parent, there was no hybrid seed set. In the reciprocal cross, seed set was 23.1–25.4% depending upon wheat genotype used. Hybrid plants were produced only by rescuing embryos 12–13 days post pollination with cv ‘Chinese Spring’ as the wheat parent. Kinetin in the medium facilitated embryo germination but inhibited root development and seedling growth. The hybrids were vigorous, self sterile, and intermediate between parents. These had expected chromosome number (2n=5x=35, ABDSH), very little chromosome pairing (0.51 II, 0.04 III) and some secondary associations. The hybrids were successfully backcrossed with wheat. Chromosome number in the BC1 derivatives varied 54–58 with 56 as the modal class. The BC1 derivatives showed unusually high number of rod bivalents or reduced pairing of wheat homologues. These were sterile and BC2 seed was produced using wheat pollen.
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  • 51
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Springer
    Theoretical and applied genetics 71 (1986), S. 784-790 
    ISSN: 1432-2242
    Schlagwort(e): Tissue culture ; Electrophoresis ; Storage proteins ; Mutation ; Triticum aestivum
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Biologie
    Notizen: Summary Fertile r0 plants of the winter wheat line ND7532 (Triticum aestivum L.) were regenerated from callus tissue after 60–190 days in culture. Seeds produced from these self-pollinated plants were planted in the field. Of the 5586 R1 plants, 32 differed for one or more agronomic traits from plants not passed through tissue culture process. Gliadin electrophoregrams were prepared from bulk samples of R2 seed from these 32 plants. Four of the 32 produced gliadin patterns different from controls, so 12 seeds of each of these four lines were examined individually. Three of the four mutant lines were fixed for the presence of a mutant protein of 50 relative mobility units (RMU) and the corresponding loss of a parental protein of 26 RMU. The remaining line segregated for the presence/absence of band 50 and the corresponding loss/retention of band 26. The mutant protein of 50 RMU was never seen in control plants. This indicated that either band 50 was coded for by a mutant gene allelic to the gene that coded for band 26 or that bands 26 and 50 were coded for by two different structural alleles under the control of a common regulatory locus. Each of the 12 seeds from the four mutant lines contained a prominent protein band at 30 (RMU), which was only observed as a faint band in one control seed. The types of variation in gliadin patterns observed in somaclones of ND7532 were similar to those reported for the line ‘Yaqui 50E’, except that, gliadin changes occurred less frequently in ND7532.
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  • 52
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Springer
    Theoretical and applied genetics 72 (1986), S. 548-550 
    ISSN: 1432-2242
    Schlagwort(e): Triticum aestivum ; Monosomic analysis ; Inheritance ; Gene location
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Biologie
    Notizen: Summary The inheritance of yellow berry, a grain disorder in durum and bread wheats, was studied in six intervarietal crosses in bread wheat. The trait was found to be controlled by either two or three dominant genes. Monosomic analysis using ‘Chinese Spring’ monosomic series showed the presence of two major dominant genes on chromosomes 1A and 7A, and four modifiers on 4A, 4B, 6A and 6D, which influence the expression of yellow berry in bread wheat.
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  • 53
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Springer
    Theoretical and applied genetics 73 (1987), S. 635-645 
    ISSN: 1432-2242
    Schlagwort(e): Common wheat ; Triticum aestivum ; Structural rearrangements ; Translocation ; Interchange ; Duplication-deficiency ; Aneuploidy
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Biologie
    Notizen: Summary The winter wheat varieties ‘Starke’ and ‘Cappelle Desprez’ and the spring wheat ‘Chinese Spring’ were analysed for structural chromosome rearrangements that resulted in the formation of multivalents in F1 hybrids. The analyses were carried out using hybrids involving euploids, monosomic and ditelosomic stocks, and double-monotelodisomic constructs. The study confirmed that ‘Cappelle Desprez’ differs from ‘Chinese Spring’ in a reciprocal translocation between chromosomes 5B and 7B (Riley et al. 1967); a translocation involving chromosomes 3B and 3D could not be verified. Furthermore, the analysis showed that ‘Starke’ differs from ‘Chinese Spring’ in a reciprocal translocation between chromosomes 7A and 7D. Both translocations have a coefficient of multivalent realisation of about 0.84. Further multivalents in euploid ‘Starke’, in euploid and some aneuploid stocks of ‘Cappelle Desprez’, and in euploid as well as various types of aneuploid hybrids between all three varieties could nearly all be explained hypothesizing that chromosome 2B of both ‘Starke’ and ‘Cappelle Desprez’ is a duplication-deficiency chromosome. In the hypothesis a part of the long arm of 2B is missing and replaced by a duplicated part of the long arm of chromosome 2D. The multivalents of this rearrangement showed an average coefficient of realisation of about 0.09.
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  • 54
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Springer
    Theoretical and applied genetics 65 (1983), S. 41-46 
    ISSN: 1432-2242
    Schlagwort(e): Triticum aestivum ; Wheat ; Protein ; Mutation
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Biologie
    Notizen: Summary Poor adaptability or functional quality of much germplasm used for breeding high-protein hard red winter wheats prompted mutagenesis as an alternative means of increasing grain protein content. Four hard red winter wheat genotypes — KS644 (‘Triumph// Concho/Triumph’), ‘Kaw’, ‘Parker’, and ‘Shawnee’ — were treated with 0.40 M ethyl methanesulfonate (EMS). Advanced lines (M8-M10) were selected that had a 3-year mean grain protein advantage of 0.7% to 2.0% over controls. Increased grain protein content was generally associated with decreased grain yield and kernel weight, but some high-protein mutant lines had yields or kernel weights similar to those of original genotypes. Changes in height and lodging induced by EMS were generally favorable, most mutants being shorter and lodging less than controls, but blooming date was generally delayed, a deleterious change. One line also changed from resistant to segregating for wheat soil-borne mosaic virus. Mutant lines might be utilized in cross-breeding programs, particularly if negative pleiotropic effects and linkages are absent.
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  • 55
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Springer
    Theoretical and applied genetics 56 (1980), S. 193-198 
    ISSN: 1432-2242
    Schlagwort(e): B-Chromosomes ; Chromosome associations ; Triticum aestivum ; Secale cereale hybrids
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Biologie
    Notizen: Summary T. aestivum var. ‘Chinese Spring’ (monosomic 5B and 5D, respectively) was crossed with S. cereale (with and without B-chromosomes). The resulting nullisomic 5B hybrids exhibited a high degree of chromosome association both at 20°C and 10°C. The presence of B-chromosomes reduced association slightly whether 5B was present or not. In nullisomic 5D hybrids B-chromosomes of rye raise chromosome association at 20°C when compared to hybrids with 5D, with as well as without, B's. At 10°C, due to the absence of the Ltp gene on 5D, chromosome association in nullisomic 5D hybrids is low, and no effects of rye B-chromosomes is detectable. The hypothesis that B-chromosomes of rye carry (an) asynaptic gene(s) decreasing effective pairing, and (an) independent post-synaptic gene(s) increasing chiasma frequency on effective pairing sites, is presented.
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  • 56
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Springer
    Theoretical and applied genetics 57 (1980), S. 57-58 
    ISSN: 1432-2242
    Schlagwort(e): Triticum aestivum ; Anther culture ; Haploid
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Biologie
    Notizen: Summary Five haploid plants of wheat were used for anther culture. Embryos were formed and six plants were regenerated. Of these, two were haploid (n=3x=21) and two diploid (2n=6x=42). The two diploids derived from the anthers of the same haploid wheat plant gave seeds, but the fertility was reduced in one of them showing, abnormalities at meiosis.
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  • 57
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Springer
    Theoretical and applied genetics 59 (1981), S. 153-160 
    ISSN: 1432-2242
    Schlagwort(e): Mitochondrial heterosis ; Mitochondrial complementation ; Triticum aestivum ; Hordeum vulgare ; Zea mays
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Biologie
    Notizen: Summary Two families each of wheat (Triticum aestivum L.), barley (Hordeum vulgare L.) and maize (Zea mays L.) were studied for mitochondrial heterosis and in vitro mitochondrial complementation. Inbred parents and their hybrids were compared for seedling heights and rate of oxygen uptake by the whole tissue to find out if the hybrids showed greater growth and respiratory activity at the seedling stage. Further comparisons were made by isolating mitochondria from the seedling tissues and measuring their ADP∶0 ratio, respiratory control ratio and cytochrome c oxidase activity for mitochondrial heterosis. Mixtures of parental mitochondria were similarly compared with parental and hybrid mitochondria for in vitro mitochondrial complementation. No evidence for mitochondrial heterosis or in vitro mitochondrial complementation was found, nor any correlation between the different mitochondrial parameters, seedling heights or rates of oxygen uptake by seedling tissue. The suggested use of mitochondrial heterosis and in vitro mitochondrial complementation for plant breeding is discussed.
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  • 58
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Springer
    Theoretical and applied genetics 59 (1981), S. 313-316 
    ISSN: 1432-2242
    Schlagwort(e): Triticum aestivum ; Wheat ; Puccinia graminis ; Stem rust resistance ; Monosomic analysis
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Biologie
    Notizen: Summary Using monosomic analysis genes governing resistance in one wheat variety, ‘E5883’, against stem rust races 15C and 122, were located on specific chromosomes. Against race 15C, a major dominant gene, Sr6, was located on chromosome 2D of ‘E5883’ with minor modifiers found on chromosomes 4A and 6D. Against race 122, the presence of a recessive hemizygous ineffective gene, Sr8, was identified, located on chromosome 6A of variety ‘E5883’.
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  • 59
    ISSN: 1432-2242
    Schlagwort(e): Triticum aestivum ; Glutenin ; Gliadin ; Electrophoresis
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Biologie
    Notizen: Summary Subunits of wheat endosperm proteins have been fractionated by two-dimensional electrophoresis. To determine which subunits in the two-dimensional electrophoretic pattern belong to gliadin or glutenin the endosperm proteins have also been fractionated by a modified Osborne procedure and by gel filtration on Sephadex G-100 and Sepharose CL-4B prior to separation by two-dimensional electrophoresis. The control of production of five major grain protein subunits is shown to be determined by chromosomes 6A, 6B and 6D by comparing two-dimensional electrophoretic protein subunit patterns of aneuploid lines of the variety ‘Chinese Spring’. From these and previous studies it is concluded that some α, β and γ gliadins (molecular weights by SDS-PAGE 30,000 to 40,000) are specified by genes on the short arms of homoeologous Group 6 chromosomes, the ω gliadins (molecular weights by SDS-PAGE 50,000 to 70,000) are specified by genes on the short arms of homoeologous Group 1 chromosomes and the glutenin subunits (molecular weights by SDS-PAGE 〉 85,000) are specified by genes on the long arms of homoeologous Group 1 chromosomes. No major gliadins or glutenin subunits were absent when any of the chromosomes in homoeologous Groups 2, 3, 4, 5 or 7 were deleted. However two gliadins whose presumed structural genes are on chromosome 6D were absent in aneuploid stocks of ‘Chinese Spring’ carrying two additional doses of chromosome 2A. Two out of thirty-three intervarietal or interspecific chromosome substitution lines examined, involving homoeologous Group 2 chromosomes, lacked the same two gliadins. All the subunits in the other thirty-one chromosome substitution lines were indistinguishable from those in ‘Chinese Spring’. It is therefore concluded that the major variation affecting gliadin and glutenins in wheat is concentrated on the chromosomes of homoeologous Groups 1 and 6 but Group 2 chromosomes are candidates for further study. An endosperm protein controlled by chromosome 4D in ‘Chinese Spring’ is shown to be a high molecular weight globulin.
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  • 60
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Springer
    Theoretical and applied genetics 61 (1982), S. 125-128 
    ISSN: 1432-2242
    Schlagwort(e): Triticum aestivum ; Wheat-phenolics-location
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Biologie
    Notizen: Summary Using thin-layer chromatography and nulli-tetrasomic and ditellosomic series of Triticum aestivum L. cv. ‘Chinese Spring’, it has been possible to relate the phenolic compounds found in adult plant leaves and 12 day-old seedling leaves with the chromosomes or chromosome arms 1 B, 2 BL, 3 BL, 5 A, 6 AL, 7 B and 7 DS.
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  • 61
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Springer
    Theoretical and applied genetics 63 (1982), S. 71-73 
    ISSN: 1432-2242
    Schlagwort(e): Triticum aestivum ; Pollen ; Anther culture ; Callus ; Regeneration ; Plantlets
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Biologie
    Notizen: Summary Pollen shed between 4–8 d from anthers of Triticum aestivum cultured in liquid medium gave rise to calluses. Tillers were harvested at the mid-to late-unicellular pollen stages and chilled for 8 d at 4–5 °C before the anthers were dissected out. Pollen cultures gave about 6 times as many calluses on a per anther basis as anthers cultured on solid medium. With the most productive of 5 cultivars tested, pollen culture results in roughly one callus for each anther used, though the calluses formed by pollen culture were less productive for the regeneration of shoots than calluses derived from anthers cultured on solid medium. The ratio of green to albino shoots is roughly 1∶ 1 for anther cultures but considerably less for pollen cultures.
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  • 62
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Springer
    Theoretical and applied genetics 63 (1982), S. 121-124 
    ISSN: 1432-2242
    Schlagwort(e): Triticum aestivum ; Grainprotein ; Gene action ; Regression ; Diallel cross
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Biologie
    Notizen: Summary Diallel crosses between five divergent vulgare wheat cultivars were made in order to evaluate the mode of inheritance and combining ability of grain proteins. Significant differences in grain protein content were found between cultivars and their hybrids. It was established that the inheritance of seed protein in the F1 generation included both additive and non-additive gene action.
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  • 63
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Springer
    Theoretical and applied genetics 64 (1983), S. 97-101 
    ISSN: 1432-2242
    Schlagwort(e): Common wheat ; Triticum aestivum ; Electrophoresis ; Endosperm proteins
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Biologie
    Notizen: Summary Total endosperm protein subunits, extracted from the common wheat cultivar Chinese Spring and from some of its aneuploid lines, were fractionated according to their molecular weight (MW) in an improved high resolution one-dimensional sodium dodecyl sulphate (SDS) polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis (PAGE). The resolution obtained by this method and, in particular, that of the high molecular weight (HMW) glutenin and gliadin subunits approached that of a previous report in which two-dimensional fractionation system based on charge and MW was used. In the cultivar Chinese Spring, 21 discrete protein bands were resolved and the chromosomes controlling many of them were either reconfirmed, or, in some cases, established. The advantages of this high resolution SDS PAGE technique are discussed.
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  • 64
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Springer
    Theoretical and applied genetics 67 (1983), S. 53-58 
    ISSN: 1432-2242
    Schlagwort(e): Aegilops umbellulata ; Genetics ; Lectin ; Triticum aestivum
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Biologie
    Notizen: Summary Each of the three genomes in hexaploid wheat controls the expression of a specific lectin in the embryo. The chromosomes which control their synthesis were determined using nullisomic-tetrasomic and inter-varietal chromosome substitution lines of ‘Chinese Spring’. All three wheat lectins were shown to be controlled by the homoeologous group 1 chromosomes. Using ditelosomic lines of ‘Chinese Spring’ the lectin genes could be localized on the long arms of chromosomes 1A and 1D. Inter-specific addition and substitution lines of Aegilops umbellulata chromosomes to ‘Chinese Spring’ indicated that chromosome 1U, which is homoeologous to the group 1 chromosomes of wheat, controls lectin synthesis.
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  • 65
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Springer
    Theoretical and applied genetics 67 (1983), S. 87-96 
    ISSN: 1432-2242
    Schlagwort(e): HMW glutenin subunit genes ; cDNA clones ; Tandem DNA repeats ; Chromosomal location ; Gene copy number ; Wheat ; Triticum aestivum
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Biologie
    Notizen: Summary cDNA clones encoding wheat HMW glutenin subunits have been isolated from a cDNA bank made to poly A+ RNA from developing wheat endosperm var. Chinese Spring. One such clone, pTag 1290, has enabled us to identify the HMW glutenin mRNA species. The DNA sequence of this clone has been partially determined and it contains several tandem DNA repeats. The sequence is discussed in relation to the generation of the HMW glutenin subunit gene family. Analysis of the organization of the HMW glutenin sequences in the wheat genome revealed that the genes encoding HMW glutenin subunits exist in low copy number and are located on the long arm of each of the homoeologous group 1 chromosomes.
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  • 66
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Springer
    Theoretical and applied genetics 66 (1983), S. 61-66 
    ISSN: 1432-2242
    Schlagwort(e): Triticum aestivum ; T. timopheevii ; Wheat ; Photoperiod ; Vernalization ; Male sterility ; Alloplasmic hybrids
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Biologie
    Notizen: Summary Studies were conducted to determine the influence of the male sterility-inducing cytoplasm of Triticum timopheevii (Zhuk.) Zhuk. on response of several common winter wheat (T. aestivum L.) nuclear genotypes to photoperiod and vernalization. Comparative studies of cytoplasmic substitution lines provide information on the role of the cytoplasmic genetic mechanism in growth and development. In the case of cytoplasmic male sterility-based hybrid production systems, ubiquity of sterility-inducing cytoplasm in derived hybrids warrants thorough characterization of its influence on plant phenotype. Factorial combinations of cytoplasm (T. timopheevii and T. aestivum), nuclear genotype, and photoperiod or vernalization treatments were evaluated under hydroponic conditions in controlled environment chambers. Interaction of cytoplasm, photoperiod, and nuclear genotype was significant in one or more experiments for days to anthesis and potential spikelet number, and interaction of cytoplasm, vernalization, and nuclear genotype was significant for days to spike emergence. Long day length was associated with increased percentage seed set in one study, but interactions of photoperiod and cytoplasm were not detected for percentage seed set. Interactions involving cytoplasm and photoperiod or vernalization were interpreted as evidence of the existence of genetic factors in cytoplsam of T. timopheevii which alter photoperiod or vernalization responses of alloplasmic plants relative to responses exhibited by euplasmic plants. Since photoperiod and vernalization responses are critical to adaptation, T. timopheevii cytoplasm can alter adaptability of T. aestivum. The specific effect would be nuclear genotype dependent, and does not appear to be of a magnitude greater than that induced by nuclear genetic variability at loci conditioning photoperiod or vernalization responses or other adaptation-determining characteristics. Normal multilocation/year testing of alloplasmic hybrids should therefore adequately identify zones of adaptation.
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  • 67
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Springer
    Theoretical and applied genetics 66 (1983), S. 77-86 
    ISSN: 1432-2242
    Schlagwort(e): Common wheat ; Triticum aestivum ; Electrophoresis ; Endosperm proteins ; Glutenins ; Gliadins
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Biologie
    Notizen: Summary Endosperm protein subunits of 109 primitive and modern lines of hexaploid wheat, Triticum aestivum L. em. Thell., were fractionated by one-dimensional, high resolution, sodium dodecyl sulphate (SDS) polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis (PAGE). A wide range of both qualitative and quantitative variation was observed in the fractions of the high molecular weight (HMW) glutenin and gliadin subunits of the different lines. The qualitative variation was expressed in the number of subunits per fraction and in their molecular weight, as determined by the differential rate of migration. The quantitative variation was expressed in the differential staining intensity of several subunits. The widest variation was detected in the HMW glutenin and gliadin subunits controlled by chromosome 1B while a much smaller variation was observed in those subunits controlled by chromosome 1A and further smaller variation in the subunits controlled by 1D. Only a small number of subunits in both fractions was found to be controlled by chromosome 1A indicating that diploidization of endosperm protein genes in common wheat has been non-random. The genetic and evolutionary implications of these findings are discussed.
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  • 68
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Springer
    Theoretical and applied genetics 73 (1987), S. 701-706 
    ISSN: 1432-2242
    Schlagwort(e): Triticum aestivum ; Peroxidases ; Tissue and substrate-specificity ; Chromosomal location
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Biologie
    Notizen: Summary Peroxidase isozymes were studied in the Triticum aestivum L. kernel and in nullisomic-tetrasomic and ditelocentric combinations of ‘Chinese Spring’ wheat. Analyses were carried out on different parts of dry kernels (embryo plus scutellum and endosperm) using polyacrylamide and starch gel electrophoresis, different electrophoretic buffer systems and various staining methods. The peroxidase isozymes showed a low substrate-specificity and a high tissue-specificity. The embryo plus scutellum and the endosperm always presented different peroxidase patterns. Endosperm peroxidases were associated with chromosome arms 7DS, 4BL and 7AS; whereas the embryo plus scutellum isozymes were related to chromosome arms 3AL, 3BL and 3DS. The different results obtained using various electrophoretic techniques are due to the buffer system used. All staining procedures employed revealed the same peroxidase isozymes.
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  • 69
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Springer
    Theoretical and applied genetics 74 (1987), S. 617-624 
    ISSN: 1432-2242
    Schlagwort(e): Triticum aestivum ; Ribosomal RNA ; Nor alleles ; Nucleolar organiser regions ; Restriction fragment length polymorphism
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Biologie
    Notizen: Summary Using restriction enzyme digests of genomic DNA extracted from the leaves of 25 hexaploid wheat (Triticum aestivum L. em. Thell.) cultivars and their hybrids, restriction fragment length polymorphisms of the spacer DNA which separates the ribosomal-RNA genes have been examined. (From one to three thousand of these genes are borne on chromosomes 1B and 6B of hexaploid wheat). The data show that there are three distinct alleles of the 1B locus, designated Nor-B1a, Nor-B1b, and Nor-B1c, and at least five allelic variants of the 6B locus, designated Nor-B2a, Nor-B2b, Nor-B2c, Nor-B2d, and Nor-B2e. A further, previously reported allele on 6B has been named Nor-B2f. Chromosome 5D has only one allelic variant, Nor-D3. Whereas the major spacer variants of the 1B alleles apparently differ by the loss or gain of one or two of the 133 bp sub-repeat units within the spacer DNA, the 6B allelic variants show major differences in their compositions and lengths. This may be related to the greater number of rDNA repeat units at this locus. The practical implications of these differences and their application to wheat breeding are discussed.
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  • 70
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Springer
    Theoretical and applied genetics 57 (1980), S. 57-58 
    ISSN: 1432-2242
    Schlagwort(e): Triticum aestivum ; Anther culture ; Haploid
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Biologie
    Notizen: Summary Five haploid plants of wheat were used for anther culture. Embryos were formed and six plants were regenerated. Of these, two were haploid (n=3x=21) and two diploid (2n=6x=42). The two diploids derived from the anthers of the same haploid wheat plant gave seeds, but the fertility was reduced in one of them showing, abnormalities at meiosis.
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  • 71
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Springer
    Theoretical and applied genetics 58 (1980), S. 247-252 
    ISSN: 1432-2242
    Schlagwort(e): Maternal tissues ; Grain weight ; Wheat ; Triticum aestivum ; Caryopsis ; Pericarp ; Endosperm ; Embryo
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Biologie
    Notizen: Summary Reciprocal crosses were made between semi dwarf spring wheat cultivars (Triticum aestivum L.) differing in grain weight. The weights of the F1 grains (on maternal spikes), from intact as well as from defoliated plants, and those of the F2 grains (on f1 spikes), were examined. Grain weight was controlled primarily by the genotype of the maternal tissues (pericarp, testa or other floret or spikelet organs, including the vascular system), with complete dominance of heaviness. No indications suggesting maternal inheritance were obtained. The frequency distribution of the weights of the F2 grains indicated the presence of genotypic effects exerted by the endosperm or embryo. The embryo or endosperm factors for heaviness also seemed to be dominant.
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  • 72
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Springer
    Theoretical and applied genetics 60 (1981), S. 157-160 
    ISSN: 1432-2242
    Schlagwort(e): Triticum aestivum ; Wheat ; Puccinia graminis ; Stem rust resistance ; Inheritance
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Biologie
    Notizen: Summary Two bread wheat accessions, E5008 and E6160, have been genetically analysed for resistance genes effective against Indian cultures of stem rust races, 15C and 122. The inheritance of resistance to each race has been determined from the F1 and F2 of the crosses (resistant parents with the susceptible variety, ‘Agra Local’) and F2 progenies from the backcross to ‘Agra Local’. Tests have been performed to see if the two varieties carry common genes/s for resistance. The identity of the genes for resistance has been established from relevant crosses with single gene lines carrying known genes for resistance. A single dominant gene effective to race 15C in E5008 has been demonstrated to be Sr9b. Of the two recessive genes, each producing distinct infection types (0; and 1–3) against race 122, one gene has been inferred to be Sr12 and the second to be a hitherto undesignated gene. The resistance of E6160 against race 15C is controlled by two genes, one dominant and one recessive. The dominant gene has been identified as Sr9b. The recessive gene has been inferred to be a new gene. Similarly, a dominant gene effective against race 122 in E6160 has been observed to be different from those so far designated. In addition, the presence of modifier gene/s in the variety, E6160 has been suggested.
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  • 73
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Springer
    Theoretical and applied genetics 61 (1982), S. 129-133 
    ISSN: 1432-2242
    Schlagwort(e): Interchange ; Chromosome arrangements ; Common wheat ; Triticum aestivum
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Biologie
    Notizen: Summary Chromosome arrangements of twenty-eight cultivars of common wheat, Triticum aestivum L., from or introduced into Spain are compared with that of ‘Chinese Spring’ taken as a pattern. All the cultivars analyzed differ from ‘Chinese Spring’ by one or two reciprocal translocations. When 12 out of 28 cultivars were compared it was concluded that a minimum number of thirteen interchanges are present, involving at least ten different chromosomes of the complement. The interest of a reappraisal of the rôle of interchanges in the evolution of Gramineae is pointed out.
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  • 74
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Springer
    Theoretical and applied genetics 61 (1982), S. 337-339 
    ISSN: 1432-2242
    Schlagwort(e): Triticum aestivum ; ‘Chinese Spring’ ; Chromosome banding ; Hydrolysis ; Feulgen
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Biologie
    Notizen: Summary Terminal and/or interstitial N-bands were produced on the seven B-genome chromosomes and chromosomes 4 and 7 of the A-genome of Triticum aestivum cv. ‘Chinese Spring’ by a modified BSG technique following a standard Feulgen preparation. The banding was accomplished by modifying the barium hydroxide treatment.
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  • 75
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Springer
    Theoretical and applied genetics 66 (1983), S. 1-7 
    ISSN: 1432-2242
    Schlagwort(e): Triticum aestivum ; Aegilops species ; Alloplasmic lines ; 2D gel electrophoresis ; Cytoplasmic inheritance
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Biologie
    Notizen: Summary In this first analysis the protein patterns obtained by two-dimensional gel electrophoresis of 8 day-old leaves from 18 alloplasmic wheat lines are compared. From 440 spots retained on the basis of their reproducibility, 36 proteins were observed to vary in different cytoplasms, allowing us to distinguish the T. aestivum cytoplasm from 5 Aegilops cytoplasms. Twenty-four of the 36 variable proteins could be structurally related to the large subunit of RuBPCase. Nuclear variation between 3 wheat varieties was observed for 14 proteins.
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  • 76
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Springer
    Theoretical and applied genetics 74 (1987), S. 275-279 
    ISSN: 1432-2242
    Schlagwort(e): Triticum aestivum ; Wheat ; Biomass ; Harvest index ; Selection criterion ; Tiller mortality ; Modified selection procedure
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Biologie
    Notizen: Summary The mortality of young tillers to an extent of 36.5% under optimum cultural conditions was recorded in a field experiment. Attention is drawn to the necessity of minimising this loss and to diverting it towards productive tillers by applying selection pressure. Future yield advances may be achieved by selecting genotypes which tiller moderately in the vegetative phase, most of which survive to produce grains. The character association of each variety under consideration was studied for the suitability towards this objective. A modified selection procedure is suggested which may be advantageously applied to achieve this objective. The proposed new methodology may also be effectively applied to such other cereal crops as barley, triticale and oats.
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  • 77
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Springer
    Theoretical and applied genetics 77 (1989), S. 162-168 
    ISSN: 1432-2242
    Schlagwort(e): Triticum aestivum ; Agropyron ; (Elytrigia, Thinopyrum) ; Intergeneric hybridization ; Crossability ; Wide crosses
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Biologie
    Notizen: Summary Intergeneric hybrids between Triticum aestivum L. and conventional rhizomatous Agropyron species were produced in variable frequencies. They were recovered in high percentage frequencies for T. aestivum cultivars with A. acutum (14.6%), A. intermedium (48.0%), A. pulcherrimum (53.3%), and A. trichophorum (46.6%). The crossability percentages with the highly crossable cultivar ‘Chinese Spring’ for these Agropyron species accessions were 33.12%, 65.0%, 53.3%, and 65.4%, respectively. Autosyndetic associations of two of their three genomes gave mean meiotic chromosome association data of 17.0 I (univalents) +1.53 II (ring bivalents) + 7.04 II (rod bivalents) +1.43 III (trivalents) +0.05 IV (quadrivalents) +0.01 IV (pentavalents) for A. acutum and of 21.8 I + 1.56 II (rings) +7.22 II (rods) +0.84 III + 0.04 IV for A. intermedium. Chromosome pairing at metaphase I was comparatively lower for A. pulcherrimum (34.4 I + 0.2 II (rings) +3.4 II (rods) +0.14 III) and A. trichophorum (36.7 I + 0.35 II (rings) +2.26 II (rods) + 0.04 III) hybrids with T. aestivum. Hybrids of wheat with A. campestre and A. repens were obtained in low frequency. Direct crossing did not permit T. aestivum/ A. desertorum hybridization. However, by utilizing the 2n=10x=70 A. repens/A. desertorum amphiploid as the pollen source, hybridization with T. aestivum did indeed occur. Aneuploidy was prevalent in this hybrid combination while all other hybrid combinations were apparently normal.
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  • 78
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Springer
    Theoretical and applied genetics 78 (1989), S. 229-232 
    ISSN: 1432-2242
    Schlagwort(e): Triticum aestivum ; Puccinia recondita ; Adult plant resistance ; Resistance genes ; Durable resistance
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Biologie
    Notizen: Summary Wheat genotypes, including backcross derivatives of ‘Thatcher’ carrying Lr10 and Lr23, substitution lines for Lr10 and Lr23 in Chinese Spring background and Chinese Spring and Thatcher were analysed against 21 pathotypes of leaf rust in seedling tests. Adult plant responses in all these stocks were observed in the field nurseries under exposure to the inoculum of the Indian virulent races of leaf rust. The seedling data demonstrated that both the substitution lines and the backcross derivatives for each gene carry identical pattern of infection for resistance. The high level of adult plant resistance in the substitution lines, in contrast to the backcross derivatives in Thatcher, has been postulated to be due to the combination of resistance contributed by Lr10 and adult plant Chinese Spring resistance or to Lr23 and Chinese Spring adult plant resistance. It has been suggested that genes Lr10 and Lr23 added to the Chinese Spring background provide sources for durable resistance, since Chinese Spring has continued to provide a moderate level of adult plant resistance to leaf rust for a very long time.
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  • 79
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Springer
    Theoretical and applied genetics 78 (1989), S. 521-524 
    ISSN: 1432-2242
    Schlagwort(e): Triticum aestivum ; SCEs ; Auxin ; Cytokinin ; Tissue culture
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Biologie
    Notizen: Summary In order to know the mutagenic effects of synthetic auxins (NAA, 2,4-D, and 2,4,5-T) and a cytokinin (kinetin) in vitro, sister chromatid exchanges (SCEs) were analyzed in cultured cells of a hexaploid wheat (Triticum aestivum L.). In the MS medium supplemented with 2.0 mg/l 2,4-D, the mean number of SCEs per cell was 15.2, and per pg of DNA, 0.42. No significant effect was found in the treatments of NAA or 2,4-D at concentrations of 0.5–10.0 mg/l, whereas more than 2.0 mg/l of 2,4,5-T induced dramatic increases of SCEs. Kinetin itself had no significant effect on SCE induction, but there was a tendency that SCEs induced by 2,4,5-T were suppressed by kinetin.
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  • 80
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Springer
    Theoretical and applied genetics 78 (1989), S. 625-632 
    ISSN: 1432-2242
    Schlagwort(e): Triticum aestivum ; Tissue culture ; Callus ; Monosomic analysis ; Regeneration
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Biologie
    Notizen: Summary The ability of immature embryos of wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) to respond in cell culture was examined in crosses between the ‘Wichita’ monosomic series and a highly regenerable line, ‘ND7532’. Segregation in disomic controls and 13 monosomic families showed a good fit to a monogenic ratio indicating a qualitative mode of inheritance. Segregation in the cross involving monosomic 2D showed a high frequency of regeneration (93.6%) and high callus growth rate (1.87 g/90 days) indicating that 2D is a critical chromosome. Modifying genes may be located on other chromosomes. Substitution of chromosomes from a low regenerable cultivar ‘Vona’ further indicated that the group 2 chromosomes, in particular chromosome 2D, possess genetic factors promoting callus growth and regeneration.
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  • 81
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
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    Cell & tissue research 211 (1980), S. 73-82 
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Schlagwort(e): Preputial glands ; Nude mice ; Ultrastructure ; Gas chromatography
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Biologie , Medizin
    Notizen: Summary The preputial glands of male nude (nu/nu) mice were analyzed by a combination of electron microscopy and gas chromatography to determine whether or not they are affected, like developing hairs and nails, by the nu/nu genotype. Results of the analyses revealed no differences between the glands of nude and normal male mice in either their ultrastructural characteristics or lipid secretory products.
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  • 82
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Springer
    Plant systematics and evolution 145 (1984), S. 1-13 
    ISSN: 1615-6110
    Schlagwort(e): Angiosperms ; Poaceae ; Triticum aestivum ; Aegilops longissima ; Cytogenetics ; homoeologous relationships ; chromosome substitutions ; translocations
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Biologie
    Notizen: Abstract The relationships of three wheat-Aegilops longissima chromosome addition lines A, C, and D with homoeologous wheat chromosomes were studied in PMC meiosis. Substitutions of alien chromosome A for wheat chromosome 6 B, chromosome C for 1 B and chromosome D for 4 B were obtained. The production of 4 BS/C and 7 BS/D chromosome translocations indicated cytogenetic relationships of C partially to homoeologous wheat chromosomes of group 1 and 4, and D partially to homoeologous wheat chromosomes of group 4 and 7.
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  • 83
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Springer
    Plant systematics and evolution 154 (1986), S. 183-194 
    ISSN: 1615-6110
    Schlagwort(e): Angiosperms ; Poaceae ; Triticum aestivum ; T. timopheevi ; Chromosomes ; C-banding
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Biologie
    Notizen: Abstract The somatic chromosomes ofTriticum timopheevi and those of two varieties ofT. aestivum, “Chinese Spring” and “Bezostaya-1”, have been identified by a Giemsa staining technique. The data suggest thatT. timopheevi and tetraploid wheats had a common ancestor from which their genomes differentiated due to chromosomal aberrations and the increase of heterochromatin in the chromosomes of theT. timopheevi G-genome. The differences between the chromosomes of the AB and AG genomes result in substitutions and large translocations between these chromosomes in interspecific hybrids.
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  • 84
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Springer
    Protoplasma 115 (1983), S. 104-113 
    ISSN: 1615-6102
    Schlagwort(e): Cereals ; Embryo culture ; Triticum aestivum ; Wheat
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Biologie
    Notizen: Summary Cell proliferation from the mature embryo of wheat occurs on a defined medium in the presence of 2,4-D. Unorganized growth is observed when the 2,4-D concentration is equal to or greater than 2 mg/l, but increasing levels of 2,4-D inhibit cell division. Cell divisions begin after 4 days in culture from parenchyma cells within and near the procambial tissues of the embryo axis. By day 8 continuous meristematic zones are formed in association with vascular tissues, and DNA synthesis and cell divisions are distributed throughout these zones. No morphological evidence exists to show that these zones consist of proliferating root primordia, which are formed only after the level of 2,4-D falls below some critical concentration. When the concentration of 2,4-D is lowered, the meristematic zones first become dissected and then give rise to many root meristems.
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  • 85
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Springer
    Chromatographia 13 (1980), S. 203-206 
    ISSN: 1612-1112
    Schlagwort(e): Gas chromatography ; Carrier gas purity ; Sample stability
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Chemie und Pharmazie
    Notizen: Summary The amount of oxygen which may be present in the gas volume corresponding to a peak is investigated and compared to the sample amounts. It is shown that even with high purity carrier gases one may have a significant excess of oxygen present at low sample amounts. Attention is drawn to the possibility of impurity build-up by diffusion e.g. through the septum.
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  • 86
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Springer
    Chromatographia 13 (1980), S. 263-270 
    ISSN: 1612-1112
    Schlagwort(e): Gas chromatography ; Metal complexes ; Enantiomers ; Isotopic composition
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Chemie und Pharmazie
    Notizen: Summary The high selectivity of complexation gas chromatography has been employed for enantiomer resolution and isotope separation. Thus, a chiral olefin, 3-methylcyclopentene, has been resolved analytically on optically active dicarbonyl-rhodium(I)-3-trifluoroacetyl-1R-camphorate in squalane. The deuterated ethylenes C2H4−nDn have been separated on the same rhodium(I)-containing stationary phase. The chiral aliphatic oxiranes epoxypropane andtrans-2,3-epoxybutane have been resolved on optically active nickel(II)-bis-3-trifluoroacetyl-1R-camphorate in squalane.
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  • 87
    ISSN: 1612-1112
    Schlagwort(e): Gas chromatography ; On-column abstraction ; Aliphatic aldehydes ; Amine antioxidants
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Chemie und Pharmazie
    Notizen: Summary The selective on-column abstraction of aliphatic aldehydes by gas chromatographic stationary phases containing N-iso-propyl N′-phenyl-p-phenylenediamine is described.
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  • 88
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Springer
    Chromatographia 14 (1981), S. 19-22 
    ISSN: 1612-1112
    Schlagwort(e): Teflon columns ; Chemically modified teflon ; Gas chromatography ; Capillary columns
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Chemie und Pharmazie
    Notizen: Summary Wall-coated open tubular columns prepared from chemically modified teflon tubing have been developed for gas chromatography. Chemical reaction of the inner walls of teflon tubing allows bonding of an adhesive layer on which a variety of stationary phaes can be coated. Test mixtures of alkanes and alcohols were used to investigate the chromatographic properties of these columns and the stability and mixing of the adhesive and stationary phae layers. the results in dicate that mixing of the layers is negligible and that the column is stable for a long period of time.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
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  • 89
    ISSN: 1612-1112
    Schlagwort(e): Teflon capillary columns ; Chemically modified teflon ; Gas chromatography
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Chemie und Pharmazie
    Notizen: Summary The preparation of teflon capillary columns employing direct coating of the stationary phase to the chemically modified teflon surface and the role of the chemically modified teflon in the separation mechanism are described. Two types of contributions from the modified teflon have been observed: nonspecific adsorption of the carbon surface and specific interactions of polar groups in the carbon skeleton. The use of polar liquid phases can eliminate adsorption due to the presence of polar groups in the modified teflon.
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  • 90
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Springer
    Chromatographia 14 (1981), S. 55-66 
    ISSN: 1612-1112
    Schlagwort(e): Capillary columns, glass ; Gas chromatography ; Column preparation
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Chemie und Pharmazie
    Beschreibung / Inhaltsverzeichnis: Zusammenfassung Kapillar-Gas-Chromatographie ist heute das sich am stärksten entwickelnde Gebiet der Gas-Chromatographie. Es gibt viele komplexe, neue Fragestellungen in der Analytik, welche den Einsatz spezieller Kapillarsäulen erfordem. Glücklicherweise gibt es aber auch eine große Zahl von Herstellungsverfahren für Kapillarsäulen, welche — noch mehr als bei der Herstellung von gepackten Säulen — eine Anpassung an die gestellten Aufgaben ermöglichen. In diesem Artikel werden die Herstellungsverfahren für Kapillarsäulen zusammengestellt und Anregungen gegeben, wie aufgaben-orientierte Säulen erreicht werden.
    Notizen: Summary Glass capillary column chromatography is the most rapidly growing part of gas chromatography. There are many complex new analytical tasks and they require special capillary columns, Fortunately there is a wide range of column preparation methods available, and they make the preparation of glass capillary columns a more varied job than that of packed columns. In this paper these methods are reviewed and suggestions are given for making task-oriented columns.
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  • 91
    ISSN: 1612-1112
    Schlagwort(e): Gas chromatography ; Urea herbicides ; Catalytic hydrolysis
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Chemie und Pharmazie
    Notizen: Summary A method is described for the rapid catalytic hydrolysis of phenylurea herbicides on silica gel at elevated temperatures. After derivatisation of the anilines produced with heptafluorobutyric acid anhydride final analysis is done on a gas chromatograph equipped with an electroncapture detector. Detection limits are in the 1–5 picogram range. The method has successfully been applied to residue analysis of water samples at the 1 ppb level. The determination of free anilines present in water samples and the potential of various techniques to be used to discriminate between free anilines and parent herbicides are also discussed.
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  • 92
    ISSN: 1612-1112
    Schlagwort(e): Gas chromatography ; Graphitised carbon black ; Phenols ; Water pllutants
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Chemie und Pharmazie
    Notizen: Summary The fractionation of eleven phenols which may be contaminants in drinking water has been accomplished by using acid-washed graphitised carbon black modified with trimesic acid and PEG 20 M.
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  • 93
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Springer
    Chromatographia 14 (1981), S. 447-451 
    ISSN: 1612-1112
    Schlagwort(e): Headspace analysis ; Gas chromatography ; Residual analysis of polyethylene terephthalate ; Acetylene reduction assay ; Ethylene evolution in germinating seed ; Acetaldehyde generation in polyester resin
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Chemie und Pharmazie
    Notizen: Summary New application areas for headspace gas chromatography in agricultural and polymer degradation research are described. Specific examples are drawn from the various forms of headspace analysis with emphasis on the automated static equilibrium method.
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  • 94
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Springer
    Chromatographia 13 (1980), S. 35-39 
    ISSN: 1612-1112
    Schlagwort(e): Gas chromatography ; Nitromethane ; Nitroalkanes
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Chemie und Pharmazie
    Notizen: Summary Impurities in commercially available nitromethane have been determined by gas-liquid chromatography using six different column packings. Besides nitromethane, 1-nitropropane, 2-nitropropane, acetonitrile, methanol, small amounts of ethanol and acetaldehyde have been detected. The presence of formaldehyde, ethyl acetate and acetone is probable. Mixtures containing comparable amounts of the four nitroalkanes could be separated on all columns, but plots of logarithms of the retention times vs. carbon number or boiling points of the nitroalkanes or column temperatures were linear only in case of columns packed with Porapak R and Q.
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  • 95
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Springer
    Chromatographia 16 (1982), S. 60-62 
    ISSN: 1612-1112
    Schlagwort(e): Gas chromatography ; Amines ; Derivatization ; Chloroformate esters
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Chemie und Pharmazie
    Notizen: Summary The gas chromatographic analysis of amines after conversion to electron capture sensitive carbamates in two-phase systems has been studied. Hydrophilic compounds, for instance methylamine, are reacted with 2,2,2-trichloro-tert. butyl chloroformate. Quantitation below 10−7 M can be made by thermionic or electron capture detection. A hydrophobic amine, namely N,N-dimethyl-n-octylamine, was derivatized with 2,4,6-tribromophenyl chloroformate with addition of iodide ion to the aqueous phase. The favorable effect of iodide ion as well as the choice of pH and chloroformate ester is discussed.
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  • 96
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Springer
    Chromatographia 16 (1982), S. 98-102 
    ISSN: 1612-1112
    Schlagwort(e): Gas chromatography ; Rectangular channel ; Efficiency ; Capacity
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Chemie und Pharmazie
    Notizen: Summary Gas chromatographic experiments have been performed in a truly rectangular channel with a 60∶1 cross-sectional aspect ratio, constructed according to the field-flow fractionation technology. It is shown that the peak broadening is controlled by the thickness of the channel while the maximum load is determined by the largest cross-sectional dimension. However, even with its elongated configuration, the side walls contribute significantly to the band broadening of solutes with a high diffusivity. Good agreement is found between the experimental plate height data and the recent theoretical calculations of Golay [13] taking into account the side-wall effect.
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  • 97
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Springer
    Chromatographia 20 (1985), S. 293-302 
    ISSN: 1612-1112
    Schlagwort(e): Gas chromatography ; Stationary liquid, choice of ; Physico-chemical data
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Chemie und Pharmazie
    Notizen: Summary A table of data for acidity, basicity, polarity and London potential for stationary phases is given. These provide guidance in choosing a stationary phase for a given task from the 26 substances listed. The indices are calculated from infra-red shifts of 1-chlorobutane and the visible wavelength shifts of l2 when they are dissolved in the stationary phases, from NMR estimates of acidity and basicity and from relative retention data. They replace the less reliable data of Burns and Hawkes. Methods of determining the indices are suggested that require only a gas chromatograph and can be applied by technicians with no specialized understanding of solution parameters. An attempt to add electron donoracceptor indices to the table was unsuccessful. A further table is given of the slopes of the log plots d(logt′)/dC for use in extrapolating from one homologue to another on these stationary phases.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
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  • 98
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Springer
    Chromatographia 20 (1985), S. 343-346 
    ISSN: 1612-1112
    Schlagwort(e): Thermosorb ; Tenax GC ; Environmental Analysis ; Trace Organics ; Gas chromatography
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Chemie und Pharmazie
    Notizen: Summary A preliminary study has been carried out to evaluate a new adsorbent, Thermosorb, for trace level organic contaminants. For this purpose, a comparison was made with a well-characterized adsorbent, Tenax GC, using a prepared aqueous solution of trace organic components. In addition, a comparison was made of chromatograms of air contaminants obtained using both of these adsorbents, under equivalent conditions. The results clearly indicated the potential of this thermally stable, inorganic adsorbent for many trace organic substances of environmental interest.
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  • 99
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Springer
    Chromatographia 20 (1985), S. 371-375 
    ISSN: 1612-1112
    Schlagwort(e): Gas chromatography ; Flame photometric detector ; Sulphur
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Chemie und Pharmazie
    Notizen: Summary The effect of experimental conditions such as gas flow rates, detector and column temperatures on sulphur response are discussed. It is concluded that the response of the flame photometric detector is affected by the O/H ratio and the total gas flow. Column temperature has an important influence upon S2 emission. It is shown that the sulphur response of the FPD is dependent on the compound containing the sulphur.
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  • 100
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Springer
    Chromatographia 17 (1983), S. 269-284 
    ISSN: 1612-1112
    Schlagwort(e): Gas chromatography ; Liquid chromatography ; Phenols
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Chemie und Pharmazie
    Notizen: Summary Gas and high-performance liquid chromatographic methods in the analysis of phenols are reviewed. Among the great number of phenolic compounds analyzed, alkylphenols, chlorophenols, dihydroxy- and trihydroxybenzenes and biphenols are chiefly considered. The advantages and drawbacks of the methods are discussed, quoting the most important work. Relationships between the structural characteristics of phenols, the stationary phase structure, the mobile phase composition and the retention data are treated. Typical examples of the conditions for GC and HPLC analysis are summarized in tables. The literature comprises over 270 references, most of them recent.
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