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  • 1
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Oxidation of sulphur in soils (1967)
    Springer
    Mineralium deposita 2 (1967), S. 181-187 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-1866
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Geosciences
    Description / Table of Contents: Zusammenfassung Es wird eine Übersicht über die Schwefel-Vorkommen in Böden gegeben und diskutiert, welche Faktoren die Wertigkeit dieses Schwefels beeinflussen. Es wird angenommen, daß die Oxydation des Schwefels hauptsächlich durch Mikroorganismen verursacht wird, doch sind in vielen Fällen auch rein chemische Reaktionen verantwortlich zu machen. Temperatur, Feuchtigkeit, pH-Wert sowie auch die Zusammensetzung der Mikrobenvorkommen und die Teilchengröße beeinflussen die Oxydationsgeschwindigkeit von Schwefel im Boden. Pflanzen absorbieren Schwefel normalerweise als Sulfat, so daß die Oxydation von Sulfid, elementarem Schwefel und organischem Schwefel von größter Bedeutung für die Pflanzenernährung ist.
    Notes: Abstract This paper reviews briefly the forms of sulphur in soils and discusses the factors affecting the oxidation of this sulphur to other oxidation states. This oxidation is believed to be carried out mainly be micro-organisms but in many cases strictly chemical reactions are involved. Invironmental factors such as temperature, moisture, and pH, as well as microbial population and particle size influence the rate of sulphur oxidation in soil. Plants normally absorb sulphur in the form of sulphate, and thus the oxidation of sulphide, elemental sulphur and organic sulphur is of prime importance in plant nutrition.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00201914
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  • 2
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Effect of wax-coated calcium carbide and nitrapyrin on nitrogen loss and methane emission from dry-seeded flooded rice (1993)
    Springer
    Biology and fertility of soils 16 (1993), S. 71-75 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0789
    Keywords: Nitrification ; Denitrification ; Nitrification inhibitors ; 15N balance ; Nitrous oxide ; Greenhouse gases
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Geosciences , Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Summary The effectiveness of wax-coated calcium carbide (as a slow-release source of acetylene) and nitrapyrin in inhibiting nitrification and emission of the greenhouse gases N2O and CH4 was evaluated in a microplot study with dry-seeded flooded rice grown on a grey clay near Griffith, NSW, Australia. The treatments consisted of factorial combinations of N levels with nitrification inhibitors (control, wax-coated calcium carbide, and nitrapyrin). The rate of nitrification was slowed considerably by the addition of wax-coated calcium carbide, but it was inhibited only slightly by the addition of nitrapyrin. As a result, the emission of N2O was markedly reduced by the application of wax-coated calcium carbide, whereas there was no significant difference in rates of N2O emission between the control and nitrapyrin treatments. Both nitrification inhibitors significantly reduced CH4 emission, but the lowest emission rates were observed in the wax-coated calcium carbide treatment. At the end of the experiment 84% of the applied N was recovered from the wax-coated calcium carbide treatment compared with ∼ 43% for the nitrapyrin and control treatments.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00336519
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  • 3
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Effect of acetylene provided by wax-coated calcium carbide on transformations of urea nitrogen applied to an irrigated wheat crop (1993)
    Springer
    Biology and fertility of soils 16 (1993), S. 86-92 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0789
    Keywords: Nitrogen immobilization ; Mineralization ; Nitrification ; Nitrification inhibitor ; Acetylene ; CaC2 ; 15N enrichment ; Urea
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Geosciences , Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract The effect of acetylene (provided by wax-coated calcium carbide, CaC2) on N transformations in a red-brown earth was measured in a field experiment with irrigated wheat by determining the change in the concentration and 15N enrichment of the organic N and mineral N pools with time. The study was conducted in the Goulburn-Murray Irrigation region of south-eastern Australia using 0.3 m by 0.3 m microplots fertilized with 15N-labelled urea (10 g N m-2; 5 atom% 15N). Acetylene was effective in slowing the nitrification of both unlabelled and labelled N. Nitrate derived from the added fertilizer reached a maximum 19 days after sowing in the treatment without CaC2, whereas little nitrate accumulated in the 8 g CaC2 m-2 treatment. There was significant immobilization of the urea N by 19 days after sowing in all treatments, but the extent of immobilization was not affected by the acetylene. The addition of acetylene slowed net mineralization of labelled and unlabelled N from the organic N pool, and resulted in increased accumulation of both unlabelled and labelled N in wheat tops.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00369408
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  • 4
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    The interdependence of ammonia volatilization and denitrification as nitrogen loss processes in flooded rice fields in the Philippines (1990)
    Springer
    Biology and fertility of soils 9 (1990), S. 31-36 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0789
    Keywords: Denitrification ; Ammonia volatilization ; Wetland rice soils ; Urea ; 15N-balance method
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Geosciences , Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Summary The relative importance of ammonia volatilization and denitrification as loss processes following the application of urea to flooded rice by the traditional method was assessed at four sites with different characteristics in the Philippines. The effect of reducing ammonia loss on denitrification and total N loss was also studied. The total N loss was determined by a 15N-balance method and ammonia volatilization was assessed by a bulk aerodynamic method following the application of urea to small plots (4.8×5.2 m). As run-off was prevented and leaching losses were negligible, the denitrification loss was assessed as the difference between total N loss and ammonia loss. When urea was broadcast into the floodwater at transplanting, the ammonia loss varied from 10% to 56% of the applied N. Loss was smallest at Aguilar where wind speeds were low and the greatest at Mabitac where floodwater pH values and temperatures were high and the winds were strong. The ammonia loss was reduced at all sites by incorporating the urea into the soil by harrowing. However, the reduction achieved varied markedly between sites, with the largest reduction (from 56% to 7% loss of the applied N) being observed at Mabitac. The total N lost from the basal application into the floodwater ranged from 59% to 71% of the applied N. Incorporating the urea by harrowing reduced the total N loss at two sites, increased the total N loss at the third site, and had no effect at the fourth site. The denitrification losses ranged widely (from 3% to 50% of the applied N) when urea was broadcast into the floodwater at the four sites. The denitrification loss was low when the ammonia loss was high (Mabitac) and high when the ammonia loss was low (Aguilar). Reducing ammonia losses by incorporating the urea into the flooded soil resulted in increased denitrification losses at three of the sites and appeared to have no effect on denitrification at the fourth site. The results show that reducing the ammonia loss by incorporating urea into the soil does not necessarily result in reduced total N loss, and suggest that the efficiency of fertilizer N will be improved only when both N-loss processes are controlled simultaneously.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00335858
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  • 5
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Use of urease, algal inhibitors, and nitrification inhibitors to reduce nitrogen loss and increase the grain yield of flooded rice (Oryza sativa L.) (1996)
    Springer
    Biology and fertility of soils 22 (1996), S. 89-95 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0789
    Keywords: Key words Denitrification ; Ammonia volatilization ; Phosphoroamides ; Urea hydrolysis ; Acetylene
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Geosciences , Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract We studied the interacting effects on NH3 loss and grain yield of adding (1) urease inhibitors to retard the hydrolysis of urea (2) the algicide terbutryn to limit floodwater pH increases, and (3) C2H2 (provided by wax-coated calcium carbide) to prevent NH3 oxidation. The algicide treatment maintained the floodwater pH values below 8 for the first 3 days after the urea application and depressed the maximum values below 8.5 on subsequent days. As a consequence, NH3 loss was significantly (P〈0.05) reduced in all treatments containing algicide. The addition of wax-coated calcium carbide effectively inhibited nitrification, as judged by the increased ammoniacal (NH3+NH4) N concentrations in the floodwater. However, these increased ammoniacal-N concentrations resulted in large losses of NH3. The results also showed that the effectiveness of a urease inhibitor cannot be judged solely from the ammoniacal-N concentrations in the floodwater of a single treatment with the inhibitor. Additional treatments with an algicide and a nitrification inhibitor are required to determine whether the low ammoniacal-N concentrations are caused by NH3 losses and nitrification. Thus N-(n-butyl)thiophosphorictriamide (NBPT) appeared to retard urea hydrolysis when judged by the low ammoniacal-N concentrations in the floodwater; however, treatments with NBPT, algicide, and C2H2 showed that the low concentrations were mainly a result of NH3 volatilization and nitrification. Even though NBPT did not completely inhibit urea hydrolysis, some treatments with this compound reduced NH3 losses and increased grain yields by up to 31%.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00384438
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  • 6
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Use of urease, algal inhibitors, and nitrification inhibitors to reduce nitrogen loss and increase the grain yield of flooded rice (Oryza sativa L.) (1996)
    Springer
    Biology and fertility of soils 22 (1996), S. 89-95 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0789
    Keywords: Denitrification ; Ammonia volatilization ; Phosphoroamides ; Urea hydrolysis ; Acetylene
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Geosciences , Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract We studied the interacting effects on NH3 loss and grain yield of adding (1) urease inhibitors to retard the hydrolysis of urea (2) the algicide terbutryn to limit floodwater pH increases, and (3) C2H2 (provided by waxcoated calcium carbide) to prevent NH3 oxidation. The algicide treatment maintained the floodwater pH values below 8 for the first 3 days after the urea application and depressed the maximum values below 8.5 on subsequent days. As a consequence, NH3 loss was significantly (P〈0.05) reduced in all treatments containing algicide. The addition of wax-coated calcium carbide effectively inhibited nitrification, as judged by the increased ammoniacal (NH3+NH4) N concentrations in the floodwater, However, these increased ammonical-N concentrations resulted in large losses of NH3. The results also showed that the effectiveness of a urease inhibitor cannot be judged solely from the ammonical-N concentrations in the floodwater of a single treatment with the inhibitor. Additional treatments with an algicide and a nitrification inhibitor are required to determine whether the low ammoniacal-N concentrations are caused by NH3 losses and nitrification. Thus N-(n-butyl)thiophosphorictriamide (NBPT) appeared to retard urea hydrolysis when judged by the low ammoniacal-N concentrations in the floodwater; however, treatments with NBPT, algicide, and C2H2 showed that the low concentrations were mainly a result of NH3 volatilization and nitrification. Even though NBPT did not completely inhibit urea hydrolysis, some treatments with this compound reduced NH3 losses and increased grain yields by up to 31%.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00384438
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  • 7
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Aerobic Transformation of Cysteine to Sulphate in Soil (1958)
    [s.l.] : Nature Publishing Group
    Nature 182 (1958), S. 1318-1319 
    Details
    ISSN: 1476-4687
    Source: Nature Archives 1869 - 2009
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
    Notes: [Auszug] In order to gain information of the reaction sequence carried out by the mixed flora of a typical humid soil, the oxidation of cysteine was observed using a perfusion unit of the type described by Lees and Quastel5. A 0.01 M solution of cysteine was perfused through 30 gm. of soil held in the ...
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/1821318a0
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  • 8
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Effects of organic and inorganic calcium compounds on soil-solution pH and aluminium concentration (1995)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    European journal of soil science 46 (1995), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1365-2389
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Geosciences , Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: The reactions of two organic (citrate and fulvate) and two inorganic (chloride and phosphogypsum) calcium compounds were studied during leaching of columns of unsaturated acidic soil. The potential of these compounds to decrease the aluminium concentration in the soil solution and remove exchangeable aluminium, and their effects on soil acidity are described.The calcium citrate solution increased the soil solution pH from 5 to a maximum value of 7 in the upper portion of the column. In contrast, the fulvate, calcium chloride and phosphogypsum solutions had little effect on soil-solution pH. Treatment with calcium citrate, or fulvate solution that contained 51 mm Na, removed most of the exchangeable aluminium from the column. The cation exchange sites in the upper portion of the column were saturated with calcium, and the cation exchange capacity of the soil was increased from 35 to c. 80 mmolc kg−1 in the calcium citrate treatment. Leachate from this treatment contained low (〈 2 mm) calcium concentrations and high aluminium concentrations. In contrast, the above changes were not shown by the calcium chloride and phosphogypsum treatments. In these treatments the calcium concentration in the leachate was equal to that in the inflowing solution, which indicated that calcium was transported through the entire column. These results suggest that calcium alone was ineffective in displacing aluminium from the cation exchange sites and a strong complexing agent such as citrate or fulvate is needed to mobilize the exchangeable aluminium.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2389.1995.tb01812.x
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  • 9
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Soil as a source or sink for atmospheric nitrous oxide (1978)
    [s.l.] : Nature Publishing Group
    Nature 273 (1978), S. 530-532 
    Details
    ISSN: 1476-4687
    Source: Nature Archives 1869 - 2009
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
    Notes: [Auszug] Fig. 1 Absorption and emission of N2O by waterlogged soils. Soils (30 g) were covered with water to a depth of 1 cm in 150-ml conical flasks. Flasks were flushed with ambient air at times indicated by arrows. Other experimental conditions were as described in Table 1. Note the break in the scale; ...
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/273530a0
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  • 10
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Yield Depression in Wheat due to High Nitrate Applications, and its Alleviation by Molybdenum (1965)
    [s.l.] : Nature Publishing Group
    Nature 205 (1965), S. 616-617 
    Details
    ISSN: 1476-4687
    Source: Nature Archives 1869 - 2009
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
    Notes: [Auszug] In 1962, wheat (Triticum aestivum L., var. 'Bencubbin') was grown on several soils in pots in the glasshouse. Four weeks after sowing, the plants developed symptoms ranging from leaf-tip scorch to death of tillers, and growth was reduced. The most severe damage occurred in plants growing on ...
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/205616a0
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