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  • Other Sources  (4,365)
  • ENERGY PRODUCTION AND CONVERSION  (2,592)
  • METEOROLOGY AND CLIMATOLOGY  (1,773)
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  • 1
    Publication Date: 2006-02-14
    Description: The design and operations of a low cost, high rate thermal cycling facility designed for LEO conditions is described. Thermal cycling facilities were constructed with various design criteria. Some were designed to duplicate as closely as possible the conditions a cell or module would encounter while in orbit about the Earth. A typical facility to perform this type of cycling was a large vacuum system with liquid nitrogen cooled walls. The cells were heated by an AMO spectrum solar simulator, then a shutter was closed allowing the cells to give up their heat to the cold walls. This system was good at duplicating the orbital conditions but was slow and very costly to operate. Other systems used a gas atmosphere and heated the cells with radiant heat and cooled the cells by moving them into close proximity to a cold plate. The systems greatly increased the cycle times. Other systems moved the heating and cooling atmosphere into and out of the test areas and achieved reasonable cycle rates. All these systems, however, are expensive to operate.
    Keywords: ENERGY PRODUCTION AND CONVERSION
    Type: Space Photovoltaic Res. and Technol. 1983; p 223-227
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  • 2
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    In:  CASI
    Publication Date: 2006-02-14
    Description: The development of the GaAs solar cells for space applications is described. The activities in the fabrication of GaAs solar panels are outlined. Panels were fabricated while introducing improved quality control, soldering laydown and testing procedures. These panels include LIPS II, San Marco Satellite, and a low concentration panel for Rockwells' evaluation. The panels and their present status are discussed.
    Keywords: ENERGY PRODUCTION AND CONVERSION
    Type: NASA. Lewis Research Center Space Photovoltaic Res. and Technol. 1983; p 205-209
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  • 3
    Publication Date: 2006-02-14
    Description: The solar array for the San Marco D/L spacecraft is described and the performance of 4 GaAs solar cell panels are examined. In comparison to the typical Si solar cell panel for San Marco D/L, it is shown that each GaAs solar cell panel provides at least 23 percent more specific power at maximum output and 28 deg C. Also described here, are several measurements that will be made to evaluate the relative performance of Si and GaAs solar cell panels during the San Marco D/L flight.
    Keywords: ENERGY PRODUCTION AND CONVERSION
    Type: NASA. Lewis Research Center Space Photovoltaic Res. and Technol. 1983; p 176-181
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  • 4
    Publication Date: 2006-02-14
    Description: The results of heteroepitaxial growth of GaAs and GaAlAs directly on Si are presented, and applications to new cell structures are suggested. The novel feature is the elimination of a Ge lattice transition region. This feature not only reduces the cost of substrate preparation, but also makes possible the fabrication of high efficiency monolithic cascade structures. All films to be discussed were grown by organometallic chemical vapor deposition at atmospheric pressure. This process yielded reproducible, large-area films of GaAs, grown directly on Si, that are tightly adherent and smooth, and are characterized by a defect density of 5 x 10(6) power/sq cm. Preliminary studies indicate that GaAlAs can also be grown in this way. A number of promising applications are suggested. Certainly these substrates are ideal for low-weight GaAs space solar ells. For very high efficiency, the absence of Ge makes the technology attractive for GaAlAs/Si monolithic cascades, in which the Si substrates would first be provided with a suitable p/n junction. An evaluation of a three bandgap cascade consisting of appropriately designed GaAlAs/GaAs/Si layers is also presented.
    Keywords: ENERGY PRODUCTION AND CONVERSION
    Type: NASA. Lewis Research Center Space Photovoltaic Res. and Technol. 1983; p 128-139
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  • 5
    Publication Date: 2006-02-14
    Description: Deep level transient spectroscopy reveals that the main electron traps for one-MeV electron irradiated GaAs cells are E9c)-0.31, E(c)-0.90 eV, and the main hole trap is due to the level. Electron trap density was found to vary from 3/tens-trillion ccm for 2/one quadrillion cm 3/3.7 quadrillion cm for 21 sextillion cm electron fluence for electron fluence; a similar result was also obtained for the hole trap density. As for the grown-in defects in the Al(x)Ga(1-x)As p-n junciton cells, only two electron traps with energies of E(c)-0.20 and E(c)-0.34 eV were observed in samples with x = 0.17, and none was found for x 0.05. Auger analysis on the Al(x)Ga(1-x) As window layer of the GaAs solar cell showed a large amount of oxygen and carbon contaminants near the surface of the AlGaAs epilayer. Thermal annealing experiment performed at 250 C for up to 100 min. showed a reduction in the density of both electron traps.
    Keywords: ENERGY PRODUCTION AND CONVERSION
    Type: NASA. Lewis Research Center Space Photovoltaic Res. and Technol. 1983; p 91-101
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  • 6
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    In:  CASI
    Publication Date: 2006-02-14
    Description: A short circuit current (I sub sc) degradation model for gallium arsenide (GaAs) solar cells irradiated by protons from low energy to 100 MeV was developed. This model was found to be satisfactory in predicting the I sub sc degradation of GaAs cells, but not that of silicon (Si) cells. A modification to the aforementioned model that preserves the optical wavelength dependency in the photogeneration of minority carrier pairs was described herein. Spectral Si and GaAs response and I sub sc for the Si and GaAs solar cells were discussed, and also were presented in graph form. The overall predictability of the modified model was deemed to be satisfactory.
    Keywords: ENERGY PRODUCTION AND CONVERSION
    Type: NASA. Lewis Research Center Space Photovoltaic Res. and Technol. 1983; p 56-62
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  • 7
    Publication Date: 2006-02-14
    Description: Manufacturing technology for mass producing high efficiency GaAs solar cells is discussed. A progress using a high throughput MO-CVD reactor to produce high efficiency GaAs solar cells is discussed. Thickness and doping concentration uniformity of metal oxide chemical vapor deposition (MO-CVD) GaAs and AlGaAs layer growth are discussed. In addition, new tooling designs are given which increase the throughput of solar cell processing. To date, 2cm x 2cm AlGaAs/GaAs solar cells with efficiency up to 16.5% were produced. In order to meet throughput goals for mass producing GaAs solar cells, a large MO-CVD system (Cambridge Instrument Model MR-200) with a susceptor which was initially capable of processing 20 wafers (up to 75 mm diameter) during a single growth run was installed. In the MR-200, the sequencing of the gases and the heating power are controlled by a microprocessor-based programmable control console. Hence, operator errors can be reduced, leading to a more reproducible production sequence.
    Keywords: ENERGY PRODUCTION AND CONVERSION
    Type: NASA. Lewis Research Center Space Photovoltaic Res. and Technol. 1983; p 18-24
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  • 8
    Publication Date: 2006-02-14
    Description: Various coatings developed in the FRG (i.e., second-surface mirrors with interference filters with and without conductive layers, conductive layers on solar-cell covers, and selective absorber coatings) have been qualified by accelerated tests under simulated space environment conditions. Experiments with coatings and solar cells have shown, however, that the thermo-optical behavior can differ considerably when performed on the ground and in space because of the great difficulty in simulating the space environment realistically. The objective of this experiment is to qualify these coatings under realistic space environment conditions. In addition, the experiment will provide design criteria, techniques, and test methods to insure control of the combined space and spacecraft environment effects, such as contamination, electrical conductance, and optical degradation, on the coatings. Data to be measured include the temperature of the samples, the electrical resistance of the conductive layers of the samples, the short circuit current of the solar-cell modules, and the deposition of contaminants on the samples (using quartz crystal microbalances (QCM's)).
    Keywords: ENERGY PRODUCTION AND CONVERSION
    Type: NASA. Langley Research Center Long Duration Exposure Facility (LDEF); p 91-93
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  • 9
    Publication Date: 2006-02-14
    Description: The objective of this experiment is to evaluate the synergistic effects of the space environment on various solar-array materials, including solar cells, cover slips with various antireflectance coatings, adhesive, encapsulants, reflector materials, substrate strength materials, mast and harness materials, structural composites, and thermal control treatments. The experiment is passive and consists of an arrangement of material specimens mounted in a 3-in.-deep peripheral tray. The effects of the space environment on the specimens will be determined by comparison of preflight and postflight measurements of mechanical, electrical, and optical properties.
    Keywords: ENERGY PRODUCTION AND CONVERSION
    Type: NASA. Langley Research Center Long Duration Exposure Facility (LDEF); p 86-87
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  • 10
    Publication Date: 2006-02-14
    Description: A model that explains the flat-spot power loss phenomenon is presented. Evidence suggests that the effect is due to localized metallurgical interactions between the silicon substrate and the contact metallization. These reactions are shown to result in localized regions in which the P-N junction is destroyed and replaced with a metal semiconductor-like interface. The effects of thermal treatment, crystallographic orientation, junction depth, and metallization are shown along with a method of preventing the effect through the suppression of vacancy formation at the free surface of the contact metallization. Data indicating the effectiveness of a TiN diffusion barrier in preventing the effect are also given.
    Keywords: ENERGY PRODUCTION AND CONVERSION
    Type: ESA Photovoltaic Generators in Space; p 65-70
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  • 11
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    In:  CASI
    Publication Date: 2006-02-14
    Description: The joint airport weather studies (JAWS) project is discussed. The major objectives of the JAWS Project are a fundamental description of the phenomenon, a determination of the hazard potential and a definition of a protection and warning system, all of which are relative to low level wind shear. Aspects of the low level wind shear phenomenon. The principal focus, however, is the microburst. The microburst is fundamentally a rather simple atmospheric flow. It is a downdraft that, upon approaching the surface, spreads out horizontally, producing a diverging radial flow in all directions. For any direction that an aircraft flies through the microburst, it will first encounter increasing head winds; then the remnants of the downdraft; and then, increasing tail wind.
    Keywords: METEOROLOGY AND CLIMATOLOGY
    Type: NASA. Marshall Space Flight Center Proc.: 6th Ann. Workshop on Meteorol. and Environ. Inputs to Aviation Systems; p 85-95
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  • 12
    Publication Date: 2006-02-14
    Description: A heavily instrumented F-106B aircraft was flown in thunderstorms to gather data for characterizing lightning at aircraft operating altitudes. Conventional weather finding techniques are supplemented with UHF lightning mapping radar to select the most active storm cells and the most likely altitude for obtaining direct lightning strikes to the airplane. One hundred seventy-six strikes were obtained in a 3 year period, mostly at an altitude of above 25,000 feet.
    Keywords: METEOROLOGY AND CLIMATOLOGY
    Type: NASA. Marshall Space Flight Center Proc.: 6th Ann. Workshop on Meteorol. and Environ. Inputs to Aviation Systems; p 63-65
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  • 13
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    In:  CASI
    Publication Date: 2006-02-14
    Description: A wind shear and vortex wake and their impact on aircraft were investigated. The systems and advice to help pilots, and rational scientific methods to assist in advising certification authorities and those interested in improving flight safety were developed. Wind Shear and Vortex Wakes are related, they are both invisible enemies of aircraft in the form of large disturbances in the atmosphere, both cause major accidents. Problems of building wakes at airports are is considered. Research on wind shear was initiated by the American FAA following the Boston, New York and Denver accidents to civil airliners. This resulted in: useful advice to pilots about wind shear; better attempts by the meteorologists at forecasting wind shear conditions; and useful ideas for wind shear measurement and warning systems. Three major research tasks are outstanding: (1) Worldwide measurements to give reliable estimates of probability and details of the forms of large wind shears; (2) Developments of real time wind shear measuring systems for ground or airborne use; and (3) Establishing relationships between measured wind shear and the potential hazard to an aircraft, or class of aircraft.
    Keywords: METEOROLOGY AND CLIMATOLOGY
    Type: NASA. Marshall Space Flight Center Proc.: 6th Ann. Workshop on Meteorol. and Environ. Inputs to Aviation Systems; p 66-83
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  • 14
    Publication Date: 2006-02-14
    Description: Marked surface inversions occur most frequently in dry continental climates, where low atmospheric humidity allows heat transfer by long wave thermal radiation. In the northern latitudes, surface inversions reach their maximum intensity during the winter, when the incoming Sun's radiation is negligible and radiative cooling is dominant during the long nights. During winter, air mass boundaries are sharp, which causes formation of marked surface inversions. The existence of these inversions and sharp boundaries increase the risk of wind shear. The information should refer to marked inversions exceeding a temperature difference of 10 deg C up to 1000 feet. The need to determine the temperature range over which he information is operationally needed and the magnitude of the inversion required before a notification to pilots prior to departure is warranted are outlined.
    Keywords: METEOROLOGY AND CLIMATOLOGY
    Type: NASA. Marshall Space Flight Center Proc.: 6th Ann. Workshop on Meteorol. and Environ. Inputs to Aviation Systems; p 61-62
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  • 15
    Publication Date: 2006-02-14
    Description: The Gust Gradient Program is a data intensive effort involving tripple Doppler radar, a surface weather station mesonet and other aircraft. The Joint Airport Weather Studies was utilized to gain additional data. The data were used to fill in the gap in turbulence modeling.
    Keywords: METEOROLOGY AND CLIMATOLOGY
    Type: Proc.: 6th Ann. Workshop on Meteorol. and Environ. Inputs to Aviation Systems; p 38-42
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  • 16
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    In:  CASI
    Publication Date: 2006-02-14
    Description: The objective of the Generalized Exponential Markov (GEM) Program was to develop a weather forecast guidance system that would: predict between 0 to 6 hours all elements in the airways observations; respond instantly to the latest observed conditions of the surface weather; process these observations at local sites on minicomputing equipment; exceed the accuracy of current persistence predictions at the shortest prediction of one hour and beyond; exceed the accuracy of current forecast model output statistics inside eight hours; and be capable of making predictions at one location for all locations where weather information is available.
    Keywords: METEOROLOGY AND CLIMATOLOGY
    Type: NASA. Marshall Space Flight Center Proc.: 6th Ann. Workshop on Meteorol. and Environ. Inputs to Aviation Systems; p 42-44
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  • 17
    Publication Date: 2006-02-14
    Description: Recommendations based on need, cost, and achievement of flight safety are offered, and the re-evaluation of weather parameters needed for safe landing operations that lead to reliable and consistent automated observation capabilities are considered.
    Keywords: METEOROLOGY AND CLIMATOLOGY
    Type: NASA. Marshall Space Flight Center Proc.: 6th Ann. Workshop on Meteorol. and Environ. Inputs to Aviation Systems; p 19-20
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  • 18
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    Publication Date: 2006-02-14
    Description: The primary responsibilities of the National Weather Service (NWS) are to: provide warnings of severe weather and flooding for the protection of life and property; provide public forecasts for land and adjacent ocean areas for planning and operation; and provide weather support for: production of food and fiber; management of water resources; production, distribution and use of energy; and efficient and safe air operations.
    Keywords: METEOROLOGY AND CLIMATOLOGY
    Type: NASA. Marshall Space Flight Center Proc.: 6th Ann. Workshop on Meteorol. and Environ. Inputs to Aviation Systems; p 14-16
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  • 19
    Publication Date: 2006-02-14
    Description: The implementation of the National Airspace System (NAS) will improve safety services to aviation. These services include collision avoidance, improved landing systems and better weather data acquisition and dissemination. The program to improve the quality of weather information includes the following: Radar Remote Weather Display System; Flight Service Automation System; Automatic Weather Observation System; Center Weather Processor, and Next Generation Weather Radar Development.
    Keywords: METEOROLOGY AND CLIMATOLOGY
    Type: NASA. Marshall Space Flight Center Proc.: 6th Ann. Workshop on Meteorol. and Environ. Inputs to Aviation Systems; p 21-25
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  • 20
    Publication Date: 2006-02-14
    Description: Rainfall characteristics using data from dense recording raingage networks is reviewed. Data from such networks have quantified temporal and spatial rainfall distributions, and have supplied specialized information about local and orographic effects. The natural variability, temporally and spatially, for annual, seasonal, monthly, and individual events is treated. Especially important are the spatial variations of precipitation as a function of synoptic type, precipitation type, amount, and duration. Results from dense raingage networks in Illinois, and some data from other climatic regions is also treated.
    Keywords: METEOROLOGY AND CLIMATOLOGY
    Type: Precipitation Meas. from Space:; 8 p
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  • 21
    Publication Date: 2006-04-26
    Description: A 10 channel scanning radiometer, built as a prototype for the coastal zone color scanner on the Nimbus 7 satellite, was flown on a high altitude aircraft during a Gymnodium breve bloom along the west coast of Florida. The remotely measured ocean color imagery shows what is probably the patchy structure of a G. breve bloom extending over a 60 km by 100 km area. This conclusion is based on visual inspection of bathymetry to infer bottom reflection trends and on a single growth truth measurement of B G. breve obtained the previous day. The image shows coherent blooms which extend scales up to 60 km in length.
    Keywords: METEOROLOGY AND CLIMATOLOGY
    Type: Goddard Lab. for Atmospheric Sci., Collected Reprints 1978 - 1979, Vol. 2; p 680-685
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  • 22
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    Publication Date: 2006-04-26
    Description: The snowmelt-runoff model developed for two small central European watersheds simulate daily streamflow on the 228 sq km Dinwoody Creek basin in Wyoming, using snowcover extent for LANDSAT and conventionally measured temperature and precipitation. For the six-month snowmelt seasons of 1976 and 1974, the simulated seasonal runoff volumes were within 5 and 1%, respectively, of the measured runoff. Also the daily fluctuations of discharge were simulated to a high degree by the model. Thus far the limiting basin size for applying the model has not been reached, and improvements can be expected if the hydrometeorological data can be obtained from a station inside the basin. LANDSAT provides an efficient way to obtain the critical snowcover input parameter required by the model.
    Keywords: METEOROLOGY AND CLIMATOLOGY
    Type: Goddard Lab. for Atmospheric Sci., Collected Reprints 1978 - 1979, Vol. 2; p 745-760
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  • 23
    Publication Date: 2006-04-26
    Description: A large scale numerical time-dependent model of sea ice that takes into account the heat fluxes in and out of the ice, the seasonal occurrence of snow, and ice motions was used in an experiment to determine the response of the Arctic Ocean ice pack to a warming of the atmosphere. The degree of warming specified is that expected for a doubling of atmospheric carbon dioxide with its associated greenhouse effect, a condition that could occur before the middle of the next century. The results of three 5-year simulations with a warmer atmosphere and varied boundary conditions were: (1) that in the face of a 5 K surface atmospheric temperature increase the ice pack disappeared completely in August and September but reformed in the central Arctic Ocean in mid fall; (2) that the simulations were moderately dependence on assumptions concerning cloud cover; and (3) that even when atmospheric temperature increases of 6-9 K were combined with an order-of-magnitude increase in the upward heat flux from the ocean, the ice still appeared in winter. It should be noted that a year-round ice-free Arctic Ocean has apparently not existed for a million years or more.
    Keywords: METEOROLOGY AND CLIMATOLOGY
    Type: Goddard Lab. for Atmospheric Sci., Collected Reprints 1978 - 1979, Vol. 2; p 687-700
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  • 24
    Publication Date: 2006-04-26
    Description: During the summer of 1977, fire totaled 44 sq km of tundra vegetation according to measurements using LANDSAT imagery. Based on the experience gained from analysis of this fire using ground observations, satellite imagery, and topographic maps, it appears that natural drainages form effective fire breaks on the subdued relief of the Arctic coastal plain and northern foothills. It is confirmed that the intensity of the fire is related to vegetation type and to the moisture content of the organic rich soils.
    Keywords: METEOROLOGY AND CLIMATOLOGY
    Type: Goddard Lab. for Atmospheric Sci., Collected Reprints 1978 - 1979, Vol. 2; p 660-670
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  • 25
    Publication Date: 2006-04-12
    Description: The geostationary and polar satellites comprising the current operational system are discussed. The data acquisition capabilities of both satellite types and their complementary functions are reviewed. The advanced very high resolution radiometer on the TIROS N satellites is particularly addressed along with the imaging and atmospheric sounding instrumentation aboard the GOES satellites. The dissemination of the satellite data to the prospective users is also discussed.
    Keywords: METEOROLOGY AND CLIMATOLOGY
    Type: The Conception, Growth, Accomplishments and Future of Meteorol. Satellites; p 34-40
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  • 26
    Publication Date: 2006-04-26
    Description: Snow accumulation and depletion at specific locations can be monitored from space by observing related variations in microwave brightness temperatures. Using vertically and horizontally polarized brightness temperatures from the Nimbus 6 electrically scanning microwave radiometer, a discriminant function can be used to separate snow from no snow areas and map snowcovered area on a continental basis. For dry snow conditions on the Canadian high plains, significant relationships between snow depth or water equivalent and microwave brightness temperature were developed which could permit remote determination of these snow properties after acquisition of a wider range of data. The presence of melt water in the snowpack causes a marked increase in brightness temperature which can be used to predict snowpack priming and timing of runoff. As the resolutions of satellite microwave sensors improve the application of these results to snow hydrology problems should increase.
    Keywords: METEOROLOGY AND CLIMATOLOGY
    Type: Goddard Lab. for Atmospheric Sci., Collected Reprints 1978 - 1979, Vol. 2; p 745-760
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  • 27
    Publication Date: 2006-04-26
    Description: Methods using snowcovered area to update seasonal forecasts as snowmelt progresses are also being used in quasi-operational situations. The input of snowcovered area to snowmelt models for short term perdictions was attempted in two ways; namely, the modification of existing hydrologic models and/or the use of models that were specifically designed to use snowcovered area. A daily snowmelt runoff model was used with LANDSAT data to simulate discharge on remote basins in the Wind River Mountains of Wyoming. Daily predicted and actual flows compare closely, and, summarized over the entire snowmelt season (April 1 - September 30), the average difference is only three percent. The model and snowcovered area data are currently being tested on additional watersheds to determine the method's transferability.
    Keywords: METEOROLOGY AND CLIMATOLOGY
    Type: Goddard Lab. for Atmospheric Sci. Collected Reprints 1978 - 1979, Vol. 2; p 742
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  • 28
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    Publication Date: 2006-04-26
    Description: Presumably caused by lightning, a large fire occurred due east of Point Lay several kilometers southwest of the Kokolik River, the farthest north a fire was ever fought by Bureau of Land Management personnel in Alaska. The progress and area extent of the fire were determined by analysis of LANDSAT MSS band 5 and 7 imagery. Low altitude observations from helicopter showed the fire burned a range of vegetation and relief types which included low polygonized and upland tussock tundras. The burned area appeared wetter on the surface than the unburned area, due to a lack of moisture absorbing organic matter and the possible release of moisture from the deeper thawed zone. Suggestions for future investigations of the effects of fire on tundra and permafrost terrains are discussed.
    Keywords: METEOROLOGY AND CLIMATOLOGY
    Type: Goddard Lab. for Atmospheric Sci., Collected Reprints 1978 - 1979, Vol. 2; p 671-675
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  • 29
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    Publication Date: 2006-04-12
    Description: Programs for the development and operation of meteorological satellites from the TIROS 1 satellite and the establishment of NASA through the 1960's are described. The technical problems confronted in the development of the early satellite systems are discussed in addition to issues in international involvement and program support. The TIROS and Nimbus series satellites are primarily addressed.
    Keywords: METEOROLOGY AND CLIMATOLOGY
    Type: NASA. Marshall Space Flight Center The Conception, Growth, Accomplishments and Future of Meteorol. Satellites; p 5-33
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  • 30
    Publication Date: 2006-04-12
    Description: By using the most complete available records of direct beam radiation and volcanic eruptions, an historical analysis of the role of the latter in modulating the former was made. A very simple fallout and dispersion model was applied to the historical chronology of explosive eruptions. The resulting time series explains about 77 percent of the radiation variance, as well as suggests that tropical and subpolar eruptions are more important than mid-latitude eruptions in their impact on the stratospheric aerosol optical depth. The simpler climatic models indicate that past hemispheric temperature can be stimulated very well with volcanic and CO2 inputs and suggest that climate forecasting will also require volcano forecasting. There is some evidence that this is possible some years in advance.
    Keywords: METEOROLOGY AND CLIMATOLOGY
    Type: NASA. Langley Research Center Atmospheric Effects and Potential Climatic Impact of the 1980 Eruptions of Mt. St. Helens; p 191-202
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  • 31
    Publication Date: 2006-04-12
    Description: Visible and infrared pictures from two Geostationary Operational Environmental Satellite Systems satellites, in circular orbits at about 19,000 nautical miles, are available continuously at approximately 30 minute intervals. Still pictures and film loops from this system vividly depict the events associated with the May 18, 1980 eruption of Mount St. Helens. The initial explosion, shock wave, and visible horizontal dust distribution during the following week are readily apparent. Meteorological wind and height fields permit the inference of the vertical distribution of volcanic dust as well as explain the atmospheric behavior which caused the visible and nonvisible dust distribution.
    Keywords: METEOROLOGY AND CLIMATOLOGY
    Type: NASA. Langley Research Center Atmospheric Effects and Potential Climatic Impact of the 1980 Eruptions of Mt. St. Helens; p 131-140
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  • 32
    Publication Date: 2006-04-12
    Description: Examples of the use of geostationary satellites in meteorology are given. Studies of the rate of change of cumulus clouds and cloud systems and wind parameter determination from cloud motions are reviewed. Computer processed imagery products are also discussed.
    Keywords: METEOROLOGY AND CLIMATOLOGY
    Type: NASA. Marshall Space Flight Center The Conception, Growth, Accomplishments and Future of Meteorol. Satellites; p 72-83
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  • 33
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    Publication Date: 2006-04-12
    Description: The Defense Meteorological Satellite Program is described with particular emphasis on the military applications of METSAT data. Satellite operational support, data processing and image quality requirements are discussed.
    Keywords: METEOROLOGY AND CLIMATOLOGY
    Type: NASA. Marshall Space Flight Center The Conception, Growth, Accomplishments and Future of Meteorol. Satellites; p 41-47
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  • 34
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    Publication Date: 2006-04-12
    Description: A historical overview of the pioneer projects for the development of meteorological satellites is given. In addition, the parallel development of the responsible space agencies and panels is addressed. The Vanguard 2 satellite, the first Earth radiation experiment, and the vidicon equipped TIROS-1 satellite are discussed.
    Keywords: METEOROLOGY AND CLIMATOLOGY
    Type: NASA. Marshall Space Flight Center The Conception, Growth, Accomplishments and Future of Meteorol. Satellites; p 1-4
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  • 35
    Publication Date: 2006-04-12
    Description: A brief review of the effects of climate and weather on the 1980 Mount St. Helens eruptions and the subsequent dispersion of ash and gases and the reciprocal influences of the eruptions on climate and climatology is presented. The effects of mesoscale destruction of snow fields and vegetation, a revised mountain profile, and ash deposits are addressed along with impacts on hemispheric climate and disruption of normal climatological observations, in the areas directly affected by the explosions and ashfall. Environmental and economic consequences are also considered.
    Keywords: METEOROLOGY AND CLIMATOLOGY
    Type: NASA. Langley Research Center Atmospheric Effects and Potential Climatic Impact of the 1980 Eruptions of Mt. St. Helens; p 203-209
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  • 36
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    Publication Date: 2006-02-14
    Description: As a user of devices and procedures for lightning protection, the author is asking the lightning research community for cookbook recipes to help him solve his problems. He is lamenting that realistic devices are scarce and that his mission does not allow him the time nor the wherewithal to bridge the gap between research and applications. A few case histories are presented. In return for their help he is offering researchers a key to lightning technology--the use of the Eastern Test Range and its extensive resources as a proving ground for their experiment in the lightning capital of the United States. A current example is given--a joint lightning characterization project to take place there. Typical resources are listed.
    Keywords: METEOROLOGY AND CLIMATOLOGY
    Type: NASA. Langley Research Center Intern. Aerospace and Ground Conf. on Lightning and Static Elec.; 6 p
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  • 37
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    Publication Date: 2006-02-14
    Description: The NASA large flexible solar array space shuttle flight experiment is described. The 32 x 4 m wing is deployed from the shuttle bay, and experiments in electrical output, multiple deployment, and structural dynamics are planned. Both 2 x 4 cm and 5.9 x 5.9 cm cell assemblies on the array blanket are evaluated. Safety/hazards provisions are described, including emergency jettison provisions. Ground testing and hardware fabrication are summarized.
    Keywords: ENERGY PRODUCTION AND CONVERSION
    Type: ESA Photovoltaic Generators in Space; p 179-184
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  • 38
    Publication Date: 2006-02-14
    Description: A development program to produce 5.9 x 5.9 cm space quality silicon solar cells with a cost goal of 30 $/W is described. Cell types investigated include wraparound dielectric, mechanical wraparound and conventional contact configurations with combinations of 2 or 10 ohm/cm resistivity, back surface reflectors and/or fields, and diffused or ion implanted junctions. A single step process to cut cell and cover glass simultaneously is being developed. Results for cell and array tests are given. Large solar arrays that might use cells of this type are discussed.
    Keywords: ENERGY PRODUCTION AND CONVERSION
    Type: ESA Photovoltaic Generators in Space; p 23-26
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  • 39
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    Publication Date: 2006-02-14
    Description: Objectives and progress in both low concentration ratio (6 to 10) and high concentration ratio ( 100) array developments are summarized. Problems encountered include: thermal control, maldistribution of concentrated sunlight, current busing, and optical surface degradation. The potential advantages over planar arrays are an order of magnitude reduction in per unit cost of power plus increased immunity to radiation damage.
    Keywords: ENERGY PRODUCTION AND CONVERSION
    Type: ESA Photovoltaic Generators in Space; p xix-xxiv
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  • 40
    Publication Date: 2006-02-14
    Description: Geographic coverage frequency and geographic shot density for a satellite borne Doppler lidar wind velocity measuring system are measured. The equations of motion of the light path on the ground were derived and a computer program devised to compute shot density and coverage frequency by latitude-longitude sections. The equations for the coverage boundaries were derived and a computer program developed to plot these boundaries, thus making it possible, after an application of a map coloring algorithm, to actually see the areas of multiple coverage. A theoretical cross-swath shot density function that gives close approximations in certain cases was also derived. This information should aid in the design of an efficient data-processing system for the Doppler lidar.
    Keywords: METEOROLOGY AND CLIMATOLOGY
    Type: Alabama Univ. in Huntsville The 1981 NASA(ASEE Summer Fac. Fellowship Program; 26 p
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  • 41
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    Publication Date: 2006-02-14
    Description: A block diagram of the joint airport weather studies program is presented. Background leading to the development of the program is reviewed. Basic studies, aircraft performance, and detection and warning techniques used to develop fine scale structure of thunderstorm dynamics and kinematics in the vicinity of a major airport; effect of thunderstorm low level wind shear on aircraft performance; and development of real time testing of flow level wind shear detection and warning techniques and displays are described.
    Keywords: METEOROLOGY AND CLIMATOLOGY
    Type: NASA. Marshall Space Flight Center Proc.: 5th Ann. Workshop on Meteorol. and Environ. Inputs to Aviation Systems; p 91-95
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  • 42
    Publication Date: 2006-02-14
    Description: The prototype regional observation and forecast system (PROFS) outputs are demonstrated, functional design specifications to be used to procure and implement operational systems are outlined. Advanced candidate technologies are evaluated as an integral part of the process that leads to these outputs. Evaluation insures that future weather service systems will contain the optimum mix of technologies to be most cost effective in reducing the annual losses and deaths that are directly attributed to severe weather.
    Keywords: METEOROLOGY AND CLIMATOLOGY
    Type: NASA. Marshall Space Flight Center Proc.: 5th Ann. Workshop on Meteorol. and Environ. Inputs to Aviation Systems; p 81-85
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  • 43
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    Publication Date: 2006-02-14
    Description: The icing environment at altitudes below 10,000 feet were studied. The following questions are asked, are: (1) existing aircraft certification criteria applicable; (2) too stringent on icing for helos; (3) based on accurate data; (4) appropriate for low (10,000 ft) altitudes? The research plan is outlined: review historical icing data, obtain new measurements, collect modern icing data from other groups, and recommend LWC, OAT, and MVD criteria for helicopters. Estimated accuracies and known sources of error are included. It is concluded that the net effect of possible sources of error of both signs is uncertain.
    Keywords: METEOROLOGY AND CLIMATOLOGY
    Type: NASA. Marshall Space Flight Center Proc.: 5th Ann. Workshop on Meteorol. and Environ. Inputs to Aviation Systems; p 59-63
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  • 44
    Publication Date: 2006-01-16
    Description: Some operational and experimental products developed for aviation weather forecasting are briefly described. Experimental products include surface dew point, obstructions to vision, boundary layer model, computer-worded terminal forecasts, terminal alerting procedure, generalized equivalent Markov, and radar forecasts (0-2 hours).
    Keywords: METEOROLOGY AND CLIMATOLOGY
    Type: NASA. Marshall Space Flight Center Proc.: Fourth Ann. Workshop on Meteorol. and Environ. Inputs to Aviation Systems; p 209-212
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  • 45
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    Publication Date: 2006-01-16
    Description: Doppler radar measurements of an intense wind shear occurance are discussed. The data suggest the presence of an incredibly strong low level jet outflow component of the microburst event, reaching 60 knots only 50 meters above the surface. Evidence also suggests that microbursts more typically occur in very weak thunderstorms that have hardly reached thunderstorm stage.
    Keywords: METEOROLOGY AND CLIMATOLOGY
    Type: NASA. Marshall Space Flight Center Proc.: Fourth Ann. Workshop on Meteorol. and Environ. Inputs to Aviation Systems; p 201-202
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  • 46
    Publication Date: 2006-01-16
    Description: The phenomenology of one class of strong thunderstorm downdrafts, microbursts, is described. Several aircraft accidents are analyzed in which a microburst was involved and a concept for an early warning wind shear sensor is presented.
    Keywords: METEOROLOGY AND CLIMATOLOGY
    Type: NASA. Marshall Space Flight Center Proc.: Fourth Ann. Workshop on Meteorol. and Environ. Inputs to Aviation Systems; p 186-200
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  • 47
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    In:  CASI
    Publication Date: 2006-01-16
    Description: A method to improve clear air turbulence (CAT) forecasting by more effectively using the currently operational rawinsonde (RW) system is discussed. The method is called the Diagnostic Richardson Number Tendency (DRT) technique. The technique does not attempt to use the RW as a direct detector of the turbulent motion or even of the CAT mechanism structure but rather senses the synoptic scale centers of action which provide the energy to the CAT mechanism at the mesoscale level. The DRT algorithm is deterministic rather than statistical in nature, using the hydrodynamic equations (equations of motion) relevant to the synoptic scale. However, interpretation, by necessity, is probabilistic. What is most important with respect to its operational implementation is that this method uses the same input data as currently used by the operational National Meteorological Center prognostic models.
    Keywords: METEOROLOGY AND CLIMATOLOGY
    Type: NASA. Marshall Space Flight Center Proc.: Fourth Ann. Workshop on Meteorol. and Environ. Inputs to Aviation Systems; p 203-208
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  • 48
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    In:  CASI
    Publication Date: 2006-01-16
    Description: A clear air turbulence (CAT) flight test to evaluate and test four different sensors in the detection and measuring of CAT and other meteorological targets that relate to turbulence is discussed. The primary types of CAT investigated were mountain wave CAT, jetstream CAT, CAT in cirrus clouds, and CAT in frontal wind shears, troughs, and ridges. The sensors included the CO2 pulsed Doppler lidar and three radiometers. One of the radiometers, at a frequency of 55.5 GHz, looked at atmospheric temperature structure. Another, at a frequency of 180.1 GHz, looked at atmospheric water vapor and investigated the feasibility of measuring at the microwave frequency the turbulence features seen in the infrared (IR) frequencies. An IR radiometer at 27 to 33 microns was the fourth sensor. This last device and the temperature structure radiometer worked well at all flight levels.
    Keywords: METEOROLOGY AND CLIMATOLOGY
    Type: Proc.: Fourth Ann. Workshop on Meteorol. and Environ. Inputs to Aviation Systems; p 171-179
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  • 49
    Publication Date: 2006-01-16
    Description: The development of methods for the short range forecasting of visibility and ceiling conditions is discussed. Short range forecasts of one hour or less (5 or 30 minutes), immediately after a series of local observations can be expected to be more accurate and reliable than any forecast of more than one hour. These forecasts can be accomplished by the operational implementation of fully automated aviation observation systems and the utilization of statistical techniques such as the Generalized Equivalent Markov model.
    Keywords: METEOROLOGY AND CLIMATOLOGY
    Type: NASA. Marshall Space Flight Center Proc.: Fourth Ann. Workshop on Meteorol. and Environ. Inputs to Aviation Systems; p 180-185
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  • 50
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    Publication Date: 2006-01-16
    Description: Requirements for an improved aviation weather system are defined and specifically include the need for (1) weather observations at all airports with instrument approaches, (2) more accurate and timely radar detection of weather elements hazardous to aviation, and (3) better methods of timely distribution of both pilot reports and ground weather data. The development of the discrete address beacon system data link, Doppler weather radar network, and various information processing techniques are described.
    Keywords: METEOROLOGY AND CLIMATOLOGY
    Type: NASA. Marshall Space Flight Center Proc.: Fourth Ann. Workshop on Meteorol. and Environ. Inputs to Aviation Systems; p 162-167
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  • 51
    Publication Date: 2006-01-16
    Description: The operational designs and performance capabilities of ground-based and airborne lightning detection systems are reviewed. The airborne Stormscope system is described and compared with onboard radar and the lightning detection and ranging system (LDAR). Two examples of difference-in-time-of-arrival systems for detecting spherics from discharges in electrified clouds are described: (1) The LDAR system and (2) Taylor's lightning mapping system. Next, an interferometric system adapted to lightning location is discussed. Finally, systems that are based upon crossed-loop magnetic direction finding principles but which have been refined and improved to accurately locate lightning discharges to ground are reviewed.
    Keywords: METEOROLOGY AND CLIMATOLOGY
    Type: NASA. Marshall Space Flight Center Proc.: Fourth Ann. Workshop on Meteorol. and Environ. Inputs to Aviation Systems; p 130-139
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  • 52
    Publication Date: 2006-01-16
    Description: The phenomenology of lightning and lightning measurement techniques are briefly examined with a particular reference to aeronautics. Developments made in airborne and satellite detection methods are reported. NASA research efforts are outlined which cover topics including in-situ measurements, design factors and protection, remote optical and radio frequency measurements, and space vehicle design.
    Keywords: METEOROLOGY AND CLIMATOLOGY
    Type: Proc.: Fourth Ann. Workshop on Meteorol. and Environ. Inputs to Aviation Systems; p 140-160
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  • 53
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    Publication Date: 2006-01-16
    Description: The ability of various types of remote probes to measure wind is discussed. Two important advantages over in-situ sensors are reported: (1) their ability to measure atmospheric parameters without disturbing the air flow; (2) their ability to scan through large volumes of the atmosphere with relative ease. Direct measurement sensors such as anemometers and wind vanes are categorized into two groups; active and passive. Acoustic radar, microwave radar, and lidar are included in the first group and the latter group is typified by the infrared radiometers.
    Keywords: METEOROLOGY AND CLIMATOLOGY
    Type: NASA. Marshall Space Flight Center Proc: Fourth Ann. Workshop on Meteorol. and Environ. Inputs to Aviation Systems; p 109-124
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  • 54
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    Publication Date: 2006-01-16
    Description: The problem of development of instrumentation for providing wind speed and direction information directly or indirectly to a pilot in the cockpit is considered. The pilots need for horizontal wind information at various stages of flight (i.e., at liftoff, in approach and departure corridors, and even in flight outside the terminal area) are emphasized.
    Keywords: METEOROLOGY AND CLIMATOLOGY
    Type: NASA. Marshall Space Flight Center Proc: Fourth Ann. Workshop on Meteorol. and Environ. Inputs to Aviation Systems; p 82-108
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  • 55
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    Publication Date: 2006-01-16
    Description: The basic reference material for gust design criteria are cited. The status of clear air turbulence meteorology (forecasting and detection) is discussed. The directions of further research technology is indicated.
    Keywords: METEOROLOGY AND CLIMATOLOGY
    Type: NASA. Marshall Space Flight Center Proc: Fourth Ann. Workshop on Meterol. and Environ. Inputs to Aviation Systems; p 71-81
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  • 56
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    Publication Date: 2006-01-16
    Description: A list of icing instrumentation requirements are presented. Because of the Army's helicopter orientation, many of the suggestions are specific to rotary wing aircraft; however, some of the instrumentation are also suitable for general aviation aircraft.
    Keywords: METEOROLOGY AND CLIMATOLOGY
    Type: NASA. Marshall Space Flight Center Proc: Fourth Ann. Workshop on Meteorol. and Environ. Inputs to Aviation Systems; p 61-65
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  • 57
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    Publication Date: 2006-01-16
    Description: The types and usage categories of icing instrumentation are discussed. The state-of-the-art for the technology governing the use of icing instrumentation is reported with particular emphasis on ground based facilities for icing tests.
    Keywords: METEOROLOGY AND CLIMATOLOGY
    Type: NASA. Marshall Space Flight Center Proc: Fourth Ann. Workshop on Meteorol. and Environ. Inputs to Aviation Systems; p 49-60
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  • 58
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    In:  CASI
    Publication Date: 2006-01-16
    Description: The measurement of atmospheric turbulence is discussed in terms of a pilots viewpoint. Two areas of measurement are considered: frequency and severity of turbulence. Suggestions are given for helping the pilot solve the turbulence problem.
    Keywords: METEOROLOGY AND CLIMATOLOGY
    Type: NASA. Marshall Space Flight Center Proc: Fourth Ann. Workshop on Meteorol. and Environ. Inputs to Aviation Systems; p 66-70
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  • 59
    Publication Date: 2006-01-16
    Description: An overview is given of the developmental status of aviation weather services. Particular attention is given to justifying the need for better, more reliable service. The accomplishments of several automatic weather stations are discussed.
    Keywords: METEOROLOGY AND CLIMATOLOGY
    Type: Proc: Fourth Ann. Workshop on Meteorol. and Environ. Inputs to Aviation Systems; p 45-48
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  • 60
    Publication Date: 2006-01-16
    Description: The dynamic and rapid growth of technology in the area of aviation meteorology research and development are described with emphasis on the measurement of hazardous weather phenomena. Aspects of both onboard instrumentation and ground based facilities are evaluated in terms of their effectiveness of in avoiding hazards due to atmospheric electricity and lightning. Methods of alleviating terminal are hazards such as fog, low visibility and ceilings are also described.
    Keywords: METEOROLOGY AND CLIMATOLOGY
    Type: Proc: Fourth Ann. Workshop on Meteorol. and Environ. Inputs to Aviation Systems; p 40-44
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  • 61
    Publication Date: 2006-01-16
    Description: Various aspects of aviation meteorology are discussed with respect to their relative effects on aircraft terminal operations. Existing data on turbulence and wind shear from aircraft and towers are summarized. The significance of obtaining more real time wind and temperature information is emphasized. The application and testing of various radiometer devices are also described. Airborne methods to indicate wind differences at flight altitude and at touchdown are reported.
    Keywords: METEOROLOGY AND CLIMATOLOGY
    Type: Proc: Fourth Ann. Workshop on Meteorol. and Environ. Inputs to Aviation Systems; p 23-39
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  • 62
    Publication Date: 2006-01-16
    Description: Three projects are suggested which could be done using the Doppler lidar. The first is a cooperative effort at BAO, the purpose of which is to check out instrumentation and contribute to boundary layer investigations at BAO. The second concerns unintended weather modification. Its purpose is to detect mechanisms by which regions of industry and urbanization modify weather. The cirrus cloud study proposes to characterize cirrus clouds by their lidar signal and to compare lidar and visually observed characteristics.
    Keywords: METEOROLOGY AND CLIMATOLOGY
    Type: NASA. Marshall Space Flight Center First Sci. Working Group Meeting of Airborne Doppler Lidar Wind Velocity Meas. Program; 5 p
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  • 63
    Publication Date: 2006-01-16
    Description: General criteria for a flight test option are that: (1) there be a good opportunity for comparison with other measurement techniques; (2) the flow to be measured is of considerable scientific or practical interest; and (3) the airborne laser Doppler system is well suited to measure the required quantities. The requirement for comparison, i.e., ground truth, is particularly important because this is the first year of operation for the system. It is necessary to demonstrate that the system does actually measure the winds and compare the results with other methods to provide a check on the system error analysis. The uniqueness of the laser Doppler system precludes any direct comparison, but point measurements from tower mounted wind sensors and two dimensional fields obtained from radars with substantially different sampling volumes are quite useful.
    Keywords: METEOROLOGY AND CLIMATOLOGY
    Type: First Sci. Working Group Meeting of Airborne Doppler Lidar Wind Velocity Meas. Program; 8 p
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  • 64
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    Publication Date: 2006-01-16
    Description: The experiment strives to improve understanding of the physics of convective precipitation. Major emphasis is placed on obtaining a good description of the whole convective precipitation system. A framework is presented within which single, significant, tractable problems are investigated.
    Keywords: METEOROLOGY AND CLIMATOLOGY
    Type: NASA. Marshall Space Flight Center First Sci. Working Group Meeting of Airborne Doppler Lidar Wind Velocity Meas. Program; 25 p
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  • 65
    Publication Date: 2006-01-16
    Description: The objectives of the system are to provide the system operator with real time system performance check and to provide data recording of all SSMS data. Meteorologists are provided with real time indication of meteorological data measurements including aid for directing flight profiles in real time and aid for directing SSMS operations. A day-to-day feedback is provided to meteorologists, system operators, and flight crews for flight planning on subsequent flight tests days.
    Keywords: METEOROLOGY AND CLIMATOLOGY
    Type: NASA. Marshall Space Flight Center First Sci. Working Group Meeting of Airborne Doppler Lidar Wind Velocity Meas. Program; 15 p
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  • 66
    Publication Date: 2006-01-16
    Description: The problem is to operate on two scalar fields to produce a vector field, to produce user products from the vector field, and to establish reliability of results. Data problems encountered include sparse measurements, irregular distribution, varying quality, imperfect orthogonality, aliasing due to sampling volume, and measurements not simultaneous. Desired algorithm characteristics, solution elements, and characteristics of the model are listed. The seven simulation elements, eight algorithm steps and the required user inputs are given.
    Keywords: METEOROLOGY AND CLIMATOLOGY
    Type: NASA. Marshall Space Flight Center First Sci. Working Group Meeting of Airborne Doppler Lidar Wind Velocity Meas. Program; 8 p
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  • 67
    Publication Date: 2006-01-16
    Description: A group meeting was assembled to focus on the planning of specific experiments, to establish some priorities, identify interested scientists who would like to participate, establish any special requirements, make recommendations on data processing, and to prepare flight plan outlines. Since the number of convective storms in the CCOPE (Cooperative Convective Precipitation Experiment) field experiment area are limited to only a few days during the operational time period the flight plans must be designed with a hierarchy of abort experiments so that the easily identified and lowest probability events should take priority until their quota is filled.
    Keywords: METEOROLOGY AND CLIMATOLOGY
    Type: First Sci. Working Group Meeting of Airborne Doppler Lidar Wind Velocity Meas. Program; 10 p
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  • 68
    Publication Date: 2006-01-16
    Description: The development of pulsed and continuous wave Doppler lidars for atmospheric measurement is discussed. A description of how the lidar systems operate is presented. The scanning mode is also described.
    Keywords: METEOROLOGY AND CLIMATOLOGY
    Type: Exploratory Meeting on Airborne Doppler Lidar Wind Velocity Meas.; p 40-42
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  • 69
    Publication Date: 2006-01-16
    Description: An interpretation of the Doppler lidar return is presented. Possible applications of the system to severe storm research are discussed. The present project schedule of the Doppler lidar system is outlined.
    Keywords: METEOROLOGY AND CLIMATOLOGY
    Type: Exploratory Meeting on Airborne Doppler Lidar Wind Velocity Meas.; p 43-46
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  • 70
    Publication Date: 2006-01-16
    Description: Coherent Doppler lidar appears to hold great promise in contributing to the basic store of knowledge concerning flow field characteristics in the nonprecipitous regions surrounding severe storms. The Doppler lidar, through its ability to measure clear air returns, augments the conventional Doppler radar system, which is most useful in the precipitous regions of the storm. A brief description of the Doppler lidar severe storm measurement system is provided along with the technique to be used in performing the flow field measurements. The application of the lidar is addressed, and the planned measurement program is outlined.
    Keywords: METEOROLOGY AND CLIMATOLOGY
    Type: Exploratory Meeting on Airborne Doppler Lidar Wind Velocity Meas.; p 31-39
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  • 71
    Publication Date: 2006-01-16
    Description: The Doppler lidar system is potentially a very powerful measurement system. Three areas concerning the system are discussed: (1) error analysis of the system to verify the results; (2) application of the system to agricultural burning in California central valley; and (3) oceanographic possibilities of the system.
    Keywords: METEOROLOGY AND CLIMATOLOGY
    Type: NASA. Marshall Space Flight Center Exploratory Meeting on Airborne Doppler Lidar Wind Velocity Meas.; p 25
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  • 72
    Publication Date: 2006-01-16
    Description: Doppler lidar measurements of phenomena associated with water clouds (such as aerosols) are discussed. The purpose of the measurements and details of executing the experiment are described.
    Keywords: METEOROLOGY AND CLIMATOLOGY
    Type: Exploratory Meeting on Airborne Doppler Lidar Wind Velocity Meas.; p 20-24
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  • 73
    Publication Date: 2006-01-16
    Description: Four aspects of the Doppler lidar are discussed: (1) error analysis of the system; (2) design of the first field program; (3) potential areas of application; and (4) verification of Doppler lidar data by independent measurements.
    Keywords: METEOROLOGY AND CLIMATOLOGY
    Type: NASA. Marshall Space Flight Center Exploratory Meeting on Airborne Doppler Lidar Wind Velocity Meas.; p 16-17
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  • 74
    Publication Date: 2006-01-16
    Description: Areas of research which can be significantly aided by the Doppler lidar airborne system are described. The need for systematic development of the airborne Doppler lidar is discussed. The technology development associated with the systematic development of the system will have direct application to satellite systems for which the lidar also promises to be an effective instrument for atmospheric research.
    Keywords: METEOROLOGY AND CLIMATOLOGY
    Type: NASA. Marshall Space Flight Center Exploratory Meeting on Airborne Doppler Lidar Wind Velocity Meas.; p 13-15
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  • 75
    Publication Date: 2006-01-16
    Description: The potential application of the Doppler lidar measurements to the determination of material (e.g., water vapor) and energy budgets, momentum transports, etc., in the environment at all stages and in the development of convective clouds are discussed.
    Keywords: METEOROLOGY AND CLIMATOLOGY
    Type: NASA. Marshall Space Flight Center Exploratory Meeting on Airborne Doppler Lidar Wind Velocity Meas.; p 18-19
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  • 76
    Publication Date: 2006-01-16
    Description: The ability to map velocities over a large area on one side of the aircraft flight path offers a number of opportunities to elucidate scientific questions related to atmospheric dynamics. Several types of experiments which are possible are described.
    Keywords: METEOROLOGY AND CLIMATOLOGY
    Type: NASA. Marshall Space Flight Center Exploratory Meeting on Airborne Doppler Lidar Wind Velocity Meas.; p 11-12
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  • 77
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    Publication Date: 2006-02-14
    Description: Calculation of eletric field vectors within and near an isolated thundercloud (which has a given volume charge distribution) is envisaged. The maximum field strength within the thundercloud is calculated. The effects of screening layers, both above and below the thundercloud may be investigated, as well time-dependent potential problem. The study can lead to a better understanding of the charge distributions in a thundercloud, which in turn may shed some light on the actual mechanism of charging of a thundercloud.
    Keywords: METEOROLOGY AND CLIMATOLOGY
    Type: Alabama Univ. in Huntsville The 1981 NASA(ASEE Summer Fac. Fellowship Program; 10 p
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  • 78
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    In:  CASI
    Publication Date: 2006-02-14
    Description: Data of daily mean temperatures recorded at the Kennedy Center during the period of 1957-1977 were analyzed to forecast daily mean temperatures and their thirty-day moving averages for a period of ten to fifteen days in a given month. Since it is found that the standard deviation is linear in the mean, a logarithmic transformation of the data is used for finding an integrated moving average process IMA by the Box-Jenkins aproach. The first differences of the transformed data seem to fit a moving average model with parameter value 2, MA(2). The consideration of seasonality factor makes the fit worse.
    Keywords: METEOROLOGY AND CLIMATOLOGY
    Type: The 1981 NASA(ASEE Summer Fac. Fellowship Program; 13 p
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  • 79
    Publication Date: 2006-04-03
    Description: The design and structural properties of a low concentration ratio solar array are discussed. The assembled module consists of six interconnected containers which are compactly stowed in a volume of 3.24 m(3) for delivery to orbit by the shuttle. The containers deploy in accordian fashion into a rectangular area of 19.4 x 68 meters and can be attached to the user spacecraft along the longitudinal centerline of the end container housing. Five rotary incremental actuators requiring about 8 watts each will execute the 180-degree rotation at each joint. Deployable masts (three per side) are used to extend endcaps from the housing in both directions. Each direction is extended by three masts requiring about 780 watts for about 27 minutes. Concentrator elements are extended by the endcaps and are supported by cable systems that are connected between the housings and endcaps. These power generating elements contain reflector panels which concentrate light onto the solar panels consisting of an aluminum radiator with solar cells positioned within the element base formed by the reflectors. A flat wire harness collects the power output of individual elements for transfer to the module container housing harnesses.
    Keywords: ENERGY PRODUCTION AND CONVERSION
    Type: NASA. Langley Research Center STEP Expt. Requirements; p 185-198
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  • 80
    Publication Date: 2006-03-27
    Description: A time-continuous statistical method is presented for the four dimensional assimilation of remote sounding temperatures based on radiance measurements from polar orbiting satellites. This method is applied to DST 6 data from the NOAA 4 and Nimbus 6 satellites. The state of the atmosphere throughout the test period was determined using a varying amount of satellite data from the NOAA 4 satellite only, from Nimbus 6 only, and from both satellites together. The methods tested included different variations of the statistical method, as well as more traditional methods. It is concluded that satellite derived temperature data can have a modest, but statistically significant positive impact on numerical weather prediction in the two to three day range, and that this impact is highly sensitive to the quantity of data available and to the assimilation method used.
    Keywords: METEOROLOGY AND CLIMATOLOGY
    Type: Goddard Lab. for Atmospheric Sci., Collected Reprints, 1978 - 1979, Vol. 1; p 175-199
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  • 81
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    Unknown
    In:  CASI
    Publication Date: 2006-02-14
    Description: Participants expressed more interest in GaAs cells than in Si cells. For silicon cells, the beginning of life efficiency is not a major problem but more research is needed in the end of life efficiency. The beginning of life efficiency of GaAs cells must be brought up to 20% at AMO. More proton damage tests must be conducted. Liquid phase epitaxy technology is current but chemical vapor deposition technology is more flexible. There are no obvious problems in limiting process yields. Technology transfer should occur when market demands are generated.
    Keywords: ENERGY PRODUCTION AND CONVERSION
    Type: NASA. Lewis Research Center Space Photovoltaic Res. and Technol. 1983; p 251-252
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  • 82
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    Unknown
    In:  CASI
    Publication Date: 2006-02-14
    Description: Principles and design considerations of IR transparent solar arrays are discussed. Optimization of performance of flexible solar arrays was studied. Measured solar absorptance as low as alpha s = 0.59 was achieved which leads to a predicted BOL power density of 182.7 = W/square meters. Advanced array concepts, system level cascaded panels, and transparent rigid panels are proposed and expected benefits discussed.
    Keywords: ENERGY PRODUCTION AND CONVERSION
    Type: NASA. Lewis Research Center Space Photovoltaic Res. and Technol. 1983; p 210-219
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  • 83
    Publication Date: 2006-02-14
    Description: A number of structurally efficient configurations for wing-type solar arrays are developed by a combination of deepening the planform of the blanket and structure and by partitioning the blanket with battens and frequent attachments to the support structure. This technique reduces the tension required to avoid a low natural frequency for the blanket, and the load reduction results in a lighter structure. The use of three different structures are investigated: the Astromast, the Extendible Support Structure (ESS), and a new beam called the STACBEAM (Stacking Triangular Articulated Compact Beam) and their relative performances are compared. The investigation of the STACBEAM is emphasized because its sequential deployment is more reliable for very long systems, and its linear deployment facilitates local attachments to the blanket and the development of a low mass deployer.
    Keywords: ENERGY PRODUCTION AND CONVERSION
    Type: NASA. Lewis Research Center Space Photovoltaic Res. and Technol. 1983; p 193-204
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  • 84
    Publication Date: 2006-02-14
    Description: Structurally efficient ways to support the large solar arrays (3,716 square meters which are currently considered for space station use) are examined. An erectable truss concept is presented for the on orbit construction of winged solar arrays. The means for future growth, maintenance, and repair are integrally designed into this concept. Results from parametric studies, which highlight the physical and structural differences between various configuration options are presented. Consideration is given to both solar blanket and hard panel arrays.
    Keywords: ENERGY PRODUCTION AND CONVERSION
    Type: NASA. Lewis Research Center Space Photovoltaic Res. and Technol. 1983; p 182-192
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  • 85
    Publication Date: 2006-02-14
    Description: A miniaturized Cassegrainian concentrator (MCC) solar array system is examined to assess the practicality of assembling the basic MCC element into a total array system capable of producing multi-hundred kilowatts of power for Space Platform/Space Station or other low Earth orbit long lifetime missions. Preliminary mechanical and electrical subsystems are developed in order to determine first order performance characteristics. Results of the study support the feasibility of a 100-kilowatt MCC array system with beginning-of-life (BOL) performance of 160 watts per square meter and 28 W/kg. The performance numbers are based on 20 percent efficient (at operating temperature) solar cells and 0.25-millimeter thick electroformed nickel optics. These performance numbers can be improved upon significantly with the development of higher efficiency solar cells and/or lighter weight optics.
    Keywords: ENERGY PRODUCTION AND CONVERSION
    Type: NASA. Lewis Research Center Space Photovoltaic Res. and Technol. 1983; p 157-162
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  • 86
    Publication Date: 2006-02-14
    Description: High-efficiency, monolithic, two-color, three-terminal solar cells were fabricated by a novel growth technique, vacuum metal-organic chemical vapor deposition. The technique uses the expensive metal alkyls efficiently and toxic gases sparingly. The fact that the outer chamber is constructed of nonbreakable stainless steel is an attractive safety feature associated with this deposition system.
    Keywords: ENERGY PRODUCTION AND CONVERSION
    Type: NASA. Lewis Research Center Space Photovoltaic Res. and Technol. 1983; p 148-154
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  • 87
    Publication Date: 2006-02-14
    Description: Computer analysis was used to determine the AMO conversion efficiency of single-junction crystalline cells, two-cell and three-cell crystalline tandem structures operating under 100 suns and at 80 C. For optimally designed devices, the calculated efficiencies are 24% for single-junction cells, 33 to 35% for two-cell tandem structures, and 37 to 39% for three-cell tandem structures. Practical efficiencies are expected to be about 15 relative percentage points lower in each case.
    Keywords: ENERGY PRODUCTION AND CONVERSION
    Type: NASA. Lewis Research Center Space Photovoltaic Res. and Technol. 1983; p 120-127
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  • 88
    Publication Date: 2006-02-14
    Description: The short-circuit current reduction in GaAs shallow junction heteroface solar cells was calculated according to a simplified solar cell damage model in which the nonuniformity of the damage as a function of penetration depth is treated explicitly. Although the equivalent electron fluence was not uniquely defined for low-energy monoenergetic proton exposure, an equivalent electron fluence is found for proton spectra characteristic of the space environment. The equivalent electron fluence ratio was calculated for a typical large solar flare event for which the proton spectrum is PHI(sub p)(E) = A/E(p/sq. cm) where E is in MeV. The equivalent fluence ratio is a function of the cover glass shield thickness or the corresponding cutoff energy E(sub c). In terms of the cutoff energy, the equivalent 1 MeV electron fluence ratio is r(sub p)(E sub c) = 10(9)/E(sub c)(1.8) where E(sub c) is in units of KeV.
    Keywords: ENERGY PRODUCTION AND CONVERSION
    Type: NASA. Lewis Research Center Space Photovoltaic Res. and Technol. 1983; p 112-117
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  • 89
    Publication Date: 2006-02-14
    Description: Some n(+)/p cells in which lithium is introduced as a counterdopant, by ion-implantation, into the cell's boron-doped p-region were studied. To determine if the cells radiation resistance could be significantly improved by lithium counterdoping. Defect behavior was related to cell performance using deep level transient spectroscopy. Results indicate a significantly increased radiation resistance for the lithium counterdoped cells when compared to the boron doped 1 ohm-cm control cell. The increased radiation resistance of the lithium counterdoped cells is due to the complexing of lithium with divacancies and boron. It is speculated that complexing with oxygen and single vacancies also contributes to the increased radiation resistance. Counterdoping silicon with lithium results in a different set of defects.
    Keywords: ENERGY PRODUCTION AND CONVERSION
    Type: Space Photovoltaic Res. and Technol. 1983; p 102-110
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  • 90
    Publication Date: 2006-02-14
    Description: Telemetry from the Living Plume Shield's gallium arsenide solar panel experiment was evaluated to determine degradation. The data were culled to preclude spurious results from possible shadowing or inaccurate measurements on a cold array. Two independent methods were then used to obtain the maximum power points and the various characteristics of the solar array. Fill factor, open circuit voltage, short circuit current, and series and shunt resistances were examined. The data analysis concluded that, to date, nearly all of the solar array degradation is due to the reduction in the short circuit current.
    Keywords: ENERGY PRODUCTION AND CONVERSION
    Type: NASA. Lewis Research Center Space Photovoltaic Res. and Technol. 1983; p 81-89
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  • 91
    Publication Date: 2006-02-14
    Description: The radiation tolerance of the following three low resistivity, high voltage silicon solar cells was investigated: (1) the COMSAT MSD (multi-step diffused) cell, (2) the MinMIS cell, and (3) the MIND cell. A description of these solar cells is given along with drawings of their configurations. The diffusion length damage coefficients for the cells were calculated and presented. Solar cell spectral response was also discussed. Cells of the MinMIS type were judged to be unsuitable for use in the space radiation environment.
    Keywords: ENERGY PRODUCTION AND CONVERSION
    Type: Space Photovoltaic Res. and Technol. 1983; p 74-80
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  • 92
    Publication Date: 2006-02-14
    Description: Gallium Arsenide (GaAs) solar cells are viewed as a potential primary power source on certain future Earth orbiting satellites. However, the relative merits of gallium arsenide over silicon in a space radiation environment are largely unknown because a general degradation model for gallium arsenide does not exist. The results of a test simulating the proton radiation environment existing in a polar orbit and the concomitant effects on GaAs and thin silicon (Si) solar cells are presented. The objectives and methodology of the simulation test were discussed. The electrical characteristics of GaAs and Si solar cells are given in graph form. It was concluded that GaAs cells are viable for use on satellites in low Earth orbit.
    Keywords: ENERGY PRODUCTION AND CONVERSION
    Type: NASA. Lewis Research Center Space Photovoltaic Res. and Technol. 1983; p 63-73
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  • 93
    Publication Date: 2006-02-14
    Description: Significant discrepancies have been observed between predicted and actual in-orbit silicon solar array degradation in orbits other than LEO (low Earth orbits) and GEO (geosynchronous orbit). These discrepancies have been diagnosed to arise probably from a combination of a lack of appropriate solar cell test data and from inadequacies in the models that relate the unidirectional and mono-energetic proton test data to the omnidirectional flux-energy spectra actually found in orbit. Relative damage coefficients and solar cell power outputs were discussed, and also were presented in graph form. Silicon and gallium arsenide solar cells were considered.
    Keywords: ENERGY PRODUCTION AND CONVERSION
    Type: NASA. Lewis Research Center Space Photovoltaic Res. and Technol. 1983; p 49-55
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  • 94
    Publication Date: 2006-02-14
    Description: The radiation damage of solar cells has become a prime concern to the U.S. Air Force due to longer satellite lifetime requirements. Flight experiments were undertaken on the Navy Living Plume Shield (LPS) satellite and the NASA/Air Force Combined Release and Radiation Effects Satellite (CRRES) to complement existing radiation testing. Each experiment, the rationale behind it, and its approach and status are presented. The effect of space radiation on gallium arsenide (GaAs) solar cells was the central parameter investigated. Specifications of the GaAs solar cells are given.
    Keywords: ENERGY PRODUCTION AND CONVERSION
    Type: NASA. Lewis Research Center Space Photovoltaic Res. and Technol. 1983; p 41-48
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  • 95
    Publication Date: 2006-02-14
    Description: A computer program, SCAP2D (Solar Cell Analysis Program in 2-Dimensions), is used to evaluate the Etched Multiple Vertical Junction (EMVJ) and grating solar cells. The aim is to demonstrate how SCAP2D can be used to evaluate cell designs. The cell designs studied are by no means optimal designs. The SCAP2D program solves the three coupled, nonlinear partial differential equations, Poisson's Equation and the hole and electron continuity equations, simultaneously in two-dimensions using finite differences to discretize the equations and Newton's Method to linearize them. The variables solved for are the electrostatic potential and the hole and electron concentrations. Each linear system of equations is solved directly by Gaussian Elimination. Convergence of the Newton Iteration is assumed when the largest correction to the electrostatic potential or hole or electron quasi-potential is less than some predetermined error. A typical problem involves 2000 nodes with a Jacobi matrix of order 6000 and a bandwidth of 243.
    Keywords: ENERGY PRODUCTION AND CONVERSION
    Type: NASA. Lewis Research Center Space Photovoltaic Res. and Technol. 1983; p 34-40
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  • 96
    Publication Date: 2006-02-14
    Description: Several modifications were made to an infinite solution liquid phase epitaxy system that help fabricate both GaAs-based cells and thin cells that effectively reduce power-to-weight ratio for space applications. The most important development is the multiwell crucible for multilayer growth. Using a split crucible in one system, as many as five layers were grown in succession with varying Al levels and dopants. The structures grown were used to produce thin GaAs cells only 10 to 20 microns thick and also to grow cascade cell components. Results of these studies are presented and their applications to the future development of GaAs-based cells are discussed.
    Keywords: ENERGY PRODUCTION AND CONVERSION
    Type: NASA. Lewis Research Center Space Photovoltaic Res. and Technol. 1983; p 12-17
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  • 97
    Publication Date: 2006-02-14
    Description: A fabrication process for structurally stable thin solar cell wafers that produce good power output after irradiation is described. The fabrication process is as follows. A 6 mil, circular wafer is oxidized on both sides. One side is then patterned with a rectangular array of holes in the oxide that are nominally 75 mils square and separated by 2 mil spacings. Wells are then etched into the silicon with KOH to a depth of 4 mils, leaving a 2 mil, unetched thickness. Two areas on the surface are left unetched to provide pads for bonding or testing. All oxide is then removed and the rest of the processing is normal; the unetched face is used as the illuminated face. When all other processing is complete, a 2 X 2 cm cell is sawed from the starting wafer leaving a border that is approximately 10 mils wide. The effective thickness, determined by weighing an unmetallized sample, of such a cell is about 2.4 mil.
    Keywords: ENERGY PRODUCTION AND CONVERSION
    Type: NASA. Lewis Research Center Space Photovoltaic Res. and Technol. 1983; p 8-11
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  • 98
    Publication Date: 2006-02-14
    Description: The advanced photovoltaics-related experiments for investigating a portion of the solar spectrum and the effect of the space environment on photovoltaics. The information will be used to provide correlation between space and ground testing and also to provide for more accurate performance measurement in the laboratory. Specific objectives of these experiments are to provide information on the performance and endurance of advanced and conventional solar cells, to improve reference standards for photovoltaic measurements, and to measure the energy distribution in the extraterrestrial solar spectrum. Data to be obtained will include temperatures and short-circuit current of the samples. Six-point current-voltage (I-V) characteristics will be obtained for selected samples. These data will be recorded once a day during the flight. Orbit data will be correlated with preflight and postflight measurement of the samples.
    Keywords: ENERGY PRODUCTION AND CONVERSION
    Type: NASA. Langley Research Center Long Duration Exposure Facility (LDEF); p 88-90
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  • 99
    Publication Date: 2006-02-14
    Description: Current-voltage curves were calculated for each cell in a cascade structure using a solar cell diode equation and superposition. Terms for the light generated current, diffusion current, space charge recombination current and series and shunt resistance are included. Individual current voltage curves are added in series with ohmic resistance losses for the cell interconnects to obtain the cascade cell performance. Temperature was varied with concentration, using several models, and ranged from 55 C at one Sun to between 80 and 200 C at 100 Suns. A variety of series resistance and internal resistances were used. Coefficients of the diffusion and recombination terms are strongly temperature dependent. The study indicates that maximum efficiency (30%) occurs in the 50 to 100X Sun concentration range, provided series resistance is below 0.015 ohm-sq cm and cell temperature is 80 C at 100 Suns.
    Keywords: ENERGY PRODUCTION AND CONVERSION
    Type: ESA Photovoltaic Generators in Space; p 265-270
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  • 100
    Publication Date: 2006-02-14
    Description: Gallium and boron doped silicon solar cells, processed by ion implantation followed by either laser or furnace anneal were irradiated by 1 MeV electrons and their postirradiation recovery by thermal annealing was determined. During the postirradiation anneal, gallium doped cells prepared by both processes recovered more rapidly and exhibited none of the severe reverse annealing observed for similarly processed 2 ohm-cm boron doped cells. Ion implanted furnace annealed 0.1 ohm-cm boron doped cells exhibited the lowest post-irradiation annealing temperatures after irradiation. The drastically lowered recovery temperature is attributed to the reduced oxygen and carbon content of the 0.1 ohm-cm cells. Analysis based on defect properties and annealing kinetics indicates that further reduction in annealing temperature is attainable with further reduction in the silicon's carbon and/or divacancy content after irradiation.
    Keywords: ENERGY PRODUCTION AND CONVERSION
    Type: ESA Photovoltaic Generators in Space; p 89-93
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