ALBERT

Notes: Wild-caught female harbor seals (Phoca vitulina) were classified as sexually mature or immature on the basis of standard body length (〈 125 cm immature, 〉 125 cm mature) and plasma progesterone concentrations measured using an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA), a technique usable in the field. Sexually mature females were classified as pregnant or non-pregnant on the basis of their plasma progesterone concentrations. Of 28 wild mature female harbor seals caught in the Moray Firth, N.E. Scotland, between the end of February and the end of May, 79% had plasma progesterone concentrations greater than 60 nmol liter−1, the lowest plasma progesterone concentration measured in one of eight females later observed with a pup, and were diagnosed as pregnant. A linear discriminant function, calculated to provide a method of distinguishing pregnant and non-pregnant females, predicted 100% of non-pregnant females and 95.8% of pregnant females using plasma progesterone concentration, standard length, and month of capture as parameters. Plasma progesterone concentrations were less than 30 nmol liter−1 in all mature and immature males and immature females. In mature females plasma progesterone concentrations ranged from 0-318 nmol liter−1.

Notes: [Auszug] Groups of organisms that have been described as a single taxonomic unit on the basis of quantitative characters are increasingly proving to require more complex classification, when their evolutionary history is studied with molecular markers1. Here we report an analysis of mitochondrial DNA ...

Notes: [Auszug] Two techniques have been used to estimate the energy costs of flight from respiratory gas exchange in bats and birds- respirometry and doubly-labelled water (DLW). Here we com-bined the two techniques by measuring the total energy expen-ded by bats over an average period of 3.3 h using DLW. ...

Notes: Summary A positive relationship was established between energy expenditure and pulse rate of echolocation for 8 pipistrelle bats (Pipistrellus pipistrellus) when hanging at rest in a respirometry chamber at 28 °C. The least squares fit equation: Energy expenditure (J·−1·h−1)=110.09+ 40.3 pulse rate (n/s) explained 14% of the minute by minute variation in energy expenditure. For a 6 g bat therefore each pulse costs approximately 0.067 Joules to produce. The net cost of echolocation at 10 pulses per second for a 6 g pipistrelle bat was predicted to be 9.5 × BMR with a range of 7.0–12.2 × BMR. We suggest that since a major portion of the cost of echolocation may result from contraction of the pectoralis and scapularis groups of muscles, the cost of echolocation is reduced for flying animals which contract these muscles anyway during flight. This may account for the high incidence of echolocation systems amongst flying vertebrates, when compared with terrestrial species.

Notes: Abstract Near Harpenden, Hertfordshire, brood rearing continues later into the autumn in small than in large colonies, and in colonies headed by queens of the current year than by queens of the previous year. In spring the amount of brood present increases with colony size, but there is more brood per bee in small than in large colonies. Food consumption per bee during winter decreased with increase in colony size, especially in colonies with fewer than 18,000 bees. The size of a colony in spring was related directly to its size in the previous autumn, and the proportion of bees that survived the winter was similar in large and small colonies.

Notes: Summary Intra-abdominal temperature-sensitive radio transmitters were used to collect more than 350 sets of body temperature (T b ) data from 23 captive adult hedgehogs over a 3-year period. Each data set comprised measurements made every 1/2 h for 24-h periods. Between 20 and 60 such data sets were recorded every calendar month, and a total of 17400 measurements of T b were collected. The hedgehogs were exposed to natural environmental conditions at 57°N in NE Scotland. Hedgehogs showed seasonal changes in mean daily euthermic T b ,with a July maximum of 35.9±0.2°C, a September minimum of 34.7±0.9°C, and a marked circadian T b cycle that correlates closely with photoperiod. Maximal T b occurred within 2 h of midnight and this pattern of nocturnal maximum and diurnal minimum T b was most marked between April and September. The circadian T b cycle was least correlated with photoperiod during winter. Hibernal T b during winter correlated with ambient temperature (T a ),it was maximal in September (17.7±1.0°C) and minimal in December (5.2±0.9°C). Apart from the tracking of T a and T b during hibernal bouts, with a time-lag of 4–6 h, circadian rhythmicity of hibernal T b was not evident. However, the T b of hibernating hedgehogs rose significantly when T a fell below — 5°C, although the animals did not neccessarily arouse. Although hibernal bouts occurred between September and April, 89.5% of such bouts were recorded between November and February. The mean time of entry into hibernation was 01:45±5.1 h GMT while the mean time of the start of spontaneous arousal from hibernation was 11:53±4.8 h GMT. Therefore, during hibernation hedgehogs were either fully aroused at night, when euthermic hedgehogs have maximalT b ,or in deep hibernation around midday, when euthermic hedgehogs have minimal T b .Since wild hedgehogs will feed during spontaneous arousal from hibernation, these timings are probably adaptive, and suggest that entry into, and arousal from, hibernation may be extensions of circadian cyclicity. Spontaneous bouts of transient shallow torpor (TST) were recorded throughout the year, with nearly 80% of observations occurring during August and September, at the start of the hibernal period. TST bouts lasted for 4.9±2.9 h, with T b falling to 25.8±3.1 °C. Only 20% of TST bouts immediately preceded hibernation and their duration did not correlate with T a or body mass. TST bouts started at 06:51±4.7 h GMT, significantly later than entry into hibernation, and ended at 13:04±5.4 h GMT. The function of TST bouts is unclear, but they may be preparation for the hibernation season or a further energy conservation strategy. When arousing from hibernation hedgehogs warmed at a rate of 1.9±0.4°C·h-1, and when entering hibernation cooled at 7.9±1.9°C·h-1. Warming rates were slightly higher during mid-winter when T b and body mass were minimal, but cooling rates were 44% higher at the end of the hibernal period compared to the start. Cooling and warming rates were strikingly similar to those measured in hedgehogs at 31°N. These results demonstrate that thermoregulation in the hedgehog is closely regulated and changes on a seasonal basis, in meeting with requirements of surviving food shortages and low temperature during winter.

Notes: Summary Mean oxygen consumption and simultaneous ventilation frequency of nine non-reproductive brown long-eared bats (body mass 8.53–13.33 g) were measured on 159 occasions. Ambient (chamber) temperature at which the measurements were made ranged from 10.8 to 41.1°C. Apneic ventilation occurred in 22 of the 59 measurements made when mean oxygen consumption was less than 0.5 ml·min-1. No records of apneic ventilation were obtained when it was over 0.5 ml·min-1. The relationship between ventilation frequency and mean oxygen consumption depended on whether ventilation was apneic or non-apneic. When ventilation was non-apneic the relationship was positive and log-linear. When ventilation was apneic the relationship was log-log. Within the thermoneutral zone ventilation frequency was not significantly different from that predicted from allometric equations for a terrestrial mammal of equivalent body mass, but was significantly greater than that predicted for a bird. A reduction in the amount of oxygen consumed per breath occurred at ambient temperatures above the upper critical temperature (39°C).

Notes: Summary In the pineal gland of the pipistrelle bat two different populations of pinealocytes and glial cells were observed electron microscopically. The pinealocytes of populations I and II differ in their content of metabolically active cell organelles. In the pinealocytes of population I, granular vesicles originating from the Golgi apparatus were found in the perikaryon and especially in the endings of the pinealocyte processes. Granular vesicles appeared to be more numerous in hibernating nulliparous females. The pinealocytes of population II are characterized by the presence of small cytoplasmic vacuoles, probably originating from cisternae of the granular endoplasmic reticulum and containing flocculent material of moderate electron density. The classification of the pinealocytes belonging to population II is discussed.