ALBERT

Notes: A carboxylesterasc from wild oat (Avena fatua L.) which hydrolyses benzoylprop ethyl [ethyl N-benzoyl-N-(3,4-dichlrophenyl)-2-aminopropionate] to thc herbicidally active bnzoylprop acid, was partially purified by (NH4)2 SO4 fractionation and Sephadex G-100 gel filtration A 8.3-fold purification was obtained with 46% recovery. The rate of de-esterification of 14C-benzoylprop ethyl was 0.1 ηmoles/16 h at standard assay condition of 1 mg lyophilized enzyme preparation in 0.1 ml phosphate buffer (0.1 M. pH 7.0). substrate 5ηM The wild oat esterase was stable and activity as a function of reaction time. enzyme and substrate concentration was charaterized Incubation with a-chymotrypsin reduced wild oat esterase activity as did the presence of ethanol in reaction mixtures Esterase actvity for14C-benzoylprop ethyl was not detected in preparations from wheat (Triticum aestlivum L.). Evidence was obtained which suggested the presence of an inhibitor in wheat. Hydrolyse de l'herbicide benzoylprop éthyle par l'estérase de la folte-avoine Une carboxylestérase de la folle-avoine (Avena fatua L.) qui hydrolyse Ie benzoylprop éthyle (N-benzoyl-N-(3.4-dichlorophényle)-2-aminopropionate d'ethyle) en acidc benzoyprop, actif sur les mauvaises herbes, a été partiellement purifiée par fractionnement au moyen de (NH4)2 SO4 et filtration sur gel Sephadex G-100 Une purification de 8.3 folis a étéobtenue avec 46% de récupération Le taux de dé-estérification du 14C-benzoylprop éthyle a été de 0.1 ηmole en 16 h aux conditions standard d'essai: 1 mg de préparation d'enzyme lyophilisé dans 0,1 ml de tampon au phosphate (0, 1 M pH 7,0) pour 5ηM de substrat L'estérase de LA folle-avoine a été stable et il a pu étre monlré que son activitéétait fonction de la durée de réaction ainsi que de la concentration de l'enzyme et du substrat. L'incu-bation avec de l'o-chymotrypsine a réduit L'activité de l'estérase de la folle-avoine de méme que la présence de l'éthanol dans les mélanges en réaction. ll n'a pas été décelé dans des préparations dc blé (Triticum sativum) d'activité d'une estérase pour le 14C-benzoylprop-éthyle. Certainsfaitls ont été observér qui sug-gerént la présence d'un inhibiteur dans le blé Hydrolyse des Herbizids Benzoylprop-äthyl dunh Flughafer- esterase Es wurde eine Carboxylesterase von Flughafer (Avena fatua L.), die Benzoylprop-äthyl [Äthyl N-benzoyl-N-(3,4)-dichlor- phenyl)-2 aminopropionat] zur herbizidwirksamen Benzoyl- prop-Säure hydrolysiert. dureh (NH4)2 SO4 -fraktionierung und Gelfiltration an Sephadex G-100 teilweise gereinigt Dabei wurde eine 8,3-fache Reinigung bei einer Wiederfmdungiirate von 46% erzielt. Die Hydrolyserate von 14C-Benzoylprop-äthyl betrug 0.1 ηmol/16 h unter Standurdbedingungen von 1 mg lyophilisienetn Enzympräparat in 0.1 ml Phosphatpuffer (0.1 M, pH 7.0) und 5 ηm Substrat Die flughaferesterase war stabil und die Enzymaktiviät war von der Reaktionszeit abhängig. Das Enzym und die Substratkonzentration wurden beschrieben. Inkubation mit α-Chymotrypsin verringerte die Esteraseaktivität. DurcH die Gegenwart von Äthanol in den Reaktionsgemlschen wurde die Aktivität ebenfalls reduziert. In Weizenpräparationen (Triticum aestivum L.) konnte keine Esteraseaktivität fur 14C-Benzoylprop-äthyl festgestellt werden. Es gab Hinweise dafur, dass in Weizen ein Hemmstoff vorkommt.

Notes: Abstract In this paper we examine a set of nonlinear rate equations (devised by M. Eigen (1971)) which describe the process of selection in a collection of self-reproducing, macromolecular information carriers. We construct exact solutions to the equations for the case of constant rate parameters and constant error distributions. The solutions allow the direct assessment of the effect of mutations on the “selective value” parameters discussed by Eigen as well as the distribution of the molecular species selected in steady state. In addition we show that the selection process may be characterized by an extremal principle.

Notes: Abstract In this paper we consider Eigen’s equations for the selection and evolution of self-instructing, macromolecular systems. We construct exact, asymptotic solutions for the equations when the rate coefficients and error distributions are considered as functions of time. Implications for selection are discussed.

Notes: Abstract In this paper we develop stability criteria applicable to Eigen's model for the selection and evolution of biological macromolecules. We show that it is possible to characterize the time evolution of the macromolecular system by Lyapounov-like functionals. The Lyapounov method is used to discuss the general stability of the system and the metastable nature of the selected states are discussed.

Notes: Abstract We consider a method for selection among a collection of self-reproducing macromolecular information carriers. The information carriers are assumed subject to the general constraint in which the fluxes of the energy rich monomers used in the syntheses of the information carriers are controlled externally. The constraint forces a competition among the various macromolecular species and a Darwinian like selection takes place. We show that the overall selective behaviour is independent of the specific form of the constraint. A general criteria for selection is given and we show that the selection process may generally be characterized by an optimization principle.

Notes: Abstract A stochastic analysis of a nonlinear selection model is presented. The model, based on Eigen and Schuster's theory of selection and evolution of biological macromolecules, considers the effects of fluctuations on the individual concentrations of macromolecules as well as the total population numbers in constrained systems. Our analysis shows that one of the models most often treated deterministically (referred to as constant organization in the literature) becomes unstable when fluctuations in the total population number are considered. An alternative model which apparently has built in self-regulating properties is analyzed and proves to be stable except for some special cases of degeneracy.

Notes: Summary In this paper we consider a model for the selection and evolution of biological macromolecules when their reproduction is based on complementary instruction. The model is an extension of one of Eigen's models for selection and takes in account explicitly the formation of both single stranded and double stranded molecular complexes. We construct exact solutions to the rate equations for the case of constant rate parameters and error distributions. Criteria for selection are discussed.