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  • Spektralphotometrie  (212)
  • Lepidoptera  (165)
  • Springer  (377)
  • Cambridge University Press
  • 1980-1984  (191)
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  • 1
    ISSN: 1570-7458
    Keywords: host-plant relations ; host variation ; Malacosoma americanum ; Malacosoma disstria ; Lasiocampidae ; Geometridae ; Lepidoptera ; niche breadth ; specialization ; plantinsect interactions
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Description / Table of Contents: Zusammenfassung Raupen von Malacosoma americanum (F.), einer oligophagen Art, die sich vor allem auf Prunus und andern baumartigen Rosaceen entwickelt, wurden verglichen mit Raupen der polyphageren Verwandten M. disstria Hb. und zwar im Hinblick auf deren Empfindlichkeit auf Unterschiede im Blatt ihrer gemeinsamen Wirtspflanze, Prunus serotina Ehrh. Das Puppengewicht und die Entwicklungszeit bis zur Verpuppung wurden gemessen bei Raupen, welche auf Blättern von freiwachsenden und von beschatteten Jungpflanzen gezüchtet worden waren. Die Blattunterschiede hatten eine ausgesprochene Wirkung, aber es gab keine Unterschiede in der Reaktion der beiden Arten. Dieser Vergleich lässt vermuten, dass die Empfindlichkeit auf intraspezifische Unterschiede der Wirtspflanzenqualität bei wirtsspezifischen und polyphagen Arten gleich ist. Indessen dürften sich laut anderen Resultaten einige Insektenarten anders verhalten.
    Notes: Abstract Larvae of Malacosoma americanum (F.)(Lepidoptera: Lasiocampidae) an oligophagous species that feeds primarily on Prunus and other rosaceous trees, were compared to larvae of the more highly polyphagous congener M. disstria Hb., with respect to their sensitivity to variation in the foliage of a common host plant, Prunus serotina Ehrh. Pupal weight and time to pupation were measured on larvae reared on foliage from open-grown and from shaded saplings. The difference in foliage had a pronounced effect, but no difference was evident between the species in their response to the variation in foliage. This comparison implies that sensitivity to intraspecific variation in host quality does not differ between host-specific and generalized species. However, results from other species suggest that some species of insects do differ in this respect.
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  • 2
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    Entomologia experimentalis et applicata 30 (1981), S. 106-110 
    ISSN: 1570-7458
    Keywords: assimilation efficiency ; growth efficiency ; niche breadth ; specialization ; hostplant relations ; plant-insect interactions ; Malacosoma americanum ; Malacosoma disstria ; Lasiocampidae ; Lepidoptera
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Description / Table of Contents: Zusammenfassung Raupen von Malacosoma americanum, einer oligophagen Art, die sich vor allem auf Prunus und andern baumartigen Rosaceen. entwickelt, wurden mit Raupen der polyphageren Verwandten M. disstria in Hinblick auf die Verwertung der Blätter ihres gemeinsames Wirtes Prunus serotina verglichen. Wirerhielten ähnliche Werte wie sie früher für andere Lepidopteren publiziert worden waren und zwar in Bezug auf die üblichen Messwerte, Anteil verwertete Nahrung, Wachstum in Trockengewicht pro Einheit gefressene oder verwertete Nahrung. Zudem unterschieden sich die beiden Arten in keiner Masszahl für Effizienz. Unsere Resultate sind im Einklang mit der Folgerung, das spezialisierte phytophage Insekten ihre Wirtspflanzen nicht besser ausnützen als as polyphage Arten tun.
    Notes: Abstract Larvae of Malacosoma americanum (F.) an oligophagous species that feeds primarily on Prunus and other rosaceous trees, were compared to larvae of the more highly polyphagous congener M. disstria Hb., with respect to the efficiency of utilization of the foliage of a common host plant, Prunus serotina Ehrh. We obtained values similar to those reported for other Lepidoptera for the commonly used measures of the fraction of ingested food that was assimilated, and for the growth in dry weight per unit of food ingested or assimilated. Moreover, the two species did not differ in any measure of efficiency. Our results are compatible with the conclusion that specialized phytophagous insects do not use their host plants with greater physiological efficiency than do generalized insects.
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  • 3
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    Entomologia experimentalis et applicata 34 (1983), S. 174-178 
    ISSN: 1570-7458
    Keywords: Lepidoptera ; Pyralidae ; Maruca testulalis ; Pod borer ; Development ; Nutritional suitability ; Host plant ; Crotalaria ; Vigna unguiculata
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Description / Table of Contents: Résumé Les possibilités de développement larvaire de Maruca testulalis sur les fleurs de huit espèces végétales ont été examinées en laboratoire. La comparaison a porté sur Crotalaria retusa, C. juncea, C. saltiana, C. misereniensis, C. mucronata, C. amazonas, Cajanus cajan et l'hôte principal de cette chenille, Vigna unguiculata. En tenant compte de la mortalité larvaire et des indices de croissance (G.I.), ces plantes ont été divisées en trois catégories principales: 1 celles provoquant une mortalité larvaire de 0–30% et ayant des G.I. ≥60%, constituent les plantes hôtes convenables (Vigna unguiculata seule); 2 les plantes qui provoquent une mortalité larvaire de 30≤50% et ont des G.I. de 30 à 60% de la plante hôte principale (Cajanus cajan, Crotalaria amazonas, C. saltiana, C. mucronata; 3 les plantes qui causent 50–100% de mortalité larvaire et dont les G.I. sont inférieurs à 30% de la plante hôte principale (Crotalaria retusa, C. juncea, C. misereniensis). Les résultats déjà publiés sur les choix du lieu de ponte des femelles et l'utilisation de C. juncea comme plante piège, sont discutés à la lumière de ces données nouvelles.
    Notes: Abstract Flowers of eight plant species were evaluated under laboratory conditions for their suitability as larval growth media for the cowpea pod borer, Maruca testulalis. The plants tested were Crotalaria retusa, C. juncea, C. saltiana, C. misereniensis, C. amazonas, Cajanus cajan and the principal host of the borer, Vigna unguiculata (cowpea), was included for comparison. Based on the data obtained on larval mortality and growth indices (GI) the plants were divided into 3 categories namely: I: Those causing 0–30% mortality and having GI value ≥60% form suitable host plants. This group only included V. unguiculata. — II: Those plant species causing 30≤50% larval mortality and having GI value 30%≤60% of the principal host plant (Cajanus cajan, Crotalaria amazonas, C. saltiana, C. mucronata). This group of species is marginally suitable as hosts. — III: Plants causing 50–100% larval mortality and having GI value ≤30% of principal host plant (C. retusa, C. juncea and C. misereniensis). Previously published data on the oviposition preference of the adult moth are discussed in the light of the present findings and the use of C. juncea as a possible trap crop.
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  • 4
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    Entomologia experimentalis et applicata 34 (1983), S. 203-205 
    ISSN: 1570-7458
    Keywords: Lepidoptera ; Sesiidae ; Synanthedon vespiformis ; Paranthrene tabaniformis ; Chamaesphecia empiformis ; Chamaesphecia tenthrediniformis ; Attractants ; Pheromones ; Clearwing moths ; Nemapogon
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
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  • 5
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    Entomologia experimentalis et applicata 30 (1981), S. 280-292 
    ISSN: 1570-7458
    Keywords: Allozyme variation ; Lepidoptera ; Yponomeuta padellus ; evolutionary stages ; F-statistics ; panmixis
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Description / Table of Contents: Résumé Le degré de différenciation génétique en allozymes à des niveaux divers de divergence évolutive (populations conspécifiques, sibling species et non-sibling species) d'Yponomeuta a été déterminé. Les distances génétiques entre des sibling species ou des non-sibling species sont très larges. Il en est conclu que de telles estimations ne fournissent pas beaucoup d'informations sur le phénomène de spéciation même. Des coéfficients de reproduction consanguine (F ST) ont été calculés pour des populations d'Y. padellus provenant de six plantes-hôtes. La valeur moyenne F STest .030±.012. Les valuers de F ST des populations recueillies sur Crataegus, (plante-hôte habituelle d'Y. padellus), sont inférieures 2–3.5 fois à celles des populations de l'ensemble des autres plantes-hôtes. L'apparition de races en fonction de l'hôte, mesurée par les différences importantes dans de fréquences des allozymes entre populations sympatriques sur plusieurs plantes-hôtes, a été examinée dans quatre régions. Il apparaît ainsi que la formation de races en fonction de l'hôte se produit chez Y. padellus et que la spéciation sympatrique est un évènement très vraisemblable.
    Notes: Abstract The amount of genetic differentiation at various levels of evolutionary divergence (conspecific populations, sibling species and non-sibling species) in Yponomeuta was determined. Genetic distances between siblings or non-siblings were found to cover a wide range. It is concluded that such estimates do not give much information on the speciation process itself. Inbreeding coefficients were calculated for populations of Y. padellus from a total of six host plants. The grand mean F ST value is 0.030±0.012. F ST values for populations sampled from Crataegus, the common food plant of Y. padellus, are 2–3.5 times smaller than those for populations from the other food plants taken together. Host race formation, as measured by significant differences in allozyme frequencies between sympatric populations on two or more food plants, was investigated in four areas. Host race formation seems to occur in Y. padellus and sympatric speciation is a likely event.
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  • 6
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    Entomologia experimentalis et applicata 34 (1983), S. 20-26 
    ISSN: 1570-7458
    Keywords: Dioryctria abietella ; Cone pyralid ; Lepidoptera ; Pyralidae ; Sex pheromone, (Z,E)-9,11-tetradecadienyl acetate ; Single sensillum recordings ; Electroantennography ; Gas chromatography ; Mass spectrometry
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Description / Table of Contents: Résumé L'analyse en chromatographie gazeuse associée à une détection électroantennographique a montré que l'acétate (Z,E)-9,11-tétradécadiényle (Z,E)-9,11–14:Ac est l'un des composants de la phéromone de Dioryctria abietella Schiff (Lepid.: Pyralidae). Couplage chromatographie en phase gazeuse spectrometrie de masse a montré la présence d'acétate tétradécadiényle avec un spectre de masse et un indice de rétention identiques au Z,E-9,11–14:Ac Un récepteur cellulaire sensible à la fois au Z,E-9,11–14:Ac et à un extrait de la femelle a été identifié sous l'antenne du mâle. Les analyses des antennogrammes et de la cellule isolée ont étayé la caractérisation du composant de la phéromone comme étant Z,E-9,11–14:Ac. Un récepteur cellulaire additionnel sensible à l'acétate (Z.)-9-tétradécadiényle et à l'acétate (Z.E.)-9,12-tétradécadiényle a été trouvé sur l'antenne du mâle, mais il n'était pas activé par l'extrait de la femelle. Sur le terrain Z,E-9,11–14:Ac, présenté seul, attirait des nombres importants de mâles de D. abietella. L'addition de l'acétate (Z)-9-tétradécényle a inhibé l'attraction des mâles par les pièges.
    Notes: Summary Gas chromatographic analyses coupled with electro-antennographic detection indicated that (Z,E)-9,11-tetradecadienyl acetate (Z,E-9, 11–14:Ac) is a pheromone component of the cone pyralid Dioryctria abietella. Gas chromatographic-mass spectrometric analyses confirmed the presence of a tetradecadienyl acetate with mass spectrum and retention index identical to Z,E-9,11–14:Ac. A receptor cell sensitive to both Z,E-9,11–14:Ac and the female extract was identified on the male antenna. An additional receptor cell sensitive to (Z)-9-tetradecenyl acetate and (Z,E)-9,12-tetradecadienyl acetate was found on the male antenna but was not activated by the female extract. In the field Z,E-9,11–14:Ac presented alone attracted significant numbers of male D. abietella. Addition of (Z)-9-tetradecenyl acetate inhibited the attraction of males to traps.
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  • 7
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    Entomologia experimentalis et applicata 36 (1984), S. 15-16 
    ISSN: 1570-7458
    Keywords: sex attractants ; Lepidoptera ; Noctuidae ; Orthosia incerta ; Orthosia cruda ; fruit pest ; Z9-14:Ac ; Z9-14:Ald ; Z11-16:Ac ; Z11-16:Ald
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
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  • 8
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    Entomologia experimentalis et applicata 34 (1983), S. 65-70 
    ISSN: 1570-7458
    Keywords: Insect growth regulators ; Anti-juvenile hormone ; Fluoromevalonate ; Precocious metamorphosis ; Premature pupation ; Ecdysis ; Fall webworm ; Hyphantria cunea ; Lepidoptera ; Arctiidae
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Description / Table of Contents: Zusammenfassung Fluormevalosäure (FMev), bekannt als ein spezifischer Inhibitor der Biosynthese des Juvenilhormons (JH) in Insekten, wurde in 0,1–50 μg/Tier Dosis topikal an 3., 4. und 5. Larvenstadien von Hyphantria cunea getestet. Die Raupen wurden auf einem semi-synthetischen, künstlichen Nährboden bei 25° und unter Langtagsbedingungen (18 : 6 St., Licht/Dunkel) gezüchtet. Diese Verbindung rief drei verschiedene Typen spezifischer Reaktionen hervor: 1) verfrühte Metamorphose, 2) gehemmte Häutung und 3) verlängerte Larvenentwicklung. Vor der verfrühten Verpuppung wurde normales Verhalten beobachtet. Die Larven des 3. oder 4. Stadiums häuteten sich meist erst nach einem interkalaren Larvenstadium in verfrühte Puppen. Unter den drei Larvenstadien erwies sich das 5. Stadium gegen die Anti-JH-Verbindung am empfindlichsten. In allen getesteten Entwicklungsphasen wiesen die frisch gehäuteten Larven die höchste Empfindlichkeit gegen FMev auf. Nach der Häutung wurde stufenweises Absinken der FMev-Empfindlichkeit beobachtet, im 5. Larvenstadium verursachte die Verbindung jedoch selbst am letzten Tag des Wachstums zu einen relativ hohen Prozentzahl verfrühte Verpuppung. Eine zweite typische Wirkung von FMev war die Hemmung der Häutungsprozesse. Zwei grundlegende Stufen der Häutungsstörungen unterschieden sich voneinander: 1) Als Folge der Anwendung hoher Dosen von FMev konnte die Mehrzahl der Raupen die alte Larvenkutikula nicht öffnen und ging deswegen in kurzer Zeit zugrunde. 2) Bei Behandlung mit niedrigen Dosen der Anti-JH-Verbindung häuteten sich einige Hyphantria-Larven scheinbar normal; nach der Häutung waren aber alle unfähig, die normalen Bewegungen und die Nahrungsaufnahme fortzusetzen. Auch die vorzeitigen Puppenhäutungen wurden in meisten Fällen durch die Anti-JH-Behandlung gehemmt. Die morphogenetischen Wirkungen von FMev konnten durch eine topikale Behandlung mit Hydroprene, einem hochaktiven JH-Analogen, vollständig oder teilweise verhindert werden.
    Notes: Summary Fluoromevalonate (FMev, ZR-3516) known as an inhibitor of JH biosynthesis was topically applied in 0.1 to 50 μg/specimen doses to the 3rd, 4th, and 5th instar caterpillars of Hyphantria cunea Drury. The anti-JH compound induced 3 main types of specific responses: 1) precocious metamorphosis, 2) inhibition of ecdysis, and 3) prolongation of larval development. Precocious pupation was accompanied by behavioural events typical of normal pupation. Third and 4th instar larvae metamorphosed prematurely mostly with the intervention of an intercalary larval instar. The 5th instar exhibited the highest sensitivity to the anti-JH agent. Within each larval stage the freshly moulted insects proved to be the most susceptible to FMev. Afterwards, the incidence of morphogenetic reaction gradually decreased with age. In another fraction of Hyphantria larvae not responding with precocious pupation, FMev evoked varying degrees of ecdysial disturbance which always resulted in the death of caterpillars. In most cases the anti-JH compound inhibited the premature pupal moult, too, and these affected insects died as tanned pharate pupae. A complete or partial “rescue” from the effects of FMev was elicited, if simultaneously or subsequently, a single topical dose of a JH analogue, hydroprene was also administered.
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  • 9
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    Entomologia experimentalis et applicata 30 (1981), S. 123-127 
    ISSN: 1570-7458
    Keywords: Sex Pheromones ; Repellent ; Heliothis armigera ; Heliothis zea ; Lepidoptera ; Noctuidae ; cotton bollworm ; corn earworm
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Description / Table of Contents: Résumé L'examen en olfactomètre a porté sur les réactions face à d'autres femelles de la même espèce, de femelles vierges ou ayant copulé d'Heliothis armigera Hübner et H. zea Boddie. Le lot comprenait 8 femelles, vierges ou ayant copulé en présence d'une femelle vierge ou ayant copulé. Les 4 combinaisons possibles de femelles vierges et de femelles ayant copulé ont été examinées avec 12 répétitions pour chaque espèce. Un extrait de l'extrémité de l'abdomen de femelles vierges d'une espèce a été présenté aux femelles de l'autre espèce pour examiner les possibilités de réactions interspécifiques aux phéromones. Pour chaque espèce, les réactions interspécifiques de répulsion entre femelles ont été hautement significatives par rapport aux témoins, à l'exception toutefois des réactions de femelle ayant copulé face à des femelles ayant elles aussi copulé. Les répulsions moyennes chez H. armigera et H. zea pour les 8 femelles de chaque expérience ont été: a) vierges en présence d'une vierge: 7,33 et 7,66; b) vierges en présence d'une femelles ayant copulé: 5,76 et 5,58; c) femelles ayant copulé en présence d'une vierge: 4,67 et 4,83. Les différences sont hautement significatives entre chaque paire de moyennes et entre chaque paire et le lot témoin; 3,17; 3,17; 3,42; 4,00 pour H. armigera; 3,17; 3,50; 2,83 et 3,75 pour H. zea. Les femelles vierges des deux espèces, H. armigera et H. zea ont présenté une réaction de répulsion en présence d'un extrait de l'abdomen de l'autre espèce; les répulsions moyennes étant respectivement 5,53 et 5,33 contre 3,83 et 3,58 pour le lot trémoin. On peut en conclure que ces répulsions doivent entraîner une tendance à la répartition uniforme.
    Notes: Abstract An olfactometer was used to determine the effect of pheromones released by females of the bollworms Heliothis armigera (Hübner) and H. zea (Boddie) on females of the same species. Four combinations of virgin and mated females were tested for repellency of one to the other. Evidence is presented that females of the two bollworms were repelled by females of the same species. In addition, extracts of virgin female abdomens of each species repelled virgin females of the other species.
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  • 10
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    Entomologia experimentalis et applicata 34 (1983), S. 155-162 
    ISSN: 1570-7458
    Keywords: Hymenoptera ; Braconidae ; Lepidoptera ; Nymphalidae ; Apanteles bignellii ; Euphydryas aurinia ; Multivoltinism ; Synchronisation ; Weather
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Description / Table of Contents: Zusammenfassung In einer Population von Euphydryas aurinia (Rottemburg) bei Oxford, England treten während einer Generation von E. aurinia drei Normalgenerationen von Apanteles bignellii Marshall auf. Jede Generation des Parasitoids kann charakterisiert werden durch das befallende Wirtsstadium und durch die aus einem Wirt schlüpfende Zahl Parasitoide. Parasitoide schlüpfen in Normalgenerationen aus dem 3., dem 4. und dem 6. Stadium des Wirts; in Ausnahmegenerationen schlüpfen sie aus dem 2. und 5. Stadium. Bis zu 70 Parasitoide können aus einer Altraupe (6. Stadium) schlüpfen und die Dauer dieses Stadiums kann bis auf 2 Wochen verlängert werden. Die Ausnahmegenerationen von A. bignellii aus Zweitlarven dürften aus Eiablagen in frühe Erstlarven stammen. Fünftlarven des Wirts, aus denen Parasitoide schlüpfen, sind ungewöhnlich klein und fressen nicht; sie dürften das Resultat sein eines Uebermasses von Apenteles-Eiern, die in frühe Viertlarven gelegt wurden. Die Synchronisation zwischen dem Parasitoiden und dem Wirt während der Zeit, da E. aurinia im Puppen-, Adult- oder Eistadium ist, wird aufrechterhalten durch ein verlängertes Coconstadium von Apanteles. Die Puppen des Parasitoiden entwickeln sich normal und die Adulten schlüpfen, bleiben aber bis 4 Wochen lang im Cocon, bevor sie sich eine Ausgangsöffnung machen. Das Wetter kann den Parasitierungsgrad der letzten Wirtsstadien beeinflussen. Wenn der Frühling kalt ist mit klarem Himmel, kann die Synchronisierung zwischen Parasitoiden, die aus Viertlarven des Wirts schlüpfen und potentiellen Fünft- und Sechtstlarven des Wirts schlecht werden. Die Entwicklung von Apanteles-Puppen wird durch die Umgebungstemperatur beeinflusst, während E. aurinia-Larven ihre Temperatur erhöhen, indem sie sich sonnen und deshalb rasch wachsen. Wenn die Parasitoiden unter solchen Bedingungen schlüpfen, sind die meisten potentiellen Wirte schon verpuppt und damit nicht mehr geeignet für die Parasitierung. Die Mechanismen der Synchronisation und der Wettereinfluss auf diese Vorgänge wird diskutiert.
    Notes: Abstract The gregarious endoparasite, Apanteles bignellii Marshall is specific to the nymphalid butterfly, Euphydryas aurinia (Rottemburg) in the British Isles. The synchronisation between host and parasitoid is described at a site near Oxford, England where both occur. Three regular generations of A. bignellii occur in one generation of the host in the studied population. Relevant features of the biology of A. bignellii and E. aurinia are described, including a method of distinguishing the number of Apanteles larval instars based upon shed cuticle remnants. Mechanisms for host-parasitoid synchronisation are outlined, especially a protracted parasitoid cocoon stage when the host is unavailable for attack during the chrysalis, adult and egg stages. Cool, but sunny weather conditions in spring can influence the degree of parasitisation experienced by final instar host caterpillars. The timing of adult A. bignellii emergence and subsequent attack on early instar hosts can lead to additional, partial, generations of parasitoids from second and fifth instar hosts.
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  • 11
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    Entomologia experimentalis et applicata 35 (1984), S. 159-167 
    ISSN: 1570-7458
    Keywords: Lepidoptera ; Geometridae ; Ectropis excursaria ; larval dispersal ; colour polymorphism ; phototaxis
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Description / Table of Contents: Zusammenfassung Acht Experimente wurden durchgeführt, um einige der Faktoren zu studieren, die das Wanderverhalten der Larven (Raupen) eines polyphagen Geometriden (Ectropis excursaria (Guenée)) beein-flussen. 1. Larven sind positiv phototaktisch. Die positive Phototaxis ist negativ mit Fasten, Alter und Populationsdichte korreliert. Bei hohen Temperaturen ist sie nicht mehr nachweisbar. 2. Das Wanderverhalten der Larven wird durch die Populationsdichte beeinflußt, wodurch annähernd eine konstante Dichte erhalten bleibt. Das Verhalten der individuellen Larven is dabei nicht statistisch homogen. Es gibt ‘Wanderer’ und ‘Nicht-Wanderer’. 3. Diese Verhaltensunderschiede stehen möglicherweise im Zusammenhang mit physiologischen und morphologischen Faktoren, die den individuellen Fortpflanzungserfolg und das überleben beeinflussen können; ‘Wanderer’ sind dunkler, entwickeln sich schneller und das Gewicht ihrer Puppen ist niedriger als das der ‘Nicht-Wanderer’. 4. Eine der larvalen Farbvarianten zeigte eine Präferenz für einen von zwei angebotenen Hintergründen.
    Notes: Abstract The dispersive behaviour of larvae of a polyphagous, wide-spread geometrid (Ectropis excursaria (Guenée)) was studied by examining responses to environmental and endogenous variables. It was found that differences in behaviour can be affected by environmental factors such as light, temperature, density, and plant background as well as some physiological and morphological features. The implications of these relationships are discussed as adaptative strategies to a varying environment.
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  • 12
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    Entomologia experimentalis et applicata 35 (1984), S. 177-193 
    ISSN: 1570-7458
    Keywords: induction of feeding preference ; host plants ; non-host plants ; Manduca sexta ; Sphingidae ; Lepidoptera
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Description / Table of Contents: Résumé Vingt-deux espèces de plantes, dont 10 planteshôtes (Solanées), ont été testés comme plantes alimentaires pour des chenilles de ler stade de Manduca sexta. Sur cet ensemble, seulement 12 plantes (dont 9 plantes hôtes) induisaient la prise de nourriture et permettaient la croissance jusqu'au 5ème stade. La diversité des résultats suggère que les plantes pouvaient être classées en hôtes, non-hôtes acceptables et non-hôtes refusés. En utilisant le test du choix alimentaire préférentiel entre deux rondelles de feuilles, les chenilles néonates de ler stade ont préféré nettement les plantes-hôtes aux autres. Cette préférence initiale pour les plantes-hôtes était préservée quand les cheniles étaient élevées sur plantes-hôtes, mais devenait moins nette ou disparaissait pour des chenilles élevées sur d'autres plantes acceptées. Ainsi l'oligophagie ches M. sexta n'est pas induite, mais doit être héritée. Les chenilles néonates, aussi bien que celles de 5ème stade, présentent des préférences hiérarchisées parmi les plantes hôtes ou non. La seule frontiere nette observée était entre espèces de plantes acceptables ou non. Les hiérarchies préférentielles des chenilles du 5ème stade différaient légèrement lors-qu'elles avaient été élevées sur deux plantes-hôtes différentes. La différence essentielle était l'observation d'une préférence accrue pour l'espèce ayant servi à l'élevage, mais deux autres plantes-hôtes changaient aussi de position hiérarchique. La cause de ces changements de préférence a été approfondie, les chenilles étant élevées sur des feuilles de chaque espèce acceptable (hôte ou non). Leurs préférences alimentaires ont été définies en utilisant des combinaisons diverses (hôte x hôte, hôte x non-hôte acceptable, non-hôte acceptable x non-hôte acceptable). L'induction de la préférence alimentaires a été obtenue dans ces trois associations. Ceci montre que l'induction des choix alimentaires chez M. sexta n'est pas limitée aux plantes-hôtes. Le degré d'induction de la préférence alimentaire variait de très fort à indécelable; il dépendait de l'association examinée. La source de la variabilité de cette induction a été examinée en fonction de la relation entre la force de l'induction et les rapports taxonomiques des plantes associées. La relation obervée était inversée pour M. sexta. L'examen des données de la littérature ont révélé une relation du même type pour les autres espèces de Lépidoptères.
    Notes: Abstract Ten host plant (Solanaceae) and twelve non-host plant species were tested as foodplants for first instar larvae of the tobacco hornworm, Manduca sexta. Only nine host and three non-host plant species elicited feeding and supported growth up to fifth instar. The range of acceptability suggested that plants be divided into hosts, acceptable non-hosts, and unacceptable non-hosts. Using the two-choice feeding preference test we found that the initial preference for hosts was preserved when larvae were reared on hosts, but was less strong or absent for larvae reared on acceptable non-hosts. Thus oligophagy in the tobacco hornworm is not induced, but must be inherited. Newly-hatched first instar larvae and fifth instar larvae showed a preference hierarchy among both hosts and non-hosts. Fifth instar larvae reared separately on two different host species showed slightly different preference hierarchies among hosts. The preference for the rearing plant was increased and also two other host species changed positions in hierarchies. Feeding preferences of larvae reared on hosts or acceptable non-hosts were determined using plant combinations of host vs. host, host vs. acceptable non-host, and acceptable non-host vs. acceptable non-host. Induction of feeding preference was found in all three of these categories. This shows that induction of feeding preference in the tobacco hornworm is not restricted to host plant species. The degree to which feeding preferences were induced ranged from very strong to undetectable and dependend on the plant species paired. The strength of induction in the tobacco hornworm was found to correlate inversely with taxonomic relatedness of the plant species paired. Analysis of induction data from the literature revealed a similar correlation for other lepidopteran species.
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  • 13
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    Entomologia experimentalis et applicata 35 (1984), S. 255-261 
    ISSN: 1570-7458
    Keywords: method ; dry matter ; budget ; Lepidoptera ; phytophagous ; gravimetry ; area ; accuracy ; precision
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Description / Table of Contents: Résumé Les budgets en matière sèche consommée par des lépidoptères ont été comparés par les méthodes gravimétrique et planimétrique. La méthode gravimétrique est basée sur le rapport poids sec/poids frais de feuilles consommées par les chenilles. Avec la méthode planimétrique, la quantité d'aliment proposée aux chenilles est déterminée par les tracés de la surface des feuilles et le contenu de matière sèche par unité de surface des feuilles. La méthode de planimétrie permet l'utilisation de plus grands rameaux de feuilles et de cages d'élevage extérieures en gaze. Il n'y avait pas de différence appréciable dans les éléments du budget (croissance, ingestion et déjection), ni aucune différence dans la variabilité observée des données attribuable à la méthode utilisée. Cependant, la variabilité attendue d'après la précision des mesures avec la méthode gravimétrique est inférieure à celle de la méthode planimétrique. est inférieure à celle de la méthode planimétrique. Des éléments expérimentaux, inhérents à la méthode gravimétrique, introduisent une variabilité dans les mesures que l'on n'a pas avec la méthode planimétrique. 30–60% de la variabilité dans la consommation ont été attribués à des paramètres internes à la chenille, même quand elles provenaient toutes de la même ooplaque.
    Notes: Abstract Gravimetric and a combination areal-gravimetric methods for determining dry matter budgets for leaf eating Lepidoptera were compared. The gravimetric method is based on dry weight/live weight ratios of the leaves fed to the larvae. In the areal-gravimetric method, the quantity of food offered to the larvae is determined from the area of leaf tracings and the dry matter content per unit area of the leaves. The areal-gravimetric method permits the use of larger leaf sprays and an open, gauze enclosed rearing chamber. There were no consistent differences in budget factors (growth, ingestion or egestion), nor were there any differences in the observed variability of the data attributable to the method used. However, the expected variability based on instrument precision for the gravimetric method is less than for the areal-gravimetric method. Experimental factors inherent in the gravimetric method introduce variability to the measurements that are not present in the areal method. Thirty to 60% of the variability in budget factors was attributed to intrinsic properties of the larvae, even though the larvae were taken from the same egg masses.
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  • 14
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    Entomologia experimentalis et applicata 34 (1983), S. 121-122 
    ISSN: 1570-7458
    Keywords: Lepidoptera ; Noctuidae ; Earias insulana ; Bollworm ; Artificial diets ; Insect fecundity
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
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  • 15
    ISSN: 1432-1432
    Keywords: Lysozyme ; Insect ; Lepidoptera ; Evolution ; Sequence
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Summary Sequence studies of the N-terminal halves of the lysozymes isolated fromBombyx mori, Galleria mellonella andSpodoptera littoralis (Lepidoptera) allow us to classify these enzymes among the c (chicken) type lysozymes.
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  • 16
    ISSN: 1432-041X
    Keywords: Lepidoptera ; Male genital disk ; Implantation ; Regeneration ; Control of metamorphosis
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Summary Complete and bisected male genital disks (HO) from full-grown (T9) larvae were transplanted either into larvae and pharate pupae of different age (T4, T7, T9 larvae, A1–A5 pharate pupae) or repeatedly transferred into full-grown larvae before being implanted into a final larval host. After metamorphosis of the hosts, most of the complete transplants and regenerated HO halves showed normal morphological features, but the implanted genitals from old pharate pupae (A4 and A5) were abnormally differentiated. Frequency of Regeneration. After transplanting both halves of the bisected HO into T9 hosts, three groups of results were observed: (1) each of the two halves regenerated into a complete genital organ; (2) only one half regenerated; (3) neither of the two halves regenerated. In the pharate pupae no regeneration of the implanted halves took place. If the lapse of time between the transplantation and, the onset of metamorphosis (=onset of pharate pupae phase) was long enough by transplanting into young larvae (T4) or by repeatedly transferring into old larvae and subsequent transplantation into a final larval host, all the implanted halves were able to regenerate. Size of the Implanted Genital Organs After prolonging the in vivo culture in larval hosts by implanting into young larvae or repeatedly transferring into old larvae, it was found that the regenerated genitalia grew to the same size as the complete transplants, but the size of the complete transplants increased, if at all, only insignificantly. Duration of Development of the Hosts. Regeneration of one HO half implanted into a full-grown larva caused an average delay of further development of about 2 days. An additional delay was recorded when both halves had regenerated. However, no delay was observed when HO halves implanted into young (T4) larvae regenerated, and no delay occurred in the final hosts when the repeatedly transferred halves had reached a certain stage of regeneration. The developmental capacities of the tranplanted disks and the control of metamorphosis by regenerating disks are discussed.
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  • 17
    ISSN: 1573-1561
    Keywords: Spruce budworm ; Choristoneura fumiferana ; Lepidoptera ; Tortricidae ; sex pheromone ; small-tree thinnings ; temperature ; precipitation ; wind ; attraction distance
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Abstract Mean catches of spruce budworm,Choristoneura fumiferana (Clemens), moths were not significantly different among four small-tree thinning treatments of young spruce-fir-hemlock regeneration. Significant inverse relationships were found between trap catches and distances to nearby spruce-fir-hemlock overstory. Prevailing wind directions indicated that moths were attracted anemotactically to upwind pheromone sources. No definite trends were detected between catches and temperature or precipitation.
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  • 18
    ISSN: 1573-1561
    Keywords: Kairomone ; 2-acylcyclohexane-1,3-diones ; ovipositionEphestia kuehniella Zeller [syn.Anagasta kuehniella (Zeller)] ; Lepidoptera ; Pyralidae ; Nemeritis canenscens (Grav.) [syn.Venturia canescens (Grav.)] ; Hymenoptera ; Ichneumonidae
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Abstract The relative activities of sixteen 2-acylcyclohexane-1,3-diones from the larval mandibular glands ofEphestia (=Anagasta) kuehniella Zeller in causing the parasiteNemeritis (=Venturia) canescens (Grav.) to make oviposition movements are reported.
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  • 19
    ISSN: 1573-1561
    Keywords: Resistance ; mating disruption ; sex pheromone ; (Z,Z)-7 ; 11-hexadecadienyl acetate ; (Z,E)-7 ; 11-hexadecadienyl acetate ; Lepidoptera ; Gelechiidae ; pink bollworm ; Pectinophora gossypiella ; cotton ; pheromone collection
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Abstract After an extensive examination of the release rates and blend ratios of pheromonal components emitted by field-collected femalePectinophora gossypiella (Saunders), we find no evidence of resistance to pheromones applied to cotton fields to disrupt mating. Females from fields with 3–5 years of exposure to disruptant pheromones as well as those from fields with only minimal exposure to disruptant pheromones emitted (Z,Z)-7,11-hexadecadienyl acetate at a rate of ca. 0.1 ng/min and (Z,E)7,11-hexadecadienyl acetate at ca. 0.06 ng/min. The ratio of pheromonal components was much less variable than the measured emission rate and was centered about a 61:39Z, Z to Z,E ratio. In contrast to the blend ratio emitted by females, the composition of the pheromonal blend used in monitoring populations and disrupting mating is centered about 50:50 Z,Z to Z.E. In general there was a remarkable consistency in the release rate and blend ratio among populations of females throughout southern California and those from a laboratory colony. It would appear that, although resistance to theP. gossypiella pheromone is still a very real possibility when it is used heavily in pest management as a mating disruptant, there are current agricultural practices and conditions which would hinder its development.
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  • 20
    ISSN: 1573-1561
    Keywords: Structure-activity relationships ; single-cell recordings ; turnip moth ; Agrotis segetum ; Lepidoptera ; Noctuidae ; molecular shape ; dipole moments
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Abstract The response of an antennal receptor cell of the turnip moth,Agrotis segetum, was recorded during stimulation with a series of (Z)-7-dodecenyl acetate analogs with structural variations of the acetate group. The investigated receptor cell is known to be highly selective to (Z)-7-dodecenyl acetate. All parts of the acetate group were found to be of great importance for full biological activity. The results indicate very strict requirements on the shape of the polar functional group, as well as on its electron distribution for a successful interaction with the antennal receptor cell.
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  • 21
    ISSN: 1573-1561
    Keywords: Danaus plexippus ; Lepidoptera ; Danaidae ; monarch butterflies ; Asdepias speciosa ; Asclepiadaceae ; milkweeds ; ecological chemistry ; plant-insect interactions ; chemical ecology ; chemical defense ; coevolution ; thin-layer chromatography ; cardenolide fingerprints ; cardenolides ; cardiac glycosides ; desglucosyrioside ; labriformin ; labriformidin ; syriogenin ; uzarigenin ; emetic potency ; emesis
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Abstract The pattern of variation in gross cardenolide concentration of 111Asclepias speciosa plants collected in six different areas of California is a positively skewed distribution which ranges from 19 to 344 μg of cardenolide per 0.1 g dry weight with a mean of 90 μg per 0.1 g. Butterflies reared individually on these plants in their native habitats ranged from 41 to 547 μg of cardenolide per 0.1 g dry weight with a mean of 179 μg. Total cardenolide per butterfly ranged from 54 to 1279 μg with a mean of 319 μg. Differences in concentrations and total cardenolide contents in the butterflies from the six geographic areas appeared minor, and there were no differences between the males and the females, although the males did weigh significantly more than females. The uptake of cardenolide by the butterflies was found to be a logarithmic function of the plant concentration. This results in regulation: larvae which feed on low-concentration plants produce butterflies with increased cardenolide concentrations relative to those of the plants, and those which feed on high-concentration plants produce butterflies with decreased concentrations. No evidence was adduced that high concentrations of cardenolides in the plants affected the fitness of the butterflies. The mean emetic potencies of the powdered plant and butterfly material were 5.62 and 5.25 blue jay emetic dose fifty units per milligram of cardenolide and the number of ED50 units per butterfly ranged from 0.28 to 6.7 with a mean of 1.67. Monarchs reared onA. speciosa, on average, are only about one tenth as emetic as those reared onA. eriocarpa. UnlikeA. eriocarpa which is limited to California,A. speciosa ranges from California to the Great Plains and is replaced eastwards byA. syriaca L. These two latter milkweed species appear to have a similar array of chemically identical cardenolides, and therefore both must produce butterflies of relatively low emetic potency to birds, with important ecological implications. About 80% of the lower emetic potency of monarchs reared on A. speciosa compared to those reared onA. eriocarpa appears attributable to the higher polarity of the cardenolides inA. speciosa. Thin-layer Chromatographie separation of the cardenolides in two different solvent systems showed that there are 23 cardenolides in theA. speciosa plants of which 20 are stored by the butterflies. There were no differences in the cardenolide spot patterns due either to geographic origin or the sex of the butterflies. As when reared onA. eriocarpa, the butterflies did not store the plant cardenolides withR f values greater than digitoxigenin. However, metabolic transformation of the cardenolides by the larvae appeared minor in comparison to when they were reared onA. eriocarpa. AlthoughA. eriocarpa andA. speciosa contain similar numbers of cardenolides and both contain desglucosyrioside, the cardenolides ofA. speciosa overall are more polar. ThusA. speciosa has no or only small amounts of the nonpolar labriformin and labriformidin, whereas both occur in high concentrations inA. eriocarpa. A. speciosa plants and butterflies also contain uzarigen, syriogenin, and possibly other polar cardenolides withR f values lower than digitoxin. The cardenolide concentration in the leaves is not only considerably less than inA. eriocarpa, but the latex has little to immeasurable cardenolide, whereas that ofA. eriocarpa has very high concentrations of several cardenolides. Quantitative analysis ofR f values of the cardenolide spots, their intensities, and their probabilities of occurrence in the chloroform-methanol-formamide TLC system produced a cardenolide fingerprint pattern very different from that previously established for monarchs reared onA. eriocarpa. This dispels recently published skepticism about the predictibility of chemical fingerprints based upon ingested secondary plant chemicals.
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  • 22
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    Journal of chemical ecology 10 (1984), S. 945-956 
    ISSN: 1573-1561
    Keywords: Cardenolide ; uscharidin ; metabolism ; monarch butterfly ; Danaus plexippus ; Lepidoptera ; Danaidae ; milkweed ; Asclepias ; N-demethylation ; mixed function oxidase ; monooxygenase
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Abstract Midgut and fat body homogenates of monarch butterfly larvae,Danaus plexippus L. (Lepidoptera:Danaidae), were examined for microsomal monooxygenase activity usingp-chloro-N-methylanilineN-demethylation and for the ability to metabolize a milkweed (Asclepias spp.) cardenolide (C23 steroid glycoside), uscharidin. All homogenates tested had bothN-demethylation and uscharidin biotransformation activities. Both transformations required NADPH. The monooxygenase inhibitors sesamex, SKF525A, and carbon monoxide inhibitedN-demethylation but not uscharidin biotransformation. Subsequent subcellular fractionation revealed the uscharidin biotransformation occurs in the soluble fraction and not the microsomal fraction, whileN-demethylation occurs in the microsomal fraction and not the soluble fraction. The larval NADPH-dependent microsomal monooxygenase apparently is not involved in the metabolism of uscharidin.
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  • 23
    ISSN: 1573-1561
    Keywords: pheromones ; Lepidoptera ; pyrrolizidines ; Ithomiinae ; Danainae ; alkaloids
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Abstract The plantHeliotropium indicum L. (Boraginaceae) contains pyrrolizidine alkaloids. When dried, it is a powerful attractant for male ithomiine and danaine butterflies, which congregate and feed at its dead shoots. The butterflies use alkaloids derived from the plants for the formation of chemicals with pheromone/allomone activity. Baiting with alkaloids and “esterifying acids,” which form a part of the alkaloid molecules, indicates that a volatile product derived from the esterifying acids attracts males to the plants, where intact alkaloids then act as phagostimulants.
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  • 24
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    Journal of chemical ecology 5 (1979), S. 587-594 
    ISSN: 1573-1561
    Keywords: Electroantennogram ; acceptors ; Pseudaletia unipuncta ; maturation ; senescence ; age ; benzaldehyde ; benzyl alcohol ; male pheromone ; Lepidoptera ; Noctuidae
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Abstract Electroantennogram responses of male and femalePseudaletia unipuncta to the two major components of the presumed pheromone associated with the male anterior abdominal scent brushes vary with age. There is a postemergence period of maturation of responsiveness, followed by senescence. The age of maximum responsiveness differs according to the sex and to the compound tested.
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  • 25
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    Journal of chemical ecology 5 (1979), S. 565-574 
    ISSN: 1573-1561
    Keywords: Lepidoptera ; Lasiocampidae ; Malacosoma americanum ; Malacosoma disstria ; Tortricidae ; Archips cerasivoranus ; trail marker ; pheromone ; interspecific response ; tent caterpillar
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Abstract Exploratory trails deposited on paper strips by the forest tent caterpillar (FTC),Malacosoma disstria Hubner, and the eastern tent caterpillar (ETC),M. americanum (Fabricius), as well as extracts of these trails, readily elicited interspecific trail-following behavior. In 2-choice tests involving simple Y mazes constructed from these paper strips, the caterpillars of both species preferred by approximately 3∶1 the trails of the FTC. Studies involving whole colonies of the ETC maintained under nearnatural conditions in the laboratory, however, indicated that the trails deposited by successful foragers of the ETC as they returned to their tent from feeding sites were more attractive than the exploratory trails of either the ETC or FTC. The pronounced interspecific response of these congeners to each other's trails suggests that they utilize either qualitatively similar or identical trail-marking chemicals. Both species preferred their own trails to those ofArchips cerasivoranus (Fitch) (Tortricidae), providing the first evidence that more distantly related lepidopterous larvae utilize distinct trails.
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  • 26
    ISSN: 1573-1561
    Keywords: Oriental fruit moth ; orfralure ; sex pheromone ; traps ; air permeation with pheromone ; Lepidoptera ; Olethreutinae
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Abstract Orfralure [93% (Z), 7% (E)-8-dodecen-1-ol acetate], the synthetic pheromone of the oriental fruit moth,Grapholitha molesta (Busck), was released into the air of orchard test plots either by hanging plastic laminated dispensers on trees or by aerial dispersal of microcapsules containing a solution of the lure. Trap catch was reduced 95% or more with the most effective formulations, but consistently higher reductions were produced by the dispensers. In tests as long as 28 weeks with dispensers, a single retreatment at midseason maintained an effective concentration.
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  • 27
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    Journal of chemical ecology 6 (1980), S. 213-220 
    ISSN: 1573-1561
    Keywords: Olfactory receptors ; chemoreception ; Lepidoptera ; Lasio-campidae ; plant volatiles ; tent caterpillars ; Malacosoma americanum
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Abstract Volatile constituents of leaves of acceptable and unacceptable plants evoke multiunit responses from the antennal olfactory sensilla of larvae of the eastern tent caterpillar. Electrophysiological investigation of the activities of three of the sixteen antennal olfactory receptors revealed that different combinations of the three responded to the various plants. In those instances where the same combination responded to more than one species of plant, the ratios of responses measured as frequency of action potentials were often different. Thus, discrimination of different plants theoretically could be based upon the absolute number of cells responding and/or the ratios of frequencies.
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  • 28
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    Journal of chemical ecology 6 (1980), S. 565-572 
    ISSN: 1573-1561
    Keywords: Armyworm ; Mythimna unipuncta ; Pseudaletia unipuncta ; Leucania unipuncta ; Cirphis unipuncta ; Lepidoptera ; sex pheromone ; sex attractant ; (Z)-11-hexadecen-1-ol acetate ; (Z)-9-hexadecen-1-ol acetate ; hexadecan-1-ol acetate ; (Z)-11-hexadecen-1-ol
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Abstract (Z)-11-Hexadecen-1-ol acetate (Z11–16∶Ac) free of theE isomer (〈1%), hexadecan-1-ol acetate (16∶ Ac), and a hexadecen-1-ol [the (Z)-11 isomer based on the retention time on a Carbowax capillary column] were identified in extracts of the sex pheromone glands of adult virgin female armyworms,Pseudaletia unipuncta. Also, gas Chromatographic retention times on polar and nonpolar columns indicated the possible presence of (Z)-9-hexadecen-1-ol acetate (Z9–16∶Ac). The ratioZ11–16∶Ac/16∶Ac/Z11–16∶OH/Z9–16∶Ac was 1∶0.15∶0.13∶0.02. Infield testsZ11–16∶ Ac was attractive alone, and the addition ofZ9–16∶Ac,Zll–16 ∶ OH, or 16 ∶ Ac singly or in combination in ratios found in the gland did not increase trap capture.
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  • 29
    ISSN: 1573-1561
    Keywords: Baldcypress ; Taxodium distichum ; 2-furaldehyde ; 2-furoic acid ; Bombyx mori ; Lepidoptera ; Bombycidae ; enteric microbial inhibition ; Bacillus ; Micrococcus ; Arthrobacter ; Mucor ; Curvularia
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Abstract Exposure ofBombyx mori larvae to 2-furaldehyde, a major volatile component of baldcypress heartwood,Taxodium distichum, resulted in in vivo inhibition of enteric microorganisms at concentrations (1–47 ppm) that were released naturally from heartwood. The 7 bacterial and 2 fungal enteric isolates were also inhibited in vitro at the same concentrations. It is suggested that inhibition of leaf surface micro-organisms or in vivo inhibition of silkworm enteric microflora, as a result of indirect or direct action of 2-furaldehyde, exacerbates the growth-inhibitory effects of this compound on larvae by reducing the microbial nutritional contribution. The ecological significance of insect enteric microbial inhibition by plant allelochemics is discussed.
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  • 30
    ISSN: 1573-1561
    Keywords: Pea moth ; Cydia nigricana (F.) ; Lepidoptera ; Olethreutidae ; sex attractant ; (E)-10-dodecen-1-yl acetate ; (E,E)-8 ; 10-dodecadien-1-yl acetate ; lure ; formulation ; antioxidant ; monitoring
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Abstract Lures containing different amounts of (E)-10-dodecen-1-yl acetate and (E,E)-8, 10-dodecadien-1-yl acetate were formulated in natural rubber stoppers or polyethylene vials and tested in traps in the field to establish relative attractiveness to males of the pea moth,Cydia nigricana (F.), dose-response relationships, and the effects of weathering. Initially, both formulations of (E,E)-8,10-dodecadien-1-yl acetate were much more attractive than those of (E)-10-dodecen-1-yl acetate, but their activity diminished considerably after only 5 days in the field because an inhibitor was formed, and polyethylene formulations were not attractive after one week. However, lures containing (E)-10-dodecen-1-yl acetate, with or without antioxidants, in both rubber and polyethylene were still attractive after three months' exposure in the field and are therefore suitable for practical monitoring of pea moth populations.
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  • 31
    ISSN: 1573-1561
    Keywords: Peachtree borer ; lesser peachtree borer ; Synanthedon exitiosa ; S. pictipes ; Lepidoptera ; Sessiidae ; Z,Z-3 ; 13-octadecadien-1-ol acetate sex pheromone ; traps ; air permeation ; trap catch reduction
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Abstract Air permeation trials were conducted to determine whether trap catches of the peachtree borer (PTB)Synanthedon exitiosa (Say) and lesser peachtree borer (LPTB)S. pictipes (Grote and Robinson) could be reduced through application of the synthetic pheromone of the PTB, (Z,Z)-3,13-octadecadien-1-ol acetate (Z,Z-ODDA), at 92% isomeric purity. The pheromone was released into the air of peach orchard test plots with hanging laminated plastic dispensers or hollow fiber dispensers in the trees and by aerial dispersal of microcapsules containing a solution of the lure. Results showed that all formulations ofZ, Z-ODDA reduced trap catches of both PTB and LPTB in treated plots relative to catches in traps in untreated plots. In one air permeation experiment, three types of laminated dispensers and one type of hollow fiber dispenser each reduced trap catch of PTB by 93–100% and of LPTB by 75–95%. In a separate test, two formulations of microencapsulatedZ,Z-ODDA did not reduce trap catch of male PTB as effectively as the laminated dispenser; results for LPTB were similar for both the dispensers and microcapsules. Catches of male PTB moths in traps baited with laminated and or fiber pheromone dispensers containing ODDA (94∶6%Z,Z∶E,Z) were not significantly different. LPTB male moths were also captured in these traps, the catches being dependent upon the initial pheromone loading and the type of dispensers.
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  • 32
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    Journal of chemical ecology 7 (1981), S. 627-633 
    ISSN: 1573-1561
    Keywords: Insect sex pheromones ; insect sex attractants ; Lepidoptera ; pheromones ; pheromone formulations ; insect population monitoring
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    Notes: Abstract The half-lives (t 1/2) of alcohol sex pheromones, 1-alkanols, acetate sex pheromones, and an epoxide (disparlure) were determined on natural rubber septa. Thet 1/2 values for the homologous alcohols from decanol to heptadecanol increased regularly from 2.2 to 1117 days, but thet 1/2 of octadecanol was 609 days. Thet 1/2 values of (Z)7-, (E)7-, and (Z)9-tetradecen-1-ol acetates were 154, 168, and 199 days, respectively, whereas those of five other tested 14-carbon acetates ranged from 310 to 350 days. The dependence oft 1/2 values on chain length and double-bond position is consistent with the hypothesis that molecular size is an important variable affectingt 1/2 values. Also, in accordance with the hypothesis, when aZ-alkenyl compound has a much shortert 1/2 than the corresponding saturated compound, thet 1/2 values of theZ compound and itsE isomer may be quite different. Thus, (E)-9-tetradecen-l-ol acetate had at 1/2 of 331 days. Thet 1/2 of disparlure was 180 days. The effect of thecis-7,8 epoxide group is apparently similar to that of the olefin group in lowering thet 1/2 below the value that would be expected solely on the basis of chain length.
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  • 33
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    Journal of chemical ecology 7 (1981), S. 733-740 
    ISSN: 1573-1561
    Keywords: Beet armyworm ; Spodoptera exigua ; Lepidoptera ; Noctuidae ; pheromone trap ; trap efficiency ; Pherocon 1C trap ; population monitoring
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    Notes: Abstract The relative efficiency of sticky traps and cylindrical electrical grid traps for capturing male beet armyworm moths,Spodoptera exigua (Hubner), was studied using night vision equipment. The sticky and grid traps captured 34 and 40%, respectively, of the insects which oriented to them. The grid trap's capacity was limited only by the size of the receptacle (3.8-liter bucket) at the base of the funnel. The maximum capacity of the sticky trap was ca. 110 insects, and the efficiency of this trap declined rapidly when captures exceeded 50% capacity. This decline was caused by the physical blockage of the sticky surface by the captured insects. There was no evidence to indicate that captured males had any repelling effect on other males subsequently attracted to the sticky trap.
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  • 34
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    Journal of chemical ecology 7 (1981), S. 909-917 
    ISSN: 1573-1561
    Keywords: Trichogramma pretiosum ; Hymenoptera ; Trichogrammatidae ; biological control ; kairomone ; Heliothis zea ; Lepidoptera ; Noctuidae ; host density
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    Notes: Abstract Trichogramma pretiosum Riley females exhibit success-motivated searching after oviposition. The stimulatory effect of contact with host eggs makes host-egg density an important factor in determining the appropriate strategy for behavioral manipulation, using kairomones, that simulate host seeking, in biological control programs. Host eggs can be used, in conjunction with kairomones or by themselves, to improve the performance of these important beneficial insects.
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  • 35
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    Journal of chemical ecology 8 (1982), S. 1251-1262 
    ISSN: 1573-1561
    Keywords: Lepidoptera ; Tortricidae ; Adoxophyes orana ; pheromone traps ; attraction ; interaction ; trap spacing ; wind ; monitoring ; mass trapping
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    Notes: Abstract In a spindle-tree apple orchard, sex pheromone traps for the summerfruit tortrix moth were distributed at different spacings. From the captures, information was derived about influence of prevailing wind direction and of trap spacing on interactions between traps. Prevailing wind direction in the experimental area had no appreciable influence on trap interaction, perhaps because of eddying within the planting. The relationship between density and capture of traps was first considered theoretically and interaction by overlap of active-space areas was distinguished from that by overlap of mere capturing areas, which depend also on distance of dispersal. The actual results were in accordance with these considerations and indicated that the diameter of the active-space areas averaged 15 m. The variation in the captures of the wider-spaced traps was too large to be conclusive about the average width of the capturing areas, but the diameter of these seemed to be more than about 45 m. These data have been related to adequate trap distances for monitoring and mass trapping.
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  • 36
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    Journal of chemical ecology 8 (1982), S. 1429-1436 
    ISSN: 1573-1561
    Keywords: Lepidoptera ; Noctuidae ; Heliothis zea ; bioassay ; host plant resistance mechanisms ; allelochemicals
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    Notes: Abstract Maysin, a flavone glycoside from corn silks, inhibits ingestion, and thus growth, ofHeliothis zea (Boddie) larvae. Pinitol from soybeans inhibitedH. zea growth by the same mechanism. Despite the widely held assumption that tannins inhibit growth by inhibiting assimilation, cotton condensed tannin inhibitedH. zea growth by reducing ingestion; no evidence was found for a reduction in assimilation. Neonate larvae are shown to be much more sensitive to allelochemics than larvae that have fed on control diet before being transferred to diet containing plant allelochemics.
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  • 37
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    Journal of chemical ecology 8 (1982), S. 351-362 
    ISSN: 1573-1561
    Keywords: Choristoneura occidentalis ; western spruce budworm ; Lepidoptera ; Tortricidae ; pheromone chemistry ; Choristoneura fumiferana ; capillary GC-MS ; (E/Z)-11-tetradecenal
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    Notes: Abstract SCOT capillary Chromatographic and SCOT capillary chromatographic-mass spectrometic analyses of gland washes and effluvia of virgin femaleChoristoneura occidentalis Free, have been conducted with both a diapausing and nondiapausing strain of this insect. The following compounds were identified in gland washes and effluvia in both strains:E andZ11–14∶Ald,E andZ11–14∶Ac,E andZ11–14∶OH and 14∶Ald, 14∶Ac, and 14∶OH. The average aldehyde: acetate: alcohol ratio found by analysis of single glands by virgin females (nondiapausing strain) was 1∶7∶0.73. Analysis of virgin female effluvia gave this ratio as 10∶3∶8 (diapausing strain: %Z=8, 11, 15, respectively) and 10∶3∶6 (nondiapausing strain: %Z=8, 11, 12, respectively). The saturated components were generally 1–2% of theE isomer in each case. Comparisons of EAG responses of bothC. occidentalis andC. fumiferana toE11–14∶Ald,E11–14∶Ac andE11–14∶OH were made. Correlations with both laboratory and field data previously published were also made betweenC. fumiferana andC. occidentalis.
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    Journal of chemical ecology 8 (1982), S. 493-506 
    ISSN: 1573-1561
    Keywords: Choristoneurafumiferana (Clem.) ; Lepidoptera ; Tortricidae ; sex pheromone ; mating disruption ; sex attraction
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    Notes: Abstract Male spruce budworm [Chorisloneura fumiferana (Clem.)] moths were held for 3 hr in a wind tunnel and subjected to various concentrations of background synthetic pheromone. They were then exposed to calling females and their response was recorded. The background pheromone was presented either as discrete turbulent plumes or as a uniform permeation throughout the tunnel. The numbers of males wing-fanning and flying in response to the calling females decreased as the concentration of background pheromone increased. Of the males which flew, a higher proportion progressed upwind in the discrete plumes than in the uniform permeation, an indication that structure in the pheromone cloud is necessary for upwind progression. In both discrete plumes and uniform permeation fewer males were able to locate the females (i.e., disruption was greater) as the concentration of synthetic pheromone increased, but for the same total release rates, disruption was greater when the synthetic pheromone was released in discrete plumes rather than in a uniform permeation. This implies that disruption which involves luring males to sources of synthetic pheromone is more effective than masking female plumes by uniform permeation and suggests that it is more efficient to release pheromone from a few potent sources than from numerous low-potency sources.
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  • 39
    ISSN: 1573-1561
    Keywords: Monarch butterfly ; Asclepias spp. ; monooxygenase ; induction ; cardenolide ; aldrin epoxidation ; p-chloro-N-methylanilme demethylation ; Lepidoptera ; Danaidae
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    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Abstract Monarch butterfly larvae were examined for NADPH-dependent monooxygenase activities. Midgut and fat body homogenates catalyzed aldrin epoxidation andp-chloro-N-methylanilineN-demethylation at consistently low rates compared to many other lepidopteran larvae. Homogenates from larvae collected from four different milkweeds (Asclepias spp.) with quite different cardenolide contents had similar levels of activity. There were no detectable variations in activity due to season or year of collection.
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  • 40
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    Journal of chemical ecology 9 (1983), S. 191-200 
    ISSN: 1573-1561
    Keywords: Sex pheromone ; Cossus cossus ; Lepidoptera ; Cossidae ; (Z)-5-dodecenyl acetate ; (Z)-5-dodecenol ; (Z)-5-tetradecenyl acetate ; (Z)-3-decenyl acetate
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    Notes: Abstract Female tip washings of the European goat moth,Cossus cossus L., were found to contain the following compounds that are structurally similar to known pheromone components of Lepidoptera (%): decyl acetate (1.5), (Z)-5-dodecenol (1), (Z)-5-dodecenyl acetate (66), dodecyl acetate (12), (Z)-5-tetradecenyl acetate (14), tetradecyl acetate (4), and hexadecyl acetate (1.5). The washes contained an average of 125 ng of (Z)-5-dodecenyl acetate per female equivalent. EAG responses to nanogram amounts of the identified products indicated that (Z)-5-dodecenyl acetate was the most potent olfactory stimulant followed by (Z)-5-tetradecenyl acetate and (Z)-5-dodecenol, whereas the saturated acetates caused only weak depolarization. A strong EAG response was also recorded for (Z)-3-decenyl acetate, which was not detected in the female tip washings. Field results showed that (Z)-5-dodecenyl acetate was essential for the attraction of the males and that (Z)-3-decenyl acetate improved the attractiveness of (Z)-5-dodecenyl acetate alone or in combination with (Z)-5-tetradecenyl acetate.
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  • 41
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    Journal of chemical ecology 9 (1983), S. 219-223 
    ISSN: 1573-1561
    Keywords: Synthesis ; sex pheromone ; processionary moth ; Thaume-topoea pityocampa ; Lepidoptera ; Notodontidae ; (Z)-13-hexadecen-11-yn-1-yl acetate ; acetylene ; carbocupration
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    Notes: Abstract The synthesis of the major component of the sex pheromone of the processionary mothThaumetopoea pityocampa is described. The synthesis uses the carbocupration of acetylene, followed by the coupling with the appropriate 1-iodoalkyne. This synthetic pheromone was shown to be of 98.8%Z purity.
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  • 42
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    Journal of chemical ecology 9 (1983), S. 335-346 
    ISSN: 1573-1561
    Keywords: Euxoa drewseni ; Chorizagrotis thanatologia ; Lepidoptera ; Noctuidae ; sex pheromone ; attractant inhibitor ; parapheromone ; (Z)-5-dodecenyl acetate ; (Z)-7-dodecenyl acetate ; (Z)-7-tetradecenyl acetate ; (Z)-7-pentadecenyl acetate
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    Notes: Abstract Eleven compounds structurally similar to known lepidopterous pheromone components were identified in the extract from 18 calling female moths ofEuxoa drewseni (Staudinger). The identifications were done by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry and high-resolution gas chromatography with flame ionization and electroantennographic detectors simultaneously. Detector antennae were from five species of moths. In the field, male moths were specifically attracted to a three-component blend of dodecyl, (Z)-5-dodecenyl, and (Z)-7-tetradecenyl acetates in a ratio of 2∶6∶1. This blend at 1000 μg/rubber septum dispenser is recommended as a trap bait for monitoring purposes. Low concentrations of (Z)-7-dodecenyl acetate or (Z)-7-tetradecenol inhibited the attraction of moths to the three-component blend. (Z)-7-Pentadecenyl acetate functioned as a parapheromone in place of (Z)-7-tetradecenyl acetate in the pheromone blend, and they appear to react via the same antennal receptor.
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  • 43
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    Journal of chemical ecology 8 (1982), S. 731-754 
    ISSN: 1573-1561
    Keywords: Alkenylcompounds ; pheromones ; chemotaxonomy ; decenyl dodecenyl ; tetradecenyl ; hexadecenyl ; trapping ; Lepidoptera ; Noctuidae
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    Notes: Abstract Sex attractants known for 145 species of noctuid moths have many common features both as to chemical constituents and to their relationships in blends. The great majority of constituents are straight-chain (Z)-alkenols, -alkenals, or -alkenyl acetates of even carbon number (10 through 16). The unsaturation is nonterminal in odd-numbered positions (5 through 11). In effective lures, these components are blended in specific ratios and the components in a sex pheromone or sex attractant blend are structurally related by “one-change” steps. This means that any blend component differs from one or more other components by a single structural alteration, such as a change in double bond position, or a change in carbon chain length, or a change in the oxygen function. For the few multicomponent systems known in detail, the central place in the “one-change” framework is occupied by the predominant blend component. Different patterns of occurrence of lure components occur in the subfamilies Acronictinae, Noctuinae, Hadeninae, Cuculliinae, Amphipyrinae, Heliothidinae, Plusiinae, Acontiinae, and Pantheinae, and some subfamilies are as yet without known lures. Some guiding principles for elucidation of blend compositions for unstudied species are presented; these guidelines can also be used in improvement of some synthetic blends of unsatisfactory quality.
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  • 44
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    Journal of chemical ecology 8 (1982), S. 837-842 
    ISSN: 1573-1561
    Keywords: 2-Tridecanone ; structure-activity relationships ; Lycopersicon hirsutum f.glabratum C.M. Mull ; Heliothis zea (Boddie) ; Lepidoptera ; Noctuidae ; resistance
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    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Abstract Toxicity bioassays of the naturally occurring insecticide 2-tridecanone and a group of structural analogs against the tomato fruitworm (Heliothis zea) reveal a significant influence of chain length on toxicity of methyl ketones. This effect may be due to the differential ability of these compounds to penetrate lipid barriers and reach the active site, since a close relationship is seen between toxicity and lipophilicity. Congeners of chain lenths 15 and over are less active than predicted by this relationship, possibly due to steric effects.
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  • 45
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    Journal of chemical ecology 8 (1982), S. 1125-1132 
    ISSN: 1573-1561
    Keywords: Peachtree borer ; Synanthedon exitiosa (Say) ; Lepidoptera ; Sessiidae ; oviposition stimulant ; peach ; Prunus persica
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    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Abstract Peachtree borer (PTB) cocoons, peach tree bark, and a mixture of frass and gum obtained arount PTB wounds were extracted with organic solvents of increasing polarity. Female PTB moths,Synanthedon exitiosa (Say), laid the greatest number of eggs on filter paper substrates treated with acetone extracts of PTB cocoons, ethyl acetate extracts of peach tree bark and acetone extracts of frass and gum mixtures. The extracts of cocoons or frass and gum mixture were separated by liquid chromatography and thin layer chromatography.
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  • 46
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    Journal of chemical ecology 8 (1982), S. 1183-1191 
    ISSN: 1573-1561
    Keywords: Kairomone ; contact chemicals ; arrestant ; host seeking ; Eucelatoria bryani ; Diptera ; Tachinidae ; Heliothis ; Lepidoptera ; Noctuidae ; parasitoid
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    Notes: Abstract Factors acting at contact or close range affected the behavior associated with host seeking of females, but not of males, of the tachinid,Eucelatoria bryani Sabrosky. Females were arrested by components of larvae ofHeliothis virescens (F.) and by a dichloromethane extract of okra leaves. A hexane extract ofH. virescens frass and a chloroform-methanol extract ofH. virescens larvae were both active. In addition to chemicals, shape and size were involved because females were arrested by small inert objects the size ofH. virescens larvae and frass.
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  • 47
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    Journal of chemical ecology 9 (1983), S. 33-37 
    ISSN: 1573-1561
    Keywords: Disparlure ; Lymantria dispar ; Lepidoptera ; Lymantriidae ; gypsy moth ; pheromone persistence
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    Notes: Abstract Positive attraction of male gypsy moths to the body of the author, now four years after his last known direct contact with disparlure, the synthetic pheromone, is documented. A designed test showed that moths responded to him in highly significantly greater numbers than to others who had had less or no previous exposure to the insect and / or disparlure. The data present persuasive evidence of bodily contamination with disparlure and suggest that the material is very persistent.
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  • 48
    ISSN: 1573-1561
    Keywords: Behavior ; Caenurgina erechtea (Cramer) ; forage looper ; Lepidoptera ; Noctuidae ; sex pheromone ; (Z,Z,Z)-3,6,9-eicosatriene ; (Z,Z,Z)-3,6,9-heneicosatriene ; flight tunnel
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    Notes: Abstract (Z,Z,Z)-3,6,9-Eicosatriene and (Z,Z,Z)-3,6,9-heneicosatriene have been identified as components of the sex pheromone of the noctuid,Caenurgina erechtea (Cramer), the forage looper. Structural assignments were made on the basis of spectroscopic and chromatographic data and were confirmed by comparison with synthetic material. Flight tunnel behavioral studies demonstrated that either component, when tested individually, would elicit wing fanning responses in males; however, mixtures of the two components increased this response and were essential for initiation of upwind flight and landing. In field experiments, traps baited with either component alone captured few or no adult forage looper males while those baited with both components captured several target males.
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  • 49
    ISSN: 1573-1561
    Keywords: Sex pheromone ; 3,6,9-heneicosatriene ; 3,6,9-eicosatriene ; velvetbean caterpillar ; Anticarsia gemmatalis Hübner ; Lepidoptera ; Noctuidae ; attractant ; hydrocarbons
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    Notes: Abstract A sex pheromone produced by female velvetbean caterpillar moths,Anticarsia gemmatalis Hübner, that attracts conspecific males was isolated and identified as a blend of (Z,Z,Z)-3,6,9-eicosatriene and (Z,Z,Z)-3,6,9-heneicosatriene in a ratio of ca. 5∶3, respectively, when combined. The synthesized compounds elicited responses by velvetbean caterpillar moth males equivalent to those elicited by females in both laboratory wind tunnel bioassays and field trapping experiments.
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  • 50
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    Journal of chemical ecology 9 (1983), S. 657-672 
    ISSN: 1573-1561
    Keywords: Pseudoplusia includens ; soybean looper ; Lepidoptera ; Noctuidae ; Epilachna varivestis ; Mexican bean beetle ; Coleoptera ; Coccinellidae ; feeding preferences ; nutrition ; food utilization ; host-plant resistance ; induced resistance ; glyceollin ; isoflavonoids ; soybean ; phytoalexins
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    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Abstract Effects of soybean phytoalexins on the feeding of the soybean looper and Mexican bean beetle were investigated to test the hypothesis that phytoalexins might be a defense mechanism of plants against insects as well as against pathogens. Short-term behavioral responses to the phytoalexins were analyzed using dual-choice tests with phytoalexin-rich and phytoalexin-poor (control) tissues. Phytoalexin production was elicited with ultraviolet radiation. Results from the dual-choice tests indicated that 6th instar soybean looper larvae fed equally on the control and phytoalexin-rich tissues. Feeding by adult and 4th instar Mexican bean beetles, however, was strongly deterred by the phytoalexins as evidenced by “single-bite” mandible scars on the phytoalexin-rich cotyledon discs. Nutritional effects of the isoflavonoid phytoalexin glyceollin on early instar soybean looper larvae were tested by incorporating the phytoalexin into an artificial medium at a level of 1% dry weight (0.15% fresh weight). The larvae were reared for 7 days from emergence on diets of control and glyceollin-containing media. Although survival on the glyceollin diets was initially less than on the control diets, under the experimental conditions glyceollin had no significant effect on the growth, development, or subsequent survival of the larvae. Efficiency of food utilization (ECI) was reduced, indicating that the phytoalexins may be a mild digestibility-reducing factor for the loopers. Implications of the results for host-plant resistance are discussed.
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  • 51
    ISSN: 1573-1561
    Keywords: Driedfruit moth ; Vitula edmandsae serratilineella ; Lepidoptera ; Pyralidae ; Phycitinae ; sex pheromone ; attractant inhibitor ; (Z)-9,(E)-12-tetradecadienol ; (Z)-9,(E)-12-tetradecadienal ; alcohol ; aldehyde
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    Notes: Abstract Sixteen pheromone-like compounds were identified in abdomen tip washes and excised abdomen tip extracts of calling females of driedfruit moth,Vitula edmandsae serratilineella Ragonot. Identifications were by high-resolution gas chromatography-mass spectrometry, and gas chromatography with flame ionization and electroantennographic detectors. Male moths were attracted to a blend of (Z)-9,(E)-12-tetradecadienol and (Z)-9,(E)-12-tetradecadienal in a ratio of 100∶1 at 500 μg/rubber septum dispenser, which is recommended for monitoring purposes. Low concentrations of (Z)-9-tetradecenol (0.5%) and (Z)-9-tetradecenal (0.1%) may be beneficial for the attraction of males, but 1–2% of (E)-9,(E)-12- or (Z)-9,(Z)-12-tetradecadienol, or (Z)-9,(E)-12-tetradecadienyl acetate inhibited their attraction. Gravid female moths were attracted to traps that captured large numbers of males. Females may be attracted to male hairpencil or forewing gland secretions emitted near the traps or that accumulate in the traps.
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    Cell & tissue research 162 (1975), S. 395-410 
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Larval corpus allatum ; Activity cycles ; Lepidoptera ; Ultrastructure
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    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary The corpora allata of the three last larval instars were studied in newly molted animals, at the beginning, middle, and end of the feeding period, and during the molt period. They were found to consist of uniform gland cells, whose ultrastructure changes in the course of the instars. In gland cells considered to be resting, the outer and inner nuclear membranes run in parallel without forming a dilated perinuclear space. Mitochondria are small, polymorphic, with an electron-dense matrix. The smooth endoplasmic reticulum (SER) appears as stacks of parallel cisternae near the nuclear envelope and in the rest of the cytoplasm, and as accumulations of twisted profiles. Occasionally, the SER takes the form of paracrystalline bodies. There are few small smooth-surfaced vesicles in the cytoplasm. In cells considered as active, a dilated perinuclear space occurs. The peripheral ends of profiles forming the SER are swollen, and numerous vesicles and vacuoles bud off from them to fill the cytoplasm. Mitochondria are large, with a more transparent matrix. The plasma membrane of gland cells located just beneath the connective tissue sheath forms numerous small invaginations. The corpora allata consist of resting cells during the molt periods. At the beginning of each instar, few active gland cells appear. In the middle of the second to last and the third to last instars, the bulk of the gland cells is active. At the end of these instars, there are both active and inactive cells. In the middle of the last instar, the gland cells are inactive or subactive, and at its end, all gland cells are completely inactive.
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    Cell & tissue research 174 (1976), S. 519-531 
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Insect vision ; Lepidoptera ; Ommatidial organization ; Polarized light reception ; Retinal ultrastructure
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    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary The ultrastructural organization of ommatidial components of the retina of the moth, Galleria mellonella are described from electron microscopic observations. Each ommatidium is composed of 12 common retinula cells and one basal eccentric cell. The retinula cells are connected together by a desmosomal strip along their length. The rhabdom occupies the basal thirty percent of the ommatidium and can be divided into nine segments of parallel microvilli. Several cells may contribute to an individual rhabdomere. The rhabdomeres are arranged in a cross with single cell rhabdomeres lying between the arms of the cross. Thin sections of ommatidium absorb polarized light differentially. The total amount of plane polarized light absorbed varies with angle of rotation for an entire ommatidium but there are also differences between the amount of absorption of adjacent rhabdomeric segments. Galleria appears to be the only lepidopteran in which the possibility of the polarized light reception has been reported.
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    Fresenius' Zeitschrift für analytische Chemie 279 (1976), S. 208-208 
    ISSN: 1618-2650
    Keywords: Best. von Palladium mit 2-Chlorphenothiazin ; Spektralphotometrie
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    Fresenius' Zeitschrift für analytische Chemie 279 (1976), S. 364-364 
    ISSN: 1618-2650
    Keywords: Best. von Titan(IV) ; Spektralphotometrie ; Extraktion als Thiocyanat mit Mesityloxid
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    Fresenius' Zeitschrift für analytische Chemie 278 (1976), S. 127-127 
    ISSN: 1618-2650
    Keywords: Best. von Kobalt mit 6-Nitrochinoxalin-2,3-dithiol ; Spektralphotometrie ; Spuren
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    Fresenius' Zeitschrift für analytische Chemie 278 (1976), S. 285-286 
    ISSN: 1618-2650
    Keywords: Best. von Kupfer mit 4-(2-Pyridylazo)-resorcin ; Spektralphotometrie ; Untersuchung der Komplexe
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    Fresenius' Zeitschrift für analytische Chemie 298 (1979), S. 367-372 
    ISSN: 1618-2650
    Keywords: Best. von Lanthaniden, Europium, Dysprosium, Erbium, Samarium in Uran ; Spektralphotometrie ; Atomabsorption ; Graphitofen
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Description / Table of Contents: Summary Studies were conducted on the assay of Sm, Eu, Dy and Er separated from uranium using aqueous standards by electrothermal AAS with Massmann type graphite furnace. The working curves were found to be linear in the ranges Sm (1–10 μg/ml), Eu (0.05–0.6 μg/ml), Dy (0.1–0.8 μg/ml) and Er (0.1–1.0 μg/ml). The values obtained for synthetic samples agreed favourably with those obtained by emission spectrographic method. Experiments using pyrolytic carbon coated tubes with and without pretreatment by La, Ta and Y have shown an enhancement with treatment upto a maximum of 15% and improve the memory effect marginally. The effect of Ta treatment was found to be singularly useful in improving the general behaviour of Sm. The interference effects of lanthanides, other than the analyte, were found to be negligible. However, the presence of uranium was found to affect the absorbance. The absorbance of Eu was found to be nearly independent of uranium after an initial increase. On the other hand, the absorbance of other elements studied was found to drastically decrease after an initial enhancement. Detailed investigations of temperature dependence of absorbance were carried out using Eu, Dy and Er. The differences in the behaviour of these elements is attributed to probable differences in the modes of their atomization.
    Notes: Zusammenfassung Die Untersuchungen wurden mit Hilfe des Graphitrohrofens nach Maßmann durchgeführt. In folgenden Bereichen ergaben sich lineare Eichkurven: Sm 1–10 μg/ml, Eu 0,05–0,6 μg/ml, Dy 0,1–0,8 μg/ml, Er 0,1μ-1,0 μg/ml. Die aus synthetischen Proben erhaltenen Ergebnisse stimmten gut mit den durch Emissionsspektrographie erhaltenen überein. Versuche wurden mit Röhren mit pyrolytischen Kohlenstoffüberzug mit und ohne Vorbehandlung durch La, Ta und Y durchgeführt und ergaben eine bis 15%ige Steigerung durch die Behandlung sowie eine mäßige Besserung des Memoryeffektes. Eine Behandlung mit Ta war besonders für Sm vorteilhaft. Störungen durch andere Lanthanide waren vernachlässigbar. Uran beeinflußte jedoch die Absorption. Im Falle von Eu zeigte sich nach anfänglicher Zunahme fast eine Unabhängigkeit, während bei den anderen untersuchten Elementen nach anfänglicher Zunahme eine beträchtliche Abnahme auftrat. Mit Eu, Dy und Er wurde ebenfalls die Temperaturabhängigkeit der Absorption untersucht. Festgestellte Unterschiede im Verhalten werden auf unterschiedliche Atomisierung zurückgeführt.
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    Fresenius' Zeitschrift für analytische Chemie 293 (1978), S. 416-416 
    ISSN: 1618-2650
    Keywords: Best von Vitamin D2 ; Spektralphotometrie ; HCl, Tetrachloräthan
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    Fresenius' Zeitschrift für analytische Chemie 293 (1978), S. 416-416 
    ISSN: 1618-2650
    Keywords: Best. von Pikrinsäure ; Spektralphotometrie ; Zink und Ammoniumchlorid
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    Fresenius' Zeitschrift für analytische Chemie 294 (1979), S. 284-284 
    ISSN: 1618-2650
    Keywords: Best. von Uran(VI) mit Chlorphosphonazo III ; Spektralphotometrie ; Trioctylamin-Extraktion
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    Fresenius' Zeitschrift für analytische Chemie 294 (1979), S. 285-285 
    ISSN: 1618-2650
    Keywords: Best. von Phosphat in Ferrosilicium ; Spektralphotometrie ; Cer/Xylenolorange, indirekt
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    Fresenius' Zeitschrift für analytische Chemie 294 (1979), S. 413-413 
    ISSN: 1618-2650
    Keywords: Best. von Kobalt mit Pyridin und Azid ; Spektralphotometrie ; Aussalzungsmittel, Mischkomplex
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    Fresenius' Zeitschrift für analytische Chemie 292 (1978), S. 43-44 
    ISSN: 1618-2650
    Keywords: Best. von Uran(VI) mit Arsenazo III ; Spektralphotometrie ; starksaure Lösung
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    Fresenius' Zeitschrift für analytische Chemie 292 (1978), S. 46-47 
    ISSN: 1618-2650
    Keywords: Best. von Thallium(I), Dimethylthalliumverbindungen ; Spektralphotometrie
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    Fresenius' Zeitschrift für analytische Chemie 295 (1979), S. 270-270 
    ISSN: 1618-2650
    Keywords: Best. von Cer(IV) ; Spektralphotometrie ; indirekt, Fe(III)-Resacetophenonoximat-Komplex
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    Fresenius' Zeitschrift für analytische Chemie 299 (1979), S. 264-266 
    ISSN: 1618-2650
    Keywords: Best. von Kohlenhydraten in Huminsäuren ; Spektralphotometrie ; Anthronmethode
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Description / Table of Contents: Zusammenfassung Eine modifizierte Anthronmethode zur Bestimmung des Kohlenhydratgehaltes in Fraktionen von Huminsäure-Blei(II)-Chelatverbindungen, die mit chemischen und gelchromatographischen Methoden getrennt wurden, wird beschrieben. Um die Störung der Methode durch die Absorption der Huminsäuren, die mit abnehmender Wellenlänge ansteigt, gering zu halten, wird die Extinktion des Anthron-Kohlenhydrat-Reaktionsproduktes bei 620 nm gemessen. Die Huminsäurekonzentration darf 0,1 g/dl nicht überschreiten. Da die molare Extinktion des Anthron-Reaktionsproduktes von der Art des Kohlenhydrates abhängt, wird der Kohlenhydratgehalt auf das Hauptkohlenhydrat des Huminsäurehydrolysats berechnet (d.h. Glucose).
    Notes: Summary A modified anthrone method is described for the determination of carbohydrates in fractions of lead(II)-chelate compounds of humic acids separated with chemical as well as gel-chromatographic methods. To reduce the disturbance of the method by the absorption of humic acids increasing with the decrease of wavelength, the absorbance of the anthronecarbohydrate reaction products is measured at 620 nm and the humic acid concentration is not allowed to exceed 0.1 g/dl. Because the molar absorptivity of the anthrone reaction-products depends on the type of carbohydrate investigated, the content is calculated for the main carbohydrate of the humic-acid hydrolysate (i.e. glucose).
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    Fresenius' Zeitschrift für analytische Chemie 295 (1979), S. 366-370 
    ISSN: 1618-2650
    Keywords: Best. von Quecksilber, Silber mit Formazanen ; Spektralphotometrie ; chelatbildende Ionenaustauscher
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    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Description / Table of Contents: Zusammenfassung Die Darstellung substituierter Formazane und ihre chemische Fixierung an Cellulose, amino- und chlormethyliertem Polystyrol wird beschrieben. Die Kapazitäten der Austauscher liegen zwischen 0,05 mÄq/g (Cellulose) und 0,6 mÄq/g (Polystyrol). In neutralem Medium zeigen sie eine besondere Affinität zu Hg(II), Pd(II) und Ag(I), aber keine Affinität zu Cu(II). Weiterhin wurde eine spektrophotometrische Bestimmung von Hg(II) und Ag(I) mit dem wasserlöslichen Formazan (FII)-NO2 ausgearbeitet [Hg(II): ɛ546=23 000 l Mol−1 cm−1, Ag(I): ɛ546 =38 000 l Mol−1 cm−1].
    Notes: Summary The preparation of substituted formazans and their fixation on cellulose, amino- and chloromethylated polystyrene is described. The capacities of the exchangers vary from 0.05 meq/g (cellulose) to 0.6 meq/g (polystyrene). They show in neutral medium greater affinity to Hg(II), Pd(II) and Ag(I), but no affinity to Cu(II). Further, a spectrophotometric determination of Hg(II) and Ag(I) with the watersoluble formazan (FII)-NO2 has been worked out. [Hg(II): ɛ546=23 000 l Mol−1 cm−1, Ag(I): ɛ546=38 000 l Mol−1 cm−1].
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    Fresenius' Zeitschrift für analytische Chemie 292 (1978), S. 233-235 
    ISSN: 1618-2650
    Keywords: Spektralphotometrie ; Ableitungen höherer Ordnung, Analogdifferenzierer, Derivativverfahren
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    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Description / Table of Contents: Zusammenfassung Es wird über eine neu entwickelte Analog-Recheneinheit berichtet, mit der man Ableitungen von Spektren und anderen Meßsignalen erstmalig bis zur 7. Ordnung on-line verwirklichen kann. Wie die Prüfungen ergaben, ist die optimale Auflösung in den meisten Fällen mit der 4. Ableitung erreicht. Dann sind nämlich alle Schultern und Wendepunkte der Kurven in bipolare Signale übergeführt. Eine Aufstellung der wichtigsten bisherigen Anwendungsgebiete wird gegeben.
    Notes: Summary This report deals with a newly developed analogue computing accessory by which derivations of spectra and other electric signals up to the seventh order were realized on-line. A thorough study of this apparatus showed that in most cases fine-resolving is reached by the fourth derivation. In this case, all shoulders and points of inflections are resolved to bipolar signals. A number of examples for applying derivative spectrophotometry of higher order (DSHO-method) is also given.
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    Fresenius' Zeitschrift für analytische Chemie 292 (1978), S. 400-402 
    ISSN: 1618-2650
    Keywords: Bestimmung von Meclozin, Pyridoxin in pharmazeutischen Produkten ; Spektralphotometrie ; Orthogonalfunktion
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Description / Table of Contents: Summary A rapid spectrophotometric method for the analysis of tablets containing the title compounds without preliminary separation is developed. Thus, pyridoxine is determined by measurement at λ max while the six-points quadratic orthogonal polynomial has been used to determine meclozine. The mean percentage recoveries (8 determinations) were found to be 101.71±0.64 and 99.77±0.62% (P=0.05) for meclozine and pyridoxine hydrochlorides, respectively. Neither the Vierordt's nor the absorbance ratio methods gave accurate results as the proposed method. The method was applied successfully to the analysis of market preparations.
    Notes: Zusammenfassung Es wurde ein Verfahren zur schnellen Bestimmung der beiden Verbindungen ohne Vortrennung ausgearbeitet. Pyridoxin wird durch Messung beim Absorptionsmaximum von 292 nm bestimmt, Meclozin wird mit Hilfe eines quadratischen Sechspunkte-Orthogonalpolynoms berechnet. Die Wiederfindungsrate (8 Bestimmungen) lag bei 101,71±0,64 bzw. 99,77±0,62% (P=0,05). Vergleichsbestimmungen nach der Methode von Vierordt und dem Verfahren der Extinktionsverhältnisse gaben weniger genaue Resultate. Die vorgeschlagene Methode wurde mit gutem Erfolg auf handelsübliche Präparate angewendet.
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    Fresenius' Zeitschrift für analytische Chemie 278 (1976), S. 364-364 
    ISSN: 1618-2650
    Keywords: Best. von Nickel mit Äthylxanthat ; Spektralphotometrie
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    Fresenius' Zeitschrift für analytische Chemie 293 (1978), S. 220-221 
    ISSN: 1618-2650
    Keywords: Best. von Magnesium ; Spektralphotometrie ; Trimethin-Reagentien aus Aminochalkogenuracilen
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Description / Table of Contents: Zusammenfassung Bekanntlich werden Trimethinfarbstoffe, als Reagentien für die photometrische Magnesiumbestimmung, durch die Kondensation von Malonaldehyd und Barbitursäure bzw. ihren Derivaten hergestellt. Auf ähnliche Weise erhält man mit 4(6)-Amino(2)-chalkogeno-uracilen und Malonaldehyd die Ammoniumsalze der Trimethinfarbstoffe, die sich ohne weitere Aufarbeitung als Reagentien für die photometrische Bestimmung einsetzen lassen. Die Herstellung der Verbindungen wird beschrieben.
    Notes: Summary It is known that trimethine dyes used for the photometrie determination of magnesium ions can be prepared by the condensation of malonicaldehyde with barbituric acid or its derivatives; In a similar way it is possible to use 4(6)-amino-2-chalcogeno-uracils giving with malonicaldehyde ammonium salts of the trimethine dyes, which are suited for the photometric determination without further manipulations. The preparation is described.
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  • 73
    ISSN: 1618-2650
    Keywords: Best. von Nickel, Kobalt mit 2-Carboxy-2′-hydroxy-3′,5′-dimethylazobenzol-4-sulfonsäure ; Spektralphotometrie
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    Fresenius' Zeitschrift für analytische Chemie 294 (1979), S. 356-360 
    ISSN: 1618-2650
    Keywords: Spektralphotometrie ; Mechanisierung, Prinzip, Optimierung
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Description / Table of Contents: Zusammenfassung Das Prinzip der Automatisierung der photometrischen Analyse mit kontinuierlichem Reagentienfluß und die speziellen Vorteile der Verwendung von Bausteinen der Flüssigkeits-Chromatographie werden ausführlich diskutiert. Die Optimierung folgender Parameter wird besprochen: Verweilzeit (Reaktionszeit), Einspritzmenge, Pumpgeschwindigkeit, Säulenabmessungen, Partikeldurchmesser.
    Notes: Summary The principle of automation of photometric analysis by the continuous flow method and the particular advantages of the use of component parts of liquid chromatography are discussed in detail. The optimization of the following parameters is pointed out: residence (reaction) time, injection volume, pumping rate, column dimensions and particle diameter.
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    Fresenius' Zeitschrift für analytische Chemie 295 (1979), S. 47-47 
    ISSN: 1618-2650
    Keywords: Best. von Vanadium in Stahl ; Spektralphotometrie ; Hydroxyphenyl-p-tolylbenzamidin
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    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
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    Fresenius' Zeitschrift für analytische Chemie 295 (1979), S. 393-397 
    ISSN: 1618-2650
    Keywords: Best. von Tensiden in Wasser ; Spektralphotometrie ; Aniontenside, Reinigungsstufen
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Description / Table of Contents: Zusammenfassung Aniontenside werden an Feststoffen der Gewässer wie auch der Kläranlagen adsorbiert und teilweise angereichert. Ihre analytische Bestimmung erfordert eine mehrstufige Vorarbeit. Sie führt über die Extraktion des Probengutes, die Abtrennung der Tenside von Störstoffen durch Ausblasen (grobe Vorreinigung) und die chromatographische Reinigung der Rohfraktion auf Kieselgelschichten. Die Konzentration der reinen Tensidfraktion kann colorimetrisch oder IR-spektrometrisch bestimmt werden.
    Notes: Summary Anion tensides are adsorbed on solids in surface waters and sewage treatment plants and enriched to some extent. Their analytical determination requires multi-stage preparations, including sampling, separation of the tensides from disturbing material by air stripping (rough preliminary cleaning), and chromatographic cleaning of the raw fraction on silica gel. The concentration of the pure tenside fraction can be determined colorimetrically or by way of IR spectrometry.
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    Fresenius' Zeitschrift für analytische Chemie 297 (1979), S. 159-160 
    ISSN: 1618-2650
    Keywords: Best. von Vanadium(V) mit p-Hydroxybenzaldehyd und Hydroxyamidin ; Spektralphotometrie
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    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
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    Fresenius' Zeitschrift für analytische Chemie 292 (1978), S. 302-303 
    ISSN: 1618-2650
    Keywords: Best. von Aldehyden, aromat. mit Barbitursäure ; Spektralphotometrie. Best. von Barbitursäure mit p-Dimethylaminobenzaldehyd ; Spektralphotometrie
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    Fresenius' Zeitschrift für analytische Chemie 292 (1978), S. 359-361 
    ISSN: 1618-2650
    Keywords: Best. von Uran in Wasser ; Spektralphotometrie ; Arsenazo, Fällg. mit Al-Phosphat
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Description / Table of Contents: Zusammenfassung Zur schnellen und genauen Bestimmung von Uranspuren in natürlichen, auch salzhaltigen Wässern, wird Uran durch Spurenfällung mit Aluminiumphosphat abgetrennt. Durch Auflösen des mit Zinkpulver vermengten Niederschlages erfolgt Reduktion zu U(IV), das mit Arsenazo III bestimmt wird. Der Extinktionskoeffizient beträgt 97000 cm2/Mol.
    Notes: Summary For the precise and accurate determination of uranium in natural, even saline, waters, it is separated by coprecipitation with Al-phosphate. The precipitate is mixed with zinc powder, dissolved and thus reduced to U(IV), which is determined with Arsenazo III. The molar absorptivity is 97000 cm2/mol.
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  • 80
    ISSN: 1618-2650
    Keywords: Best. von Phosphat neben Silicium, Arsen, Germanium ; Spektralphotometrie ; Extraktion mit Benzophenon, Molybdatmethode
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Description / Table of Contents: Summary A new type of separation of phosphate ion, along with its spectrophotometric determination, was established by liquid-liquid extraction, where the yellow heteropoly acid formed by the reaction with ammonium molybdate in acid solution is quantitatively extracted into molten benzophenone at a temperature of about 60° C. When cooled down to room temperature, the benzophenone extract converts from the liquid state to the solid state. The resulting solidified extract is dissolved in methyl propionate, and the phosphate ion in the solvent is determined spectrophotometrically by the blue heteropoly acid method. Possible interference by Si, As and Ge is eliminated by the separation procedure.
    Notes: Zusammenfassung Bei dem beschriebenen Verfahren wird die mit Ammoniummolybdat in saurer Lösung gebildete gelbe Heteropolysäure bei 60° C in geschmolzenes Benzophenon extrahiert. Dieses wird durch Abkühlen verfestigt, in Methylpropionat gelöst und in dieser Lösung das Phosphat spektralphotometrisch als blaue Heteropolysäure bestimmt. Si, As und Ge, die ebenfalls mit Molybdat reagieren, werden durch die Extraktion abgetrennt.
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    Fresenius' Zeitschrift für analytische Chemie 298 (1979), S. 158-158 
    ISSN: 1618-2650
    Keywords: Best. von Palladium, Ruthenium ; Spektralphotometrie ; Isonitrosodibenzoylmethan
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    Fresenius' Zeitschrift für analytische Chemie 298 (1979), S. 160-160 
    ISSN: 1618-2650
    Keywords: Best. von Ruthenium(III) mit 3-Hydroxy-3-(p-dimethylaminophenyl)-1-phenyltriazen ; Spektralphotometrie
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    Fresenius' Zeitschrift für analytische Chemie 310 (1982), S. 16-20 
    ISSN: 1618-2650
    Keywords: Best. von Phosphor in Stahl ; Spektralphotometrie ; Molybdatovanadatophosphat, Verbesserung der Methode
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Description / Table of Contents: Zusammenfassung Die seit vielen Jahren bekannte photometrische Methode zur Bestimmung von P in Stählen über den gelbgefärbten Molybdatovanadatophosphat-Komplex nach Extraktion in MIBK wurde zur Verbesserung der Empfindlichkeit modifiziert (höhere Einwaage, Veränderung des Extraktionsverfahrens und hauptsächlich Absorptionsmessung im Peak-Maximum). Dadurch konnte die unterste bestimmbare P-Konzentration um eine Zehnerpotenz erniedrigt werden. Die Anforderungen der modernen Stahlproduktion gehen in diese Richtung. Sowohl die ICP-Emissionsals auch die Atomabsorptionsspektrometrie sind für diese geringen Konzentrationen an P noch nicht anwendbar. Die photometrische Methode soll zunächst dazu eingesetzt werden, die Stabilität der Eichkurvenlage bei der Emissionsspektrometrie kleiner P-Anteile zu prüfen, um die erforderlichen Daten für die schnelle Produktionskontrolle in Zukunft auf diese Weise erstellen zu können.
    Notes: Summary The well-known spectrophotometric determination of P in steels using the yellow coloured molybdatovanadatophosphate complex after extraction into methylisobutylketone has been modified for better sensitivity (higher sample weight, altered extraction procedure, and mainly absorbance measurement at the wavelength of the peak maximum). The lowest concentration of P in steels which can be determined is thus reduced by one order of magnitude to meet the demand of modern steel production. ICP emission and atomic absorption spectrometry are not able yet to analyze such low concentrations. For the time being, the spectrophotometric method is used to study the stability of calibration lines of emission spectrometry for low contents of P. A high-speed production control data method by means of emission spectrometry must be established in near future.
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  • 84
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Scent scales ; Lepidoptera ; Secretion discharge ; Gland cells ; Insect cuticle
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary The abdominal scent apparatus of male Caligo eurilochus was examined at different ages by light, scanning and transmission electron microscopy. The glandular epithelium is covered with specialized scales and forms a pad on each side of the 4th to 6th abdominal segments. The pads are surrounded by smooth, elastic cuticle and can protrude toward the opposite hind wing hair pencil. The scales have a poreless cuticle with a fibrillar texture. They are impregnated by an oily, slowly volatile substance. The scales are elongated toward the base, forming hoods over the long coneshaped sockets. The scale pedicel is anchored tension-free by rootlets in the central socket base. The slightly asymmetric cuticular sockets are very elastic, due to their high water content. They are stabilized by internal epicuticular rods. The release of the secretions from the cell and a possibly active microvillar transport is discussed. Different secretions are found in the space between the microvillar surface of the gland cell and the socket floor. They are probably discharged from the supraglandular space into the scale lumen by means of pressure and bending of the sockets. A flowback might be prevented by capillary effect of a “ball” of vesicles, which lies exactly above the outlet of the scale pedicel.
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    Fresenius' Zeitschrift für analytische Chemie 277 (1975), S. 125-125 
    ISSN: 1618-2650
    Keywords: Best. von Arylidenmalonnitrilen ; Spektralphotometrie ; Dinitrobenzol als Reagens
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
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  • 86
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    Fresenius' Zeitschrift für analytische Chemie 277 (1975), S. 127-127 
    ISSN: 1618-2650
    Keywords: Best. von Kobalt mit Tiron ; Spektralphotometrie
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
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  • 87
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    Fresenius' Zeitschrift für analytische Chemie 277 (1975), S. 127-127 
    ISSN: 1618-2650
    Keywords: Best. von Kupfer neben Nickel und Kobalt ; Spektralphotometrie ; Girard-T-deriv. von Hydroxynaphthaldehyd
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
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  • 88
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    Fresenius' Zeitschrift für analytische Chemie 277 (1975), S. 128-128 
    ISSN: 1618-2650
    Keywords: Best. von Tellur in Stahl ; Spektralphotometrie ; Se-haltiger Automatenstahl
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
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  • 89
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    Fresenius' Zeitschrift für analytische Chemie 277 (1975), S. 206-206 
    ISSN: 1618-2650
    Keywords: Best. von Zirkonium ; Spektralphotometrie ; Reagentienvergleich
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
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  • 90
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    Fresenius' Zeitschrift für analytische Chemie 296 (1979), S. 45-45 
    ISSN: 1618-2650
    Keywords: Best. von o-Dichlorbenzol ; Spektralphotometrie ; UV
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
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  • 91
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    Fresenius' Zeitschrift für analytische Chemie 296 (1979), S. 46-46 
    ISSN: 1618-2650
    Keywords: Best. von p-Methylaminophenolsulfat, Metol ; Spektralphotometrie
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
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  • 92
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    Fresenius' Zeitschrift für analytische Chemie 296 (1979), S. 406-407 
    ISSN: 1618-2650
    Keywords: Best. von Ligninsulfonsäure, Huminsäure in Wasser ; Spektralphotometrie ; UV
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
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  • 93
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    Fresenius' Zeitschrift für analytische Chemie 296 (1979), S. 383-385 
    ISSN: 1618-2650
    Keywords: Best. von Bor in Silicaten ; Spektralphotometrie ; Pyrohydrolyse, Carminsäure
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Description / Table of Contents: Summary This simple method for the determination of boron takes a total time of 20 min. Samples are mixed with CaF2 suprapur in the ratio 3∶1 and pyrohydrolized in a Leco induction furnace for 15 min under steam of H2O. The BF3 liberated is collected in a NaOH-Na2CO3 solution (10 g NaOH +1 g Na2CO3 per liter). This solution is filled up to 200 ml with twice distilled water; 2 ml of this solution is mixed with conc. sulphuric acid and carminic acid solution and filled up to 50 ml. The absorption is measured by a Zeiss Elko II photometer with filter S 59. Analyses of four internations reference samples show excellent precision with a relative standard deviation of less than 5% (e.g. for a boron content of 2.1 ppm in granite G-2).
    Notes: Zusammenfassung Die Borbestimmung mit dieser schnellen und einfachen Methode benötigt ca. 20 min. Die Proben werden mit CaF2 Suprapur im Verhältnis 3∶1 vermischt und in einem Leco-Induktionsofen 15 min unter Einleitung von Wasserdampf pyrohydrolysiert. Das entstandene BF3 wird in einer NaOH-Na2CO3-Lösung(10 g NaOH+1 gNa2CO3pro Liter) aufgefangen. Diese Lösung wird mit zweifach destilliertem Wasser auf 200 ml aufgefüllt; 2 ml dieser Lösung werden mit konz. Schwefelsäure und Carminsäure-Lösung versetzt und auf 50 ml aufgefüllt, bevor ihre Absorption mit einem Zeiss — Elko II — Photometer mit Filter S 59 gemessen wird. Analysen von 4 internationalen Referenzproben zeigen eine hohe Präzision mit einer relativen Standardabweichung von weniger als 5% (z. B. für einen Gehalt von 2,1 ppm Bor im Granit G-2 des USGS).
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    Fresenius' Zeitschrift für analytische Chemie 296 (1979), S. 407-408 
    ISSN: 1618-2650
    Keywords: Best. von N-p-Tolylbenzohydroxamsäure ; Spektralphotometrie
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
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    Fresenius' Zeitschrift für analytische Chemie 296 (1979), S. 414-415 
    ISSN: 1618-2650
    Keywords: Best. von Quecksilber(II) mit 3-Methyl-5-pyrazolon-4-dithiocarbonsäure ; Spektralphotometrie
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
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    Fresenius' Zeitschrift für analytische Chemie 277 (1975), S. 355-358 
    ISSN: 1618-2650
    Keywords: Best. von Blei in Biolog. Material ; Spektralphotometrie ; Atomabsorption ; flammenlos
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Description / Table of Contents: Zusammenfassung Für die Bleianalyse in biologischen Materialien mit Hilfe der flammenlosen Atomabsorption wurde eine Methode entwickelt. Die Proben wurden mit Salpetersäure gelöst. Die überschüssige Säure, durch die das Blei-Absorptionssignal beeinflußt wird, wurde durch Zugabe von Ameisensäure entfernt. Es wurden sowohl die Höhen als auch die Flächen der Absorptionspeaks ausgewertet und die Ergebnisse miteinander verglichen. Bei der Bestimmung des Bleigehalts eines biologischen Standardmaterials konnte gezeigt werden, daß die Methode ausreichende Reproduzierbarkeit und Genauigkeit besitzt.
    Notes: Abstract The samples were dissolved in nitric acid. The excess acid, which influences the lead absorption signal, was removed by the addition of formic acid. Both the heights and the areas of the absorption peaks were evaluated and the results compared. The precision and the accuracy of the method, which was tested by determining the lead content of a biological standard reference material, proved to be satisfactory.
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    Plant systematics and evolution 128 (1977), S. 277-286 
    ISSN: 1615-6110
    Keywords: Compositae ; Vernonieae ; Vernonia ; Lepidoptera ; Insect resistance ; antifeedant ; sesquiterpene lactones ; glaucolide-A
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract A field insect feeding experiment was conducted with two species ofVernonia which produce the sesquiterpene lactone glaucolide-A, one species which does not contain this bitter compound, and two F1 hybrid combinations. Also, naturalVernonia populations were observed over a two year period for their degree of herbivory. Contrary to the pattern observed in laboratory feeding preference tests,Vernonia flaccidifolia, the species lacking sesquiterpene lactones, was consistently fed upon less by insects than wereV. gigantea andV. glauca. Even though glaucolide-A appears to adequately protect some Vernonias against herbivores, especially mammals,Vernonia flaccidifolia has lost this compound. ApparentlyV. flaccidifolia has evolved an alternative defensive mechanism which is more effective against insects but less effective against mammalian herbivores.
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    Journal of chemical ecology 10 (1984), S. 17-23 
    ISSN: 1573-1561
    Keywords: Gypsy moth ; Lymantria dispar ; Lepidoptera ; Lymantriidae ; preflight male behavior ; (+)-cis-7,8-epoxy-2-methyloctadecane ; (+)-dis-parlure ; wing-fanning
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Abstract Male gypsy moths (Lymantria dispar L.) in a wind tunnel at 24° respond to decreasing dosages (1 μg to 0.1 pg) of (+)-cis-7,8-epoxy-2-methyloctadecane with a decrease in probability of wing-fanning, an increase in wing-fanning latency, and an increase in the number of behaviors (body jerks, antennal twitches, steps, and wing tremors) preceding fanning. Males initiating any behavior prior to wing-fanning had a 70% probability of wing-fanning and 97% of the males that wing-fanned eventually flew. The sequence of behaviors from quiescence to flight is not organized in a hierarchy, as this concept is used in ethology, nor is it dependent upon the concentration of pheromone. The time-average threshold concentration of pheromone for response of ca. 90% or more quiescent males is ca. 1.9 × 10−17 g/cm3 over 〈 0.3 min.
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    Journal of chemical ecology 10 (1984), S. 1081-1108 
    ISSN: 1573-1561
    Keywords: Pheromone dispersion ; active space ; Sutton model ; Gaussian plume model ; gypsy moth ; Lymantria dispar ; Lepidoptera ; Lymantriidae
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Abstract The Sutton and more recent Gaussian plume models of atmospheric dispersion were used to estimate downwind concentrations of pheromone in a deciduous forest. Wind measurements from two bivane anemometers were recorded every 12 sec and the pheromone was emitted from a point source 1.6 m above ground level at known rates. The wingfanning response of individually caged male gypsy moths (Lymantria dispar) at 15 sites situated 20 to 80 m downwind was used to monitor when pheromone levels were above threshold over a 15-min interval. Predicted concentrations from these Gaussian-type models at locations where wing fanning occurred were often several orders of magnitude below the known behavioral thresholds determined from wind tunnel tests. Probit analyses of dose-response relationships with these models showed no relationship between predicted dose and actual response. The disparity between the predictions of concentration from these models and the actual response patterns of the male gypsy moth in the field was not unexpected. These time-average models predict concentrations for a fixed position over 3-min or longer intervals, based upon the dispersion coefficients. Thus the models estimate pheromone concentrations for time intervals appreciably longer than required for behavioral response.
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  • 100
    ISSN: 1573-1561
    Keywords: Lepidoptera ; Noctuidae ; Trichoplusia ni ; pheromone ; (Z)-7-dodecenyl acetate ; (Z)-5-dodecenyl acetate ; 11-dodecenyl acetate ; (Z)-7-tetradecenyl acetate ; (Z)-9-tetradecenyl acetate ; biosynthesis
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Abstract In addition to the previously identified components (Z)-7-dodecenyl acetate and dodecyl acetate, sex pheromone glands ofTrichoplusia ni release (Z)-5-dodecenyl acetate, 11-dodecenyl acetate, (Z)-7-tetradecenyl acetate, and (Z)-9-tetradecenyl acetate. Bioassays in a flight tunnel showed that a synthetic blend of these six compounds elicited complete flights to the source from 95% of the males tested and elicited hairpenciling responses at the end of the flights from 88% of the males tested. This blend was not significantly different from intact pheromone glands, which elicited complete flights to the source from 98% of the males tested and hairpenciling responses from 91% of the males tested. In contrast, the previously identified two-component blend elicited significantly fewer complete flights to the source (33%) and did not elicit hairpenciling responses from any of the males tested. The search for additional sex pheromone components was prompted by our previous identification of unusual fatty acyl moieties in the gland that seemed to be possible biosynthetic intermediates.
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