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  • 1
    ISSN: 1420-9098
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Description / Table of Contents: Resume Chez les Guêpes et les Frelons, les cellules sont hexagonales lorsqu'elles sont situées dans les zones centrales du rayon. Les cellules périphériques, comme toutes les cellules au début de leur construction, ont des parois arrondies plutôt que angulaires. La transformation d'une cellule en forme de gobelet, à parois arrondies, en une cellule hexagonale avec un angle de 120° entre les parois est partiellement due à des processus de transformation des parois cellulaires existantes au moment où de nouvelles parois leur sont attachées depuis le côté extérieur. Le développement de la construction des cellules initiales aboutit à 6 parois dans les rayons construits autour d'une seule cellule centrale ou à 5,5 parois lorsqui'il y a 2 cellules centrales contiguës. Cependant, dans les constructions ultérieures, ce type d'évolution des parois diminue graduellement à mesure que de nouveaux anneaux de cellules sont ajoutés, pour atteindre une valeur moyenne de 3 nouvelles parois par cellule, indépendamment du fait que le rayon s'est construit autour d'une ou de deux cellules centrales. Les résultats présentés dans cet article sur l'utilisation plus efficiente des parois dans les rayons plus grands apportent une confirmation du caractère économique de l'utilisation des matériaux dans la construction du rayon par les Vespinæ.
    Notes: Summary The individual cell in the hornet or wasp comb is hexagonal in cross-section when it is one of the inner “ring” of cells. On the other hand, peripheral cells, like all cells built initially, have rounded rather than angled walls. This transformation from a goblet-shaped cell with rounded walls to an hexagonally-walled cell with an angle of 120° between each two walls is partly acheived by additional processing of the existing cell walls as new walls (between old and new cells) are accreted onto them from the outside. The comb cells are essentially hexagonal so that the “expenditure” in the building of the initial cell(s) is either 6 walls (in combs built around a single central cell) or 5.5 walls (where there are two abutting, central cells). With subsequent building, however, this “wall expenditure” diminishes gradually as more rings of cells are laid down, approaching an average value of 3 new walls per cell regardless of whether the comb is built around one or rather two central cells. Presented data on more efficient wall utilization in the larger combs offer further confirmation of the frugality of comb construction by Vespinæ.
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  • 2
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    Insectes sociaux 29 (1982), S. 44-66 
    ISSN: 1420-9098
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Description / Table of Contents: Summary The typical outdoor workers of red wood ants (Formica polyctena Förster) leave the nest spontaneously, even in satiated and undisturbed colonies. It is supposed that their task is not only foraging, but also to occupy a territory. After an one-day withdrawal of sugared water, the number of typical outdoor workers staying outside the nest increases, and additional outdoor workers which normally do not leave the nest in satiated colonies take part in foraging. On the average, these worker ants are younger than typical outdoor workers. Information about the degree of hunger in an ant colony is, at least partly, transferred by means of a pheromone which acts on satiated worker ants, too. After one-day's withdrawal of sugared water, ant colonies react to offering of 1-molar sugared water with an increase in the number of ants leaving the nest. Satiated colonies do not react, nor do hungry colonies to 0,1-molar sugared water or, except slightly, to the liquid from crushed insects. Apparently the recruited ants do not differ from the additional outdoor workers characterized above. The ants are at least partly recruited by means of a pheromone, which acts independently of whether they are hungry or satiated. The contents of Dufour's gland or their main component, n-undecane, cause the worker ants to leave the nest in the same way as does the odor from an alarmed nest. Ant colonies also react with a food alarm to the offering of prey, over a distance of approximately 10 m between nest and feeding place. Since the ants usually leave the feeding place only after a long period of fighting (1–2 h) and do not return to it, the reaction of a colony to prey starts later and is weaker than the reaction to sugared water. Therefore, this behaviour is appropriate not to the capture of single prey insects, but to the utilisation of accumulations of prey.
    Notes: Zusammenfassung Die typischen Außendiensttiere der roten Waldameisen (Formica polyctena Förster) verlassen das Nest spontan, auch bei gesättigten und ungestörten Völkern. Vermutlich haben sie nicht nur die Aufgabe, Nahrung zu sammeln, sondern auch, das Nestterritorium zu besetzen. Nach einem eintägigen Entzug von Zuckerwasser steigt die Anzahl der typischen Außendiensttiere, die sich jeweils außerhalb des Nestes aufhalten, und es beteiligen sich zusätzliche Außendiensttiere am Nahrungseintrag, die bei gesättigten Völkern das Nest nicht verlassen. Diese sind im Durchschnitt jünger als die typischen Außendiensttiere. Die Information über den Hungerzustand in einem Ameisenvolk wird zumindest teilweise durch ein Pheromon übertragen, das auch auf gesättigte Arbeiterinnen wirkt. Nach einem eintägigen Entzug von Zuckerwasser reagieren Ameisenvölker auf das Angebot einer 1 molaren Zuckerlösung mit einer Steigerung in der Anzhal der auslaufenden Arbeiterinnen. Gesättigte Völker reagieren nicht, und auch hungrige Völker reagieren nicht auf 0,1 molare Zuckerlösung und nur wenig auf Flüssigkeit aus zerquetschten Insekten. Die rekrutierten Arbeiterinnen unterscheiden sich anscheinend nicht von den oben charakterisierten zusätzlichen Außendiensttieren. Die Ameisen werden zumindest teilweise mit Hilfe eines Pheromons rekrutiert, das unabhängig davon wirkt, ob sie gesättigt oder hungrig sind. Der Inhalt von Dufourdrüsen oder seine Hauptkomponente, n-Undecan, bewirken eine ebensolche Auslaufsteigerung der Arbeiterinnen wie Duftstoffe aus einem alarmierten Volk. Ameisenvölker reagieren auch auf das Angebot von Beute mit einem Nahrungsalarm, und zwar über eine Entfernung von etwa 10 m zwischen Nest und Futterplatz. Da die Arbeiterinnen den Futterplatz meistens erst nach längerem Kampf (1–2 h) verlassen und nicht zu ihm zurückkehren, beginnt ein Nahrungsalarm zu Beute später und ist schwächer ausgeprägt als ein Nahrungsalarm zu Zuckerwasser. Deshalb ist dieses Verhalten nicht dazu geeignet, einzelne Beuteinsekten zu überwältigen, sondern dazu, Ansammlungen von Beutetieren zu nutzen.
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  • 3
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    Insectes sociaux 29 (1982), S. 15-24 
    ISSN: 1420-9098
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Description / Table of Contents: Resume L'organisation sociale chez lesDictyna et lesMallos comprend des espèces solitaires, des espèces qui vivent en groupes et gardent des territoires (grégaires, territoriales), et une espèce vivant en groupe (Mallos gregalis) qui ne conserve pas de territoires (grégaire, non-territoriale). L'interattraction par l'intermédiaire de la soie existe chezM. gregalis et chez une espèce grégaire, territoriale (Dictyna calcurata); mais elle ne semble pas exister chez une autre espèce grégaire, territoriale (M. trivittatus) ni chez une espèce solitaire (M. niveus). Les femelles adultes deM. gregalis ont été repoussées par la soie d'autres espèces de dictynides. Toutes les espèces qui ont été testées ont été repoussées par la soie de l'araignée aranéideAraneus diadematus.
    Notes: Summary Social organization withinDictyna andMallos includes solitary species, species that live in groups and maintain territories (communal, territorial), and a group-living species (Mallos gregalis) that does not maintain territories (communal, non-territorial). Silk-mediated interattraction occurs inM. gregalis and in a communal, territorial species (Dictyna calcurata); but it does not seem to occur in another communal, territorial species (M. trivittatus), nor in a solitary species (M. niveus). Adult females ofM. gregalis were repelled by the silk of other dictynid species. All spiders that were tested were repelled by the silk of an araneid spider (Araneus diadematus).
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  • 4
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    Insectes sociaux 29 (1982), S. 86-94 
    ISSN: 1420-9098
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Description / Table of Contents: Resume Dans le développement des ovarioles des ouvrières deFormica sanguinea, on peut distinguer huit phases qui correspondent à celles de la fourmi rousseFormica polyctena (Otto, 1958). Ces phases constituent un cycle bien défini chez des ouvrières dont l'âge est connu précisément: les tubes indifférenciés des jeunes individus montrent un nombre croissant de chambres gonflées, le maximum étant atteint vers la quatrième semaine. Une dégénération assez rapide se manifeste peu après, de sorte que la plupart des ovarioles apparaissent comme des tubes vides contenant encore quelques corps jaunes. Chez les ouvrières âgées de plus d'une année et demie, on trouve des ovarioles à des phases différentes, d'après la situation physiologique de l'ouvrière dans le nid: les fourrageuses ont toujours des ovarioles complètement dégénérées tandis que les ouvrières hivernantes peuvent posséder des ovarioles dans une phase de régression moins avançée. Le nombre d'ovarioles paraît lié à la taille: les petites ouvrières ont en moyenne deux ovarioles de chaque côté, les plus grandes de trois à cinq.
    Notes: Summary As in the red wood antFormica polyctena (Otto, 1958) the ovariole development inFormica sanguinea workers consists of eight stages well defined in time. This is revealed by investigations on workers of well known age. The undifferentiated tubes in young workers develop more and more into protuberant chambers, reaching a maximum growth around the fourth week. They then regress rather rapidly and after five weeks most ovarioles look like empty tubes containing some yellow bodies. Ovarioles of workers older than one year and a half, however, can be in various stages according to their physiological condition in the nest: foraging workers always have fully degenerated ovarioles, while the hibernating individuals still can have ovarioles in an early regression stage. The number of ovarioles seems to be related to body length: small individuals have on the average two ovarioles on each side, larger ones three to five.
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  • 5
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    Insectes sociaux 29 (1982), S. 118-123 
    ISSN: 1420-9098
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
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  • 6
    ISSN: 1420-9098
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Description / Table of Contents: Resume Les ouvrières et les mâles deScaptotrigona postica éclosent de cellules morphologiquement identiques. Habituellement, chaque cellule ne contient qu'une seule abeille. Cependant, nos observations montrent que quelques cellules, dispersées sur le rayon à couvain, contiennent plusieurs œufs. Etant donné que les œufs supplémentaires donnent des mâles, ils ont probablement été pondus par des ouvrières nourrices, après la ponte de la reine. Bien qu'il n'y ait pas de différence morphologique entre cellules de mâles et cellules d'ouvrières, elles contiennent une quantité de nourriture significativement différente. Les mâles sont élevés dans des cellules qui contiennent moins de nourriture que celles où sont élevées les ouvrières: la différence est significative au niveau de 1 %. Ceci conduit à penser que l'ouvrière pourrait reconnaître la cellule avant de pondre et que cette reconnaissance se ferait à partir de la quantité de nourriture contenue dans la cellule.
    Notes: Summary Workers and males of the stingless beeScaptotrigona postica emerge from morphologically similar cells. Normally only one bee is reared in each brood cell, but we found that some of the cells, interspersed throughout the brood comb, contained more than one egg. Because these additional eggs produced adult males, they were probably laid by nurse bees (workers) after the queen had oviposited in the cells concerned. Although there is no morphological difference between male and worker cells a significant difference was found in the amount of food inside them. The cell where the male is reared shows less food than the worker cell, difference that is statistically significant at 1% level. This fact suggests that: the worker might recognise the cell before oviposition and that this recognition is based on the difference of food quantity.
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  • 7
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    Insectes sociaux 29 (1982), S. 164-174 
    ISSN: 1420-9098
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Description / Table of Contents: Resume ChezLasius sakagamii, le taux de reproduction est en relation avec la densité des reines dans chaque nid. Dans les nids à forte densité de reines, le développement des ovaires et le taux de ponte de chaque reine sont plus faibles que dans les autres nids, alors que le nombre des œufs dans chaque nid est plus élevé. En général, dans les nids à très forte densité de reines (plus du 25 reines par mètre carré de nid) ou avec des faibles rapports ouvrières/reine (moins de 5 000 ouvrières pour une reine), aucune reine ailée n'est produite. C'est aussi le cas des nids où les rapports larves/ouvrière sont élevés (plus de 5 larves par ouvrière). D'autre part, la production des ouvrières et des mâles est plus grande dans les nids à forte densité de reines que dans ceux où la densité de celle-ci est faible.
    Notes: Summary The reproduction rate ofL. sakagamii is related to the queen density in each nest. In nests with higher queen densities, the ovarian development and the egg-laying rate of each queen is lower, though the number of eggs produced per nest is larger. In general, in nests with very high queen densities (more than about 25 queens per square meter of nest) or low worker/queen ratios (less than about 5,000 workers per queen), no alate queens are produced. Further, nests with high larva/worker ratios (more than about 5 larvae per worker) also produce no alate queens. On the other hand, the production of workers and males is larger in nests with high queen densities than in those with low queen densities.
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  • 8
    ISSN: 1420-9098
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Description / Table of Contents: Summary In the antCataglyphis cursor, the parthenogenetic reproductive eggs laid by workers are bigger than the mated queens' ones. Laboratory studies about the evolution of the egg length were carried out in colonies with and without a queen. An attempt was made to estimate the number of eggs produced by each type of society. In societies with a queen, workers remain unproductive and the queen's laying is about one thousand eggs in a season; new queens and males can be yielded but many new workers are brought up. In queenless societies, workers lay a lot of eggs, breed young queens foremost, sometimes males and fewer new workers. There as no biased eggs; the nurse's physiological state sets the female larvæ toward queens or workers. In the normal turnover, the alates are born from eggs of the early season, which are the biggest ones. But small sized late eggs can also evolve into queens if the larvæ are bred by workers whose ovaries are active. That is particularly noticeable in queenless colonies where queens can be obtained from eggs laid eleven weeks after the start of oviposition.
    Notes: Resume Chez la FourmiCataglyphis cursor, les ouvrières orphelines produisent par parthénogénèse des œufs reproducteurs plus volumineux que ceux des reines fécondées. On a étudié en élevage, l'évolution de la longueur des œufs dans des sociétés avec reine et des sociétés sans reine et tenté d'estimer le nombre d'œufs produits par des colonies d'effectifs variés. Dans les sociétés avec reine, les ouvrières restent stériles dans les conditions normales et la ponte royale est d'environ un millier d'œufs dans la saison; il peut se former des jeunes reines et des mâles, mais il apparaît surtout beaucoup de nouvelles ouvrières. Dans les sociétés orphelines, les ouvrières pondent un grand nombre d'œufs, élèvent en priorité des jeunes reines, parfois des mâles et moins de nouvelles ouvrières. Il n'existe pas d'œufs préorientés. C'es l'état physiologique des ouvrières nourrices qui conditionne de devenir reine ou ouvrière des larves femelles: dans le cycle normal, les ailés sont issus des œufs du début de ponte, qui sont les plus gros; mais des œufs tardifs et de plus petite taille peuvent aussi donner des reines si les larves qui en sont issues sont élevées par des ouvrières dont l'ovaire est en activité. Cela est particulièrement évident dans les sociétés orphelines où l'on peut obtenir des reines à partir d'œufs pondus onze semaines après le début de la ponte.
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  • 9
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    Insectes sociaux 29 (1982), S. 308-331 
    ISSN: 1420-9098
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Description / Table of Contents: Resume La fourmi migratriceNeivamyrmex nigrescens a été étudiée sur le terrain pour déterminer comment le recrutement, l'emplacement et la quantité de nourriture influencent la fréquence, la distance et la direction des émigrations. Les observations sur l'affouragement montrent que les émigrations sont habituellement précédées par des raids, se poursuivent sur une colonne de raid réussi et se terminent près des sites de raids. Cependant, le recrutement alimentaire n'est pas un préliminaire nécessaire à l'émigration, pas plus que les émigrations ne se font toujours dans un endroit où il y a beaucoup de raids. En général, le nouveau nid n'est pas construit sur un site de raids, et il y a un court délai entre la découverte d'un site de nidification et le déclenchement de l'émigration. La direction, la distance et le déroulement temporel des émigrations sont liés plus directement à la découverte des sites de nidification qu'aux sites de raids, ce qui suggère des mécanismes de recrutement distincts. Etant donné que les raids et les émigrations disparaissent lorsqu'on suralimente les colonies, ces conduites ont un facteur de motivation commun, en l'occurrence la stimulation du couvain. L'effet réciproque entre la stimulation générale issue du couvain et le recrutement à des stimulations spécifiques, suscite une utilisation efficace du temps d'activité à la surface et empêche une exposition inutile de la reine et du couvain. La tendance à émigrer dans les endroits où il y a beaucoup de raids provient de la découverte d'un nid dans un tel endroit. Ainsi une colonie suit-elle généralement sa réserve de nourriture. Cependant, les émigrations gênent beaucoup les raids et ont probablement évolué dans des conditions écologiques très différentes de celles de la présente étude.
    Notes: Summary Field studies ofNeivamyrmex nigrescens were conducted to determine how recruitment to, location and amount of food affect emigration frequency, distance and direction. Observations of foraging showed that emigrations were usually preceded by raids, proceeded over a successful raid column, and terminated near raid sites. Recruitment to food was not a necessary prelude to emigration, however, nor did emigrations always move to an area of heavy raiding. The new nest was not usually formed in a raid site, and there was a short latency from the discovery of the nest site to the onset of the emigration. Direction, distance, and timing of emigrations were related more directly to discovery of nest sites than raid sites, suggesting separate recruitment mechanisms. Because both raids and emigrations were eliminated by overfeeding of colonies, these behaviors share a common motivating factor, namely, brood stimulation. The interplay between general arousal from the brood and recruitment to specific stimuli promotes efficient use of surface activity time and prevents unnecessary exposure of queen and brood. The tendency to emigrate into areas of heavy raids results from the discovery of a nest in that area; thus a colony generally follows its food supply. Emigrations interfere considerably with raiding, however, and probably evolved under ecological conditions very different from the present study.
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  • 10
    ISSN: 1420-9098
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Description / Table of Contents: Zusammenfassung Die mandibularen Drüsen der AmeiseWasmannia auropunctata enthalten 2,5-dimethyl-3-isopentylpyrazin, eine Verbindung mit der andere gleich-artige Nestbewohner von gestorten Arbeitern herbeigelockt werden. Während einer aggressiven interspezifischen Begegnung kann die kleine Ameise das Alkylpyrazin als ein Abstossungsmittel benutzen und ihren Opponenten noch dazu mit ihrem wirkungsvollen giftigen Stich untauglich machen. Alkylpyrazine sind schon früher in Vertreten der Unterfamilien Ponerinæ, Formicinæ und Dolichoderinæ gefunden worden, jedoch ist dies der erste Bericht über Alkylpyrazine in den mandibularen Drüsen einer Art der Myrmicinæ.
    Notes: Summary Mandibular glands of the ant,Wasmannia auropunctata, contain 2,5-dimethyl-3-isopentylpyrazine, a compound which attracts nestmates to disturbed workers. During interspecific aggressive encounters, this small ant may utilize the alkylpyrazine as a repellent as well as disabling opponents with its potent sting venom. Alkylpyrazines have been previously identified as cephalic products from ants of the subfamilies Ponerinæ, Formicinæ, and Dolichoderinæ but this is the first report of an alkylpyrazine from the mandibular glands of a member of the Myrmicinæ.
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  • 11
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    Insectes sociaux 29 (1982), S. 383-401 
    ISSN: 1420-9098
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Description / Table of Contents: Summary For two colonies ofPolistes reared in close proximity to one another, a series of physiological and ethological indices was determined for all of the female offspring surviving until mid-july. The indices chosen concern physiological parameters related to ovarian function, and ethological parameters expressing forms of integration into colony life. Multivariate analysis leads to the recognition of a number of clusters which fall into two functional groups: one is oriented towards the function of laying eggs and the other towards the function of maintenance of the colony. In spite of the obvious analogy, these two groups do not coincide perfectly with the two castes conventionally distinguished in the female sex; their divergence results from a succession of factors implicating both the state of belonging to a caste of the different individuals, and the direct causal factors the exact nature of which remains to be stated precisely.
    Notes: Resume Dans deux guêpiers dePolistes, placés au voisinage l'un de l'autre, on relève une série d'indices physiologiques et éthologiques sur l'ensemble des descendantes encore vivantes à la mi-juillet; les indices choisis concernent des paramètres physiologiques liés à la fonction ovarienne et des paramètres éthologiques exprimant des formes d'intégration à la vie de la colonie. L'analyse factorielle conduit à discerner un certain nombre de sous-populations, que l'on peut regrouper en deux grandes séries dont on propose une interprétation fonctionnelle: l'une s'orientant vers la fonction de ponte et l'autre vers la fonction d'entretien de la colonie. Malgré une analogie évidente, ces deux séries ne coïncident pas parfaitement avec les deux castes classiquement discernées dans le sexe femelle; leur divergence résulte d'une série de facteurs impliquant à la fois l'appartenance de caste des divers individus et des facteurs causaux immédiats dont la nature exacte reste à préciser.
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  • 12
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    Pure and applied geophysics 120 (1982), S. 79-94 
    ISSN: 1420-9136
    Keywords: Monsoon ; Rainfall ; Tropical meteorology
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Geosciences , Physics
    Notes: Abstract The paper deals with an application of a stochastic model to the frequency and duration of precipitation events. With the aid of the model, the magnitudes ofmth highest rainfall amount in 24 hours' duration with 97.5% probability are obtained for various climatic regimes over a tropical monsoon region. There is good agreement between them-day minimum rainfall estimated through the model and the observed value. The model satisfactorily explains the frequency of the extreme rainfall event.
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  • 13
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    Pure and applied geophysics 120 (1982), S. 249-260 
    ISSN: 1420-9136
    Keywords: Correlation function ; Interpolation ; Network design
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Geosciences , Physics
    Notes: Abstract The study examines the correlation function of tropical monsoon rainfall on monthly, seasonal and annual time scales and obtains the relationship between this function and the distance. The area selected for study is Vidarbha with a fairly dense network of rain gauges. Vidarbha is a meteorological sub-division of the state of Maharashtra in India. Utilizing the relationship between the correlation function of the rainfall field and the distance, the errors of optimum interpolation of rainfall at a point have been computed by applying the method of optimum interpolation byGandin (1970). Relationships between the errors of interpolation and distance have been evaluated and from this the maximum spacing allowed between rain gauges for a specified tolerable error in interpolation has been estimated for each of the periods.
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  • 14
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    Pure and applied geophysics 120 (1982), S. 67-78 
    ISSN: 1420-9136
    Keywords: Monsoon ; Transport ; Tropical meteorology ; Water vapour
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Geosciences , Physics
    Notes: Abstract The advective monthly mean transfer of water vapour in the layer below 700 mbar is investigated for India for the years 1962 to 1972 and for the months January to September. The average zonal and meridional components of the transfer of water vapour for India are obtained. They are further averaged for different combinations of the pre-monsoon months from January to May and are correlated with the summer monsoon rainfall. The correlation coefficients for zonal transfer of water vapour are either negative or small positive for different combinations of the months mentioned above. The correlation coefficients for the meridional transfer of water vapour are positive. The maximum value is 0.74 for the March to May combination and is statistically significant at the 1% level. An extensive investigation is, therefore, made for the March to May averages of water vapour transfer for four broad regions of India. The parameters of water vapour transfer for these regions are compared with the threshold values and the prediction category, normal or drought, for the subsequent summer monsoon season is determined for all years. The correlation coefficient between the index of drought, as determined from parameters of water vapour transport and rainfall departure, is statistically significant at the 2% level.
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  • 15
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    Pure and applied geophysics 120 (1982), S. 123-135 
    ISSN: 1420-9136
    Keywords: Tropical meteorology ; Atmospheric electricity
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Geosciences , Physics
    Notes: Abstract The results of atmospheric electric measurements over a twenty year period (1961–1980) are reviewed for Ibadan situated in the tropical rain forest of Nigeria. The aim is to present the data in an easily accessible form.
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  • 16
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    Pure and applied geophysics 120 (1982), S. 197-201 
    ISSN: 1420-9136
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    Topics: Geosciences , Physics
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  • 17
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    Pure and applied geophysics 120 (1982), S. 54-66 
    ISSN: 1420-9136
    Keywords: Atmospheric radioactivity ; Wind erosion ; Resuspension rate ; Vegetation contamination
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    Topics: Geosciences , Physics
    Notes: Abstract A method for the determination of resuspension parameters of radioactive fall-out from nuclear explosions, deposited on soil from the stratospheric reservoir, is presented. The seasonal variation ofk α-137Cs resuspension parameter, the trend ofk α with time in 1963–1978, the trend over this period of time of the wind component fraction of the concentration of global137Cs in the surface boundary layer over arable and natural soils are given. An estimate of radioactive contamination of vegetation by the effect considered is given as an example of practical use of this work.
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    Pure and applied geophysics 120 (1982), S. 108-116 
    ISSN: 1420-9136
    Keywords: Atmospheric electricity ; Fair weather electric field ; Effect of pollution on potential gradient in atmosphere
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    Topics: Geosciences , Physics
    Notes: Abstract The measurement and monitoring of atmospheric pollutants is an important aspect of pollution studies. A novel method of assessment of the level of pollution in the atmosphere is conceived using point discharge and potential gradients. The present paper is an attempt to show that measurement of the point discharge current (PDC) and potential gradient (PG) can be used to provide information regarding the nature of charges and level of pollution in the atmosphere. The measurement of the PDC and PG in different localities is presented and discussed.
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    Pure and applied geophysics 120 (1982), S. 151-166 
    ISSN: 1420-9136
    Keywords: Source mechanisms ; Rock mechanics ; Microcracks
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    Topics: Geosciences , Physics
    Notes: Abstract Focal mechanisms for 116 acoustic emission events associated with uniaxial cyclic loading of Westerly granite have been investigated using P-wave first-motions. Polarities were observed at eight transducers positioned on the sample to provide good azimuthal coverage. The P-wave radiation patterns can be fit by a quadrupole source but not by a simple pure tensional source. The predominant orientations of the two nodal planes for the quadrupole fit were subparallel to and perpendicular to the σ1 direction. Events with ‘close’ hypocenters, i.e., within a radius of 3 mm, display a remarkable similarity in focal mechanisms irrespective of the cycle or time within a cycle at which they occur. The polarity observations of 48 of 116 acoustic emission events could be fit with the simple quadrupole indicating that the microfracturing processes even in uniaxial compression often simplistically portrayed as propagating axial cracks are indeed quite complex.
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    Pure and applied geophysics 120 (1982), S. 167-185 
    ISSN: 1420-9136
    Keywords: Corsica ; Historical seismicity ; Macroseismic study
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    Topics: Geosciences , Physics
    Description / Table of Contents: Abstract The documents that we have compiled (archives, newspaper reports and seismic catalogues) enabled us to go back to the end of the 18th century in the seismic history of Corsica. The number of felt earthquakes (epicentres off shore or on the island) which were documented during the two and a half centuries is relatively low. Maximum intensities have reached VI or rarely VII. The seismic activity is mainly located in the North-East of Corsica, near faults which have recently been active between the ‘Corse schisteuse’ (Alpine domain) and the ‘Plaine Orientale’ (Quaternary, Neogene). A seismic crisis happened recently (1978–1979) in this area where present activity of some of these faults has been suggested. Macroseismic studies have been conducted for the main shocks (I max=VI and V) in order to locate them accurately. Two among them (April 3, 1978 and March 27, 1979) are studied here in detail. Using the Kövesligethy formula hypocenters are respectively found at 4.5±0.5 km and around 5 km, whereas the corresponding absorption factors are 0.020 and 0.031. Such depths show that the two events affected the upper crust of Corsica (30 km).
    Notes: Résumé L'étude des documents (archives, presse et catalogues sismiques) que nous avons consultés, nous a permis de remonter jusqu'à la fin du XVIIIe siècle dans l'histoire sismologique corse. Le nombre des séismes ressentis (épicentres en mer ou sur l'île) recensés pendant ces deux siècles et demi est relativement faible. Les intensités maximales ont parfois atteint le degré VI, plus rarement VII. L'activité sismique touche principalement une région située au Nord-Est de la Corse, au voisinage de failles au rejeu récènt et séparent le domaine de la Corse schisteuse (alpin) du domaine de la Plaine Orientale (Quaternaire, Néogène). Une crise sismique récente (1978–1979) a de nouveau secoué cette même région où on a suggéré l'activité actuelle de certaines de ces failles. Les plus importants de ces séismes (I max=VI et V) ontifait l'objet d'enquêtes macrosismiques qui permettent d'en préciser les épicentres. Deux d'entre-eux ont été étudiés en détail (3 avril 1978 et 27 mars 1979); en utilisant la relation de Kövesligethy, les hypocentres se situent respectivement à 4,5±0.5 km et vers 5 km, pour des coefficients d'absorption de 0,020 et 0,031. Ces profondeurs indiquent que ces deux séismes ont mis en jeu des éléments superficiels de la croûte corse (30 km).
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    Pure and applied geophysics 120 (1982), S. 229-248 
    ISSN: 1420-9136
    Keywords: Meridional transport ; Monsoon ; Sensible heat
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    Topics: Geosciences , Physics
    Notes: Abstract Spherical harmonic analysis is made of the grid point values of geopotential heights at 700 mb and 300 mb levels for the months April to August for the years 1967 and 1972. The year 1967 is a good monsoon year and 1972 is a bad monsoon year in India. Meridional transport of sensible heat is obtained in wave number domain using spherical harmonic coefficients at 500 mb level form=1 to 10 andn−m=0 to 10, wherem represents the wave number round the globe andn−m gives the numbers of zero points from north pole to south pole excluding the poles themselves. Large northward transports of sensible heat in the month of May and in the monsoon months at the subtropics are characteristic of bad monsoon. Wave 1 transports sensible heat southward (forn−m=0) and wave 2 transports sensible heat northward (forn−m=4). Strengthening of wave 1 is conducive to good monsoon year and strengthening of wave 2 is conducive to bad monsoon year. These are the same features obtained in Fourier analysis. The contrasting features exist in waves 1 and 2 both in good and in bad monsoon and are better defined in the present analysis than in the Fourier analysis of the earlier study. However, waves 1 and 2 reveal clearer contrast in the present analysis than in the Fourier analysis. Bad monsoon activity is associated with large divergence of heart at subtropics and large convergence of heat at extra tropics.
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    ISSN: 1420-9136
    Keywords: Fourier transform method ; Self-potential anomalies
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    Notes: Abstract The self-potential anomaly due to a two-dimensional inclined sheets of finite depth extent has been analysed in the frequency domain using the Fourier transform. Expression for the Fourier amplitude and phase spectra are derived. The Fourier amplitude and phase spectra are analysed so as to evaluate the parameters of the sheet. Application of this method on two anomalies (synthetic and field data) has given good results.
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    Pure and applied geophysics 120 (1982), S. 422-436 
    ISSN: 1420-9136
    Keywords: Monex-79 ; Objective analysis ; Wind field
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    Topics: Geosciences , Physics
    Notes: Abstract The monsoon sub-programme of FGGE deployed a variety of observing systems such as research aircraft, research vessels, floating ballooms, and a geostationary satellite, etc. during the special observational period of Monex-79, with a view to making the best possible data set available for studies on various aspects of the monsoon circulation. Whether the data obtained from the various observational platorms improve the representation of the monsson systems, flow patterns, etc. in the analysis is the basis of this study. For this, the objective analyses of the wind field were made with different data sets, first using only the data from conventional observation platforms, subsequently including the data from aircraft and ships and then finally including the data from the satellite. These analyses were compared with carefully made subjective analyses. It is inferred that the addition of data has a positive impact on the objective analysis and the improvement in the analysis is more marked in the data-void region like the Arabian Sea compared to the region where observational stations are distributed fairly stisfactorily. It is also inferred that the impact of the aircraft/ship data on the analysis is more consistent than the data from the satellite.
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    Pure and applied geophysics 120 (1982), S. 483-494 
    ISSN: 1420-9136
    Keywords: Flood ; Precipitation ; Tropical meteorology
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    Topics: Geosciences , Physics
    Notes: Abstract The rainstorm of 17 to 21 July 1981 which caused exceptionally heavy rains and floods in arid Rajasthan, was analysed. It was observed that 7 stations in the rainstorm area broke their previous 80-year record of one-day rainfall, and two of these stations equalled their respective estimates of probable maximum precipitation (PMP). A comparison of areal raindepths of this rainstorm with the similar raindepths of past severe-most rainstorms of this region showed that this rainstorm gave unprecedented raindepths up to about 38 850 sq. km (i.e. 15 000 sq. miles) for a 3-day duration.
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    Pure and applied geophysics 120 (1982), S. 495-502 
    ISSN: 1420-9136
    Keywords: Cloudiness ; Sunshine ; Tropical meteorology
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    Topics: Geosciences , Physics
    Notes: Abstract The relationship between point cloudiness and sunshine derived cloud cover in India is investigated using data collected from 33 stations. It has been found that point cloudiness, in general, overestimates sunshine derived cloud cover. The latitudinal dependence of the overestimation is discussed. The significance of the precise quantification of cloudiness in radiation budget studies is briefly mentioned.
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    ISSN: 1420-9136
    Keywords: Wave scattering ; Elastic heterogeneity ; Three-dimensional modeling
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    Notes: Abstract The formal solutions of displacement field to the problem of elastic wave scattering and diffraction due to an infinitely long rigid cylinder embedded in an infinite elastic medium by an impulsive point source have been obtained in the integral form. The integrals for the reflected and the diffracted waves both in the shadow zone and in the illuminated zone are evaluated asymptotically for the early time motion by the Reisdue-Cagniard method and the Saddle-point-Cagniard method. Numerical results of the diffractedP, S andPS waves at a fixed circum-distance from the surface of the rigid cylinder show noticeably that (1) the energy partition for the diffractedS wave is small in comparison with that for the diffractedP wave, (2) the wave form of the diffractedS wave is broader and more diffused than that of the diffractedP wave, (3) the direction of the radial motions of the diffractedP andS waves varies as a function of the observational point, and (4) the energy partition for the diffractedP wave is much smaller than that for the direct or the reflectedP waves.
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    Pure and applied geophysics 120 (1982), S. 642-647 
    ISSN: 1420-9136
    Keywords: Atmospheric kinetic energy ; Climate models
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    Topics: Geosciences , Physics
    Notes: Abstract The winter simulations of the GLAS climate model and the NCAR community climate model are used to examine the maintenance of the atmospheric kinetic energy. It is found that the kinetic energy is generated in the lower latitudes south of the maximum westerlies, transported northward and then, destroyed in the midlatitudes north of the maximum westerlies. Therefore, the atmospheric kinetic energy is maintained by the counterbalance between the divergence (convergence) of kinetic energy flux and generation (destruction) of kinetic energy in lower (middle) latitudes.
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    Pure and applied geophysics 120 (1982), S. 682-690 
    ISSN: 1420-9136
    Keywords: Atmospheric electricity ; Atmospheric electric potential gradient
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    Topics: Geosciences , Physics
    Notes: Abstract Atmospheric electric potential gradient measurments were made near the ground at Vishakapatnam (17°42′N, 83°18′E). The diurnal variation of potential gradient during fair weather has been studied. The characteristic pattern of potential gradient in different months, different seasons and its annual variation are examined.
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    Pure and applied geophysics 120 (1982), S. 721-757 
    ISSN: 1420-9136
    Keywords: Edge waves ; shelf waves ; Kelvin waves
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    Topics: Geosciences , Physics
    Notes: Abstract Free and forced oscillations of shallow water in an infinitely long rotating channel of parabolic cross-section are analyzed. The pure cross-channel oscillations ofChrystal (1905) and solutions for zero rotation first discussed byProudman (1925) andHidaka (1932) are special asymptotic solutions for the free modes of this model. However, for increasingly large, along-shore wave number, our solutions donot uniformly approach those ofReid (1958) andBall (1967) for a single shore-line and semi-infinite ocean. A method of computing eigen frequencies and eigen functions for the general problem is described, and a sufficient number of these are exhibited graphically to permit visualization of the transitions between the asymptotic regions. The forced problem consists of an incoming wave-train or surge generated at the center of the channel. Amplitude and transports near the shore are computed for a wide range of dimensionless incoming-wave frequencies and rotational frequencies.
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    Pure and applied geophysics 120 (1982), S. 784-794 
    ISSN: 1420-9136
    Keywords: Depth estimation ; magnetized layers ; long-wavelength anomalies ; spectral analysis ; reduction to the pole
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    Topics: Geosciences , Physics
    Notes: Abstract A large extent aeromagnetic survey, covering a 9°×9° degree of a Precambrian shield area in SE Brazil, was used to analyse long wavelength magnetic anomalies with the purpose of determining the magnetic structure of the lithosphere. Data analysis based on a novel approach to the estimation of the parameters in the statistical model ofSpector andGrant (1970), reveals a highly magnetized lower crust, bounded by an essentially non-magnetic upper mantle. The highly magnetized layer can be associated with a higher density lower crust model, derived from gravity and seismic data available in the area, suggesting a compositional transition from upper to lower crust. It was also verified that the operation of reduction to the pole, which is singular at the geomagnetic equator, performs quite satisfactorily at the low geomagnetic inclination of the area, bringing into accordance the long wavelength anomalies with the structural trends.
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    Pure and applied geophysics 120 (1982), S. 840-849 
    ISSN: 1420-9136
    Keywords: Earthquake magnitude ; Magnitude-frequency relationships
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    Topics: Geosciences , Physics
    Notes: Abstract The relationship between frequency and magnitude in homogeneous series of earthquakes is studied. The linear relation of Gutenberg and Richter between the logarithm of frequency and the magnitude is found to be applicable only in a restricted range of magnitudes. The plots of the cumulative number of earthquakes versus magnitude for 20 different series (the total number of events in a single series ranging from about 50 to more than 3000) clearly indicate the presence of vertical asymptotes. This fact suggests that upper and lower limits could exist for the magnitude of a single event, i.e. for the energy that can be released in an earthquake. From the position of the vertical asymptotes it is possible to obtain the upper and lower bounds of magnitude for each series of earthquakes. The empirical shape of the cumulative number-magnitude distribution can be well represented by equilateral hyperbolas. A ‘least χ2’ method has been used to obtain the best-fitting hyperbolas and corresponding the minimum and maximum magnitudes for each series. The shape of the frequency-magnitude relationship is discussed in lesser detail. It is found, however, that after suitable rescaling the earthquakes in each series follow much the same law, with a comparatively small scatter.
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    Pure and applied geophysics 1 (1939), S. 1-2 
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    Pure and applied geophysics 1 (1939), S. 35-43 
    ISSN: 1420-9136
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    Notes: Riassunto Si espone e si discute il processo di formazione e di sviluppo del monsone di SW sull'Oceano Indiano, studiandone il comportamento iniziale a Ceylon (Colombo e Little Basses), Mogadiscio e Seychelles. Si illustra il fenomeno, dell' « irruzione » del monsone e si deduce come normalmente le formazioni bariche predominanti in maggio sul Golfo di Bengala, sull'India o sul Golfo Arabico, ostacolino e ritardino il propagarsi del monsone.
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    Pure and applied geophysics 1 (1939), S. 53-53 
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    Pure and applied geophysics 1 (1939), S. 175-216 
    ISSN: 1420-9136
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    Description / Table of Contents: Zusammenfassung Der Blitz beansprucht durchflossene geologische Leiter ähnlich wie ein hochfrequenter Wechselstrom, dessen Wellenlänge ungefähr im Tausendmeterbande liegt. Die Beurteilung der Blitzstromleitung im Untergrunde hat nach den Gesichtspunkten der Funkgeologie zu erfolge n.Die geoelektrische Blitzgefährdung ist theoretisch verständlich und durch zahlreiche Beobachtungen nachgewiesen. Auch die Frage nach der Existenz der sog. Blitznester ist positiv zu beantworten. Die bisherigen statistischen Ergebnisse sind vielfach unbefriedigend und es wäre daher eine einheitliche und befriedigende Statistik unbedingt anzustreben. Für die Entwicklung der weiteren Forschung wäre es sehr vorteilhaft, wenn besondere Blitzversuchsfelder errichtet würden. Diese wären dann auch nach funkgeologischen Gesichtspunkten zu untersuchen.
    Notes: Riassunto Richiamate le più importanti nozioni fondamentali sulla fisica del fulmine, si desume che i conduttori geologici da esso attraversati si comportano come se fossero percorsi da corrente alternata ad alta frequenza con una lunghezza d'onda dell'ordine di mille metri. Tenendo presente che le leggi della radiogeologia costituiscono le basi di ogni indagine relativa alla conduzione del fulmine nel sottosuolo, si giustifica il pericolo di caduta del fulmine per azione geoelettrica spiegandolo alla stregua dei dati d'osservazione. In pari tempo si dà ragione dell'esistenza dei cosidetti „nidi di fulmini”. Rilevato come i dati statistici sinora raccolti risultino spesso non soddisfacenti, viene messa in luce l'utilità di una statistica organica e completa su tali fenomeni, illustrando l'opportunità dell'istituzione di appositi campi sperimentali per tutte le indagini riferentesi ai fulmini nei rapporti con le caratteristiche geoelettriche del sottosuolo.
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    Pure and applied geophysics 1 (1939), S. 220-223 
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    Development genes and evolution 139 (1939), S. 780-818 
    ISSN: 1432-041X
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    Topics: Biology
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    Development genes and evolution 139 (1939), S. 1-49 
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    Development genes and evolution 139 (1939), S. 65-77 
    ISSN: 1432-041X
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    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Zusammenfassung 1. Individuen vonPlanaria schischkovi, die einer dauernd — ohne Intervall — wiederholten Regeneration unterworfen wurden, haben nach einer gewissen Zahl von Operationen eine verhältnismäßig größere Regenerationsgeschwindigkeit gezeigt. Diese verminderte sich aber allmählich bei den weiteren Regenerationen bis zu einem Moment, bei dem jede Regenerationsfähigkeit verschwand. 2. Die Tiere, die nach den ersten Regenerationen ein gutes Aussehen zeigen, haben allmählich gegen das Ende des Versuches Symptome eines verschlechterten Zustandes gezeigt, bis sie zuletzt eingingen. 3. Das Tempo der wiederholten Regeneration eines tierischen Organismus kann nicht als Lebensindex des Zustandes dieses Organismus zu einer bestimmten Zeit der Regeneration dienen. 4. Eine dauernd wiederholte Regeneration kann in Abhängigkeit von der Größe des abgeschnittenen Körperteiles einen ungünstigen Effekt oder eine bis zu einem gewissen Grade für die Planarie „erfrischende“, verjüngende Wirkung im Sinne einer Verlängerung ihres Individuallebens erzeugen. Denn die verjüngende Wirkung dieses Regenerationsprozesses kann sich nur auf das neue bei der Regeneration des Tieres entstandene Gewebe beziehen. Was aber das alte Gewebe des Tieres anlangt, so kann auf dieses durch den Regenerationsprozeß keine verjüngende Wirkung ausgelöst werden. 5. Die dauernd wiederholte Regeneration kann eine Verjüngung in verhältnismäßig großem Maße nur bei hungernden Planarien hervorrufen, da die Menge des alten Gewebes bei solchen Tieren auf Kosten des jungen, neuentstandenen Gewebes bis auf ein Minimum heruntergesetzt wird.
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    Development genes and evolution 191 (1982), S. 28-36 
    ISSN: 1432-041X
    Keywords: Drosophila ; Polarity ; Maternal effect ; Nurse cells ; Embryogenesis
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    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Summary The mutationdicephalic (dic) affects follicle development and thereby alters the antero-posterior polarity of embryonic patterning. It maps at a single locus (3–46.0±1.0) and can be characterized as a semi-dominant maternal effect mutation with low penetrance. Indic follicles, the 15 nurse cells form two clusters located at opposite poles of the oocyte; the numerical distribution of the nurse cells among the clusters varies from 7:8 to 1:14. Thedic egg shell carries a micropyle (anterior marker) at either pole, but the misshapen respiratory appendages are restricted to one of the two poles in most eggs. The malformed eggs rarely yield larvae and these are always abnormal anteriorly and/or posteriorly. The segment pattern expressed in their cuticle may represent two anterior parts of opposite polarities (double head type), two posterior parts of opposite polarities (double abdomen type, rare) or show uniform polarity. Lability of organization at the cystocyte stage appears as the primary developmental defect of the mutant.
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    ISSN: 1432-041X
    Keywords: Triturus alpestris embryos ; Melanophores ; Xanthophores
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    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Summary The change in distribution of melanophores from stage 28+ (uniform melanophore pattern) to stage 34 (banded melanophore pattern) and the participation of xanthophores in these changes has been investigated inTriturus alpestris embryos by studying the social behaviour of single cells. While melanophores are clearly visible from outside the embryo at stage 28+, xanthophores cannot be recognized from the outside until after stage 34. In ultrathin sections of stage 34 embryos, xanthophores are observed alternating with melanophores in a zonal distribution (Epperlein 1982). Using detached pieces of dorsolateral trunk skin, which retain their chromatophores after detachment, the entire distribution of melanophores and xanthophores can be visualized in a scanning electron microscope (SEM). In ambiguous cases (early stages), cells were reprocessed for transmission electron microscopy (TEM) and the presence of the characteristic pigment organelles was assessed. In addition, xanthophores were specifically identified by pteridine fluorescence with dilute ammonia. Pteridines were also identified chromatographically in skin homogenates. The combination of these methods allowed precise identification and quantitative determination of melanophores and xanthophores. Both cell types were present as codistributed, biochemically differentiated cells at stage 28+. Changes in the pattern up to stage 34 were due to the rearrangement at the epidermal-mesodermal interface of a relatively fixed number of melanophores which became preferentially localised at the dorsal somite edge and at the lateral plate mesoderm, and to the distribution of an increasing number of xanthophores to subepidermal locations in the dorsal fin and between the melanophore bands. Concomitant was an increase in the thickness of the epidermal basement membrane and a change in shape of chromatophores from elongate via stellate to rosette shaped, which may be correlated with a shift from migratory to sessile phases.
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    Development genes and evolution 191 (1982), S. 68-68 
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    Development genes and evolution 191 (1982), S. 64-67 
    ISSN: 1432-041X
    Keywords: Hydra attenuata ; Recombination of ecto- and endoderm ; Polarity ; Morphogenetic gradients
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    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Summary Ectoderm and endoderm of the gastric column ofHydra attenuata Pall. were separated from each other and reassembled with either the same (controls) or opposite polar orientation. The controls always regenerated a head and basal disc according to the original polarity. In those specimens in which the polarity of ecta- and endoderm was opposite 33 specimens out of 41 reconstituted a single polyp whose body axis was clearly identifiable. Of these cases 8 followed the polarity of the ectoderm, 3 obeyed that of the endoderm, and 22 formed axes perpendicular to the original longitudinal axis. In 5 cases 2 specimens regenerated from the reassembled specimens. It is thus demonstrated that axial polarity ofHydra is determined by both the ecto- and the endoderm.
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    Development genes and evolution 191 (1982), S. 112-118 
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    Keywords: Mollusca ; Mosaic development ; Polar lobe ; Determination ; Regulation
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    Notes: Summary The significance of the first quartet of micromeres for the morphogenesis ofBithynia — a polar lobe-forming gastropod-has been studied by deletion experiments. After removal of the whole first quartet at the 8-cell stage a dorsoventrally organized veliger larva is formed. Apparently, an interaction between the animal micromeres and a vegetal macromere, which is essential for the origin of a dorsoventral organization in equally cleaving gastropods, is not required in polar lobe forming eggs. It is concluded that in these eggs dorsoventrality is determined by segregation of the polar lobe. The embryos, in which the first quartet has been removed, never develop head structures. This indicates that the capacity to form head structures is restricted to the first quartet of micromeres. Deletion of a specific first quartet micromere (1a, 1b, 1c or 1d) showed, however, that the individual cells of this quartet are not strictly determined right from their origin. Frequently regulative development was observed after removal of individual first quartet cells.
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    Development genes and evolution 191 (1982), S. 127-133 
    ISSN: 1432-041X
    Keywords: Primary hypoblast ; Chick ; Cell Proliferation ; Colchicine
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    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Summary Proliferative patterns in colchicine treated embryos during the first few hours of incubation, Eyal-Giladi and Kochav stages XI–XIII, clarify the role of cell division in the anterolateral expansion of the primary hypoblast as well as the expansion of the entire blastoderm. A layer of primary hypoblast (extra-embryonic endoderm) can form in the absence of cell division. Colchicine, in concentrations used here, does not prevent ingression of cells from the upper layer to the primary hypoblast and establishment of intercellular contacts. These processes, however modified, remain sufficiently operative so that a hypoblast layer forms. In addition, colchicine does not prevent radial expansion of the whole blastoderm. The demonstrated distribution of proliferative rates in the blastoderm can be the source of cells for blastoderm radial expansion, shape changes and for hypoblast development supplementing ingression of cells from the upper layer.
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    Development genes and evolution 191 (1982), S. 119-126 
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    Keywords: Primary hypoblast ; Chick ; SEM ; Polyingression
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    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Summary Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) indicates that the primary hypoblast forms beneath the area pellucida during the first 8 h of incubation mainly by establishment of contact among cells which move downward out of the epiblast. This movement, polyingression, begins posteriorly and continues antero-laterally during the period of primary hypoblast formation. Polyingression produces many pits and possibly a crescentic fold in the embryo upper surface with corresponding cell clusters and a ridge on the lower surface. Fixationin situ helps prevent formation of artifactual folds and wrinkles facilitating interpretation of the SEM images. Formation of intercellular adhesions which lead to development of an epithelial primary hypoblast proceeds in a posterior to anterior direction along with polyingression. This epithelialization begins with elaboration of numerous filamentous processes by cells as they arrive from the epiblast, and continues with ongoing input of cells, merging of cells and cell clusters, and cell flattening. We have also shown (Weinberger and Brick 1982) that proliferation of ingressing cells provides additional cells for hypoblast development.
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  • 48
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    Keywords: Cortical contraction ; Pronuclear migration ; Sperm trail ; Xenopus ; Amphibians
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    Notes: Summary The cortical contraction begins 4 min after insemination and one minute after prick activation. During the next 4 min, the pigment margin moves 15 degrees toward the animal pole. The cortex then relaxes to the prefertilization level over the next 10 min. Contrary to earlier estimations, the cortical contraction occurs during the same time span as the wave of cortical granule exocytosis. We suggest that the two events may result from a common stimulus. The sperm trail (ST) forms during the relaxation of the cortex. The ST first appears as a conically-shaped trail of pigment in the cytoplasm; it then elongates into a funnel-shaped trail as the male pronucleus migrates into the egg. The base of the cytoplasmic ST can be seen on the surface of the egg as a circular condensation of pigment. The male and female pronuclei migrate at a constant rate of 12 μm per minute. The male pronucleus migrates by the enlargement of its aster, whereas, it appears that the female pronucleus is dependent on the male aster for its motion.
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    Development genes and evolution 191 (1982), S. 246-256 
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    Keywords: Tubifex egg ; Ooplasmic segregation ; Pole plasm ; Microfilaments ; Cytochalasin B
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    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Summary Ooplasmic segregation, i.e. the accumulation of pole plasm in theTubifex egg, consists of two steps: (1) Cytoplasm devoid of yolk granules and lipid droplets migrates toward the egg periphery and forms a continuous subcortical layer around the whole egg; (2) the subcortical cytoplasm moves along the surface toward the animal pole in the animal hemisphere and toward the vegetal pole in the vegetal hemisphere, and finally accumulates at both poles of the egg to form the animal and vegetal pole plasms. Whereas the subcortical layer increases in volume during the first step, it decreases during the second step. This is ascribed to the compact rearrangement in the subcortical layer of membraneous organelles such as endoplasmic reticulum and mitochondria. The number of membraneous organelles associated with the cortical layer increases during the second step. Electron microscopy reveals the presence of microfilaments not only in the cortical layer but also in the subcortical layer. Subcortical microfilaments link membraneous organelles to form networks; some are associated with bundles of cortical microfilaments. The thickness of the cortical layer differs regionally. The pattern of this difference does not change during the second step. On the other hand, the subcortical cytoplasm moves ahead of the ‘stationary’ cortical layer. The accumulation of pole plasm is blocked by cytochalasin B but not by colchicine. The first step of this process is less sensitive to cytochalasin B than the second step, suggesting that these two steps are controlled by differnt mechanisms. The mechanical aspects of ooplasmic segregation in theTubifex egg are discussed in the light of the present observations.
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    Development genes and evolution 191 (1982), S. 264-269 
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    Keywords: Drosophila ; Sexcombless ; Foreleg basitarsus ; Genital disc
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    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Summary The chromosome which carries the mutationsexcombless (In(1)sx) affects males and females ofD. melanogaster. In the male foreleg basitarsi the number of sexcomb teeth is dramatically reduced from 10 to 0.7 and the number of transverse rows of bristles is increased from 6 to 8. Females homozygous forIn(1)sx show a normal bristle pattern in the foreleg basitarsus. The genital disc derivatives of both male and femaleIn(1)sx flies are strongly affected. While the external genitalia show a duplicated or a reduced bristle pattern, the internal genitalia are mostly absent. However, the sexually dimorphic tergites and sternites of the abdomen remain unaffected. The male-specific effect on the basitarsus and the general effects on the genital disc derivatives are proposed to represent two different phenotypic effects ofIn(1)sx which may derive from mutations at different gene loci in the inverted chromosome.
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    Development genes and evolution 191 (1982), S. 270-276 
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    Keywords: Stored poly(A)RNA ; RNP particles ; α-amanitin ; Cordycepin ; Interstitial cells
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    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Summary The formation of tentacles and stolons during metamorphosis is severely disturbed if inhibitors of mRNA metabolism are applied during certain phases of development. The periods of sensitivity to α-amanitin are late gastrulation and the disk stage of metamorphosis. A cordycepin sensitive phase exists during the first hour of metamorphosis. In all drug sensitive phases an enhanced poly(A) synthesis is found indicating increased mRNA metabolism in these stages. Pulse-chase experiments show that planula larvae store a poly(A)-rich RNA population sedimenting between 28–18s. These long living molecules are of embryonic origin, are located in RNP particles and are degraded during metamorphosis. The particles in question appear to be stored mainly in interstitial cells. In early metamorphosis no uridine is incorporated but labelled poly(A) is added to preexisting molecules.
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    Development genes and evolution 191 (1982), S. 281-284 
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    Keywords: Mammals ; Brain cortex ; Gangliosides ; Glycoproteins ; AChE ; Development
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    Notes: Summary Developmental profiles of 11 gangliosides, concentration of lipid- and glycoprotein-bound sialic acid, and activity of AChE of the rat and mouse cerebral cortex were followed from the 7th day of gestation to the 21st postnatal day. There are three main changes in ganglioside concentration, which are similar in both species. The first occurs from gestation day 10 until birth: parallel to decreased proliferation, cell migration, and neuroblast differentiation, GM3 and GD3 in mouse cortex and GD3 in the rat's decreases in favor of GQ1b, GT1b, and GD1a. The second occurs from birth until the first postnatal week: Parallel to increased growth and arborization of dendrites and axons as well as synaptogenesis in rats and mice, there is a two-fold rise of GD1a, whereas GQ1b and GT1b remain on a nearly constant level. Concomitantly, GM3 and GD3 decreases. The third period of ganglioside changes starts in the second postnatal week, parallel to onset of myelination, and is characterized by an increase of GM1 in parallel with a decrease of the polysialogangliosides GT1b and GQ1b.
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    Development genes and evolution 191 (1982), S. 285-288 
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    Keywords: Drosophila ; Imaginal discs ; homoeosis ; Compartments ; Aldehyde oxidase
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    Notes: Summary The aldehyde oxidase staining pattern in wing discs ofDrosophila melanogaster bearing the genotypesap blt /ap blt andap blt andap blt /ap 73n showns changes from the wild-type pattern. Extensive areas of the presumptive dorsal posterior wing blade, which are normally unstained, have enzyme activity in these mutants. In wings of these genotypes, dorsal posterior structures are replaced by dorsal anterior wing structures. A strong correlation has been found between the frequencies of various staining patterns in the discs and the extent of transformation in the cuticular structures of the wing, which is consistent with the idea that aldehyde oxidase activity can be used as an indicator in the wing disc of this transformation. Unlike the homoeotic mutationengrailed, apterous has not been interpreted as a selector gene yet the work reported here shows thatapterous alleles can cause changes resembling those of theengrailed phenotype both in aldehyde oxidase staining behaviour and in the cuticular transformation.
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    Development genes and evolution 191 (1982), S. 301-308 
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    Keywords: Enzyme Patterns ; Imaginal discs ; D. melanogaster ; Territories ; Pattern formation
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    Notes: Summary Analysis of the development of the aldehyde oxidase (AO) pattern in the wing pouch ofD. melanogaster showed that the extension of areas with AO activity occurs in steps. This indicates that the activation of this enzyme is regulated in groups of cells. It is proposed to use the term ‘territory’ for such a cell group. In the wing pouches ofD. melanogaster, D. simulans andMusca, corresponding parts of the disc become AO positive at comparable developmental stages. This indicates that AO becomes active in individual territories in a specific sequence. Borderlines of the distribution pattern of different enzymes in the wing pouch ofDrosophila and other dipteran species are in agreement with those found for the development of the AO pattern or are complementary to them. This indicates the existence of a common set of territories in the wing pouches of all higher diptera. Borderlines of patterns, as caused by different genetic constitution, are also in accord with this set of territories. The borderlines of some territories coincide with the compartmental A/P or D/V boundary. The results support the idea that both the location of compartmental boundaries and that of borderlines of enzyme territories are determined by a single mechanism. The distribution and the shape of the territories in the wing pouch is best explained by the reaction-diffusion model proposed by Meinhardt (1980), which involves three different gradients.
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    Keywords: Thymus ; Amphibia ; Cell populations
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    Notes: Summary Twenty days after fertilization (stage 40) the thymus ofPleurodeles waltlii consists of two main cell types: epithelial reticular cells (71%) and lymphoid stem-cells (24%). Between day 20 and day 72 (stage 53) the lymphoid stem-cells differentiate into lymphocytes, via the lymphoblast state. Commencing at day 20, epithelial reticular cells are transformed into epithelial reticular dense cells. Following day 65, other epithelial reticular cells begin to differentiate into epithelial hypertrophic cells, and these subsequently form thymic cysts. During this whole period intense proliferation takes place. The three types of polynuclear cells (neutrophil, eosinophil, and basophil), the macrophages, and the plasmocytes differentiate outside the thymus then migrate into it through the vascular system. Around day 72 (stage 53), the mature thymus consists of two parts: the first is visible as a background or cortex-like area, the second comprises medulla like spots, formed by small numbers of cysts. Around metamorphosis the cell populations reach a stable state. After metamorphosis the relative frequency of the lymphoid cell population progressively decreases, while the proportion of epithelial hypertrophic cells, together with cyst surface area, is increased. Consequently the ratio of cysts/background area increases with age.
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    Development genes and evolution 191 (1982), S. 331-334 
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    Keywords: Genetic mosaics ; Cell autonomy ; Cell affinities ; Drosophila melanogaster
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    Notes: Summary InDrosophila melanogaster, segmental specification takes place in groups of cells around the blastoderm stage. This segmental specification requires the function of the genes of the bithorax-complex. We have studied preblastoderm mosaics (gynandromorphs) of mutant (bx 3,pbx, Ubx, Ubx 80) and wildtype (heterozygotes for these alleles) cells. The results show a total cell autonomy in the differentiation of both wildtype and homoeotially transformed cells. However, several unexpected phenotypes were found. They are discussed in terms of the function of the bithorax genes and early interactions between mutant and wildtype territories.
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    Development genes and evolution 191 (1982), S. 335-339 
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    Keywords: Drosophila ; Gap junction ; Wing disc
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    Notes: Summary The distribution of gap junctions in mature larvalDrosophila melanogaster wing discs was analyzed by means of quantitative electron microscopy. Gap junctions are non-randomly distributed in the proximal-distal disc axis and in the apical-basal cell axis of the epithelium. In the epithelial cells, the surface density, number and length of gap junctions are greatest in the apical cell region and distal disc region. The average gap junction surface density is 0.0572 μm−1 and 2.77% of the lateral cell surface is composed of gap junctions. In the adepithelial cells, the gap junction surface density is 0.0005 μm−1 and 0.06% of the cell surface is composed of gap junctions. No gap junctions were observed between epithelial cells and adepithelial cells. The absolute area of gap junctions was estimated in a proximal-distal strip of cells in the disc and is considerably less in the folded regions of the epithelium compared to the flat notum and wing pouch regions. The results are discussed with respect to pattern formation and growth control in imaginal discs.
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    Development genes and evolution 191 (1982), S. 348-354 
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    Keywords: Dictyostelium ; Pattern Formation ; Scanning electron microscopy ; Chemotaxis
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    Notes: Summary Scanning electron microscopic observations ofDictyostelium discoideum cell masses during slug formation revealed two populations around the anterior tip; one group of cells resembled elongated aggregation stream cells and their orientation suggested that they move to the tip, whereas the other group of cells were isodiametric and showed no obvious orientation. In seeking further evidence for a role of differential cAMP chemotaxis in the orientation and movement of slug cells the anterior prestalk cells were compared to the posterior prespore cells in two chemotaxis tests. When a cell mass is placed on cAMP agar the prestalk cells exhibited better movement to cAMP sources but when the gradient was generated in a diffusion chamber the prestalk cells did not. This evidence suggested that the cells which are better able to generate a cAMP gradient might form part of the anterior zone of the slug.
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    Development genes and evolution 191 (1982), S. 366-370 
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    Keywords: Polyadenylated RNA ; Complementary repetitive sequences ; Protein coding sequences ; Gene regulation ; Xenopus embryo
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    Notes: Summary Electron microscopy revealed that transcripts of complementary repetitive sequence elements are widely distributed among long poly (A) containing RNA molecules of Xenopus laevis. cDNA/RNA hybridization experiments suggest that many of these polyadenylated transcripts carry protein coding sequences which are interrupted by repetitive elements. Our in-vitro translation experiments indicate that removal of repetitive elements must precede the utilization of protein coding sequences associated with them. Thus processing of maternal transcripts may be of significance in the regulation of gene expression during early development.
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    Development genes and evolution 191 (1982), S. 381-384 
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    Keywords: Polyteny ; DNA content ; Drosophila melanogaster
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    Notes: Summary The amounts of DNA in midgut and Malpighian tubule cells of adult maleDrosophila melanogaster have been determined by Feulgen-DNA cytophotometry. The DNA values fall into discrete classes reflecting different levels of polyteny. The maximum level is 64C in the midgut, 256C in Malpighian tubules, and the modal values are 32C and 128C respectively. The data provide no evidence for extensive underreplication of heterochromatin. It is suggested that the reduced amount of satellite DNA found in the tissues of young adult flies may be a consequence of the fact that cycles of DNA replication started in the pre-adult stages are not completed until some hours after eclosion.
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    Development genes and evolution 139 (1939), S. 110-190 
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    Development genes and evolution 139 (1939), S. 303-308 
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    Development genes and evolution 139 (1939), S. 393-437 
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    Development genes and evolution 139 (1939), S. 506-535 
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    Development genes and evolution 139 (1939), S. 732-779 
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    Development genes and evolution 139 (1939), S. 724-731 
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    Notes: Zusammenfassung In Systematik, Entwicklungsgeschichte und Entwicklungsmechanik wird die Bewegung (Reflex, Deflex, Handlung) zu wenig beachtet gegenüber der Form. — Bewegungs- und Haltungsreaktionen besitzen aber oft großen Wert für Entwicklung, Erhaltung, Auslese und Ausmerze eines Tieres. — Haltungs- und Bewegungsreaktionen sind zu einem großen Teil erblich und artkonstant und entwickeln sich zum Teil nach eigenen Gesetzen. — Ein Beleg hierfür ist die Erhaltung alten Reflexgutes: Soweit Organe im Verlauf der Entwicklung nicht ersetzt oder umgebaut werden, können sie nur in geringem Umfange als Rudimente erhalten bleiben, wä hrend alte Bewegungen zwar überschichtet werden, aber doch als Disposition erhalten bleiben können. — Mittels der biologischen und der Phantommethode sowie dem Verfahren der konzentrierten Reizung gelang es, bei Anuren uralte Reaktionen zu aktivieren, auch bei Tieren, die längst infolge des Kampfes der Reaktionen um den vorherrschenden Platz im habituellen Reaktionsbild zu anderen Verhaltensweisen übergegangen waren. — Es ergaben sich abgestufte Reihen von Kampfreaktionen — die bisher nur für Reptilien als typisch galten — auch bei „unkämpferischen Amphibien“. — So ergibt sich die Forderung, die Haltungs- und Bewegungsreaktionen der Tiere entwicklungsgeschichtlich und entwicklungsmechanisch imZusammenhang zu untersuchen, um zur Aufstellung der ihnen eigenen Entwicklungsreihen und zur Auffindung ihrerbesonderen Gesetzlichkeiten zu gelangen.
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    Development genes and evolution 139 (1939), S. 274-281 
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    Development genes and evolution 139 (1939), S. 309-362 
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    Development genes and evolution 139 (1939), S. 363-392 
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    Development genes and evolution 139 (1939), S. 493-505 
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    Development genes and evolution 139 (1939), S. 639-723 
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    Development genes and evolution 139 (1939), S. 536-555 
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    Description / Table of Contents: Zusammenfassung Vom, in der Orbitahöhle (nach Entfernung des Auges) oder unter der Haut autoplastisch transplantierten oberen Irisrand mit oder ohne Retina vonTriton oderDiscoglossus aus, regeneriert nie eine Linse. Transplantiert man dagegen das Irisstück in die Bauchhöhle, so bildet sich in einigen Fällen eine Linse. Das bringt zur Annahme, da\ in der Linsenregeneration aus einem isolierten Irisstück der Raum, der dem Stück in der Transplantationsstelle zur Verfügung steht, von höchster Wichtigkeit ist. Von Bedeutung ist auch die Retinaanwesenheit im transplantierten Stück, weil in allen Fällen, in denen man eine Linse erhalten hat, auch die Retina mittransplantiert worden war. Bei diesen Experimenten hat man in einigen Fällen auch Lentoiden erhalten. In den meisten Fällen der in der Orbita- oder Bauchhöhle transplantierten Stückchen regeneriert die Retina vom Irismaterial aus und sehr oft bildet das Stück kleine augenähnliche Kugeln. Die Retinaregeneration kommt entweder aus der „pars iridea retinae“ oder, ganz einfach, aus einer jeweiligen Irisstelle zustande durch Metaplasia der Iris- in Retinazellen. Die unter der Haut transplantierten Irisstückchen dagegen gehen fast immer zugrunde. Aus den in der Orbitahöhle transplantierten oder regenerierten Retinastückchen gehen fast immer Nervenfasern aus, die, durch das „Foramen opticum“ das Zwischenhirn erreichen. In den Transplantationen in der Bauchhöhle bemerkt man nie eine solche Nervenfasernbildung.
    Notes: Conclusioni Dal settore irideo superiore diTriton eDiscoglossus trapiantato autoplasticamente nell'orbita (dopo enucleazione del globo oculare) o sotto la cute, con o senza retina, non si forma mai una lente. Se invece l'innesto viene praticato nella cavità addominale allora, in una certa percentuale di casi, si ottiene una lente. CiÒ porta a pensare che nel determinismo del fenomeno una grande importanza debba essere attribuita allo spazio a disposizione del pezzo nella sede d'innesto. Molta importanza spetta anche alla presenza di retina ne l'innesto, giacchè i casi in cui si è avuta rigenerazione di lente appartengono tutti ad esperimenti di innesti di iride con retina. In questi esperimenti, in un certo numero di casi, si è anche avuta la formazione di lentoidi. Negli innesti nell'orbita e nell'addome quasi costante è la rigenerazione di retina dal materiale irideo innestato e niolto frequente la regolazione dell'innesto in forma di globetto oculo-simile. La rigenerazione della retina puÒ aver luogo o dalla pars iridea retinae o direttamente da qualsiasi punto dell'iride per diretta metaplasia delle cellule iridee in cellule retiniche. Negli innesti sotto cute invece il pezzo innestato va in genere incontro a disfacimento. Negli innesti nella cavità dell'orbita quasi costantemente si sono viste fibre nervose partirsi dalle masse retiniche e, attraverso alforo ottico, giungere fino al diencefalo. Negli innesti nella cavità addominale invece non si è mai vista tale neoformazione di fibre nervose.
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    Development genes and evolution 191 (1982), S. 1-4 
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    Keywords: Embryo ; RNA ; evolution
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    Notes: Summary Frog embryo nuclear and cytoplasmic RNA populations, labeled in vivo and in vitro, were hybridized to, filterbound homologous and heterologous DNA. The transcription of homologous (frog) repetitive DNA into nuclear RNA decreases qualitatively during development while the transcription of heterologous (minnow, human) repetitive DNA into nuclear RNA remains relatively constant qualitatively. The diversity of homologous repetitive mRNA increases during development, but there is only a slight change in the diversity of heterologous repetitive mRNA transcripts. There is a marked restriction of transport of the heterologous RNA sequences to the cytoplasm at a later stage of development.
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    Development genes and evolution 191 (1982), S. 69-83 
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    Keywords: Body asymmetry ; Maternal inheritance ; Cleavage pattern ; Timing of gene action ; Gastropod
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    Notes: Summary The genetics of body asymmetry inLymnaea peregra follows a maternal mode of inheritance involving a single locus with dextrality being dominant to sinistrality. Maternal inheritance implies that all members of a brood have the same phenotype, however, some broods contain a few individuals of opposite coil. One purpose of this paper is to explain the origin of these anomalous individuals. Genetic analyses of sinistral broods with a few dextral individuals have led to the development of a cross-over model, with the anomalous dextrals originating as a consequence of crossing over either during meiosis or mitosis in the female germ line. The crossover either reconstitutes the dextral gene from previously dissociated parts, or creates a dextral gene by means of a position effect. The probability of a crossover event depends upon the appropriate combination of complementary sinistral chromosomes. Each crossover event has the potential of creating a unique dextral gene. Genetic analyses of dextral broods containing a few sinistral individuals have demonstrated that different dextral genes vary in penetrance. The dextral gene produces a product during oogenesis which influences the pattern of cleavage in the embryo; this cleavage pattern is translated into the appropriate body asymmetry. The other purpose of this paper is to provide an assay for this gene product. Cytoplasm from dextral eggs injected into uncleaved sinistral eggs causes these eggs to cleave in a dextral pattern. Cytoplasm from sinistral eggs has no effect on the cleavage pattern of dextral eggs. While the dextral gene product is made during oogenesis, it does not function in controlling cleavage until just before this process begins.
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  • 76
    ISSN: 1432-041X
    Keywords: Helix aspersa ; Gonadal Extract ; Protein Study ; Dosage ; Electrophoresis
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    Notes: Summary The total soluble protein content in crude extracts of gonads ofHelix aspersa Müller from different stages of its life cycle was quantified and then resolved into different protein fractions using polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. It was found that both the protein content and wet weight of the gonads increased during growth but decreased markedly during the copulation and egg-laying phases. Electrophoretic analysis of the extracts from different stages revealed that additional fractions progressively appeared and that in adults, the number and comcentration of the bands changed in response to physiological conditions (activity, copulation, egg-laying or hibernation) so that the maximum number of 27 fractions was observed during the active phase. We have attempted to correlate these biochemical observations with previously published descriptions of histological changes that occur during the development of the gonad.
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  • 77
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    Development genes and evolution 191 (1982), S. 103-111 
    ISSN: 1432-041X
    Keywords: Drosophila ; Polytene Chromosomes ; Ecdysteroids ; Fat Body
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    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Summary Changes in polytene chromosome 3 L puffing patterns in the fat body ofDrosophila melanogaster larvae and prepupae are compared to those in the salivary gland. While some general features are common to the two tissues, there are differences which reflect their different developmental roles. In vitro experiments with fat body chromosomes show that they have a distinct response to ecdysteroids which is different from that of salivary gland chromosomes, and which does not,in this culture system, reproduce the changes observed in normal development. In short term culture experiments, the fat body chromosomes appear more sensitive to ecdysteroids than the salivary gland chromosomes and, although 20-OH ecdysone is more active than ecdysone in these assays, the possibility is not excluded that ecdysone has a role in normal development as it appears to alter gene activity at physiological levels in these cells.
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  • 78
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    Development genes and evolution 191 (1982), S. 134-136 
    ISSN: 1432-041X
    Keywords: Leafhopper egg ; Deformation of egg shape ; Pattern formation
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    Notes: Summary The egg of the leafhopperEuscelis plebejus was deformed by involuting both egg poles in longitudinal direction until the egg poles touched inside the egg. Even under those conditions a complete germ band with normal sequence of segments may be formed.
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  • 79
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    Development genes and evolution 191 (1982), S. 143-148 
    ISSN: 1432-041X
    Keywords: Amphibia ; Junctions ; Interaction ; Development ; Freeze fracture
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    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Summary Using freeze-fracture electron microscopy and fluorescent dye injection we have analysed the contacts between cells of the deeper endoderm taken from neurulae ofXenopus laevis. Endodermal cells in situ have large 1.5 μm diameter gap junctions composed of 8 nm P-face particles and corresponding E-face pits. Beside gap junctions, particle aggregates typical of desmosomal plaques are present but there are no tight junctions. The dissociation of endoderm into single cells involves profound structural alterations in the surface membrane including the complete disappearance of junctional structures among them gap junctions. The reaggregation of endoderm cells leads to the restoration of the surface membrane IMP (Intra Membrane Particle) pattern and, after ca. 30 min, to the establishment of functional pathways allowing for the intercellular transfer of fluorescent dye. Concomitantly gap junctions reappear. The observation that the dissociation and reaggregation of endodermal cells involves IMP alterations which go beyond the cell junctions themselves is discussed as an adaptation of the plasma membrane to changing environmental conditions.
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  • 80
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    Development genes and evolution 191 (1982), S. 19-27 
    ISSN: 1432-041X
    Keywords: Triturus alpestris embryos ; Melanophores ; Xanthophores ; Subepidermal distribution
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    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Summary The subepidermal distribution of xanthophores and melanophores is investigated in embryos ofTriturus alpestris with a uniform (stage 28+) and a banded melanophore pattern (stage 35/36). In ultrathin head and trunk sections from stage 35/36 embryos which externally show longitudinal dorsal and lateral melanophore bands in the trunk and less compact continuations of the dorsal bands in the head, xanthophores were discovered in addition to melanophores. Melanophores contain melanosomes while xanthophores which are not externally visible, are recognized by their pterinosomes. Both chromatophore cell types are mutually exclusively distributed on the epidermal basement membrane (bm). Mesenchymal cells seemed not to be able to replace them, except on the bm of the corneal epithelium where there were only mesenchymal cells. In head and trunk sections from stage 28+ embryos which externally show a distribution of uniformly scattered melanophores on the dorsolateral halves, melanophores were found on the dorsolateral neural crest migration route. No epidermal bm was present and xanthophores were undetectable. In ventrolateral and ventral portions of embryos of both stages no chromatophores occurred. This investigation defines the histological localization of melanophores and xanthophores in embryos with a typical uniform and banded melanophore arrangement; a subsequent study analyzes when xanthophores appear and how they arrange with melanophores in alternating zones.
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    Development genes and evolution 191 (1982), S. 37-41 
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    Notes: Abstract Fluorescein isothiocyanate (FITC) may prove to be a useful short-term cell lineage marker in the early mouse embryo. Blastomeres and embryos are labelled by a 10 min exposure to 0.5 mg/ml FITC in ungassed medium 16 containing 2 mg/ml polyvinylpyrrolidone. FITC-labelled embryos divide at rates comparable with control non-labelled embryos, undergo polarization and cell flattening at compaction at the 8-cell stage, generate distinct inner and outer cell populations at the 16-cell stage and form blastocysts with both ICM and trophectodermal tissues. The label is equally transmitted to all progeny of a labelled cell, is stable in the cells for several days and is not transferred to neighboring non-labelled cells via gap junctions. The fluorescent labelling observed is predominantly cytoplasmic and may reflect an unusual permeability of embryonic plasma membranes
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  • 82
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    Development genes and evolution 191 (1982), S. 56-63 
    ISSN: 1432-041X
    Keywords: Developmental Field ; Inhibitory Gradient ; Hydrozoa ; Stolon Development
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Summary An inhibitory field which emanates from the mobile tips of elongating stolons of colonial hydroids has been identified and analyzed. It extends proximally with decreasing intensity for about 400–700 μm and ensures that branching sites occur at appropriate distances along the stolon. The local strengths of inhibition within the field have been measured with a new method which permits high temporal and spatial resolution. Kinetic studies reveal three characteristics. First, inhibition decays rather rapidly after removal of its source. The half life is about 30 min. Second, loss of inhibition immediately triggers initiation of future tip formation. Third, restoration and spreading of inhibition are slow processes which take 8–24 h to recover 90% of the original inhibitory levels.
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  • 83
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    Development genes and evolution 191 (1982), S. 42-55 
    ISSN: 1432-041X
    Keywords: Clonal analysis ; Growth ; Cell lineage ; Genital disc ; Drosophila
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    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Summary InDrosophila, the terminalia (i.e. internal and external analia and genitalia, except the gonads) are formed by the genital disc. Comparative studies suggested that this disc may have evolved through fusion of the imaginal primordia of the last 3 or 4 abdominal segments. The present report describes the clonal relationships within the complex genital disc. Genetically marked cell clones were induced in male and female embryos and larvae heterozygous for cell marker mutations. 1) Frequencies and sizes of clones suggest that the embryonic disc anlage consists of 14–17 precursor cells: 4–6 for the analia, some 7 for the male genitalia, and 3–4 for the female genitalia. These cells grow exponentially during larval development. 2) In both sexes, the clones were confined to either analia or genitalia, suggesting two separate cell lineages already established at blastoderm. 3) Internal and external genitalia remain in the same compartment at least up to 60 h (end of first instar). 4) A clonal restriction appeared around 84 h (mid second instar), separating a dorsal from a ventral part in the male genitalia. The ventral compartment comprises the ventral part of the lateral plate and clasper, hypandrium, and all internal genitalia. No such boundary was detected in the female. 5) In the female, analia and parovaria originate from the same precursors; another cell lineage forms eighth tergites, vaginal plates, oviduct, receptacle, and spermathecae. 6) In female analia, dorsal and ventral plate share common precursors at least up to 84 h. A medio-lateral boundary may appear at 84 h in the ventral anal plate. No clonal restriction was found in the male analia. 7) At all times, clones could cross between left and right sides of the symmetrical terminalia; they consistently did so via ventral structures. 8) The results are discussed in a phylogenetic context, and we propose that the clonal relations reflect the evolution of the complex genital disc.
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  • 84
    ISSN: 1432-041X
    Keywords: Polychaete ; Annelid ; Gametogenesis ; Sex determination ; Gonad differentiation
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    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Summary The prostomium alone or the prostomium and proventriculus of reproductiveTyposyllis pulchra were periodically removed at known stages of oogenesis and the gametes were examined by transmission electron microscopy. If the proventriculus and prostomium were simultaneously removed prior to day 3 of the stolonization sequence, before gonial differentiation, the time reruired for stolon formation and concomitant gametogenesis was shortened; the animals, all of which had previously reproduced as females, produced only ultrastructurally normal sperm. Spermatogenesis in these induced males began earlier in the stolonization period than in normal males. However, the cytological events of spermatogenesis were not accelerated. When the same operation was performed after differentiated oocytes were present, gamete cytodifferentiation and development time did not appear to be affected and the animals remained female. Removal of the prostomium alone, formerly thought to have no effect, caused high mortality and if removed prior to day 3 appeared to prevent both stolonization and gametogenesis. Ultrastructural investigation of these animals shows that gonads are maintained, but that gonial cells fail to differentiate or produce gametes. The subsequent removal of the proventriculus and regenerating prostomium from these animals allows them to mature as induced males. This suggests a prostomial role in regulating the endocrine activity of the proventriculus during the reproductive cycle.
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  • 85
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    Development genes and evolution 191 (1982), S. 95-102 
    ISSN: 1432-041X
    Keywords: Mitotic gradients ; Yolk movements ; Insect embryo ; Morphogenetic movements
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    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Summary Fifteen movements of egg ooplasm occur prior to the formation of the embryo of the beetle,Callosobruchus maculatus. These movements are associated with nuclear division taking place before formation of the embryo. Yolk globules exhibit a coordinated pattern of saltation and quiescence with these movements. The significance of this yolk activity for the movement of nuclei within the yolk mass is discussed. During the syncytial blastoderm stage the surface of the egg is infolded around the surface nuclei. Nuclear division during this period appears to produce localized stretching of the surface which in turn results in a “yolk contraction”. Division is parasynchronous and patterned with a wave of anaphase configurations spreading across the egg. The significance of such “mitotic gradients” to patterning of insect segments is discussed.
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  • 86
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    Development genes and evolution 191 (1982), S. 137-142 
    ISSN: 1432-041X
    Keywords: Regeneration ; Moulting ; Chemotactile Sensillum ; Arachnida ; Gluvia
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    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Summary The hair regeneration of a chemotactile sensillum was studied in the sunspiderGluvia during moulting. The sensilla in the old cuticle remain connected to the epidermis by dendrites which extend outwards during apolysis. The trichogen cells forming the new hairshaft in the exuvial space grow along the chemoreceptive dendrites, while the mechanoreceptive dendrites run separately. Morphogenetic aspects are discussed in comparison to results from other arthropods.
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    Development genes and evolution 191 (1982), S. 159-162 
    ISSN: 1432-041X
    Keywords: Vitellogenin ; Hemagglutinin properties ; Yolk formation ; Insects ; Development
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    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Summary The sugar binding properties of 2 important vitellogenic proteins in Colorado beetle hemolymph were demonstrated by hemagglutination and precipitation experiments. The agglutination of human red blood cells by the hemolymph of reproducing females was observed up to a hemolymph dilution of 1/256, irrespective of the blood-group. It increased significantly after trypsinization of the crythrocytes. Vitellogenin 1 was identified as the hemagglutinin. Hemagglutination and hemagglutination inhibition tests showed that this protein has a low affinity for hexosamines and a higher affinity for sulfated polysaccharides. Precipitation tests demonstrated that besides vitellogenin, another major yolk protein, chromoprotein 2, reacts with sulfated polysaccharides. The possibility that there is a specific reaction of the vitellogenic proteins with well defined saccharides on the oocyte surface is discussed. This lectintype reaction may explain the selectivity of yolk precursor endocytosis.
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  • 88
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    Development genes and evolution 191 (1982), S. 176-184 
    ISSN: 1432-041X
    Keywords: Trout ; Optic nerve ; Myelination ; Glial cells
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    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Summary The development of the trout optic nerve is quantitatively described from early ontogenesis into adulthood. The nerve is oval in cross section until stage 34, thereafter the formation of vertically aligned parallel folds can be observed and thus the unique shape of a folded ribbon is gradually attained. Quantitative measurements revealed a linear increase in cross sectional area, caused in part by the formation of new folds and in part by an increase in size of the preexisting ones. We attribute the continuous expansion of individual folds to an increase in fiber size subsequent to myelination rather than to the addition of new fibers. The total number of glial cells increased concomitantly per fold. Myelinogenesis starst at stage 33 with the ensheathement of axons beginning at the dorsal edge of the primary fold and follows a highly ordered pattern throughout development, strictly succeeding neural outgrowth. The functional significance of this pattern is discussed.
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  • 89
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    Development genes and evolution 191 (1982), S. 169-175 
    ISSN: 1432-041X
    Keywords: Volvox Development ; Glycoproteins ; Glycosylation ; Tunicamycin
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    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Summary The involvement of protein glycosylation in regulation of the development of the multicellular green alga,Volvox carteri, was studied using the antibiotic, tunicamycin. Three specific developmental processes were found to be affected by the antibiotic: reproductive cell maturation; establishment of polar cellular organization during embryogenesis and release of progeny spheroids from the parental spheroids. Tunicamycin inhibited the transfer of GlcNAc-1-phosphate to dolichyl phosphate which is catalyzed byVolvox membrane preparations. Changes in the glycosylation of several secreted and cellular glycoproteins were observed when proteins were labelled with radioactive amino acids and sugars in the absence and presence of tunicamycin and then electrophoresed on sodium dodecylsulfate-polyacrylamide slab gels. The levels of a few secreted proteins were reduced in tunicamycin treated cultures and one protein band appeared exclusively in the treated cells. Tunicamycin treatment also altered the electrophoretic mobility of radio-iodinated surface macromolecules. Binding of concanavalin A by tunicamycin treatedVolvox spheroids was drastically reduced. It is there-fore likely that the aberrant development results from inhibition of protein glycosylation and the consequent changes in the structure of the cellular, secreted and surface glycoproteins.
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  • 90
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    Development genes and evolution 191 (1982), S. 191-201 
    ISSN: 1432-041X
    Keywords: Neurogenic mutants ; Maternal effects ; Drosophila
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    Notes: Summary The size of the neurogenic region ofDrosophila melanogaster is under the control of several genes of zygotic expression. Lack of function from any of those genes produces an increase of the size of the neurogenic region at the expense of the epidermal anlage. However, differences exist in the extent of neuralisation achieved by each of the genetic loci upon mutation. The present results show that in the case ofN andmam phenotype differences are due to different contributions of maternal gene expression. This could be shown by studying the phenotype which appeared in mutant embryos when the oocytes developed from homozygous mutant precursor cells. Clones of mutant cells were induced in the germ line of females heterozygous for the neurogenic mutationin trans over germ line dependent, dominant female sterile mutations. After removing maternal information the phenotype ofN andmam mutants became identical in both cases. Furthermore maternal information fromN + was found to be necessary for viability of the wildtype.
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  • 91
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    Development genes and evolution 191 (1982), S. 205-207 
    ISSN: 1432-041X
    Keywords: Chitin inhibition ; Nikkomycin ; Cuticle ; Electron microscopy ; Epilachna varivestis
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Summary The nucleoside antibiotic nikkomycin has proved to be an effective inhibitor of chitin synthesis in the Mexican bean beetleEpilachna varivestis. Ultrastructural investigations show defects in the procuticular area after nikkomycin application which suggest the complete absence of chitin. A cuticle like this is inflexible and too brittle to satisfy its normal function as an exoskeleton. The individuals are not able to free themselves from the exuvia and finally die. Therefore nikkomycin seems to be a potential insecticide with high specifity.
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  • 92
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    Development genes and evolution 191 (1982), S. 215-221 
    ISSN: 1432-041X
    Keywords: Axolotl oocyte ; Meiotic maturation ; Grey crescent ; Cycloheximide ; activation
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    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Summary The effects of cycloheximide (CH) on grey crescent formation in artificially maturedAmbystoma mexicanum oocytes were determined. CH induced grey crescent formation after a few hours, especially after a 45° to 90° rotation from the vertical animal-vegetal axis. With low concentrations of CH (about 0.5 ng/oocyte), meiosis was still able to proceed normally to the stable second metaphase stage, but higher concentrations blocked it after 1st polar body extrusion and an interphasic nucleus appeared. Such effects were compared to those of inactone, an analogue of cycloheximide, which as a pure substance does not inhibit protein synthesis, but still contained a small amount of CH in the available samples. It is concluded that grey crescent formation can occur in non-activated oocytes. The effects of cycloheximide might be due to partial inhibition of protein synthesis and the presence of a proteinic inhibitor of the symmetry reaction in the normal oocyte is suggested.
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  • 93
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    Insectes sociaux 29 (1982), S. 3-14 
    ISSN: 1420-9098
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    Topics: Biology
    Description / Table of Contents: Resume Les durées du stade-œuf, des stades larvaires et du stade nymphal ont été mesurées chez la GuêpeParischnogaster mellyi dont la durée moyenne de développement est d'environ 53 jours. Les mesures de largeur de tête laissent penser qu'il y a seulement 3 ou 4 stades larvaires. Les œufs sont déposés dans la cellule au moyen des pièces buccales. La sécrétion blanche qui accompagne les œufs et les jeunes larves de Sténogastrine provient de l'extrémité du gaster. La glande de Dufour est peut-être la source de cette sécrétion. Nous avons observé que le nombre de mâles est en corrélation positive avec la quantité de couvain. Une proportion importante de couvain a disparu, apparemment surtout à cause du cannibalisme des membres de la colonie. Le nombre maximum d'œufs et de larves dont peut s'occuper une femelle est de 8 ou 9.
    Notes: Summary The duration of the egg, larval and pupal stages ofParischnogaster mellyi was established and the mean duration for the whole developmental sequence was found to be about 53 days. Evidence from larval head-widths suggested the presence of only 3 or 4 larval instars. Eggs were observed to be placed in the cell with the mouthparts. The unique white secretion which accompanies stenogastrine eggs and young larvae was observed to be produced from the tip of the gaster. The Dufour's gland is proposed as a possible source of the secretion. The number of males per nest was found to be positively correlated with brood size. A considerable proportion of the brood (84 %) was lost, the majority apparently through cannibalism by colony members. The maximum number of eggs+larvae that a single female could look after was found to be 8 or 9.
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    Insectes sociaux 29 (1982), S. 124-124 
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    Insectes sociaux 29 (1982), S. 138-147 
    ISSN: 1420-9098
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    Description / Table of Contents: Zusammenfassung Ameisennesterverlegung wurde in einem Laubwald in den östlichen Vereinigten Staaten studiert. Nester wurden durch Tuna Köder lokalisiert und alle 2–3 Wochen auf die anhaltende Bewodung oder Verlassen von den Kolonien geprüft. Halbwertzeite der Nest für 4 Arten wurden berechnet und zeigten Veränderungen von 12,9 Tagen fürTapinoma sessile zu 89,9 Tagen fürFormica subsericea. Auswanderungsentfernungen der sich fortbewegenden Kolonien wurden gemessen. Jede der beobachteten Arten im Wald zeigten kürzere Auswander ungsentfernungen als ihre durchschnittliche furagierenden Entfernungen. Andere Forscher haben auch Kolonieverlegungen anderer Ameisenarten geprüft und diese Beobachtungen wurden auf die gesamte Verhaltungswichtigkeit geprüft. Es ergab sich, daß die Bewegung der Ameisenkolonien eine übliche Erscheinung ist, die öfters in Gattungen auftritt, die eine Mannigfaltigkeit von taxonomischen Gruppen in sehr verschiedenen Standorten darstellen.
    Notes: Summary Ant nest relocation was studied in a decidous forest in the eastern U.S. Nests were located by tuna baiting and were re-checked every 2–3 weeks for continued occupation or desertion by the colonies. Nest half lives for four species were calculated and varied from 12.9 days forTapinoma sessile to 89.9 days forFormica subsericea. Emigration distances were measured when colonies were observed moving. For the forest-dwelling species examined, emigration distances appeared to be shorter than the average foraging distances. Colony movements by other ant species have been noted by other investigators, and these observations were reviewed to assess the overal importance of the behavior. It was found that ant colony movement is a common phenomenon that frequently occurs in species that represent a variety of taxonomic groups and in a wide range of habitats.
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    Insectes sociaux 29 (1982), S. 125-137 
    ISSN: 1420-9098
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    Description / Table of Contents: Resume Les interactions entre individus du même nid et les différences de comportement entre les castes ont été étudiées dans de jeunes colonies artificielles deLasioglossum zephyrum. Les ouvrières évitent ou quittent les contacts avec les reines plus souvent qu'elles n'évitent les contacts avec d'autres ouvrières. Les reines se tiennent en des lieux où elles peuvent influencer le comportement des autres individus du nid plus fréquemment que ne le font les ouvrières. En outre, les reines font plus souvent des visites brèves aux cellules que les ouvrières. Ces comportements peuvent suggérer que les ouvrières évitent la reine pour réduire la fréquence des contacts avec elle. La forte tendance de la reine de se placer à des endroits où elle peut fortement influencer le comportement des individus du même nid peut être une manifestation de son rôle de coordination des activités des ouvrières. Les visites aux cellules, fréquentes mais brèves, peuvent renseigner la reine sur l'état actuel de chaque cellule. Par suite, il est possible qu'elle utilise ces informations pour modifier le comportement des ouvrières.
    Notes: Summary Nestmate interactions and caste differences in behavior were studied in young, artificial colonies ofLasioglossum zephyrum. Workers avoided or withdrew from interactions with queens more often than from interactions with other workers. Queens sat in locations where they can potentially influence the behavior of nestmates more frequently than did workers. Queens also made more brief visits to cells than did workers. It is hypothesized that workers avoid the queen in order to reduce the frequency of being nudged by her. The queen's tendency to sit in locations where the potential for influencing nestmate behavior is high may be a manifestation of her role as a coordinator of worker activities. Frequent but brief visits to cells may provide the queen with up-todate information on the statuts of each. Later, she may use this information to modify her influence on worker behavior.
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  • 97
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    Topics: Biology
    Description / Table of Contents: Zusammenfassung Ein Vergleichsversuch mit Gruppen meist kurzflügliger Nymphen vonCryptotermes brevis, die entweder aus Amerika oder Australien stammten, ergab signifikante Unterschiede in der Bildung von Ersatzgeschlechstieren in Abhängigkeit von Herkunft der Termiten, Gruppenzusammensetzung und/oder Haltungsbedingungen (insbesondere der Holzdarbietung). Die Unterschiede zeigten sich hauptsächlich in der Zeit, die benötigt wurde, auf Verwaisung zu reagieren. Australische Gruppen bildeten mehr überzählige Neotene als solche aus Amerika, letztere erlitten jedoch grössere Verluste an Nymphen in der Phase der Bildung von Ersatzgeschlechtstieren. In beiden Gruppen überlebte zum Schluss eine etwa gleich grosse Anzahl von Nymphen (neben einem neotenen Paar), jedoch unterschied sich für beide der Mechanismus, mit dem die Zahlen reguliert wurden. Offenbar erlaubten die australischen Gruppen einen höheren Ausdruck des Neotenen-Potentials und die Bestandsregulierung (über das Töten überzähliger Ersatzgeschlechtstiere) setze einnachdem sich die Nymphen in Neotene gehäutet hatten. In amerikanischen Gruppen erfolgte die Bestandsregulierung (durch Abtöten sich differenzierender Nymphen)bevor die Nymphen sich häuteten. Offenbar konnte keine der beiden Gruppen Nymphen davor hindern, überhaupt zu Neotenen determiniert zu werden. Erfolg oder Misserfolg von Haltungsbedingungen und Gruppenzusammensetzung die Erfordernisse für verschiedene Termitenarten zu bieten, unter denen die Kontrollmechanismen voll wirksam werden, mit denen die Zahl der Hätungen in Neotene so niedrig wie möglich gehalten wird, beeinflussen deutlich das Ergebnis solcher Versuche. Vergleiche zwischen Arten sind mit Vorsicht zu ziehen.
    Notes: Summary A comparative experiment with groups of mostly brachypterous nymphs ofCryptotermes brevis, originating either in America or Australia, revealed significant differences in neotenic production attributable to termite source, group composition, and/or maintenance conditions (especially those involving timber presentation). The differences were mainly in the time required to respond to being orphaned. Australian groups produced more supernumerary neotenics than American ones, but the latter suffered a higher nymphal mortality during the phase of neotenic production. In both groups approximately the same number of surviving nymphs (plus the neotenic pair) resulted, but the mechanisms for regulating the numbers were different in the two. Apparently the Australian groups allowed a higher expression of the neotenic potential, and regulation (via the killing of supernumary neotenics) occurredafter the nymphs had moulted into neotenics. In American groups, regulation (through the killing of differentiating nymphs occurredbefore the nymphs underwent ecdysis. Neither of the groups apparently could prevent nymphs from becoming determined toward neotenics. The success or failure of maintenance conditions and group composition in simulating the requirements of different termite species for effective operation of the control mechanisms to keep the number of termites moulting into neotenics as low as possible, clearly influences the outcome of such experiments and dictates caution in making species comparisons.
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  • 98
    ISSN: 1420-9098
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Description / Table of Contents: Resume Le comportement individuel des ouvrières participant à la construction et l'approvisionnement des cellules à couvain ont été étudiés dans des colonies deMelipona favosa favosa (F.). Nous avons trouvé une forte relation entre la construction d'une cellule à couvain et l'approvisionnement massif de cette cellule en nourriture pour les larves: les constructrices les plus actives d'une cellule à couvain étaient aussi les approvisionneuses les plus importantes de cette cellule. Toutes les abeilles participant à l'approvisionnement d'une cellule (5–8 individus) avaient participé auparavant à la construction de cette cellule. A côté des abeilles constructrices-approvisionneuses, d'autres ouvrières sont exclusivement constructrices. Les ouvrières constructrices-approvisionneuses se caractérisent par une activité de construction plus importante et par une augmentation importante de leur activité de construction au cours des derniers stades de construction. Nous rapportons quelques aspects généraux de l'approvisionnement, de l'oviposition et du comportement de la reine et des ouvrières.
    Notes: Summary The behaviour of individual workers participating in the construction and provisioning of brood cells was studied in colonies ofMelipona favosa favosa (F.). A strong linkage at the individual level was found between the building of a brood cell and the subsequent mass-provisioning of this cell with larval food: the most active builders of a brood cell were also the most important provisioners of that cell. All bees that participated in the provisioning of a cell (5–8 individuals) had previously worked on construction of that cell. In addition to the building-provisioning bees, other workers were exclusively building workers. The building-provisioning workers, however, are characterized by their distinctly higher individual building activity and by the fact that they increase their building activity considerably in the final stages of construction. Some general aspects of the provisioning and oviposition process and the behaviour of queen and workers are mentioned.
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  • 99
    ISSN: 1420-9098
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Description / Table of Contents: Zusammenfassung O.W. Richards hat in letzter Zeit eine exocrine Drüse entdeckt, deren Offnung sich am fünften (Penultimal) Sterniten von Weibchen befindet. Diese Insekten gehören zu einer ganzen Zahl von Polybiine Wespen Arten. Wir beschreiben hier die Morphologie einer Drüse, bestimmt durch Licht-Microscopie, in vier Arten vonPolybia. Die Drüsenzellen haben individuelle Offnungen an der Oberfläche des Sterniten, wo ihre Absonderung in einem von der intersegmentalen Membrane Behälter aufgehoben wird. Die Anderungen in der sternalen Cuticula, wo sich die Drüsenöffnung befindet, wurden in 12Polybia Arten mit dem Elektronen-mikroskop untersucht. Wir fanden 2 Typen von Anderungen: bei 5 Arten öffnet sich die Drüse in eine transverse Rinne, und bei 7 Arten bildet die Cuticula aufrechte Schuppen. Es hat den Anschein daß Drüsen dort grösser sind wo Rinnen vorkommen, obwohl das Insekt an sich nicht grösser ist.
    Notes: Summary O.W. Richards recently discovered an exocrine gland that opens on the fifth (penultimate) sternite of females of many species of polybiine wasps. Recent experimental evidence indicates that this gland produces the trail pheromone used to guide the swarm during emigration to a new nest site. In the present paper we describe the morphology of the gland in four species ofPolybia as seen using light microscopy. The gland cells open via individual ducts onto the surface near the anterior margin of the sternite, where their secretion is evidently stored in a reservoir formed by the intersegmental membrane. The modifications of the sternal cuticle associated with the gland opening, which we examined in 12Polybia species using scanning electron microscopy, are of two types: in five species the gland opens into a transverse groove, while in the other seven the cuticle is raised into erect scales. There is some evidence that the groove type is correlated with larger gland size; there is only a poor correlation with larger body size.
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  • 100
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Insectes sociaux 29 (1982), S. 352-357 
    ISSN: 1420-9098
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Description / Table of Contents: Summary In order to study the effect of early relations between foundresses ofPolistes gallicus on the formation of polygynic associations, associations obtained in two situations were compared: - between former nestmates taken out of the same hibernation group; - between unrelated wasps which have had no prior contact. The numbers of associations observed in both cases were not significantly different. Apparently, the tendency to associate is not influenced by the early experience of foundresses. In the field, the closeness of foundresses relatedness would result from a tendency to return to the home site rather than a discrimination of nestmates or hibernation mates.
    Notes: Resume Pour éprouver l'effet de la mise en contact précoce et prolongée de fondatrices potentielles dePolistes gallicus sur la formation des associations de fondation, on compare les associations obtenues dans deux situations: - d'une part entre guêpes nées sur un même nid et ayant hiverné ensemble; - d'autre part, entre guêpes ne s'étant jamais recontrées. Les nombres d'associations observés dans les deux cas ne sont pas significativement différents. On peut en conclure à l'indépendance de l'expérience précoce des guêpes et du mode de formation des associations de fondation. Dans la nature, le haut degré de parenté entre guêpes associées résulterait d'un phénomène de retour sur les lieux de naissance plutôt que d'une discrimination des compagnes de nid ou d'hivernage.
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