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  • Articles  (456)
  • Ultrastructure  (348)
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  • Springer  (456)
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  • 1
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Ultrastructure of differentiating preameloblasts from tooth germs of the permanent dentition ofMacaca mulatta andMacaca arctoides (1981)
    Springer
    Calcified tissue international 33 (1981), S. 603-618 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0827
    Keywords: Preameloblasts ; Tooth germs ; Monkey ; Enamel ; Ultrastructure
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine , Physics
    Notes: Summary Cytodifferentiation of inner enamel epithelium and the adjacent connective tissue from the tip of the cervical loop to the initiation of enamel elaboration in twoMacaca species was examined. Ten- to twelve-month-old specimens were fixed by perfusion and the permanent tooth buds were prepared for transmission electron microscopy. At the cervical loop proper, inner enamel epithelium cells have lobed nuclei, a paucity of cytoplasm, and wide extracellular spaces; the basal lamina facing the dental papilla is straight. With increasing distance from the tip of the cervical loop, the following changes occur gradually: (a) preameloblasts elongate from 15 to 45 µm, and their organelles, particularly mitochondria and profiles of rough endoplasmic reticulum, become more numerous; (b) extracellular spaces decrease between preameloblasts starting at the basal (infranuclear) end; (c) the basement membrane becomes convoluted and associated with aperiodic fibers; (d) preodontoblast projections penetrate the aperiodic fibers; (e) collagen fibers subjacent to the basement membrane increase in density, with particularly thick fibers paralleling the aperiodic fibers. These modifications occur within three-fourths of the distance from the tip of the cervical loop to the mineralization front. The condensation of preodontoblasts is followed immediately by predentin synthesis. Concomitantly, the basement membrane breaks down and the aperiodic fibers are engulfed by preameloblasts. Preameloblast projections penetrate junctional predentin, contact mineralized dentin, and enamel synthesis ensues. At this stage the ameloblast is 45 µm long, the nucleus is central or basal, the Golgi apparatus has migrated apically, but the Tomes' process has not yet formed. The results indicate that odontogenesis inMacaca monkeys more closely resembles human odontogenesis than does that in the murine rodents.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02409498
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  • 2
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Ultrastructural localization of adenylate cyclase and cAMP phosphodiesterase in the gastrulating chick embryo (1983)
    Springer
    Development genes and evolution 192 (1983), S. 42-44 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-041X
    Keywords: Chick embryo ; Gastrulation ; Adenylate cyclase ; cAMP phosphodiesterase ; Ultrastructure
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Summary The ultrastructural localization of adenylate cyclase (E.C. 4.6.1.1.) and cAMP phosphodiesterase (PDE) (E.C. 3.1.4.17.) in the ectoderm of the developmental stage 4 chick embryo was studied. Adenylate cyclase was localized in the lateral surfaces of the ectodermal cells. In the primitive streak cells the enzymatic activity was observed on all the lateral surfaces, whereas in the periphery of the blastoderm the reaction product was localized in the apical parts of the lateral plasma membranes only. cAMP PDE localized in the apical cytoplasm of the ectodermal cells, with highest activity in the globular projections.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00848768
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  • 3
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Electron microscopical study of self-differentiation potency in the chick embryonic endoderm cultured in vitro (1983)
    Springer
    Development genes and evolution 192 (1983), S. 171-178 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-041X
    Keywords: Differentiation ; Digestive tract ; Endoderm ; Organ culture ; Ultrastructure
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Summary The self-differentiation potency of the endoderm of the chick embryo was investigated mainly by transmission electron microscopy. Endodermal fragments isolated from 4- to 6-day stomach or small intestine were cultured in the absence of mesenchyme and were able to differentiate in vitro into organ-specific epithelia. Endodermal fragments isolated from the stomach region differentiated into a pseudo-stratified epithelium with periodic acid Schiff-positive mucous granules in the apical cytoplasm, while those from the small intestinal region differentiated into a simple columnar epithelium with a striated border which was positive in alkaline phosphatase activity. These features are comparable with those of the mucous secretory epithelium of the normal embryonic stomach and the absorptive epithelium of normal embryonic small intestine, respectively. Next, the self-differentiation potencies were investigated of the upper and lower layers of the blastoderms, at stages 1–5 of Hamburger and Hamilton (H. and H.). Both stomach-type and small-intestine-type epithelia developed only when fragments of the lower layer isolated from the blastoderms older than stage 3 of H. and H. were cultured, suggesting that cells possessing the potency to differentiate into the stomach- and small-intestine-type epithelia exist in the definitive endoderm at the beginning of its formation.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00848687
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  • 4
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Migration and division of cleavage nuclei in the gall midge,Wachtliella persicariae (1980)
    Springer
    Development genes and evolution 188 (1980), S. 65-73 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-041X
    Keywords: Nuclear migration ; Cleavage ; Microtubules ; Ultrastructure ; Gall midge
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Summary In the eggs ofWachtliella persicariae the cleavage nuclei move relative to the surrounding ooplasm. This ‘active’ migration is caused by an organelle whose ultrastructure was studied throughout the mitotic cycle. It consists of a greatly enlarged polar cytaster derived from the mitotic apparatus, linked to the nucleus by 100 Å filaments. The microtubules of the cytaster were found only during periods of active nuclear migration, i.e., from the onset of anaphase to the early prophase of the next mitotic cycle. They are always solitary and follow the course of the astral rays, which are known to temporarily adhere to peripheral structures of the egg cell and to exert tractive forces. In contrast to the cytaster microtubules, the microtubules in the spindle are bundled and persist from early metaphase through late telophase. During ontogenesis the first migration cytaster is built up between 3 and 12 min after oviposition near the anterior egg pole, in the vicinity of the sperm nucleus. In non-inseminated eggs time lapse films show a migration cytaster to develop autonomously in a region free from nuclei, but it does not follow the normal path of the male pronucleus. In several cases the female pronucleus, which remains without a cytaster of its own, was observed to move to the cytaster generated in the absence of the male pronucleus. Whether or not it is adhering to a nucleus, the cytaster divides into two at the correct time, i.e, corresponding to the first cleavage division in fertilized eggs. In some non-inseminated eggs this type of ‘pseudocleavage’ has been observed to occur repeatedly, giving rise to an increasing number of anucleate cytasters.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00848611
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  • 5
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Morphogenesis in the embryo ofDrosophila melanogaster — Germ band extension (1980)
    Springer
    Development genes and evolution 188 (1980), S. 163-177 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-041X
    Keywords: Yolk sac ; Ultrastructure ; Embryogenesis ; Drosophila
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Summary Changes at the ultrastructural level during germ band extension in the embryo ofDrosophila melanogaster are described. Cytoplasmic connections between cells and the yolk sac are present during initial cellular movements. At this time, a continuous system of microfilaments is present adjacent to the membranes in the connections and at the periphery of the yolk sac. As germ band extension progresses, this system becomes discontinuous, and microfilaments are apparent only in the immediate vicinity of the connections. Cytoplasmic connections are disassembled at approximately the midpoint of extension; at the same time, extensive membrane associations develop between germ band cells and between these cells and adjacent yolk sac membranes. Positioning and orientation of cytoplasmic connections suggest that the yolk sac, via these connections, is actively involved in the cellular movements of early germ band extension.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00849045
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  • 6
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Ultrastructural localization and gradient of activity of alkaline phosphatase activity during rodent odontogenesis (1982)
    Springer
    Calcified tissue international 34 (1982), S. 273-279 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0827
    Keywords: Odontogenesis ; Ultrastructure ; Alkaline phosphatase
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine , Physics
    Notes: Summary The ultrastructural localization and gradient of activity of alkaline phosphatase were studied with respect to cell differentiation, matrix synthesis, and matrix mineralization in the incisor and molar teeth of 4-day-old Sprague-Dawley rats. The animals were perfused intracardially at room temperature with 2.5% glutaraldehyde in 0.1M sodium cacodylate (pH 7.4) with 3–4% sucrose. The jaws were dissected, immersion-fixed for 24 h, and the incisor and molar tooth germs removed. These were demineralized in 10% EDTA in NaOH (pH 7.4) with 7% sucrose. After reactivation of the enzyme with 0.1M MgCl in Tris-maleate buffer (pH 7.4) at 4°C, the teeth were incubated for alkaline phosphatase in a medium consisting of 6 ml 3% sodiumβ-glycerophosphate, 4 ml 0.2M Tris-HCl buffer (pH 9.2), 3 ml 1.6% MgSO4, 12 ml 0.5% lead citrate (pH⋍12), and 2.1 g sucrose. The pH was adjusted to 9.2 with 0.2M HCl, the volume made up to 30 ml, and the solution centrifuged for 10 min at 5000 rpm. Control teeth were incubated in medium minus the substrate. Finally, the specimens were routinely post-fixed and embedded for sectioning and examination with a Philips 300 electron microscope. A gradient of alkaline phosphatase activity was mapped along the developing teeth in the cells of the stratum intermedium, the proximal borders of the ameloblasts, the early dentine matrix, the predentine-dentine border, matrix vesicles, and the plasma membranes of odontoblasts and subodontoblast cells. The gradient of alkaline phosphatase activity was evident in the forming tooth from the cervical loop to the crown apex and was related to the cellular events, matrix synthesis, and matrix mineralization occurring during odontogenesis.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02411250
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  • 7
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Ultrastructural study of apatites in human urinary calculi (1980)
    Springer
    Calcified tissue international 31 (1980), S. 93-108 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0827
    Keywords: Calculus ; Ultrastructure ; Apatite ; Transmission ; Scanning
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine , Physics
    Notes: Summary Using transmission and scanning electron microscopy, we have studied the ultrastructure of a number of urinary calculi, mainly composed of calcium phosphate. Three fundamental kinds of calcium phosphates were detected: nonstoichiometric carbonate apatite, nonhexagonal octacalcium phosphate, and calcium-magnesium whitlockite. The influence that the organic matter, substitutions in the phosphate lattice of CO3 and Mg, and apatitic stoichiometry have on the ultrastructure of the calcium phosphate calculi has been detailed. An originating apatitic unity named U2 is assumed to be the responsible for all the different structures of calcium apatites appearing in renal calculi. On the basis of our observations, a mechanism whereby apatites grow is postulated; magnesium functions as an inhibitor for the growing mechanism.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02407170
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  • 8
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Ultrastructural localization of calcium in the mandibular condylar growth cartilage of the rat (1980)
    Springer
    Calcified tissue international 30 (1980), S. 27-34 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0827
    Keywords: Ultrastructure ; Calcium ; Cartilage ; Vesicles
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine , Physics
    Notes: Summary The potassium pyroantimonate technique was utilized for the selective subcellular localization of calcium in the mandibular condylar cartilage of 1-day-old rats. Electron dense calcium pyroantimonate precipitates were localized principally in mitochondria and at the cell membrane of the chondrocytes. In addition, small intracellular vesicles 0.1–0.2µm in diameter were observed in proximity to the cell membrane of chondrocytes of the mid-hypertrophic zone. The results suggest that these vesicles were being extruded from the cell into the extracellular matrix. Energy-dispersive analysis by X-rays confirmed that calcium is the principal cation of the electron-dense precipitates.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02408603
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  • 9
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Length and shape of enamel crystals (1984)
    Springer
    Calcified tissue international 36 (1984), S. 550-555 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0827
    Keywords: Enamel crystals ; Length ; Shape ; Apatite ; Ultrastructure
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine , Physics
    Notes: Summary An original method for fractionating and preparing isolated crystals of homogeneous size was developed. It was demonstrated that enamel apatite crystals are at least 100 µm long. The flexibility of the very long crystallites was demonstrated. Crystal curvatures, accounting for the irregular course of the prisms through the enamel thickness, were visualized and measured. It was shown that in the deep forming enamel layer, lateral branches may grow out of the crystals and crystal fusing often occurs, inducing the crystallites to assume pyramidal shapes with their wide bases pointing toward the dentino-enamel junction and one or two tops toward Tomes' processes. During the maturation process, the two tops of the still immature crystals also fuse so that the mature crystals acquire a rodlike aspect, with parallel faces and steplike graduations along thec axis, allowing a close contact between the crystals. These results support the hypothesis that the crystallites would be continuous from the dentino-enamel junction to the surface.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02405364
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  • 10
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Electron microscopy of avian osteopetrosis induced by retrovirus MAV.2-O (1982)
    Springer
    Calcified tissue international 34 (1982), S. 382-390 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0827
    Keywords: Avian osteopetrosis ; Avian oncornavirus ; Ultrastructure ; Calcification ; Bone cells
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine , Physics
    Notes: Summary Diaphyseal tibial bone of 12.5 – 13-day and 19-day-old embryos and 20-day-old hatched chicks infected with retrovirus MAV.2-O were examined by transmission electron microscopy. The viruses were associated with lining osteoblasts and osteocytes. Whereas the infection of the osteoblast layer seemed to be a transient stage, virus association with osteocytes was a constant and main ultrastructural feature. The viruses were found either in the osteoid or in the periosteocytic space of the bone lacunae. They arose from dense cytoplasmic areas located near the cell plasmalemma via a budding process. The newly budded virus particles often had a large tail or a fine stalk-like process lost in the extracellular space. The viruses underwent calcification by deposition of inorganic material and were incorporated in the bone trabeculae. No production of virus was observed in typical osteoclasts with well-differentiated ruffled borders. The viral-induced avian osteopetrosis seemed to result from increased bone deposition through stimulation of osteoblast and osteocyte activities, whereas osteoclastic bone resorption seemed to be undisturbed.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02411272
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  • 11
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    An electron microscopic study on the mating tube formation in the heterobasidiomycete Tremella mesenterica (1980)
    Springer
    Archives of microbiology 128 (1980), S. 215-221 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-072X
    Keywords: Mating tube ; Microtubule ; Tremella ; Ultrastructure ; Yeast
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Ultrastructure of the mating tube formed in yeast haplont of the heterobasidiomycete Tremella mesenterica was studied by electron microscopy. Cell wall of the mating tube emerged as evagination of the inner layers, rupturing outer layers of the mother cell wall. Comparison with budding cells suggested that the tube emergence place at bud scar and the process of tube emergence was the same as that of bud emergence. Electron transparent vesicles of 0.1 μm diameter were scattered in the cytoplasm of the mating tube. Nucleus-associated organelle was located at one side of the nuclear envelope which extended towards the mating tube. A few microtubules were detected in the mating tube, but their association with a nucleus was not clear. The cytoplasmic structure of the mating tube was discussed in comparison with that of hyphae of the filamentous fungi.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00406161
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  • 12
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Ultrastructural events and kinetics of microcyst germination in the myxomycete Didymium iridis (1981)
    Springer
    Archives of microbiology 128 (1981), S. 384-389 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-072X
    Keywords: Didymium iridis ; Microcyst ; Excystment ; Germination ; Ultrastructure ; Mycetozoa ; Myxomycetes ; Myxamoeba
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Microcysts of the myxomycete Didymium iridis were induced to excyst by transfer to 5mM potassium phosphate buffer. After 1 h in suspension, 90% of the microcysts had germinated into myxamoebae distinguishable by phase contrast microscopy and staining with Lugol's iodine. Both pH and osmolarity affected the kinetics of excystment. The rate and extent of excystment were decreased by cycloheximide but remained unaffected by actinomycin D, suggesting a requirement for protein synthesis but not RNA synthesis. Initially, the outer wall layers separated from the inner layer, which gradually expanded and loosened. The protoplast rehydrated and reverted to a vegetative morphology. Excysting cells were characterized by nucleolar inclusions, changes in the nuclear envelope and plasma membrane, appearance of ringed cisternal elements and microbodies in the cytoplasm, and formation of a densely fibrous zone adjacent to the site of emergence. Excysting populations have been classified into characteristic stages: mature, initiated, swollen, and pre-emergent microcysts.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00405917
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  • 13
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Ultrastructure of the cyanobacterium,Mastigocladus laminosus (1982)
    Springer
    Archives of microbiology 133 (1982), S. 11-19 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-072X
    Keywords: Cyanobacteria ; Ultrastructure ; Mastigocladus laminosus ; Fischerella ; True branching
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract The morphology and ultrastructure of the thermophilic cyanobacteriumMastigocladus laminosus were examined by scanning and transmission electron microscopy. Mature cultures consisted of relatively old, wide filaments that branched frequently to form younger, thinner filaments. The cells of the younger filaments had a consistently cylindrical morphology, while those of older filaments were rounded and pleomorphic. The internal ultrastructure of the cells depended somewhat on their age. As young cells became larger and wider, their thylakoids underwent slight rearrangement and spread out toward the center of the cytoplasm. Polyphosphate bodies, carboxysomes (polyhedral bodies), and lipid-body-like structures increased in number as the cells aged, but ribosomes and cyanophycin granules were depleted. Cell division involved septum formation followed by ingrowth of the outer membrane and sheath. Cells in older filaments were separated from each other by a complete layer of sheath material. Septum formation in older cells was also seen to occur parallel to the long axis of the filament, thereby confirming that true branching took place.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00943762
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  • 14
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Isolation and characterization of a new coccoid methanogen, Methanogenium tatii spec. nov. from a solfataric field on Mount Tatio (1984)
    Springer
    Archives of microbiology 137 (1984), S. 308-315 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-072X
    Keywords: Methanogenium tatii ; Ultrastructure ; Physiology ; Glycoproteins ; DNA-DNA Homology ; Taxonomy ; Archaebacteria
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract A new coccoid methanogen, Methanogenium tatii, was isolated and characterized. The mesophilic isolate can grow on and produce methane from H2:CO2 and formate. For growth acetate is strictly required. The cell shape, the G+C content of 54 mol% and DNA-DNA homology data suggest it to be a Methanogenium species.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00410727
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  • 15
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Fine structure of the knobby spore type of Streptomyces torulosus (1984)
    Springer
    Archives of microbiology 138 (1984), S. 229-232 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-072X
    Keywords: Actinomycetes ; Streptomyces torulosus ; Morphology ; Ultrastructure ; Verrucate spores ; Knobby ornamentation ; Sheath
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract The type strain of Streptomyces torulosus Lyons and Pridham (1971) was studied by scanning- and transmission electron microscope. Spore chains were formed in spirals by aerial mycelium. The spores were connected by nozzles in which small channels could be observed. The knobby ornamentations of the spores arised on a thin fibrous sheath, enveloping the spore chains. These irregular blunt projections, called knobs, had varying diameters of 100 to 250 nm. The base of the knob, consisting of globose to flattened electron dense material, was sitting directly on the sheath. It was covered by several small vesicles of the same material. Each hollow vesicle beared a thin bowlshaped shell of electron transparent material. In general, the cupular bowls and their supporting vesicles became easily depressed on their base, but not detached from the surface of the spores. This type of knobby spore ornamentation was suggested to be designated as a verrucate spore type.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00402126
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  • 16
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    The effects of nitrogen limitation on the ultrastructure of the cyanobacterium Agmenellum quadruplicatum (1981)
    Springer
    Archives of microbiology 130 (1981), S. 204-212 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-072X
    Keywords: Agmenellum quadruplicatum ; Nitrogen starvation ; Ultrastructure ; PATO poststain ; Cyanobacteria
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract The effects of nitrogen limitation on the ultrastructure of the unicellular cyanobacterium, Agmenellum quadruplicatum, were studied by thin sectioning transmission electron microscopy. Nitrogen became limiting for growth 14–15 h after transfer to nitrogen-limiting medium, but cultures retained full viability for at least 45 h. The c-phycocyanin: chlorophyll a ratio and cellular nitrogen content of the culture dropped rapidly after 14–15 h, as a progressive deterioration of major cell structures took place. Phycobilisomes were degraded first, followed by ribosomes and, then, thylakoid membranes. These structures were virtually depleted from the cells within 26 h. Intracellular polysaccharide accumulated in place of the normal cell structures throughout this period. Nitrogen limitation did not affect polyphosphate bodies, carboxysomes, lipid granules, the cell envelope, or the extra-cellular glycocalyx. All of the ultrastructural changes resulting from nitrogen limitation were reversed upon addition of nitrate to a starved culture. Most cell structures were restored within 3 h, and restoration was complete within 9 h.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00459520
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  • 17
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Arthrobacter P 1, a fast growing versatile methylotroph with amine oxidase as a key enzyme in the metabolism of methylated amines (1981)
    Springer
    Archives of microbiology 129 (1981), S. 72-80 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-072X
    Keywords: Arthrobacter ; Facultative methylotroph ; Amine oxidase ; Catalase ; RuMP cycle of formaldehyde fixation ; Ultrastructure
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract A facultative methylotrophic bacterium was isolated from enrichment cultures containing methylamine as the sole carbon source. It was tentatively identified as an Arthrobacter species. Extracts of cells grown on methylamine or ethylamine contained high levels of amine oxidase (E.C. 1.4.3.) activity. Glucose- or choline-grown cells lacked this enzyme. Oxidation of primary amines by the enzyme resulted in the formation of H2O2; as a consequence high levels of catalase were present in methylamine-and ethylamine-grown cells. The significance of catalase in vivo was demonstrated by addition of 20 mM aminotriazole (a catalase inhibitor) to exponentially growing cells. This completely blocked growth on methylamine whereas growth on glucose was hardly affected. Cytochemical studies showed that methylamine-dependent H2O2 production mainly occurred on invaginations of the cytoplasmic membrane. Assimilation of formaldehyde which is generated during methylamine oxidation was by the FBP variant of the RuMP cycle of formaldehyde fixation. The absence of NAD-dependent formaldehyde and formate dehydrogenases indicated the operation of a non-linear oxidation sequence for formal-dehyde via hexulose phosphate synthase. Enzyme profiles of the organism grown on various substrates suggested that the synthesis of amine oxidase, catalase and the enzymes of the RuMP cycle is not under coordinate control.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00417184
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  • 18
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    Changes of the cytoplasmic ultrastructure during development of sclerotia in Claviceps purpurea (Fr.) Tul. (1980)
    Springer
    Archives of microbiology 125 (1980), S. 251-257 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-072X
    Keywords: Claviceps purpurea ; Ultrastructure ; Development ; Sclerotium ; Oleosomes
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract The development of sclerotia of Claviceps purpurea was investigated by light and electron microscopy. During the first days after infection sterigma and conidiospores are formed. The spores show a moderately developed vacuolar system, they are thick walled and contain about 20% lipid (related to the cell volume) embedded in glycogen. The sterigma are cylindrical unicellular hyphae with electron dense cytoplasm and isolated strongly contrasted lipid droplets. In maturing sclerotia the hyphae become septated with increasingly thick cell walls and a large lipid content. The lipid forms small droplets in young cells, while in the mature sclerotium it occurs in the form of very large drops, occupying the major part of the cell. Simultaneously the composition of the lipid is changed. The mature cells have several nuclei. They are partially connected by osmiophilic substances, forming a network of intercellular spaces.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00446885
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  • 19
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    Membrane-bound nitrite oxidoreductase of Nitrobacter: evidence for a nitrate reductase system (1984)
    Springer
    Archives of microbiology 140 (1984), S. 153-158 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-072X
    Keywords: Nitrobacter hamburgensis ; Nitrite oxidoreductase ; Nitrate reductase ; Molybdenum iron-sulfur protein ; Ultrastructure
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Nitrite oxidoreductase, the essential enzyme complex of nitrite oxidizing membranes, was isolated from cells of the nitrifying bacterium Nitrobacter hamburgensis. The enzyme system was solubilized and purified in the presence of 0.25% sodium deoxycholate. Nitrite oxidoreductase oxidized nitrite to nitrate in the presence of ferricyanide. The pH optimum was 8.0, and the apparent K m value for nitrite amounted to 3.6 mM. With reduced methyl-and benzylviologen nitrite oxidoreductase exhibited nitrate reductase activity with an apparent K m value of 0.9 mM for nitrate. NADH was also a suitable electron donor for nitrate reduction. The pH optimum was 7.0. Treatment with SDS resulted in the dissociation into 3 subunits of 116,000, 65,000 and 32,000. The enzyme complex contained iron, molydbenum, sulfur and copper. A c-type cytochrome was present. Isolated nitrite oxidoreductase is a particle of 95±30 Å in diameter.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00454918
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    Ultrastructure of tuberculate spores in Streptomyces thermoviolaceus (1983)
    Springer
    Archives of microbiology 134 (1983), S. 295-298 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-072X
    Keywords: Actinomycetes ; Streptomyces thermoviolaceus ; Sporogenesis ; Spore ornamentation ; Cupular knobs ; Sheath ; Ultrastructure
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract The sporogenesis of aerial spores in Streptomyces thermoviolaceus corresponded to a common sporulation type in the genus. The sporulation septum was composed of an outer ring-shaped constriction wall and an inner interspace septum arising by the inwards growth of a double annulus. In mature spores the wall was composed of two layers, the outer one was part of the parent hyphal wall and septum material, the inner one was formed de novo. The spore chains were enclosed by the thin breakable sheath containing small rod-like elements. The ornamentation in the form of knobs, which were a characteristic feature of the species originated from the sheath. The knobs were hemispherical particles with an inner electron dense core and an outer electron transparent shell. The term “cupular knobs” was suggested for this type of tuberculate ornamentation. Frequently, the knobs became detached from the surface in which case the inner core separated easily from the shell.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00407805
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    Chroococcus S24 and Chroococcus N41 (cyanobacteria): morphological, biochemical and genetic characterization and effects of water stress on ultrastructure (1983)
    Springer
    Archives of microbiology 135 (1983), S. 81-90 
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    ISSN: 1432-072X
    Keywords: Cyanobacteria ; Ultrastructure ; Nitrogen fixation ; Water stress ; Taxonomy ; DNA ; Plasmids
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Two strains of desiccation-tolerant coccoid cyanobacteria, Chroococcus S24, a marine form, and Chroococcus N41, a cryptoendolith isolated from a hot-desert rock, have been characterized. The mol % DNA base compositions of the strains are 47.1 and 48.9% respectively. Plasmid DNA was not detected in either strain. The pigment contents and nutritional characteristics of the strains are identical. Both lack phycoerythrinoid pigments and, in culture, behave as slow-growing halotolerant marine forms with elevated requirements for Na+, Cl−, Mg2+ and Ca2+. Sucrose was the only carbon source of those tested that supported photoheterotrophic growth. Each strain synthesizes nitrogenase under anaerobic conditions but not in air. Morphologically the two strains are indistinguishable. They are considered to be independent isolates of the same cyanobacterial species. Chroococcus N41 was studied in detail with the electron microscope. When brought to equilibrium at matric water potentials of-168 MPa and lower (to-673 MPa=c0.12a w) the protoplast shrinks, but the cells maintain the same size and diameter as those at-2,156 kPa (MN medium; control); the sheath expands and remains attached to the cell wall outer membrane by fibrils. The cell wall, cell membrane, thylakoid membranes, cyanophycin granules and carboxysomes appeared intact in desiccated cells.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00408014
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    Ultrastructure of gill epithelial cells of Diopatra neapolitana (Annelida, Polychaeta) (1984)
    Springer
    Zoomorphology 104 (1984), S. 304-309 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-234X
    Keywords: Ultrastructure ; Gills ; Epithelial cells ; Polychaeta
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Summary The ultrastructure of gill epidermal cells of Diopatra neapolitana and their relationship with blood spaces are described. The existence of a basal infolding complex, related to the blood spaces, is also reported. A possible involvement of these cells in osmoregulation and ion interchange, apart from their well-known role in respiration, is suggested.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00312012
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    The use of irradiated pollen for differential gene transfer in wheat (Triticum aestivum) (1983)
    Springer
    Theoretical and applied genetics 65 (1983), S. 103-111 
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    ISSN: 1432-2242
    Keywords: Pollen irradiation ; Wheat ; Differential gene transfer
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Summary The use of irradiated pollen to bring about limited gene transfer in wheat has been investigated. Doses of X-rays of 2Kr, 3Kr and 5Kr were used to generate M1 progeny between maternal and paternal genotypes differing in quantitative and major gene characters. Cytological studies of M1 plants revealed hybrids with widespread aneuploidy and structural rearrangements in the paternal genome. These effects resulted in phenotypic variation between M1 progeny and complex multivalent formation at meiosis. All M1 plants at the 5Kr and 3Kr doses were sterile and all but 2 plants at the 2Kr dose. Studies of the two M2 families from these plants revealed disturbances in genotype frequencies for some of the marker loci with an excess of maternal homozygotes and a deficit of paternal homozygotes. This was also reflected in a more maternal appearance for quantitative characters. These results are interpreted as showing that irradiation damage to the paternal genome in M1 plants results in the differential transmission of maternal alleles.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00264875
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    Chitinase as a possible resistance factor for higher plants (1983)
    Springer
    Theoretical and applied genetics 65 (1983), S. 171-172 
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    ISSN: 1432-2242
    Keywords: Resistance ; Genetic engineering ; Yellow rust ; Wheat ; Chitinase
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Summary Virulence and resistance may act on the same biochemical mechanisms. Because Erwinia-virulence on potato depends on the lysis of cell walls of the host, resistance may depend on the lysis of cell walls of the parasite. An example is given with yellow rust on wheat.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00264887
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    The Tom Thumb dwarfing gene Rht3 in wheat (1983)
    Springer
    Theoretical and applied genetics 66 (1983), S. 249-256 
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    ISSN: 1432-2242
    Keywords: Wheat ; Dwarfism ; Yield ; Quality
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Summary The effects of the ‘Tom Thumb’ Rht3 dwarfing gene in wheat on plant height, yield components and grain quality in field trials of random inbred lines from two ‘Minister Dwarf’ (Rht3) x rht3 crosses are described. Limited genetic increases in Rht3 plant height, up to 70 cm, were achieved by incorporating genes from the extremely tall variety ‘April Bearded’. Amongst lines from the higher yielding cross, the dwarfing gene did not reduce grain yield but was associated with an increase in grain number of over 25%. Although Rht3 reduced grain protein content by up to 0.8%, breadmaking quality, as measured by SDS sedimentation values and baking tests, was not affected. A controlled environment experiment with near-isogenic Rht3 and rht3 lines indicated that reduced grain size in the dwarfs is a competitive response to the increase in fertility rather than a primary effect of the dwarfing gene.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00251155
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    The chromosomal location of malate dehydrogenase isozymes in hexaploid wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) (1983)
    Springer
    Theoretical and applied genetics 64 (1983), S. 255-258 
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    ISSN: 1432-2242
    Keywords: Triticum aestivum ; Wheat ; Malate dehydrogenase ; Chromosomal location
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Summary The malate dehydrogenase (E.C. no 1.1.1. 37) of Triticum aestivum L. cv. Chinese Spring, shows two activity zones. The results obtained support the hypothesis that the malate dehydrogenase isozymes of zone II are dimers composed of the six possible combinations of subunits coded by triplicate genes located in the long arms of chromosomes of the homoeologous group 1.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00303774
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    Chromosome variation in wheat plants regenerated from cultured immature embryos (1984)
    Springer
    Theoretical and applied genetics 67 (1984), S. 249-255 
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    ISSN: 1432-2242
    Keywords: Wheat ; Plant regeneration ; Chromosome variation
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Summary A cytological study has been made of plants regenerated from cultured immature embryos of four wheat cultivars (Triticum aestivum, 2n = 6x = 42). In total, 29% of the 192 plants examined were aneuploid with a range in chromosome numbers of 38–45. Evidence of chromosome structural changes was also found. This variation occurred in regenerants of all four cultivars, but there were large differences in the proportions of aneuploids arising from individual cultures which meant that no significant differences could be demonstrated between cultivars. Chromosome abnormalities were present in plants regenerated both from embryogenic cultures and from cultures in which the origin of shoots could not be distinctly defined.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00317047
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    Wheat microspore embryogenesis during in vitro anther culture (1984)
    Springer
    Theoretical and applied genetics 67 (1984), S. 439-442 
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    ISSN: 1432-2242
    Keywords: Wheat ; Multicellular pollen grains ; Embryos ; Cytology
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Summary Cytological analysis of microspore embryogenesis during in vitro culture reveals a high mortality in the first week and a latency phase of about one week before the first embryogénic mitosis. Genotypic differences observed during our wheat anther culture do not seem to originate at the induction level but are linked to the different abortion rates.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00263409
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    The regeneration of plants from frozen pollen embryos and zygotic embryos of wheat and rice (1984)
    Springer
    Theoretical and applied genetics 67 (1984), S. 525-528 
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    ISSN: 1432-2242
    Keywords: Cryopreservation ; Embryo culture ; Haploids ; Wheat ; Rice ; Germplasm bank
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Summary Anther culture derived pollen embryos and immature zygotic embryos of wheat and rice, frozen in liquid nitrogen in the presence of dimethyl sulfoxide, sucrose and glycerol, have been revived. The retrieved cultures proliferated and/or regenerated shoots and plantlets. The prospects of the cryopreservation of embryos for the conservation and multiplication of germplasm and the possibility of the establishment of ‘Germplasm Banks’ are discussed.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00264898
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    The genetic control of grain esterases in hexaploid wheat (1984)
    Springer
    Theoretical and applied genetics 68 (1984), S. 219-226 
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    ISSN: 1432-2242
    Keywords: Hexaploid genotypes ; Allelic variation ; Esterase ; Isozymes ; Isoelectric focusing ; Wheat
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Summary Analysis of grain esterase isozymes in Chinese Spring aneuploid genotypes by IEF confirmed that genes on the long arms of chromosomes 3A, 3B and 3D (Est-5) control the production of 19 isozymes. Allelic variants have been found for the isozyme pattern controlled by each chromosome. Segregational data involving null alleles and complex phenotypic differences indicate that the wheat grain esterases are encoded by three compound and probably homoeoallelic loci, each capable of producing at least six different isozymes. In a sample of 138 hexaploid genotypes, seven alleles were distinguished.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00266893
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    Unequal distribution of plastids during generative cell formation in Impatiens (1984)
    Springer
    Theoretical and applied genetics 68 (1984), S. 305-309 
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    ISSN: 1432-2242
    Keywords: Impatiens ; Microspore mitosis ; Plastid distribution ; Ultrastructure
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Summary This paper describes the unequal distribution of plastids in the developing microspores of Impatiens walleriana and Impatiens glandulifera which leads to the exclusion of plastids from the generative cell. During the development from young microspore to the onset of mitosis a change in the organization of the cytoplasm and distribution of organelles is gradually established. This includes the formation of vacuoles at the poles of the elongate-shaped microspores, the movement of the nucleus to a position near the microspore wall in the central part of the cell, and the accumulation of the plastids to a position near the wall at the opposite side of the cell. In Impatiens walleriana, the accumulated plastids are separated from each other by ER cisterns, and some mitochondria are also accumulated. In both Impatiens species, the portion of the microspore in which the generative cell will be formed is completely devoid of plastids at the time mitosis starts.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00267882
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    A computer-assisted examination of the storage protein genetic variation in 841 accessions of Triticum dicoccoides (1984)
    Springer
    Theoretical and applied genetics 69 (1984), S. 79-86 
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    ISSN: 1432-2242
    Keywords: Electrophoresis ; Endosperm ; Proteins ; Emmer ; Wheat
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Summary Triticum turgidum L. var. dicoccoides (wild emmer) is an important genetic resource for increasing the protein content of common wheat (Triticum aestivum L.). Many studies have shown that the presence or absence of bands in sodium dodecyl sulfate polyacrylamide (SDS-PAGE) electrophoregrams of wheat storage proteins to be of a purely genetic character. A total protein extraction and SDS-PAGE technique was used to estimate the storage protein genetic variability among 841 accessions of wild emmer collected from various ecological regions in the Middle East. In addition, a computer data bank was developed, recording the onedimension electrophoregram bands for each accession by molecular weight (MW) and relative Coomassie Blue staining intensity as determined from densitometer scans. Analyses of this information are being used to identify specific accessions for further study by two dimension electrofocusing-electrophoresis and breeding and genetic analyses. The computer-assisted analyses indicated that the greatest genetic variability occurs for proteins in the high MW region (above 70,000 MW) followed by those in the medium range (70,000 to 33,300 MW). Comparatively little variability was revealed for protein subunits of below 33,300 MW.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00262545
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    Chromosomal assignment of genes controlling salt-soluble proteins (albumins and globulins) in wheat and related species (1984)
    Springer
    Theoretical and applied genetics 69 (1984), S. 167-172 
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    ISSN: 1432-2242
    Keywords: Chromosomal location ; Genetic control ; Salt soluble proteins ; Wheat ; Barley ; Rye
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Summary Salt-soluble proteins from the endosperms of wheat, barley, and rye have been separated by nonequilibrium electrofocusing x electrophoresis. Genes encoding 14 of the 25 components observed in wheat have been unambiguously assigned to 10 different chromosomes (1B, 3B, 3D, 4A, 4D, 5B, 6B, 6D, 7B, 7D) by analysis of the compensated nulli-tetrasomic series. Five more wheat proteins seem to be controlled by group 2 chromosomes. Analysis of wheat-barley and wheat-rye addition lines has led to the location of genes for 6 out of 20 barley proteins in 4 different chromosomes (1H, 3H, 4H, 6H; 1H is homoeologous to group 7 chromosomes of wheat) and of genes for 5 out of 20 rye proteins in two different chromosomes (2R, 4R). The relationship between the proteins reported here and previously characterized ones is discussed.
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    The relationship between the Rht 1 and Rht 2 dwarfing genes and grain weight in Triticum aestivum L. spring wheat (1983)
    Springer
    Theoretical and applied genetics 66 (1983), S. 153-157 
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    ISSN: 1432-2242
    Keywords: Inheritance ; Culm-length ; GA insensitivity ; Grain weight ; Wheat
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Summary The study was carried out in the first year on samples of random F5 lines, uniform in height and in heading date, of three crosses between semi dwarf spring wheat cultivars (Triticum aestivum L.), differing in grain weight and in their Rht gene. In the second year only the progenies of the early heading F5 lines were studied. All the material was grown in the absence of lodging. The culm-length genotypes of the different lines were identified by test crosses and by a seedling GA response test. No differences in grain weight were found between the two semi dwarf genotypes (Rht 1Rht1 rht 2rht2 and rht 1rht1 Rht 2Rht2). The tall genotype (rht 1rht1 rht 2rht2) was significantly higher in grain weight than the two semi dwarf genotyes and the grain weight of these genotypes exceeded markedly the grain weight of the dwarf genotype (Rht 1Rht1 Rht 2Rht2). These genotypic effects were independent of differences in plant height, heading date or number of grains per spike.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00265191
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    Inheritance of glutenin subunits in F1 seeds of reciprocal crosses between European hexaploid wheat cultivars (1983)
    Springer
    Theoretical and applied genetics 64 (1983), S. 103-107 
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    ISSN: 1432-2242
    Keywords: Glutenin ; Wheat ; Co-dominance ; Bread-making
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Summary Ten pairs of reciprocal crosses have been made between wheat cultivars which show differences in their glutenin subunit compositions. The F1 seed glutenin subunit composition was studied by means of polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis in the presence of sodium dodecyl sulphate (SDS). The results indicate that all the high molecular weight (HMW) and medium molecular weight (MMW) subunits (from 133,000 to 65,000 daltons) are transmitted to the F1 seed generation from the parental cultivars. In accordance with the triploid nature of the heterozygous endosperm (3n) and with the maternal and paternal gene dosage ratio (2∶1) in the endosperm itself, a significant effect of maternal parent is registered when comparing pairs of reciprocal seeds. Genes coding for the glutenin subunits are expressed whatever their doses are (one, two, or three) in the hybrid endosperm; thus the glutenin subunits inheritance is consistent with the co-dominant type. For one pair of the reciprocal crosses, two MMW parental bands (MW: 71,000 and 66,000) seemed absent in the F1 seed patterns while a new band with an intermediate, apparent MW (68,000) appears. This phenomenon was observed when the glutenins analyzed by electrophoresis were previously separated from other endosperm proteins, and not when they were directly extracted from the ground seed. We assume that the extraction can cause interactions between moieties attached to the subunits and lead to the formation of a complex having an intermediate electrophoretic mobility.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00272713
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    Genetic studies of the crossability of hexaploid wheat with rye and Hordeum bulbosum (1983)
    Springer
    Theoretical and applied genetics 64 (1983), S. 303-307 
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    ISSN: 1432-2242
    Keywords: Crossability ; Wheat ; Rye ; Hordeum bulbosum
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Summary Crosses of wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) Group 5 chromosome substitution lines from three different cultivar backgrounds indicate that there may be multiple alleles for reduced crossability with rye (Secale cereale L.) and H. bulbosum on both 5A and 5B chromosomes. No reduction in seed set was observed from any of the 5D substitution lines. It was found that the Kr1 locus on chromosome 5B had a more pronounced affect on both rye and H. bulbosum crossability than the Kr2 locus on chromosome 5A and that the effects of both loci were cumulative. The Kr alleles affected both rye and H. bulbosum crossability in a linear, or additive, fashion. The Kr 2 allele was shown to have little effect on H. bulbosum crossability compared to a significant effect on rye crossability. Tests with tetrasomic and nulli-tetrasomic lines of ‘Chinese Spring’ indicated that the kr allele is ‘null’ or inactive in promoting crossability while the Kr allele is active in reducing crossability to both rye and H. bulbosum. Thus, extra doses of the kr allele do not increase rye or H. bulbosum crossability in the presence of the corresponding Kr allele.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00274168
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    Genetic control of α-Amylase production in wheat (1983)
    Springer
    Theoretical and applied genetics 64 (1983), S. 309-316 
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    ISSN: 1432-2242
    Keywords: Wheat ; α-Amylase ; Isozymes
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Summary An analysis of the α-amylase isozymes in GA-treated endosperm of wheat nullisomic-tetrasomics shows that there is more variation at the α-Amy-1 and α-Amy-2 homoeoallelic loci than was previously thought. Among the 16 isozymes produced by genes on the group 7 chromosomes, most could be definitely established as products of a single homoeoallele. Inter-varietal allelic differences would be expected at such loci and clear variation was found in isozymes produced by chromosomes 6B and 7B. The latter allele, α-Amy-B2b carried by the variety ‘Hope’, was used to locate the enzyme structural gene within chromosome 7B relative to the centromere and five other gene markers. The nature of the α-Amy-B2b phenotype and the rare non-parental isozyme patterns found among the recombinant lines indicates that the locus is large and compound, probably involving some degree of intra-locus gene duplication.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00274170
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    Characterisation of high molecular weight gliadin and low-molecular-weight glutenin subunits of wheat endosperm by two-dimensional electrophoresis and the chromosomal localisation of their controlling genes (1983)
    Springer
    Theoretical and applied genetics 66 (1983), S. 29-37 
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    ISSN: 1432-2242
    Keywords: Gliadin ; Glutenin ; Tticum ; Wheat ; Endosperm
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Summary Gliadins, here defined as those proteins of defatted wheat endosperm which dissolve in 70% (v/v) ethanol at room temperature, were fractionated by gel filtration using Sephadex G-100. The protein which eluted with the void volume of the column, often described as high-molecular-weight (HMW) gliadin, was fractionated by the two different, two dimensional gel electrophoresis procedures of O'Farrell (1975) and O'Farrell et al. (1977). The next two fractions to elute from the gel column, ω-gliadin and α-, β-, γ-gliadin, were analysed similarly. The subunits of HMW gliadin and the classical (i.e. non-aggregated) gliadins map at distinctive positions on the electrophoregrams, the majority of the HMW gliadin subunits being more basic and having a slightly slower electrophoretic mobility than the α-, β-, γ-gliadins. These experiments demonstrate that those gliadins which aggregate to form HMW gliadin are distinct molecular entities and thus coded by different genes to those gliadins which do not aggregate. Glutenin, here prepared by a modification of the pH 6.4 precipitation procedure of Orth and Bushuk (1973), was also analysed by two-dimensional electrophoresis. The low-molecular-weight subunits were found to correspond exactly with the HMW gliadin subunits. Using the nullisomic-tetrasomic lines and the ditelocentric lines of ‘Chinese Spring’, the genes controlling the synthesis of all the major HMW gliadin subunits were shown to be located on the short arms of chromosomes 1A, 1B and 1D, as are the genes coding for the ω-gliadins and the majority of the γ-gliadins.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00281844
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    Evidence for maternal effect in the inheritance of grain protein in crosses between cultivated and wild tetraploid wheats (1984)
    Springer
    Theoretical and applied genetics 67 (1984), S. 521-524 
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    ISSN: 1432-2242
    Keywords: Wheat ; Triticum ; Grain protein ; Grain weight ; Maternal effect ; Cytoplasmic effect
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Summary Reciprocal crosses were made between cultivated wheat (Triticum turgidum var. ‘durum’) and a high-protein line of wild tetraploid wheat (T. turgidum var. ‘dicoccoides’). F1 grains (on maternal spikes) were very similar to the selfed grains on the maternal parent in protein percentage, weight and protein content. These traits were also analyzed in F3 grains developed on F2 spikes of segregating populations derived from reciprocal crosses between the same cultivated parent and another high-protein line of var. ‘dicoccoides’. No significant differences in the mean values of these traits were found between the reciprocal crosses, indicating no cytoplasmic effect. It has been concluded that these grain characteristics are largely determined by the maternal plant.
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    Heritability of grain yield, plant height and test weight of a population of winter wheat adapted to Southwestern Ontario (1984)
    Springer
    Theoretical and applied genetics 68 (1984), S. 21-23 
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    ISSN: 1432-2242
    Keywords: Wheat ; Heritability ; Yield ; Height
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Summary Grain yield, plant height and test weight were studied in a population of winter wheat (Triticum aestivum L.). The population consisted of F2 bulk populations of 42 crosses among 11 genotypes adapted to S. W. Ontario. Heritabilities were: 0.30±0.32 for yield, 0.77±0.15 for height and 0.98±0.08 for test weight. Predicted genetic gain with 10% selection intensity was 0.15 t/ha for yield, 10.1 cm for height and 3.00 kg/hl for test weight. The low heritability for yield indicates that effective selection would require pedigree information and progeny tests, while the high heritabilities for height and test weight indicate that selection for these traits using single plots would be appropriate.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00252304
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    Increasing grain protein content of hard red winter wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) by mutation breeding (1983)
    Springer
    Theoretical and applied genetics 65 (1983), S. 41-46 
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    ISSN: 1432-2242
    Keywords: Triticum aestivum ; Wheat ; Protein ; Mutation
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Summary Poor adaptability or functional quality of much germplasm used for breeding high-protein hard red winter wheats prompted mutagenesis as an alternative means of increasing grain protein content. Four hard red winter wheat genotypes — KS644 (‘Triumph// Concho/Triumph’), ‘Kaw’, ‘Parker’, and ‘Shawnee’ — were treated with 0.40 M ethyl methanesulfonate (EMS). Advanced lines (M8-M10) were selected that had a 3-year mean grain protein advantage of 0.7% to 2.0% over controls. Increased grain protein content was generally associated with decreased grain yield and kernel weight, but some high-protein mutant lines had yields or kernel weights similar to those of original genotypes. Changes in height and lodging induced by EMS were generally favorable, most mutants being shorter and lodging less than controls, but blooming date was generally delayed, a deleterious change. One line also changed from resistant to segregating for wheat soil-borne mosaic virus. Mutant lines might be utilized in cross-breeding programs, particularly if negative pleiotropic effects and linkages are absent.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00276260
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    Glutenin subunits of genetically related European hexaploid wheat cultivars: Their relation to bread-making quality (1980)
    Springer
    Theoretical and applied genetics 58 (1980), S. 107-111 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-2242
    Keywords: Glutenin ; Wheat ; Bread-making ; Chromosomal control
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Summary The subunit composition of glutenin from 47 European wheat cultivars was studied using SDS-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. These cultivars are genetically related since they originate from the same stock. Moreover, the diversity of sample, containing cultivars with very different French bread-making qualities, makes it possible to investigate the relationship between glutenin subunit composition and bread-making quality. 16 electrophoretic types of glutenin subunits could be distinguished: these were grouped into four classes. Depending on the cultivar, six to eight glutenin subunits with MW more than or equal to 62,000 were detected. Subunits 3 and 5, with an approximate MW of 122,000 and 108,000 respectively, seem to play a prominent role on bread-making quality; they were found in cultivars of good quality and were absent in those unsuitable for making French bread. Two other subunits (9 and 10; MW: 71,000 and 66,000, respectively) have a less defined influence but may be needed in some types of glutenin structure. Aneuploid analysis shows that in ‘Chinese Spring’, subunit 5 is coded by a gene on the long arm of chromosome 1B. The location of genes coding for subunits 3, 9 and 10 could not be determined.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00263099
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    Genetic studies of frost resistance in wheat (1981)
    Springer
    Theoretical and applied genetics 59 (1981), S. 145-152 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-2242
    Keywords: Wheat ; Frost resistance ; Diallel cross ; F2monosomics ; Substitutions
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Summary Genetic studies of frost resistance were performed on various wheat varieties using diallel, F2 monosomic and substitution analysis. A six-parental cross including reciprocals was carried out, and F1 hybrids and their parents were used for the freezing tests under controlled conditions. Both the general combining ability (GCA) and the specific combining ability (SCA) were significant, indicating additive and non-additive gene action in the inheritance of frost resistance. The high GCA∶SCA ratio revealed a preponderance of additive genetic variance. No significant reciprocal differences were found between the reciprocal crosses. The variance/covariance graphical analysis indicated the partial dominance of frost sensitivity. Frost sensitive varieties had the largest number of dominant genes, while frost resistant varieties had the highest proportion of recessive genes. The magnitude of the additive component of variation was higher than that of the dominance component, and the overall measure of the degree of dominance was smaller than one, so average dominance is incomplete. The increasing and decreasing alleles are not equally frequent at all loci. In this set of wheat varieties the values of narrow and broad heritability are relatively high. F2 monosomic analysis of the winter wheat variety ‘Arthur’ crossed with the monosomics of ‘Chinese Spring’ revealed that the average frost resistance of all the 21 monosomics was lower than that of the disomic. F2 monosomic hybrids 5A, 2B, 4B and 5D proved to be relatively frost resistant, while monosomics 3A, 3B and 6D were the most sensitive. The control of frost resistance in the set of chromosome substitution lines of the variety ‘Cheyenne’ into ‘Chinese Spring’ (with the exception of 2B) indicated that the genes responsible for the frost resistance of ‘Cheyenne’ are localised in chromosomes 5A, 7A, 4B, 5B, 4D and 5D. The genetic basis of frost resistance and problems of analysis are discussed.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00264968
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    Monosomic analysis of genes for resistance against stem rust races in bread wheat (1981)
    Springer
    Theoretical and applied genetics 59 (1981), S. 313-316 
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    ISSN: 1432-2242
    Keywords: Triticum aestivum ; Wheat ; Puccinia graminis ; Stem rust resistance ; Monosomic analysis
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Summary Using monosomic analysis genes governing resistance in one wheat variety, ‘E5883’, against stem rust races 15C and 122, were located on specific chromosomes. Against race 15C, a major dominant gene, Sr6, was located on chromosome 2D of ‘E5883’ with minor modifiers found on chromosomes 4A and 6D. Against race 122, the presence of a recessive hemizygous ineffective gene, Sr8, was identified, located on chromosome 6A of variety ‘E5883’.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00264984
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    Analysing environments for plant breeding purposes as exemplified by multivariate analyses of long term wheat yields (1981)
    Springer
    Theoretical and applied genetics 59 (1981), S. 317-325 
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    ISSN: 1432-2242
    Keywords: Environmental evaluation ; Plant breeding ; Multivariate analysis ; Wheat ; Climatic variable
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Summary A previous attempt to relate long term yields from the Western Australian wheat belt to climatic factors proved only partially successful. Here, principal component analysis has been used to examine the patterns of variability created by those socio-economic factors which may have obscured any underlying relationship which existed between yield and climate. In fact, these analyses revealed the existence of variation peculiar to particular groups of years, a result which could explain why many attempts to relate crop yields directly to climatic factors have proved unsuccessful. The plant breeding implications of these genotype x environment interactions are considered.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00264985
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  • 46
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    Genetic variation in wheat endosperm proteins: an analysis by two-dimensional electrophoresis using intervarietal chromosomal substitution lines (1981)
    Springer
    Theoretical and applied genetics 59 (1981), S. 361-371 
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    ISSN: 1432-2242
    Keywords: Wheat ; Endosperm ; Proteins ; Electro phoresis
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Summary The major endosperm proteins in a range of genotypes of hexaploid wheat have been fractionated by two-dimensional electrophoresis. The genotypes included nine varieties and forty four intervarietal substitution lines in which chromosomes 1A, 1B, 1D, 6A, 6B or 6D from eight of the varieties have been introduced one at a time into a common genetic background. The appearance of different protein subunits was often correlated with a chromosome substitution. This showed that many of the genes for the high molecular weight protein subunits (molecular weight range 55,000 to 140,000 determined by SDS polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis) are specified by chromosomes 1A, 1B and 1D while many of the lower molecular weight subunits (molecular weight range 30,000 to 45,000) are specified by chromosomes 6A, 6B and 6D. The different protein subunits correlated with chromosome substitution could not always be recognised in the varietal source of the substituted chromosome. The different subunits specified by homologous chromosomes in different wheat varieties may differ in isoelectric point and/or molecular weight.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00276450
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    Biochemical markers associated with two Mv chromosomes from Aegilops ventricosa in wheat-Aegilops addition lines (1981)
    Springer
    Theoretical and applied genetics 60 (1981), S. 5-10 
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    ISSN: 1432-2242
    Keywords: Wheat ; Aegilops ventricosa ; Addition lines ; Biochemical markers
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Summary The distribution of three biochemical markers, U-1, CM-4 and Aphv-a, -b, among wheat-Aegilops addition lines carrying Mv chromosomes from Aegilops ventricosa (genomes DvMv) has been investigated. Addition lines which had been previously grouped together on the basis of common non-biochemical characters carried marker U-1, a protein component from the 2M urea extract. The added chromosome, in the appropriate genetic background, seems to confer a high level of resistance to the eyespot disease, caused by the fungus Cercosporella herpotrichoides. The other two markers were concomitantly associated with another similarly formed group of addition lines. Both CM-4, a protein component from the chloroform:methanol extract, and Aphv-a, -b, alkaline phosphate isozymes, have been previously shown to be associated with homoeologous chromosome group 4, which suggests that the added chromosome in the second group of addition lines is 4Mv.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00275171
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    The role of ‘Norin 10’ dwarfing genes in photosynthetic and respiratory activity of wheat leaves (1981)
    Springer
    Theoretical and applied genetics 60 (1981), S. 81-84 
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    ISSN: 1432-2242
    Keywords: Wheat ; ‘Norin 10’ dwarfing genes ; Photosynthesis ; Respiration
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Summary A comparative analysis of eight cultivars of spring wheat (Triticum aestivum) classified by height as tall (T), semi-dwarf (D1), dwarf (D2) and very dwarf (D3) was conducted to study their efficiency of oxygen exchange during photosynthesis and dark respiration. Two cultivars were included in each height group. Cultivars carrying ‘Norin 10’ dwarfing genes (D1, D2 and D3) were found to have a significantly higher photosynthetic rate per unit leaf area than talls (T) that lack these genes. Among the ‘Norin’ gene carriers, dwarf group (D2) was most efficient, followed by very dwarf (D3) and semi-dwarf (D1). Photosynthetic rate and respiratory rate were found to have a positive relationship.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00282421
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    Investigation of a preferentially transmitted Aegilops sharonensis chromosome in wheat (1982)
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    Theoretical and applied genetics 61 (1982), S. 27-33 
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    ISSN: 1432-2242
    Keywords: Preferential transmission ; In situ hybridization ; C-banding ; Aegilops sharonensis ; Wheat ; Addition ; Substitution
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Summary An attempt to produce a set of addition lines of Aegilops sharonensis to the wheat variety ‘Chinese Spring’ produced only one addition line. This was due to preferential transmission of one chromosome from Ae. sharonensis. This chromosome was studied in detail by established cytological methods of chromosome observation and by the newer techniques of C-banding and in situ hybridization of a cloned DNA sequence. The chromosome was found to be partially homologous to an Ae. sharonensis chromosome of similar behaviour in another wheat addition line. The incomplete homology of the two Ae. sharonensis chromosomes was due to the presence of a translocated segment of a wheat chromosome. — Substitution lines of the Ae. sharonensis chromosome for wheat homoeologous group 4 were produced and the Ae. sharonensis chromosome thereby designated 4 S l .
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00261506
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    Preferential C-banding of wheat or rye chromosomes (1982)
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    Theoretical and applied genetics 63 (1982), S. 227-233 
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    ISSN: 1432-2242
    Keywords: C-banding ; Wheat ; Rye ; Triticale
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Summary Using different stains, wheat chromosomes could be distinguished from rye chromosomes by preferential staining. C-bands of rye chromosomes were preferentially stained with Giemsa while those of wheat chromosomes were preferentially stained with either Leishman or Wright stain. Preferential staining aids the identification of wheat and rye chromosomes and chromosome segments and in particular the recognition of wheat/rye chromosome substitutions and translocations.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00304000
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    Characterization of the multigene family coding for HMW glutenin subunits in wheat using cDNA clones (1983)
    Springer
    Theoretical and applied genetics 67 (1983), S. 87-96 
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    ISSN: 1432-2242
    Keywords: HMW glutenin subunit genes ; cDNA clones ; Tandem DNA repeats ; Chromosomal location ; Gene copy number ; Wheat ; Triticum aestivum
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Summary cDNA clones encoding wheat HMW glutenin subunits have been isolated from a cDNA bank made to poly A+ RNA from developing wheat endosperm var. Chinese Spring. One such clone, pTag 1290, has enabled us to identify the HMW glutenin mRNA species. The DNA sequence of this clone has been partially determined and it contains several tandem DNA repeats. The sequence is discussed in relation to the generation of the HMW glutenin subunit gene family. Analysis of the organization of the HMW glutenin sequences in the wheat genome revealed that the genes encoding HMW glutenin subunits exist in low copy number and are located on the long arm of each of the homoeologous group 1 chromosomes.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00303930
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    Responses of alloplasmic (cytoplasm=Triticum timopheevii) and euplasmic wheats (Triticum aestivum) to photoperiod and vernalization (1983)
    Springer
    Theoretical and applied genetics 66 (1983), S. 61-66 
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    ISSN: 1432-2242
    Keywords: Triticum aestivum ; T. timopheevii ; Wheat ; Photoperiod ; Vernalization ; Male sterility ; Alloplasmic hybrids
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Summary Studies were conducted to determine the influence of the male sterility-inducing cytoplasm of Triticum timopheevii (Zhuk.) Zhuk. on response of several common winter wheat (T. aestivum L.) nuclear genotypes to photoperiod and vernalization. Comparative studies of cytoplasmic substitution lines provide information on the role of the cytoplasmic genetic mechanism in growth and development. In the case of cytoplasmic male sterility-based hybrid production systems, ubiquity of sterility-inducing cytoplasm in derived hybrids warrants thorough characterization of its influence on plant phenotype. Factorial combinations of cytoplasm (T. timopheevii and T. aestivum), nuclear genotype, and photoperiod or vernalization treatments were evaluated under hydroponic conditions in controlled environment chambers. Interaction of cytoplasm, photoperiod, and nuclear genotype was significant in one or more experiments for days to anthesis and potential spikelet number, and interaction of cytoplasm, vernalization, and nuclear genotype was significant for days to spike emergence. Long day length was associated with increased percentage seed set in one study, but interactions of photoperiod and cytoplasm were not detected for percentage seed set. Interactions involving cytoplasm and photoperiod or vernalization were interpreted as evidence of the existence of genetic factors in cytoplsam of T. timopheevii which alter photoperiod or vernalization responses of alloplasmic plants relative to responses exhibited by euplasmic plants. Since photoperiod and vernalization responses are critical to adaptation, T. timopheevii cytoplasm can alter adaptability of T. aestivum. The specific effect would be nuclear genotype dependent, and does not appear to be of a magnitude greater than that induced by nuclear genetic variability at loci conditioning photoperiod or vernalization responses or other adaptation-determining characteristics. Normal multilocation/year testing of alloplasmic hybrids should therefore adequately identify zones of adaptation.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00281850
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    Rye chromosome translocations in hexaploid wheat: a re-evaluation of the loss of heterochromatin from rye chromosomes (1980)
    Springer
    Theoretical and applied genetics 56 (1980), S. 17-23 
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    ISSN: 1432-2242
    Keywords: Wheat ; Rye ; Triticale ; Highly repeated ; DNA sequences ; Heterochromatin ; Translocations
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Summary Using in situ hybridization techniques, we have been able to identify the translocated chromosomes resulting from whole arm interchanges between homoeologous chromosomes of wheat and rye. This was possible because radioactive probes are available which recognize specific sites of highly repeated sequence DNA in either rye or wheat chromosomes. The translocated chromosomes analysed in detail were found in plants from a breeding programme designed to substitute chromosome 2R of rye into commercial wheat cultivars. The distribution of rye highly repeated DNA sequences showed modified chromosomes in which (a) most of the telomeric heterochromatin of the short arm and (b) all of the telomeric heterochromatin of the long arm, had disappeared. Subsequent analyses of these chromosomes assaying for wheat highly repeated DNA sequences showed that in type (a), the entire short arm of 2R had been replaced by the short arm of wheat chromosome 2B and in (b), the long arm of 2R had been replaced by the long arm of 2B. The use of these probes has also allowed us to show that rye heterochromatin has little effect on the pairing of the translocated wheat arm to its wheat homologue during meiosis. We have also characterized the chromosomes resulting from a 1B-1R translocation event. From these results, we suggest that the observed loss of telomeric heterochromatin from rye chromosomes in wheat is commonly due to wheat-rye chromosome translocations.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00264422
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    Aneuploid analysis of low molecular weight gliadins from wheat (1980)
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    Theoretical and applied genetics 56 (1980), S. 65-69 
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    ISSN: 1432-2242
    Keywords: Wheat ; Gliadins ; Chromosomal control ; Aneuploid analysis
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Summary The chromosomal location of genes affecting five components from the low molecular weight gliadin (LMWG) fraction from wheat endosperm has been investigated by aneuploid analysis. Genes controlling these proteins were assigned to chromosomes 4B, 7A and 7D. Chromosomes from homoeologous groups 1, 2 and 6, where genes controlling classical gliadins are located, are not involved in the control of LMWG.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00264427
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    Genotypic effects of the maternal tissues of wheat on its grain weight (1980)
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    Theoretical and applied genetics 58 (1980), S. 247-252 
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    ISSN: 1432-2242
    Keywords: Maternal tissues ; Grain weight ; Wheat ; Triticum aestivum ; Caryopsis ; Pericarp ; Endosperm ; Embryo
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Summary Reciprocal crosses were made between semi dwarf spring wheat cultivars (Triticum aestivum L.) differing in grain weight. The weights of the F1 grains (on maternal spikes), from intact as well as from defoliated plants, and those of the F2 grains (on f1 spikes), were examined. Grain weight was controlled primarily by the genotype of the maternal tissues (pericarp, testa or other floret or spikelet organs, including the vascular system), with complete dominance of heaviness. No indications suggesting maternal inheritance were obtained. The frequency distribution of the weights of the F2 grains indicated the presence of genotypic effects exerted by the endosperm or embryo. The embryo or endosperm factors for heaviness also seemed to be dominant.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00265174
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    Identification of a 4A/7R and a 7B/4R wheat-rye chromosome translocation (1981)
    Springer
    Theoretical and applied genetics 59 (1981), S. 33-37 
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    ISSN: 1432-2242
    Keywords: Wheat ; Rye ; Gene transfer ; Translocations ; Homoeologous genes
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Summary By producing chromosome substitutions with ‘Imperial rye’ chromosomes 4R (C) and 7R (D) in the wheat cultivar ‘Chinese Spring’ two spontaneous translocation lines were obtained. One involves segments of wheat chromosome 4A and rye chromosome 7R, the other involves portions of wheat chromosome 7B and rye chromosome 4R
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00275773
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    Chromosomal location of genes controlling seed proteins in species related to wheat (1981)
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    Theoretical and applied genetics 59 (1981), S. 25-31 
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    ISSN: 1432-2242
    Keywords: Seed proteins ; Wheat ; Barley ; Rye ; Ae. umbellulata ; Ag. elongatum
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Summary The seed proteins of ‘Chinese Spring’ wheat stocks which possess single chromosomes from other plant species related to wheat have been separated by gel electrophoresis in the presence of sodium dodecyl sulphate. Marker protein bands have been detected for both arms of barley chromosome 5, chromosome E (= 1R) and B (= 2R) of rye, chromosomes A,B (= 1Cu) and C (= 5Cu) of Aegilops umbellulata and chromosomes I and III of Agropyron elongatum. These studies, and previous findings, indicate that chromosome 5 of barley, chromosome 1R of rye, chromosome I of Ag. elongatum and possibly chromosome 1Cu of Ae. umbellulata are similar to chromosomes 1A, 1B and 1D in hexaploid wheat in that they carry genes controlling prolamins on their short arms and genes controlling high-molecular-weight (apparent molecular weight greater than 86,000) seed protein species on their long arms. These findings support the idea that all these chromosomes are derived from a common ancestral chromosome and that they have maintained their integrity since their derivation from that ancestral chromosome.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00275771
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    Observed and hypothetical leaf rust progress curves of some genotypes of wheat (1981)
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    Theoretical and applied genetics 60 (1981), S. 85-88 
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    ISSN: 1432-2242
    Keywords: Wheat ; Leaf rust ; Resistance
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Summary The hypothetical leaf rust progress curves of 15 genotypes of wheat were generated by integrating the components of slow rusting resistance determined in the glasshouse. The area under the disease progress curve (AUDPC) from the hypothetical and observed leaf rust progress curves were compared. It was found that the hypothetical AUDPC values of all the genotypes studied were smaller than their respective observed AUDPC values. Possible causes for the discrepancies in the observed and hypothetical values are discussed.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00282422
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    Race-specific interactions between wheat genotypes and Indian cultures of stem rust (1981)
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    Theoretical and applied genetics 60 (1981), S. 161-166 
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    ISSN: 1432-2242
    Keywords: Gene expression ; Resistance ; Local virulence ; Stem rust ; Wheat
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Summary Near isogenic/substitution lines of stem rust resistance genes in different backgrounds of ‘Marquis’, ‘Chinese Spring’ and W 2691 and certain varieties with known genes for stem rust resistance were tested against each of 19 Indian cultures of stem rust races/biotypes (14, 15, 17, 21, 21A-1, 24, 34, 40, 40A, 42, 42B, 117, 117A, 117A-1, 122, 184, 194, 222 and 295). Sr 24 (‘Sear's 3D/Ag’), Sr 24 (TR 380-27 4/3 Ag 14-White seeded recombinant with ‘Agent’ type resistance), Sr 25 (‘Sear's 7D/Ag’), Sr 26 (‘Eagle’), Sr 26 (Knott's 6A/Ag translocation), Sr 27 (WRT 238-5), Combination line (Sr Tt1 + Sr 9b) were observed to be completely effective against all the 19 cultures tested. In addition, a number of lines, such as TAF2d (Sr Agi), Line W(Sr Tt2) and Combination III (Sr Tt1 + Sr 9e), were found to be effective against at least three of the most prevalent races (21, 40A and 117A-1) and a virulent race 122 in Indian natural population. Lines carrying genes other than Sr 2, Sr 9a, Sr 9f (‘Chinese Spring’) and Sr 15 (‘Norka’), and Line E were found to be resistant to one or more cultures of stem rust. The background effect upon the expression of a gene was observed by comparing the range of infection on single gene host lines in either different backgrounds and/or in cultivars with known genes for stem rust resistance against the 12 cultures of stem rust races found in India.
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    An analysis of genes for resistance against two Indian cultures of stem rust races of two bread wheats (1981)
    Springer
    Theoretical and applied genetics 60 (1981), S. 157-160 
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    ISSN: 1432-2242
    Keywords: Triticum aestivum ; Wheat ; Puccinia graminis ; Stem rust resistance ; Inheritance
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Summary Two bread wheat accessions, E5008 and E6160, have been genetically analysed for resistance genes effective against Indian cultures of stem rust races, 15C and 122. The inheritance of resistance to each race has been determined from the F1 and F2 of the crosses (resistant parents with the susceptible variety, ‘Agra Local’) and F2 progenies from the backcross to ‘Agra Local’. Tests have been performed to see if the two varieties carry common genes/s for resistance. The identity of the genes for resistance has been established from relevant crosses with single gene lines carrying known genes for resistance. A single dominant gene effective to race 15C in E5008 has been demonstrated to be Sr9b. Of the two recessive genes, each producing distinct infection types (0; and 1–3) against race 122, one gene has been inferred to be Sr12 and the second to be a hitherto undesignated gene. The resistance of E6160 against race 15C is controlled by two genes, one dominant and one recessive. The dominant gene has been identified as Sr9b. The recessive gene has been inferred to be a new gene. Similarly, a dominant gene effective against race 122 in E6160 has been observed to be different from those so far designated. In addition, the presence of modifier gene/s in the variety, E6160 has been suggested.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00264521
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    Inheritance of glutenin protein subunits of wheat (1981)
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    Theoretical and applied genetics 60 (1981), S. 333-337 
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    ISSN: 1432-2242
    Keywords: Wheat ; Seed proteins ; Glutenin protein ; subunits
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Summary The inheritance of the high-molecular-weight (HMW) glutenin protein subunits in hexaploid wheat has been investigated by using sodium dodecyl sulphate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis to examine the segregation of these subunits in 496 test-cross seeds. The parents of the f1 hybrid were chosen so that the test-cross seeds segregated for all the HMW glutenin bands. Two glutenin subunits from one parent, believed to be controlled by genes on chromosome 1D, segregated as alternatives to two glutenin subunits from the other parent, a result that supports the assumption that these subunits are controlled by allelic genes at each of two loci that are very closely linked. Similar results were obtained for glutenin subunits believed to be controlled by chromosome IB, which suggests that these subunits are controlled also by allelic genes at each of two loci that are very closely linked. A single glutenin subunit band, believed to be controlled by chromosome 1A, segregated as an alternative to a single glutenin band from the other parent, except that one seed did not possess either band. It was concluded that these bands are controlled either by allelic genes or by nonallelic genes that are very closely linked.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00264323
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    Two NAD-dependent alcohol dehydrogenases (E.C. 1.1.1.1) in callus cultures of wheat, rye and triticale (1982)
    Springer
    Theoretical and applied genetics 62 (1982), S. 45-48 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-2242
    Keywords: Wheat ; Rye ; Triticale ; Callus cultures ; Alcohol dehydrogenase ; Isoenzymes
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Summary Two NAD-dependent alcohol dehydrogenases ADH-1 and ADH-2, under independent genetic control of genes designated as Adh-1 and Adh-2 located on chromosomes 4A, 4B and 4D, have been reported in aestivum wheat (Hart 1980). Only ADH-1 is expressed in developing seeds, dry seeds, pollen and germinating seedlings. ADH-2 can be induced in seedling roots or shoots under conditions of partial anaerobiosis or by certain chemicals. Expression of ADH-1 and ADH-2 isoenzymes was investigated in undifferentiated calli from aestivum and durum wheats, rye, triticale and also in in vitro regenerated roots and leaves from aestivum cultures. Wheat callus cultures originating from seed, mature and immature embryos, mesocotyl and root, as well as cultures grown on media containing different supplements did not show any variation in the overall expression of ADH-1 or ADH-2, although differences in the band intensities were observed. The callus isoenzyme pattern was similar to that observed in roots under anaerobic conditions. Both ADH-1 and ADH-2 were expressed in in vitro regenerated roots but were absent in regenerated leaves. Expression of ADH-1 and ADH-2 in wheat calli seems to be related to the type of differentiation.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00276281
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    Predicting the frequencies of transgressive segregants for yield and yield components in wheat (1982)
    Springer
    Theoretical and applied genetics 62 (1982), S. 127-134 
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    ISSN: 1432-2242
    Keywords: Wheat ; Genetical analysis ; Cross prediction
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Summary Genetical analysis of the F2 triple test cross design combined with conventional early generations was used to elucidate the genetical control of yield and yield components in two crosses of winter wheat. From estimates of the additive, {d}, and additive X additive, {i}, components of means, together with the additive genetical variance, D, predicted frequencies of recombinant inbred lines that would transgress the parental range were calculated for each cross. The accuracy of predictions was evaluated by comparing expected frequencies with observed numbers in populations of F6 lines previously developed by single seed descent. For both crosses and all characters where an adequate genetical model was found to explain the observed variation between the early generations, good agreement between predicted and observed frequencies of transgressive segregants was obtained. Furthermore, for characters exhibiting significant epistasis, allowance for additive X additive {i} epistasis in the prediction equations was sufficient to allow for skewness of the recombinant inbred population. These results demonstrate that cross performance in wheat can be predicted from genetical analysis of early generations, and the value of this approach in breeding new varieties is discussed.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00293344
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    The Tom Thumb dwarfing gene, Rht3 in wheat, I. Reduced pre-harvest damage to breadmaking quality (1982)
    Springer
    Theoretical and applied genetics 62 (1982), S. 121-126 
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    ISSN: 1432-2242
    Keywords: Wheat ; Quality ; Dwarfism ; Gibberellin ; α-amylase
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Summary The effects of the Tom Thumb dwarfing gene, Rht3, on the quality and quantity of grain α-amylase produced during germination and by induction with exogenous gibberellic acid are described. In a season conducive to high sprouting damage the gene reduced α-amylase levels in the field by 77%. Selection among random Rht3 genotypes showed that other genetic factors can be combined with the dwarfing gene to further increase sprouting damage resistance.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00293343
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    Genetic control of 6-phosphogluconate dehydrogenase (6-PGD) isozymes in cultivated wheat and rye (1982)
    Springer
    Theoretical and applied genetics 62 (1982), S. 317-320 
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    ISSN: 1432-2242
    Keywords: Wheat ; Rye ; Phosphogluconate dehydrogenase ; Genetic control
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Summary The 6-phosphogluconate dehydrogenase (6-PGD) zymogram phenotypes of wheat, rye and their aneuploid derivatives were determined. Two genes involved in the production of 6-PGD isozymes were located on chromosome arms CRL (4 RL) and FRL (6 RL) of “Imperial” rye. On the basis of differential interactions between wheat and rye chromosomes, evidence was obtained that genes located on chromosomes 6 A, 6 BL and 7 BL control 6-PGD isozyme activities in ‘Chinese Spring’ wheat. The wheat and rye 6-PGD zymogram phenotypes were indicative of homoeologous relationships between rye chromosome 6 RL to wheat chromosomes of group 6, and rye chromosome 4 RL to wheat chromosomes of group 7.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00275094
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    The purification and characterization of homologous high molecular weight storage proteins from grain of wheat, rye and barley (1982)
    Springer
    Theoretical and applied genetics 62 (1982), S. 329-336 
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    ISSN: 1432-2242
    Keywords: HMW storage prolamins ; Wheat ; Rye ; Barley ; Characterization and purification
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Summary Homologous high molecular weight storage prolamins were purified from grain of wheat, rye and barley using combinations of gel filtration, ion-exchange chromatography and preparative isoelectric focusing. Sodium dodecylsulphate polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis showed that the components were single bands with apparent mol.wts. of above 100,000. Molecular weights determined by sedimentation equilibrium ultracentrifugation were considerably lower; 54,700, 67,600 and 69,600 for the components from barley, rye and wheat respectively. Amino acid analysis showed the presence of 13.6 to 16.5 mol% glycine, 29.6 to 34.0 mol% glutamate + glutamine, 11.4 to 13.7 mol% proline and a total of 4.0 to 5.7 mol% basic amino acids. Automated N-terminal amino acid sequencing of the component from wheat showed the presence of cysteine residues at positions 5 and 10, and this is discussed in relation to the possible role of these proteins in the visco-elastic gluten network.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00275097
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    C-banded wheat chromosomes in wheat and triticale (1982)
    Springer
    Theoretical and applied genetics 63 (1982), S. 39-47 
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    ISSN: 1432-2242
    Keywords: C-banding ; Wheat ; Triticale ; Heterochromatin
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Summary The C-banding patterns of wheat chromosomes in 7 hexaploid triticale and 7 wheat genotypes are described and compared. All 14 wheat chromosome pairs were individually identified in the triticales and a tetraploid wheat, and all the B and two A genome chromosome pairs in the hexaploid wheat genotypes. Little variation was found between genotypes in the distribution of C-bands but considerable variation was found in their size, total number and total length.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00303488
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    Relationships of Agropyron intermedium chromosomes determined by chromosome pairing and alcohol dehydrogenase isozymes in common wheat background (1982)
    Springer
    Theoretical and applied genetics 63 (1982), S. 213-217 
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    ISSN: 1432-2242
    Keywords: Wheat ; Agropyron ; Chromosome pairing ; Alcohol dehydrogenase isozymes
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Summary The relationships of Agropyron intermedium chromosomes in two wheat-Agropyron addition series were determined. Chromosome pairing behaviour revealed that the alien chromosome in lines TAF-2 and L7 of ‘Vilmorin’-A. intermedium set are homologous to the alien chromosomes in lines P and C of the ‘Caribo’-A. intermedium set respectively. Localization of alcohol dehydrogenase isozyme genes in ‘Vilmorin’-Agropyron addition line L4 and in ‘Caribo’-Agropyron line O indicated relationships with wheat chromosomes of homoeologous group 4.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00303996
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    The wheat ribosomal DNA spacer region: Its structure and variation in populations and among species (1982)
    Springer
    Theoretical and applied genetics 63 (1982), S. 337-348 
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    ISSN: 1432-2242
    Keywords: Wheat ; rDNA ; Sequence ; Populations ; Variation ; Spacer region ; Triticum
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Summary The wheat rDNA clone pTA250 was examined in detail to provide a restriction enzyme map and the nucleotide sequence of two of the eleven, 130 bp repeating units found within the spacer region. The 130 bp units showed some sequence heterogeneity. The sequence difference between the two 130 bp units analysed (130.6 and 130.8) was at 7 positions and could be detected as a 4 °C shift in Tm when heterologous and homologous hybrids were compared. This corresponded to a 1.2% change in nucleotide sequence per ΔTm of 1 °C. The sensitivity of the Tm analysis using cloned sequences facilitated the analysis of small sequence variations in the spacer region of different Triticum aestivum cultivars and natural populations of T. turgidum ssp. dicoccoides (referred to as T. dicoccoides). In addition spacer length variation was assayed by restriction enzyme digestion and hybridization with spacer sequence probes. Extensive polymorphism was observed for the spacer region in various cultivars of T. aestivum, although within each cultivar the rDNA clusters were homogeneous and could be assigned to particular chromosomes. Within natural populations of T. dicoccoides polymorphism was also observed but, once again, within any one individual the rDNA clusters appeared to be homogeneous. The polymorphism, at the sequence level (assayed by Tm analysis), was not so great as to prevent the use of spacer sequence variation as a probe for evolutionary relationships. The length variation as assayed by restriction enzyme digestion did not appear to be as useful in this regard, since its range of variation was extensive even within populations of a species.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00303905
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    Chromosome and nucleotide sequence differentiation in genomes of polyploid Triticum species (1982)
    Springer
    Theoretical and applied genetics 63 (1982), S. 349-360 
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    ISSN: 1432-2242
    Keywords: Chromosomes ; Nucleotides ; Evolution ; Polyploids ; Triticum ; Heterochromatin ; Wheat
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Summary The nature of genome change during polyploid evolution was studied by analysing selected species within the tribe Triticeae. The levels of genome changes examined included structural alterations (translocations, inversions), heterochromatinization, and nucleotide sequence change in the rDNA regions. These analyses provided data for evaluating models of genome evolution in polyploids in the genus Triticum, postulated on the basis of chromosome pairing at metaphase I in interspecies hybrids. The significance of structural chromosome alterations with respect to reduced MI chromosome pairing in interspecific hybrids was assayed by determining the incidence of heterozygosity for translocations and paracentric inversions in the A and B genomes of T. timopheevii ssp. araraticum (referred to as T. araraticum) represented by two lines, 1760 and 2541, and T. aestivum cv. Chinese Spring. Line 1760 differed from Chinese Spring by translocations in chromosomes 1A, 3A, 4A, 6A, 7A, 3B, 4B, 7B and possibly 2B. Line 2541 differed from Chinese Spring by translocations in chromosomes 3A, 6A, 6B and possibly 2B. Line 1760 also differed from Chinese Spring by paracentric inversions in arms 1AL and 4AL whereas line 2541 differed by inversions in 1BL and 4AL (not all chromosomes arms were assayed). The incidence of structural changes in the A and B genomes did not coincide with the more extensive differentiation of the B genomes relative to the A genomes as reflected by chromosome pairing studies. To assay changing degrees of heterochromatinization among species of the genus Triticum, all the diploid and polyploid species were C-banded. No general agreement was observed between the amount of heterochromatin and the ability of the respective chromosomes to pair with chromosomes of the ancestral species. Marked changes in the amount of heterochromatin were found to have occurred during the evolution of some of the polyploids. The analysis of the rDNA region provided evidence for rapid “fixation” of new repeated sequences at two levels, namely, among the 130 bp repeated sequences of the spacer and at the level of the repeated arrays of the 9 kb rDNA units. These occurred both within a given rDNA region and between rDNA regions on nonhomologous chromosomes. The levels of change in the rDNA regions provided good precedent for expecting extensive nucleotide sequence changes associated with differentiation of Triticum genomes and these processes are argued to be the principal cause of genome differentiation as revealed by chromosome pairing studies.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00303906
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    Chloroplast DNA and cytoplasmic male-sterility (1983)
    Springer
    Theoretical and applied genetics 64 (1983), S. 231-238 
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    ISSN: 1432-2242
    Keywords: Maize ; Wheat ; Rape ; Restriction fragments ; Two dimensional electrophoresis ; Melting profiles
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Summary This paper deals with the relationship of chloroplast DNA (ctDNA) and cytoplasmic malesterility (CMS) of maize, wheat and rape. Intramolecular heterogeneity and fragment patterns of DNA digested with restriction endonucleases were compared and analyzed. For this purpose methods of agarose gel electrophoresis and two dimensional gel electrophoresis with denaturating solvent concentration gradients were applied. 1) Heat denaturation of ctDNA from a male sterile line in maize yielded a profile with three melting regions. This base sequence heterogeneity was not observed for the ctDNA of its maintainer. 2) Maize ctDNA was digested with EcoR1 and BamH1 restriction endonucleases, wheat and rape ctDNA with EcoR1 only. No significant differences were observed in the comparison of the fragment patterns from the sterile lines and their maintainers with the exception of the sterile line in rape which lacked one fragment present in its maintainer. 3) Two dimensional electrophoresis using a gradient of denaturing agents revealed several differences in number and relative positions of the separated restriction endonuclease fragments between the sterile lines and their respective maintainers in all three tested crops. This raises the possibility that changes in ctDNA may be involved in CMS.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00303770
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    Degenerative regression of the digestive tract in the colonial ascidian Botryllus schlossen (Pallas) (1984)
    Springer
    Cell & tissue research 235 (1984), S. 309-318 
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    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Ascidian ; Gut ; Cell involution ; Ultrastructure ; Phagocytes
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary Degenerative changes in the digestive tract of zooids of Botryllus schlosseri were studied by light and electron microscopy. Three main processes occurred in the tissues: contraction, involution and phagocytosis. The contraction of epidermis and peribranchial epithelium in which cytoplasmic microfilaments probably participate, seemed to have a special role in compressing the underlying organs. During contraction most of the body cavities collapsed, the branchial walls disintegrated and the fragments were rapidly taken up by large phagocytes. The gut epithelium retained its apparent continuity longer, though isolated phagocytes infiltrated it to eliminate single cells. Cell degeneration came about chiefly either through swelling and lysis of cells or through loss of water and condensation of cytoplasm and nucleus. The fate of all regressed tissues was to be engulfed and digested by wandering phagocytes. However, it was also observed that numerous cells of different epithelia could act as fixed phagocytes by engulfing cell debris and entire cells into heterophagic vacuoles.
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    The pig blastocyst: Its ultrastructure and the uptake of protein macromolecules (1984)
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    Cell & tissue research 235 (1984), S. 347-356 
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    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Blastocyst ; Ultrastructure ; Pig
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary Between days 8 and 11 of pregnancy spherical blastocysts from 0.3 to 10 mm in diameter were flushed from the uterine horns of Dutch Landrace pigs. A description of their ultrastructure is given, and the uptake of horseradish peroxidase and ferritin is demonstrated. The ultrastructure of the trophoblast was similar at all ages studied. The trophoblast which has many apical microvilli is able to take up and digest the macromolecules which were offered in the in vitro incubation medium. The hypoblast consists of flattened cells. In blastocysts 2 mm and larger, compact cells bearing microvilli are found below the embryoblast. Cell organelles indicating protein synthesis are found within hypoblast cells of such blastocysts. In the embryoblast, local concentrations of cell organelles are visible, indicating that differentiation has started. After the disappearance of Rauber's layer, which takes place when the blastocyst reaches a diameter of about 2 mm, superficial embryoblast cells develop short microvilli. The cells do not absorb ferritin or peroxidase but are dependent on the trophoblast for their food requirements. All cell layers in the blastocyst contain mitochondria that have characteristics of those found in steroidproducing cells. The significance of the uptake and digestion of macromolecules by trophoblast cells, the synthesis of protein by hypoblast cells and the possible synthesis of steroids is discussed with respect to the relationship between the cell layers of the blastocyst and in the context of conceptomaternal relationships.
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    Changes in human skeletal muscle induced by long-term eccentric exercise (1984)
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    Cell & tissue research 236 (1984), S. 365-372 
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    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Skeletal muscles ; Myofibrils ; Ultrastructure ; Exertion ; Man
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary The fine structure of muscle fibres from m. vastus lateralis of nine healthy males (mean age 26 years) was investigated. Four individuals constituted non-exercised controls while five subjects participated in a two-months eccentric muscular training program. Specimens from the controls showed a well-preserved, regular myofibrillar band pattern while changes in the myofibrillar architecture were constantly found in specimens taken after the training program. These changes consisted of Z-band alterations, Z-bands being out of register, extra sarcomeres, Z-band extensions and bisected Z-bands. Between the separated Z-band halves, thin and thick myofilaments as well as abundant glycogen particles and/or ribosomes, were observed. Type-2 (fast-twitch) fibres were predominantly affected. Contrary to the controls the trained individuals constantly showed a greater variation in sarcomere lengths in Type-2 fibres than in Type-1 fibres. It is concluded that muscular work of high tension can induce fine-structural alterations. When repeated over a long period of time, extreme tension demands seem to initiate reorganization in the muscle fibres, predominantly in the, ultrastructurally defined, Type-2 fibres. This adaptation probably results in a better stretchability of the muscle fibres, reduces the risk for mechanical damage and brings about an optimal overlap between actin and myosin filaments.
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    Ultrastructure and morphometry of the stomach muscle of Amphiuma tridactylum (1984)
    Springer
    Cell & tissue research 236 (1984), S. 393-397 
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    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Smooth muscle ; Salamander, Amphiuma ; Ultrastructure ; Stereology ; Volume: surface area ratio
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary An ultrastructural and stereological examination was performed on stomach smooth muscle of the salamander Amphiuma. This tissue has very large cells, ranging up to 12×1500 μm when relaxed. The extracellular space is 31% of the tissue volume, and the tissue contains 84.6% water. These values are similar to those of other amphibian and mammalian gastrointestinal smooth muscle. The cells possess the usual smooth muscle organelles. Thick, thin and intermediate filaments are present, along with membrane-associated and cytoplasmic dense regions. There is a well-developed sarcoplasmic reticulum and many microtubules. Caveolae are found in rows along the cellular surface; the caveolae increase the cellular surface area by about 70%. The ratio mean volume: surface area of the cells is 1.26 μm. This tissue appears to be typical of gastrointestinal smooth muscle, with the exception of the very large size of the cells.
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    Reproduction and sexual development in a freshwater gastrotrich (1984)
    Springer
    Cell & tissue research 236 (1984), S. 619-628 
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    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Gastrotricha, freshwater ; Sperm, reduced ; Ultrastructure ; Spermatogenesis ; Temperature
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary Spermatogenesis and spermiogenesis in Lepidodermella squammata are confined to the postparthenogenic phase of the life cycle and coincide with developmental changes in the bilateral female gonads. Male stages are bilateral but asynchronous, in the lateral abdomen anterior to the female gonads. Maximum observed sperm production is two packets per side, or 64 sperm. Sperm formation occurs more rapidly at 27° C than at 20° C (p〈0.001), requiring as little as 1 day. Two spermatogonial mitotic divisions produce a clone of four primary spermatocytes connected by bridges (stage 1). Centrioles are absent. Development occurs within a cyst. Meiotic divisions produce 16 spermatids (stage 2), each containing a dense, elongate, tapered nucleus. Cytoplasmic membranes enclose one end of the nuclear rod, excluding all other organelles. Completion of this process results in stage 3, a packet of 16 sperm associated with one dense sphere, a modified ‘residual body’ containing cytoplasmic debris. The residual body then disappears, leaving the sperm packet of stage 4. Each mature sperm is a dense nuclear rod with surrounding membranes, lacking acrosome, mitochondrion, centrioles, and flagellum. Function of sperm has not been demonstrated. The spermatozoa are of a reduced type not previously described.
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    Reproduction and sexual development in a freshwater gastrotrich (1984)
    Springer
    Cell & tissue research 236 (1984), S. 629-636 
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    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Oocytes, primary ; Gastrotricha, freshwater ; Ultrastructure ; Synaptonemal complex ; X-body
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary Six small cells are present in each of the bilateral gonads of parthenogenically reproductive Lepidodermella squammata. Early in the extended postparthenogenic phase of the life history, these cells undergo limited proliferation followed by differentiation. Primary oocytes of three types are present 0.3 days after deposition of the final parthenogenic egg: small oocytes with presynaptic nuclei; intermediate oocytes with nuclei containing synaptonemal complexes; and larger oocytes with a germinal vesicle. Oocytes persist without further development at least until day four of the postparthenogenic phase. Older isolated animals may contain and even deposit an enlarged egg, but successful progeny does not result. Oocytes are located at the anterior pole of each of the bilateral gonads, adjacent to developing male tissues producing sperm. More posterior cells in the gonad are initially undifferentated in the postparthenogenic phase. Dorsal and central cells first show specialization for secretory activity, and by day four contain peripheral layers of RER and central accumulations of polymorphic secretion droplets. The posterior and ventral cells produce secretion droplets that aggregate into an enlarging bilobed structure called the X-body. Two or three cells in each gonad contribute secretions to the X-body, which is intracellular in a secondary syncytium formed by the contributing cells. Functions for the postparthenogenic gametes and for the X-body are not yet demonstrated.
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    Arachnoid mater of the bullfrog, Rana catesbeiana (1984)
    Springer
    Cell & tissue research 236 (1984), S. 693-697 
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    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Intermediate filaments ; Microtubules ; Caveolae ; Bullfrog ; Arachnoid mater ; Ultrastructure
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary In the bullfrog, the meninges surrounding the central nervous system include an arachnoid mater that contains layers of cells with abundant intermediate filaments (IFs) having unique organizational characteristics. This membrane contains an inner lamina of cells that resemble fibroblasts and an outer lamina of flattened cells that are almost filled with IFs. The IFs of the outer arachnoid are arranged in compact, arching bundles that lie parallel to the outer surface of the central nervous system. Thus, sections cut tangentially to the membrane reveal bending of filament bundles, whereas transverse sections do not. In some cells bordering the subdural space, bundles of filaments are organized into highly-ordered spiral arrays. Attachments to the numerous desmosomes and, apparently, to the nuclear envelope suggest anchoring of cytoplasmic structures by the IF system. Microtubules occur primarily near the plasma membrane and the nucleus. Numerous caveolae also are associated with the plasma membrane. The unusual abundance, organization, and cytoplasmic relations of IFs in the bullfrog arachnoid suggest that this membrane may serve as an important model for study of fundamental cytoskeletal relations and function.
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    Ultrastructure and innervation of the swimbladder of Tetractenos glaber (Tetraodontidae) (1984)
    Springer
    Cell & tissue research 237 (1984), S. 277-284 
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    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Swimbladder ; Teleost ; Cholinergic nerves ; Adrenergic nerves ; Ultrastructure
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary The general structure, ultrastructure and innervation of the swimbladder of the smooth toadfish, Tetractenos glaber, were examined with light-microscopic, fluorescence-histochemical, and transmission electron-microscopic techniques. The structure of the swimbladder is similar to that of other euphysoclists. Fluorescence histochemistry showed adrenergic fibres in both the secretory and resorptive areas of the swimbladder. Transmission electron microscopy revealed two morphologically distinct axon profiles type-I profiles containing many small, flattened vesicles; type-II profiles containing both large, granular vesicles and rounded, small clear vesicles in varying proportions. The gas-gland cells and surrounding muscularis mucosae are innervated by both type-I and type-II fibres. Type-I fibres also innervate pre-rete arteries. The rete- and gas-gland capillaries do not appear to be innervated. Arteries running to the resorptive area are innervated by type-I fibres. Both type-I and type-II profiles make contact with the muscularis mucosae in the resorptive area. Only type-I fibres innervate the radial dilator muscle in the oval sphincter region, whereas only type II fibres innervate the circular muscle of the oval sphincter. Type-I fibres took up α-methyl-noradrenaline, and could not be found after pre-treatment with 6-hydroxydopamine. They are, therefore, assumed to be adrenergic. Type-II fibres were tentatively identified, by exclusion, as cholinergic.
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    Fine structure of regenerating scales and their associated cells in the cichlid Hemichromis bimaculatus (Gill) (1984)
    Springer
    Cell & tissue research 237 (1984), S. 537-547 
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    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Scale ; Regeneration ; Ultrastructure ; Cichlid ; Hemichromis bimaculatus
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary Scale regeneration has been studied in Hemichromis bimaculatus. The removed scale, which serves as a control, is covered by its surrounding scleroblasts as can be seen with scanning electron microscopy. Subsequently, during regeneration, a population of scleroblasts arises in the empty dermal pocket as shown with transmission electron microscopy. At first, an elongated papilla of regeneration forms, probably from the differentiation of dermal fibroblasts. A scale anlage composed of the osseous layer appears in the middle of the papilla, which becomes a regenerating bag. All the surrounding large scleroblasts are involved in scale formation, although later three populations of scleroblasts specialize according to their location around the scale. Superficial scleroblasts flatten when the final thickness of the osseous layer of the scale is attained; the deep scleroblasts are responsible for the formation of the basal plate whereas marginal scleroblasts increase the diameter of the osseous layer of the scale. During scale regeneration, scleroblasts are more numerous and larger than during scale ontogenesis. In particular, deep scleroblasts form a columnar epithelium when the basal plate is laid down, a feature which is not found during scale ontogenesis. Moreover, the regenerated basal plate exhibits an orthogonal “plywood” arrangement that is never seen in the embryonic scale where the “plywood” is of the intermediate type.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00228438
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    Ultrastructure of the epididymis of the tammar, Macropus eugenii, and its relationship to sperm maturation (1984)
    Springer
    Cell & tissue research 237 (1984), S. 525-535 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Epididymis (marsupials) ; Ultrastructure ; Sperm maturation
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary The ductus epididymidis of the tammar is lined by an epithelium composed of principal, mitochondria-rich, apical and basal cells, and intraepithelial leucocytes. The epithelium is structurally differentiated into 6 zones referred to as the initial segment, middle segment (3 subdivisions) and terminal segment (2 subdivisions). The occurrence of the initial, middle and terminal segments corresponds quite closely to the anatomical differentiation of the epididymis into a head, body and tail. The initial segment epithelium in the tammar is lower and has shorter and more slender stereocilia than in other mammals which have been described. Otherwise, the structure of the epithelium has similar characteristics in the tammar to that described in other mammals. Spermatozoa begin to develop the capacity for motility within the initial segment, but only show structural signs of maturation in the middle segment. The sperm head rotates through 90 degrees in the proximal subdivision of the middle segment. The cytoplasmic droplet is detached and spermatozoa develop the capacity for motility in the middle subdivision of the middle segment. The cytoplasmic droplets are phagocytosed by the epididymal epithelium of the middle segment. Sperm storage appears to be the main function of the terminal segment.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00228437
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    Ultrastructural immunocytochemical evidence for peptidergic neurotransmission in the pond snail Lymnaea stagnalis (1984)
    Springer
    Cell & tissue research 238 (1984), S. 197-201 
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    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Peptidergic neurotransmission ; Lymnaea stagnalis ; Immunocytochemistry ; Ultrastructure
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary Three neuronal systems of the pond snail Lymnaea stagnalis were immunocytochemically investigated at the ultrastructural level with the unlabeled peroxidase-antiperoxidase technique. Preliminary electrophysiological and cell-filling investigations have shown that a cluster of neurons which reacts positively with an antiserum against the molluscan cardio-active peptide FMRFamide, sends axons to the penis retractor muscle. In this muscle anti-FMRF-amide (aFM) positive axons form neuro-muscular synapses with (smooth) muscle fibers. The morphological observations suggest the aFM immunoreactive system to be involved in peptidergic neurotransmission. In the right parietal ganglion a large neuron (LYAC) is penetrated by aFM positive axons which form synapse-like structures (SLS) with the LYAC. The assumption that the SLS represent the morphological basis for peptidergic transmission is sustained by the observation that iontophoretical application of synthetic FMRFamide depolarizes the LYAC. The axons of a group of pedal anti-vasopressin (aVP) positive cells run in close vicinity to the cerebral ovulation (neuro-)-hormone producing cell system (CDC system) Synapses or SLS between the two systems were not observed. The fact that (bath) application of arg-vasopressin induces bursting in the CDC, may indicate that the vasopressin-like substance of the aVP cells is released non-synaptically.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00215162
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    Influence of photoperiod on the ultrastructure of the hypophysial pars tuberalis of the Djungarian hamster, Phodopus sungorus (1984)
    Springer
    Cell & tissue research 238 (1984), S. 213-216 
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    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Photoperiods ; Pituitary gland, pars tuberalis ; Ultrastructure ; Phodopus sungorus
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary Conspicuous cytological differences are found between specific secretory cells of the hypophysial pars tuberalis of Djungarian hamsters exposed to long and short photoperiods. The cells differ with respect to the shapes of perikarya and nuclei and show diverse amounts of secretory granules, lysosome-like bodies and glycogen.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00215166
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    Ultrastructure and immunolabeling of gonadotrops and thyrotrops in the pituitary of the African catfish, Clarias lazera (1984)
    Springer
    Cell & tissue research 238 (1984), S. 95-103 
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    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Pituitary gland, pars anterior (distalis) ; Gonadotrops ; Thyrotrops ; Ultrastructure ; Immunolabeling ; Teleosts
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary Pituitaries of the African catfish (Clarias lazera) were studied with immunocytochemical methods, at the light-microscopic and ultrastructural levels, for the characterization and localization of gonadotropic and thyrotropic cells. Two immunostaining procedures with the use of different markers were carried out: (i) with peroxidase-antiperoxidase, (ii) with protein A-gold. In routinely stained sections for light microscopy two types of basophils were identified in the proximal pars distalis: (1) large, round, purple cells, and (2) small, angular, light-blue cells. Both types were immunolabeled with antibodies against Clarias α,β-gonadotropin (GTH) and salmon G100-GTH. Only the large basophils were immunolabeled with anti-carp β-GTH, whereas the small basophils were the only cells immunolabeled with anti-human thyrotropin beta subunit (anti-h TSH-β). It was concluded that the large basophils represent the gonadotrops and the small basophils the thyrotrops. At the ultrastructural level the immunostaining of the GTH-cells was confined to three types of inclusions: (i) secretory vesicles, (ii) globules, and (iii) electron-dense, membrane-bound irregular masses. Especially the protein A- gold method, in combination with the use of a highly diluted homologous antiserum, resulted in a distinct localization of GTH. The presence of two types of nerve fibres, synaptically contacting the gonadotrops, is discussed with regard to the presence of a peptidergic (stimulatory) and an aminergic (inhibitory) control of GTH-secretion.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00215149
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    Ultrastructural immunocytochemical demonstration of D2-protein in adrenal medulla (1984)
    Springer
    Cell & tissue research 238 (1984), S. 497-502 
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    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: D2 glycoprotein ; Adrenal gland ; Immunocytochemistry ; Ultrastructure ; Cell adhesion
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary The ultrastructural localization of the glycoprotein D2 in rat adrenal gland was investigated using immunohistochemical methods, and D2 localization in cultures of adult bovine chromaffin cells was studied by immunofluorescence. D2 was found to be situated on nerve fibers passing through the adrenal cortex and in the medulla zone, and also on the surface of all chromaffin cells. In addition, it was strongly expressed on the surface of glial (Schwann) cells. Cortical cells were unreactive to the antiserum. In cultures, all adrenalin and noradrenalin [dopamine-β-hydroxylase (DBH)-positive] cells were surface labelled for D2. A less frequent second cell type was recognized in vitro which was DBH negative but D2 positive. Such cells were presumed to be Schwann cells. These data are discussed in terms of the developmental origin of the cells and with regard to the putative functional rôle of D2 in cell adhesion phenomena.
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    The pineal gland of nocturnal mammals (1981)
    Springer
    Cell & tissue research 216 (1981), S. 253-271 
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    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Pinealocytes ; Cell populations ; Bat ; Ultrastructure
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary In the pineal gland of the pipistrelle bat two different populations of pinealocytes and glial cells were observed electron microscopically. The pinealocytes of populations I and II differ in their content of metabolically active cell organelles. In the pinealocytes of population I, granular vesicles originating from the Golgi apparatus were found in the perikaryon and especially in the endings of the pinealocyte processes. Granular vesicles appeared to be more numerous in hibernating nulliparous females. The pinealocytes of population II are characterized by the presence of small cytoplasmic vacuoles, probably originating from cisternae of the granular endoplasmic reticulum and containing flocculent material of moderate electron density. The classification of the pinealocytes belonging to population II is discussed.
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    The fine structure of the compound eye of the African armyworm moth, Spodoptera exempta walk. (Lepidoptera, Noctuidae) (1981)
    Springer
    Cell & tissue research 216 (1981), S. 333-347 
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    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Insect eye ; Retina ; Ultrastructure ; Moth ; Spodoptera exempta
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary The morphology of the compound eye of the noctuid moth Spodoptera exempta was investigated by electron microscopy. This eucone superposition eye is composed of about 8000 ommatidia. Each ommatidium is surrounded by six secondary pigment cells showing pigment movement according to the state of adaptation. It contains four crystalline cone cells forming together a crystalline cone and tract, two primary pigment cells, which encompass the crystalline cone, and usually eight retinula cells. On the basis of their rhabdomeric structure, three types of retinula cells can be distinguished. According to the structure of the rhabdom, two types of ommatidia are found in different regions of the eye. The rhabdom of the lobed type, providing more than 80% of ommatidia, is composed of V-shaped rhabdomeres with fanwise arranged microvilli. The rhabdom of the square type, found in a small area in the dorsal region of the eye, consists of triangular rhabdomeres with parallel microvilli. The functional significance of this difference is discussed.
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    The lateral eyes of the scorpion, Androctonus australis (1980)
    Springer
    Cell & tissue research 206 (1980), S. 95-114 
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    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Lateral eyes ; Scorpion ; Ultrastructure ; Retina ; Arhabdomeric cells
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary The dioptric apparatus of the lateral eyes of the scorpion, Androctonus austrails, consists of a cuticular lens, but lacks a vitreous body. The retina is formed by (1) retinula cells displaying a contiguous network of rhabdoms; (2) arhabdomeric cells bearing a distal dendrite that contacts retinula cells via numerous projections and ends before the rhabdomere of the retinula cells; (3) pigment cells that ensheath retinula and arhabdomeric cells with the exception of the contact regions; and (4) neurosecretory fibres possibly originating in the supraesophageal ganglion. The ratio of the number of retinula to arhabdomeric cells is determined to be close to 2 ∶ 1 in the three larger anterolateral eyes, in contrast to the median eyes where the ratio is 5 ∶ 1. The construction of the dioptric apparatus as well as the anatomy of the retina imply that in the lateral eyes of Androctonus australis visual acuity is reduced. A certain degree of spatial discrimination, however, may be retained by the presence of a relatively high number of arhabdomeric cells. It is suggested that the lateral eyes of A. australis mainly function as light detectors, e.g., for Zeitgeber stimuli.
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    Fine structure of the compound eyes and interfacetal mechanoreceptors of Cicindela tranquebarica Herbst (Coleoptera: Cicindelidae) (1980)
    Springer
    Cell & tissue research 206 (1980), S. 123-138 
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    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Ultrastructure ; Sense organs ; Compound eyes ; Interfacetal mechanoreceptor ; Coleoptera
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary The structure of the compound eyes of adult Cicindela tranquebarica Herbst was examined by use of light, scanning, and transmission electron microscopy. Each ommatidium of these photopic eyes is eucone and has a “subcorneal layer” situated between the corneal lens and crystalline cone. A distal rhabdomere consisting only of microvilli from retinula cell seven, a more proximal, rectangular, fused rhabdom formed from six retinula cells, and a basal, eighth retinula cell with a spherical rhabdomere comprise the light sensitive portions of the ommatidium. The “subcorneal layer” consists of lamellae of endocuticular microfibrils and, in surface view, shows 11 concave polygons. Proximal extensions of the crystalline thread form inter-retinular fibres containing microtubules between retinula cells 1/2, 3/4, 5/6, and 7/1. The primary pigment cells are devoid of pigment granules, but are rich in rough endoplasmic reticulum. Proximal to each retinula cell nucleus are two basal bodies, one perpendicular to the other. The more proximal basal body extends two fibrillar feet proximally which fuse to form a horizontally-banded ciliary rootlet extending the length of the retinula peripheral to the rhabdom. Each ommatidium is surrounded by 16 secondary pigment cells. Interfacetal mechanoreceptors between some adjacent lenses each have a single bipolar neuron, with a dendritic sheath, tubular body, cilium, outer and inner sheath cells, and an axon surrounded by a neurilemma sheath cell.
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    Ontogeny and ultrastructure of somatostatin and calcitonin cells in the thyroid gland of the rat (1980)
    Springer
    Cell & tissue research 206 (1980), S. 193-201 
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    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Somatostatin cells ; Calcitonin cells ; Ontogeny ; Ultrastructure ; Thyroid (rat)
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary Calcitonin cells are relatively numerous in the thyroid gland of the rat. In contrast, somatostatin cells are very scarce except at the time of birth and a few days thereafter, when they are conspicuously numerous. Somatostatin cells of the thyroid gland, which are ultrastructurally similar to somatostatin cells in gut and pancreas, also contain immunoreactive calcitonin. It is not clear whether somatostatin cells in the rat thyroid gland produce calcitonin or accumulate calcitonin from the environment.
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    Ultrastructural and gas-chromatographic analysis of the preputial glands of male nude (nu/nu) mice (1980)
    Springer
    Cell & tissue research 211 (1980), S. 73-82 
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    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Preputial glands ; Nude mice ; Ultrastructure ; Gas chromatography
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary The preputial glands of male nude (nu/nu) mice were analyzed by a combination of electron microscopy and gas chromatography to determine whether or not they are affected, like developing hairs and nails, by the nu/nu genotype. Results of the analyses revealed no differences between the glands of nude and normal male mice in either their ultrastructural characteristics or lipid secretory products.
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    Ultrastructural alterations associated with the initiation of follicular atresia (1980)
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    Cell & tissue research 211 (1980), S. 105-115 
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    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Rat ; Preovulatory follicle ; Ultrastructure ; Degeneration ; Atresia
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary To identify and describe ovarian follicles committed to undergo follicular degeneration (atresia), immature rats were primed with pregnant mare serum gonadotropin (PMSG). After PMSG treatment, preovulatory follicles develop but subsequently degenerate. Prior to the appearance of pyknotic nuclei (Stage I of atresia), degenerative changes were observed in focal areas of the granulosa cell layer. These changes include “blebbing” of the cytoplasm and alterations in the shape of the granulosa cells. The appearance of these degenerative changes coincides with a decrease in ovarian concentrations of estradiol and testosterone. Since estrogens and androgens maintain the follicle, the decline in estradiol and testosterone could be responsible for the further degenerative alterations that lead to complete deterioration of the preovulatory follicle. In Stage I atretic follicles, lysosome-derived autophagic vacuoles develop and macrophages invade both the thecal and granulosa cell layers. The combined actions of the autophagic vacuoles and macrophages could destroy both the granulosa-cell and thecal layers and thereby transform the preovulatory follicle into an ovarian cyst.
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    A study by scanning (SEM) and transmission (TEM) electron microscopy of the glomerular capillaries in developing rat kidney (1980)
    Springer
    Cell & tissue research 212 (1980), S. 241-255 
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    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Glomerulogenesis ; Glomerular capillaries ; Kidney development ; Corrosion casts ; Ultrastructure
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary Kidneys of 2 to 10 day-old rats of Wistar and Sprague-Dawley strains were fixed with glutaraldehyde by retrograde vascular perfusion and then prepared for observation in TEM and SEM. In addition methacrylate casts of differentiating glomerular capillaries were examined by SEM. Although the glomerular vascular pattern differs from one glomerulus to another, its differentiation proceeds according to the following general plan. First the glomerular capillary splits longitudinally, finally to form 3 to 5 lobules consisting of a capillary network, sustained centrally by the mesangium. In the present study the differentiation of glomerular capillaries is described in five successive arbitrarily selected stages. At Stage I a capillary loop penetrates between the lower limb and the middle segment of the S-shaped body, the rudimentary nephron. At Stage II the capillary undergoes a first subdivision, establishing the primitive lobulation of the glomerulus. At Stage III the vascular and urinary poles differentiate. At Stage IV the glomerulus assumes the aspect of a spherical body, and the capillaries in each lobule undergo subdivision. In Stage V the glomerular vascular pattern approaches its adult appearance, although the maturation processes continue for an extended period of time. Hence in the 10 day-old rat the best-differentiated glomeruli are half the size of adult glomeruli, and their capillary loops are proportionally less well-developed. The capillaries of adjacent lobules may communicate with each other, but a direct vascular shunt between the afferent and efferent vessels cannot be demonstrated.
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    Evidence for two secretory cell types in the Stannius bodies of the teleosts Fundulus heteroclitus and Carassius auratus (1980)
    Springer
    Cell & tissue research 212 (1980), S. 295-306 
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    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Stannius bodies ; Secretory cell types ; Teleosts (Fundulus, Carassius) ; Ultrastructure
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary The Stannius bodies of killifish and goldfish were ultrastructurally investigated after exposure of the fish to media of different osmolality and calcium content. In both species two structurally different secretory cell types are found. Type-1 cells predominate. They contain an extensive granular endoplasmic reticulum, some large Golgi areas, and secretory granules with a mean diameter of about 0.4 μm. These cells are activated by transfer of freshwater fish to seawater, but not by transfer to low-calcium seawater. Type-2 cells often contain cytoplasmic processes that penetrate between the type-1 cells and are ending on the basal lamina. In this contact area granule release takes place. Type-2 cells contain some strands of granular endoplasmic reticulum, several small Golgi areas, and secretory granules with a mean diameter between 0.15 and 0.20 μm. Type-2 cells are not activated after transfer of fish to seawater. In killifish seawater exposure leads to a reduction of type-2 cells. The differences between the reactions of both cell types to different media point to functional differences between their secretory products. Type-1 cells may produce a hypocalcemic factor. It is concluded that type-2 cells are typical for freshwater fish or euryhaline fish spending part of their life cycle in freshwater. The proper function of these cells is unclear.
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    The occurrence of erythropoiesis in the thymus of the bank vole (Clethrionomys glareolus) (1980)
    Springer
    Cell & tissue research 212 (1980), S. 307-314 
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    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Thymus (Mammalia) ; Erythropoiesis ; Macrocytes ; Anaemia ; Ultrastructure
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary The thymus of wild young and adult bank voles (Clethrionomys glareolus) was examined by histological methods for the presence of developing erythroid cells. Nucleated erythroid cells were observed in 26% of the glands examined by light microscopy and in 69% of the glands examined by electron microscopy. The largest number of developing erythroid cells was observed in the thymus of pregnant females, also showing raised reticulocyte counts (3.1–10.2%). However, erythropoiesis could also be found in breeding and non-breeding, first year and older animals. Erythroid cells were mainly located in the cortex, sometimes in small groups interspersed between lymphoid cells, and also randomly scattered in the cortex. Occasionally, macrocytic erythroid cells were also present. Pyknotic cells were commonly present, and granulopoiesis was frequently observed.
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    Ultrastructure of catecholamine-containing axons in the intestine of the domestic fowl (1983)
    Springer
    Cell & tissue research 234 (1983), S. 411-425 
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    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Intestines (chicken) ; Innervation ; Catecholamines ; Adrenergic fibres ; Ultrastructure
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary Axons in the duodenum, ileum and rectum of the domestic fowl were identified as catecholamine-containing (CA) on the basis of positive reactivity following chromaffin fixation for electron microscopy. CA-axons in association with blood vessels in all regions of the intestine and in non-vascular sites in the small intestine had a ‘ typical’ adrenergic appearance, in that they contained many small granular vesicles (SGV) and variable numbers of large granular vesicles (LGV). In the rectum the non-vascular CA-axon profiles were atypical, in that there were many elongated LGV and few SGV, and the chromaffin reactivity was weak. The nerve profiles in the rectum were dramatically reduced following 6-hydroxydopamine and reserpine treatment and were absent in rectum cultured in the absence of extrinsic ganglia. It was concluded that the profiles, in spite of their low chromaffin reactivity, truely represent CA-axons. The possibility was raised that the atypical morphology and reduced chromaffin reactivity is due to the presence of adrenaline.
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    Ultrastructural identification of corticotropes of the fetal rat (1983)
    Springer
    Cell & tissue research 234 (1983), S. 427-437 
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    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Corticotropes ; Rat fetus ; Ultrastructure ; Immunocytochemistry
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary Corticotropes of rat fetuses aged 16, 18 and 21 days were localized by the indirect antibody-enzyme method on semithin sections of the pituitary. The development of the ultrastructure of these cells was observed on consecutive ultrathin sections. In comparison with previous data our present results show that identification of a fetal cell type cannot be based entirely on morphological criteria. The structural peculiarities of corticotropes obtained from studies in vivo are compared with those observed in cells maintained in vitro.
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    Cyclophosphamide-induced changes in rodent odontogenesis (1983)
    Springer
    Cell & tissue research 234 (1983), S. 679-689 
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    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Odontogenesis ; Rats ; Cyclophosphamide ; Ultrastructure
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary Cyclophosphamide-induced changes in rodent odontogenesis were investigated by light and electron microscopy in four-day-old Sprague Dawley rats given one injection of 40 mg/kg of body weight of cyclophosphamide and killed at intervals of one hour, one day, one week and two weeks. Incisor and molar teeth were dissected from the animals, fixed in 2.0% glutaraldehyde in 0.1 M sodium cacodylate with 3.4% sucrose, and subsequently some were incubated for alkaline phosphatase reaction, and embedded in Spurr's medium for sectioning at light- and electron-microscopic levels. From three days a cell-sparse zone was created in the pulp in the growing end of the tooth and progressive cellular changes were observed which became more severe in the one-week and two-week specimens. Subodontoblast and adjacent pulpal cells were the most affected showing nuclear changes, damage to, or loss of, organelles, and inclusion bodies. Odontogenic epithelium was less affected and odontoblasts appeared to be unaffected by the drug. A new irregular matrix was laid down in the defect area and seemed to be the product of depolarized odontoblasts. This new matrix showed alkaline phosphatase activity, as did the cells embedded in it, and later it became mineralized. It is speculated that the polarity of odontoblasts might be maintained by an intact subodontoblastic layer; when this is lost the odontoblasts become depolarized and capable of secreting matrix from both ends.
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    The spatial organization of nucleolar DNA in phytohemagglutinin-stimulated lymphocytes of the guinea pig (1984)
    Springer
    Cell & tissue research 235 (1984), S. 65-70 
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    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Lymphocytes ; Phytohemagglutinin stimulation ; Nucleolar organizer region ; Three-dimensional reconstruction ; Ultrastructure ; Guinea pig
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary The ultrastructural changes in the spatial organization of nucleolar DNA in lymphocytes during phytohemagglutinin (PHA) stimulation was studied in guinea pigs by means of oxidized diaminobenzidine (DAB) at low pH as a differentially contrasting stain for nucleic acids and by the use of reconstruction of serial sections. The extended DNA filaments situated inside the fibrillar area originate from a large aggregation of heterochromatin, which is closely associated with the nucleolus, and from the perinucleolar shell of condensed chromatin. It is suggested that these two distinct regions of chromatin might be associated with different functions.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00213724
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    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Diurnal variations in myeloid bodies of the newt retinal pigment epithelium (1984)
    Springer
    Cell & tissue research 235 (1984), S. 177-186 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Retinal pigment epithelium ; Myeloid bodies ; Diurnal variation ; Morphometrics ; Ultrastructure ; Lipid metabolism ; Endoplasmic reticulum
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary Myeloid bodies (MBs) occur in the newt (Notophthalmus viridescens) retinal pigment epithelium (RPE) and are similar to areas of specialized endoplasmic reticulum found in a variety of other cell types. The function of these structures is unknown, although a role in lipid metabolism has been strongly suggested. Random samples from conventionally-fixed and sectioned newt RPE, obtained over a 24-hr cycle (LD 12∶12), were examined by electron microscopy. Myeloid bodies appear as stacks of flattened endoplasmic reticulum-associated saccules which increase in length and number as the RPE accumulates shed outer segment material, prior to increase in the amount of stored lipid. Associations of MBs with the nuclear envelope can be related to this increased length. Myeloid bodies decrease numerically in the cell as phagosomes are removed from the cytoplasm, but a decrease in mean sectional MB area, seen in the light phase, is counteracted in darkness where individual MBs are larger than those found in the light. The total sectional area of MBs within a cell and their mean length varied depending on the lighting condition; differences were also found between eyes after extended periods of continuous light and dark. Ribosomes were found in association with the surfaces of both flattened and circular MBs, but they were consistently more densely associated with the shorter concave surfaces of curved regions. A new hypothesis for MB function is presented, which is concerned with their role in isolating toxic lipids such as retinoids, which are accumulated during phagocytosis of shed outer segment tips, and which are capable of disrupting membrane-bound systems necessary for their eventual metabolism and safe storage.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00213738
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