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  • Artikel  (109)
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  • 1
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    The use of different soil nitrogen sources by young Norway spruce plants (1999)
    Springer
    Trees 13 (1999), S. 199-205 
    Details
    ISSN: 0931-1890
    Schlagwort(e): Key words Ammonium ; Labelled nitrogen ; Nitrate ; Picea abies ; Shoot/root ratio
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Biologie , Land- und Forstwirtschaft, Gartenbau, Fischereiwirtschaft, Hauswirtschaft
    Notizen: Abstract  Three-year-old Norway spruce trees were planted into a low-nitrogen mineral forest soil and supplied either with two different levels of mineral nitrogen (NH4NO3) or with a slow-release form of organic nitrogen (keratin). Supply of mineral nitrogen increased the concentrations of ammonium and nitrate in the soil solution and in CaCl2-extracts of the rhizosphere and bulk soil. In the soil solution, in all treatments nitrate concentrations were higher than ammonium concentrations, while in the soil extracts ammonium concentrations were often higher than nitrate concentrations. After 7 months of growth, 15N labelled ammonium or nitrate was added to the soil. Plants were harvested 2 weeks later. Keratin supply to the soil did not affect growth and nitrogen accumulation of the trees. In contrast, supply of mineral nitrogen increased shoot growth and increased the ratio of above-ground to below-ground growth. The proportion of needle biomass to total above-ground biomass was not increased by mineral N supply. The atom-% 15N was higher in younger needles than in older needles, and in younger needles higher in plants supplied with 15N-nitrate than in plants supplied with 15N-ammonium. The present data show that young Norway spruce plants take up nitrate even under conditions of high plant internal N levels.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s004680050233
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  • 2
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Directed search for plant constituents: a case study concerning flavonoids in Norway spruce (1999)
    Springer
    Euphytica 105 (1999), S. 119-123 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5060
    Schlagwort(e): Picea abies ; pinaceae ; flavonoids ; myricetin 3- O-(6″-acetylglucoside) ; syringetin 7-O-glucoside ; biochemical systematics
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Land- und Forstwirtschaft, Gartenbau, Fischereiwirtschaft, Hauswirtschaft
    Notizen: Abstract The reported content of flavonoids in the needles of Norway spruce, Picea abies, has been used as a basis for a directed search for compounds previously undetected in this species. Combined with advanced chromatographic methods and sensitive detection techniques, the directed search approach assisted in the identification of the novel flavonols, myricetin 3- O- (6″-acetylglucoside) and syringetin 7- O-glucoside, and several other flavonoids isolated for the first time from this species.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1003473612531
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  • 3
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Biochemical and molecular aspects of C/N interaction in ectomycorrhizal plants: an update (1999)
    Springer
    Plant and soil 215 (1999), S. 103-113 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5036
    Schlagwort(e): ammonium assimilation ; Amanita muscaria ; carbon allocation ; ectomycorrhiza ; gene expression ; Picea abies ; sugar transport
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Land- und Forstwirtschaft, Gartenbau, Fischereiwirtschaft, Hauswirtschaft
    Notizen: Abstract The symbiosis (ectomycorrhiza, ECM) between roots of trees and shrubs of boreal and temperate forest ecosystems and soil fungi is essential for water and nutrient acquisition of the plants. The functionality of ECM is largely dependent on the ability of the host plant to supply photoassimilates to the fungus via the symbiotic interface. Based on sterile in vitro and non-sterile pot experiments, we review data which gives evidence that hexoses are supplied to the fungus by the host plant (mainly glucose and fructose), and that these sugars, at least in part, control development and function of ECM by interfering with fungal gene expression. We further show that any factor which reduces hexose allocation to the host–fungus interface will adversely affect ECM development. As an example, we address the impact of increased supply of nitrogen on the biochemistry of plant–fungus interaction and discuss potential consequences on host performance.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1004650324646
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  • 4
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Effects of aluminium treatment on Norway spruce roots: Aluminium binding forms, element distribution, and release of organic substances (1999)
    Springer
    Plant and soil 216 (1999), S. 103-116 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5036
    Schlagwort(e): aluminium ; binding forms ; element compartmentation ; Picea abies ; resistance ; root exudates
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Land- und Forstwirtschaft, Gartenbau, Fischereiwirtschaft, Hauswirtschaft
    Notizen: Abstract In order to investigate if Al resistance in Norway spruce (Picea abies[L.] Karst.) can be attributed to similar exclusion mechanisms as they occur in several crop plants, three-year-old Norway spruce plants were treated for one week in hydroculture with either 500 μM AlCl3 or CaCl2 solutions at pH 4. Sequential root extraction with 1 M NH4Cl and 0.01 M HCl and EDX microanalysis revealed that Al and Ca in cell walls and on the surface participated in exchange processes. About half of the Al extracted by the sequential extraction was not exchangeable by 1 M NH4Cl. Phenolics and phosphate present in the root extracts are possible ligands for Al adsorbed to or precipitated at the root in a non-exchangeable form. In both treatments, C release during the first period of 2 d was much higher than during the remaining time of the experiment. Al treated plants released less total C, carbohydrates and phenolics than did Ca treated plants. Acetate was the only organic acid anion that could be detected in some samples of both treatments. Free amino acids were present at micromolar concentrations but as hydrolysis did not increase their yield, there was no evidence of peptide release. One to two thirds of the released C were large enough not to pass a 1 kDa ultrafilter. The results suggest that exudation of soluble organic complexors is not a major Al tolerance mechanism in Norway spruce, although complexation of Al by phenolic substances released by the root could be detected by fluorescence spectroscopy. Aluminium tolerance could rather be attributed to immobilization in the root apoplast, where strong binding sites are available or precipitation may occur.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1004728122261
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  • 5
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    The role of soil conditions in fine root ecomorphology in Norway spruce (Picea abies (L.) Karst.) (1999)
    Springer
    Plant and soil 208 (1999), S. 283-292 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5036
    Schlagwort(e): morphological variability ; Picea abies ; root density ; specific root area ; short roots ; soil conditions
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Land- und Forstwirtschaft, Gartenbau, Fischereiwirtschaft, Hauswirtschaft
    Notizen: Abstract The present study is an attempt to investigate the pattern of morphological variability of the short roots of Norway spruce (Picea abies (L.) Karst.) growing in different soils. Five root parameters – diameter, length and dry weight of the root tip, root density (dry weight per water-saturated volume) and specific root area (absorbing area of dry weight unit) were studied with respect to 11 soil characteristics using CANOCO RDA analysis. The investigation was conducted in seven study areas in Estonia differing in site quality class and soil type. Ten root samples per study area were collected randomly from the forest floor and from the 20 cm soil surface layer. Eleven soil parameters were included in the study: humus content, specific soil surface area, field capacity, soil bulk density, pH (KCl and H2O dilution's), N and Ca concentrations, Ca/Al and C/N ratios, and the decomposition rate of fine roots (〈2 mm dia.). Root morphological characteristics most strongly related to the measured soil characteristics in the different sites were specific root area, root density and diameter of the short roots, the means varying from 29 to 42 m2 kg−1, from 310 to 540 kg m−3 and from 0.26 to 0.32 mm, respectively; root density being most sensitive. The most favourable site and soil types resulting in fine roots with morphological characteristics for optimizing nutrient uptake (e.g. low short root density and high specific root area) were Umbric Luvisol (Oxalis), Dystric Gleysol (Oxalis) and Gleyic Luvisol (Hepatica). These soil types correspond to highly productive natural forest stands of Norway spruce in Estonia. All measured soil variables explained 28% of total variance of the root characteristics. The most important variables related to root morphology were the humus content, field capacity and specific soil surface area.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1004552907597
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  • 6
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Nutritional status of a Norway spruce stand in SW Sweden in response to compensatory fertilization (1999)
    Springer
    Plant and soil 209 (1999), S. 85-100 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5036
    Schlagwort(e): diagnostic experiment ; needle analysis ; nutritional status ; Picea abies ; vitality or compensatory fertilization
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Land- und Forstwirtschaft, Gartenbau, Fischereiwirtschaft, Hauswirtschaft
    Notizen: Abstract The response of a Norway spruce (Picea abies L. Karst.) forest, located in SW Sweden, to various combinations of nitrogen, phosphorus, potassium and dolomite was investigated two and five years after fertilization in a semi-factorial experiment. The aim has been to apply a diagnostic field test as a base for development of suitable composition of compensatory or vitality fertilizers within an area showing nutritional imbalances. Different ways of describing foliar analysis were tested: current needle (C) critical concentrations, Deviation from Optimum Percentage (DOP), and nutrient/N percentage ratios. The graphical Relative Concentration and Content change (RCC) technique was also used. Nutritional status of the control plots showed deficiency in N, P and K. According to the analyses, N alone or N together with P are the growth-limiting elements. Fertilization with N alone induced limitation of K or P. Based on our results, NPK is a suitable compensatory fertilizer at the site. The only significant difference between dolomite and non-dolomite treatments was in Ca and Mg concentrations. The effect of dolomite on Ca and Mg became more evident during the fifth season following fertilization.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1004528102242
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  • 7
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Nutritional studies on rats and fish (carp Cyprinus carpio) fed diets containing unheated and heated Jatropha curcas meal of a non-toxic provenance (1999)
    Springer
    Plant foods for human nutrition 53 (1999), S. 183-192 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-9104
    Schlagwort(e): Carp ; Feed conversion ratio ; Fish ; Jatropha curcas ; Lectins ; Productive protein value ; Protein efficiency ratio ; Rats ; Trypsin inhibitors
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Land- und Forstwirtschaft, Gartenbau, Fischereiwirtschaft, Hauswirtschaft
    Notizen: Abstract Unheated and heated (121 °C, 66% moisture; 15, 30 and 45 min) Jatropha meals of non-toxic provenance from Veracruz state in Mexico were evaluated using rats and fish. With rats, the weight gain was highest for the casein diet followed by heated (30 min; only this treatment was studied using rats) and unheated Jatropha meal containing diets. The protein efficiency ratio (PER) for unheated and heated Jatropha meal containing diets was 37 and 86%, respectively, of the casein diet. On the other hand, the body weight gain, PER and feed conversion ratio of fish were statistically similar for unheated and heated (15, 30 and 45 min) Jatropha meal containing diets fed for a period of 35 days. Although these parameters were statistically similar for the unheated and heated Jatropha meal containing diets, the body weight gain, PER and protein productive value were highest and the feed conversion ratio lowest with 15 min heated Jatropha meal, suggesting that the heat treatment for 15 min is optimal for the meal. Trypsin inhibitor and lectin activities decreased drastically (〉83 and 99%, respectively) after 30 and 45 min of heat treatment and after 15 min, the residual lectin activity was negligible and the residual trypsin inhibitor activity was 34%. These results, together with the nutritional parameters investigated, imply that Jatropha trypsin inhibitors and lectins do not have any adverse effects on carp at least up to 35 days of feeding. The nutritional value of Jatropha meal of the non-toxic provenance is high, and potential exists for its incorporation into the diets of monogastrics, fish and possibly humans.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1008087627894
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  • 8
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    The effect of nutrition on the seasonal course of needle respiration in Norway spruce stands (1998)
    Springer
    Trees 12 (1998), S. 130-138 
    Details
    ISSN: 0931-1890
    Schlagwort(e): Key words Carbohydrates ; Fertilisation ; Phenology ; Picea abies ; Q10 of respiration
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Biologie , Land- und Forstwirtschaft, Gartenbau, Fischereiwirtschaft, Hauswirtschaft
    Notizen: Abstract  Respiration of 1-year-old needles of 30-year-old Norway spruce trees [Picea abies (L.) Karst.] was studied in a nutrient optimisation experiment in northern Sweden. Respiration rates of detached needles, from ten control (C) and ten irrigated-fertilised (IL) trees, were measured on 16 occasions from June 1992 to June 1993. The aim of the study was to determine the influence of temperature on the seasonal course of needle maintenance respiration, and the effect of nitrogen concentration [N] and carbohydrate content on needle respiration in young Norway spruce trees subjected to long-term fertilisation. The IL treatment significantly affected needle size, in terms of dry mass and length, but not specific needle length (SNL). There was, however, a strong tree-specific effect on SNL (P〈10–9, R 2 = 0.75). Needle starch content varied markedly with season (0–25% of total dry mass). This, unless accounted for, would cause erroneous estimates of nutrient concentrations, and of rates of needle respiration, within and between treatments. There was considerable seasonal variation in needle respiration, both in terms of maintenance respiration and temperature dependence (Q10). Q10 had its highest value (2.8) during winter and its lowest (2.0) in the middle of summer. In early autumn (August, September), respiration rate and needle [N] were significantly related (C: P = 0.001, IL: P〈0.0005). There was no significant difference in the slope between the two regression lines, but a difference in intercept. At the same needle [N], needles from IL-plots always had a lower respiration rate than needles from control plots. No obvious explanation for the observed difference in intercept was found, but some plausible assumptions are put forward and discussed.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s004680050131
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  • 9
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Image analysis of the stomatal cell walls of Picea abies (L.) Karst. in pure and ozone-enriched air (1998)
    Springer
    Trees 12 (1998), S. 181-185 
    Details
    ISSN: 0931-1890
    Schlagwort(e): Key words Image analysis ; Ozone ; Picea abies ; Stomata ; UV-absorbance
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Biologie , Land- und Forstwirtschaft, Gartenbau, Fischereiwirtschaft, Hauswirtschaft
    Notizen: Abstract  The method of image analysis was used to re-investigate previously described structural changes in spruce needles following their exposure to ozone. The changes observed in fumigation experiments were compared with the modifications observed at a site with a similar ozone load. Use was made in each case of needles for which the varying behavioural patterns were known from physiological experiments. In samples with reduced ability to regulate stomatal aperture, the cell walls of the stomatal apparatus showed a reduction in absorptive power at 280 nm. This was interpreted to be a result of delignification of the cell walls in question due to the direct impact of ozone on the surface of the needle.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/PL00009708
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  • 10
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Differential energization of the tonoplast in suspension cells and seedlings from Picea abies (1998)
    Springer
    Trees 13 (1998), S. 112-116 
    Details
    ISSN: 0931-1890
    Schlagwort(e): Key words Cell suspension culture ; Picea abies ; Vacuolar ATPase ; Vacuolar PPase
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Biologie , Land- und Forstwirtschaft, Gartenbau, Fischereiwirtschaft, Hauswirtschaft
    Notizen: Abstract  Vacuolar ATPase (EC 3.6.1.3) and PPase (EC 3.6.1.1) were studied in suspension cells and seedlings from spruce [Picea abies (L.) Karst. Proton transport activity and uncoupler (1 µM nigericin) stimulated substrate hydrolysis were measured in tonoplast enriched membrane vesicles. In suspension cells the vacuolar PPase exhibited 1.8-fold activity of the ATPase. In roots and needles from 12-week-old spruce seedlings the vacuolar PPase was inactive, whereas the ATPase was active. Therefore, we investigated whether the preparation of spruce tonoplast vesicles from roots and needles inactivates the vacuolar PPase but not the ATPase. For this purpose, maize (Zea mays L.) tonoplast membranes exhibiting vacuolar PPase as well as ATPase activity were used as a probe and added to the homogenization medium prior to the preparation of spruce vesicles. The preparation of spruce vesicles was more inhibitory to the vacuolar ATPase than to the PPase. The comparison of vacuolar PPases from spruce suspension cells and maize roots revealed similar enzymatic properties. After isopycnic centrifugation on continuous sucrose gradients the vacuolar PPase from spruce suspension cells co-purified with the vacuolar ATPase. Together, these data show: (1) vacuolar PPases from spruce suspension cells and maize roots are similar, (2) the preparation of tonoplast vesicles from spruce roots and needles does not inactivate the vacuolar PPase, (3) tonoplasts of suspension cultured cells and seedlings from spruce are differentially energized by the vacuolar pyrophosphatase that may indicate a difference in pyrophosphate metabolism between embryogenic and differentiated spruce cells, and (4) tonoplast vesicles from spruce seedlings may allow investigations of the effect of pyrophosphate on the vacuolar ATPase in the absence of vacuolar PPase activity.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/PL00009739
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  • 11
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Seasonal variation of maximum photochemical efficiency in boreal Norway spruce stands (1998)
    Springer
    Trees 13 (1998), S. 63-67 
    Details
    ISSN: 0931-1890
    Schlagwort(e): Key words Chlorophyll a fluorescence ; Low-temperature stress ; Photoinhibition ; Picea abies
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Biologie , Land- und Forstwirtschaft, Gartenbau, Fischereiwirtschaft, Hauswirtschaft
    Notizen: Abstract  The seasonal variation in maximum photochemical efficiency of photosystem II (Fv/Fm) and the relationship between Fv/Fm and climatic factors such as irradiance, frost-nights and daily mean temperature was studied in young Norway spruce trees for 4 years in northern Sweden. As a result of night frost, the Fv/Fm-ratio gradually decreased during the autumn. There was between-year variation in the pattern of Fv/Fm in fully exposed shoots during autumn and spring, largely as an effect of differing temperature conditions. During spring, there was a strong apparent relationship between daily mean temperature and Fv/Fm within the temperature range –3 to 12°C. The light regime to which the needles were exposed during winter affected Fv/Fm, and moderately shaded shoots from the bottom of the canopy generally had a higher Fv/Fm-ratio than fully exposed shoots from the top of the canopy.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s004680050187
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  • 12
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Influence of soil acidification and liming on selected enzymes of the carbohydrate metabolism and the contents of two major organic acids of mycorrhizal roots of Norway spruce (Picea abies [L.] Karst.) (1998)
    Springer
    Plant and soil 199 (1998), S. 41-51 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5036
    Schlagwort(e): carbohydrate metabolism ; ectomycorrhiza ; enzymes ; liming ; organic acids ; Picea abies ; soil acidification
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Land- und Forstwirtschaft, Gartenbau, Fischereiwirtschaft, Hauswirtschaft
    Notizen: Abstract Effects of soil acidification and liming on the activities of three enzymes of the carbohydrate metabolism and the quantities of two of the major organic acids of mycorrhizal roots of Norway spruce (Picea abies [L.) Karst.) were studied at Höglwald Forest in southern Germany. The enzymes investigated were glucosephosphate isomerase, pyruvate kinase and 6-phosphogluconate dehydrogenase. The organic acids studied were citric acid and malic acid. Annual mean activities of the three enzymes were equal in mycorrhizal roots of the humus and the upper mineral soil. But in autumn and winter the activities of each of the three enzymes were higher than in summer. Of the various soil treatments only soil acidification affected the activities of the three enzymes. It stimulated activities by a factor of 1.5 in mycorrhizal roots of the humus but had no effect on mycorrhizal roots from the upper mineral soil. Mycorrhizal roots in the humus contained approximately 10 times more citrate and two times more malate than mycorrhizal roots from the upper mineral soil (0–5 cm). In mycorrhizal roots from the humus citrate and malate were of similar concentrations. In mycorrhizal roots from the upper mineral soil malate was approximately four times more concentrated than citrate. In the humus the citric acid concentration of mycorrhizal roots decreased under soil acidification by a factor of 1.4 while it increased under liming and compensatory liming (acid irrigation after liming) by a factor of 1.5. Malic acid concentrations increased exclusively under liming in mycorrhizal roots of the humus by a factor of 1.3.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1004221910199
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  • 13
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Changes in soil mineralogy and exchangeable cation pools in stands of Norway spruce planted on former pasture land (1998)
    Springer
    Plant and soil 207 (1998), S. 219-229 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5036
    Schlagwort(e): biotite weathering ; exchangeable cations ; Picea abies ; smectite ; vermiculite
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Land- und Forstwirtschaft, Gartenbau, Fischereiwirtschaft, Hauswirtschaft
    Notizen: Abstract Chemical and mineralogical properties of the soils in 35- and 70-year-old stands of Norway spruce (Picea abies (L.) Karst), planted on former pasture and were studied at Asa Experimental Forest, southern Sweden. Remnant deciduous forests bordering the spruce stands were used as controls to assess possible tree-species-related effects on soil development. All soils are acid with little difference in soil pH between the spruce and deciduous stands. However, the saturation of the exchange complex with Mg is lower beneath spruce and the total exchangeable Mg pool in the upper meter of these soils is one third of the Mg store beneath the deciduous stands. Amphibole, biotite and chlorite are the major sources of Mg in the parent soil. The clay fraction of the topsoil beneath spruce has been depleted of all these easily weatherable ferromagnesian minerals. Apart from weathering-resistant primary silicates, the clay fraction consists almost exclusively of expandable, smectitic mixed-layer minerals, which are believed to be the products of advanced stages of biotite weathering. In contrast, vermiculite is the dominant secondary mineral in the A-horizon in the deciduous stands, and some chlorite has survived. Moreover, a greater depth of in situ weathering is indicated for the soil of the old spruce stands where biotite/vermiculite mixed-layers have formed in the C-horizon as products of early stages of biotite weathering. Thus, differences between the paired sites in soil solution chemistry are supported by the qualitative differences in soil mineralogy, and are believed to reflect divergent biotic and/or abiotic processes in the different stand types.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1026410410957
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  • 14
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Effect of artificial soil acidification and liming on growth and nutrient status of mycorrhizal roots of Norway spruce (Picea abies [L.] Karst.) (1998)
    Springer
    Plant and soil 199 (1998), S. 29-40 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5036
    Schlagwort(e): cation uptake ; ectomycorrhiza ; liming ; nutrient status ; Picea abies ; root growth ; soil acidification
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Land- und Forstwirtschaft, Gartenbau, Fischereiwirtschaft, Hauswirtschaft
    Notizen: Abstract Effects of soil acidification and liming on biomass responses and “free” Al, Ca, K, Mg, Mn and P contents of mycorrhizal roots of mature Norway spruce (Picea abies [L.] Karst.) were studied at Höglwald Forest in Southern Germany. At the untreated site, mycorrhizal root biomass was lower in the acid humus (pH = 3.3) than in the less acid upper (0–5 cm) mineral soil (pH 4.1). Mycorrhizal roots from the humus contained 10% of the level “free” Al in mycorrhizal roots from the upper mineral soil. During seven years of soil acidification the quantity of mycorrhizal roots remained unaffected in the humus and the upper mineral soil, perhaps due to the high buffering capacity of the humus which prevented a significant alteration of the nutrient status of the roots. However, two years after soil acidification had been terminated, the percentage of mycorrhizal roots in the humus decreased, possibly because the ”free” root concentrations of K had decreased. On the other hand, six years after liming, there was a two-fold increase of the annual mean quantity of mycorrhizal roots in the humus. Compensatory liming (acid irrigation after liming) had a similar effect on mycorrhizal root production in the humus. However, two years after acid irrigation had been terminated a decrease of mycorrhizal roots in the upper mineral soil (0–5 cm) was observed. Since the total amount of mycorrhizal roots in the humus and upper mineral soil remained constant, compensatory liming produced a shift in fine roots to the humus layer. The higher mass of living mycorrhizal roots in the upper mineral soil (0–5 cm) as compared to the humus of the untreated plot as well as the increased mass of mycorrhizal roots in the humus after liming or compensatory liming are both attributed to an increase in pH to 4.5 rather than alleviation of Al toxicity.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1004265511068
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  • 15
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Effect of acid irrigation and liming on root growth of Norway spruce (1998)
    Springer
    Plant and soil 199 (1998), S. 11-22 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5036
    Schlagwort(e): acid irrigation ; aluminium ; liming ; Picea abies ; root growth ; root window
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Land- und Forstwirtschaft, Gartenbau, Fischereiwirtschaft, Hauswirtschaft
    Notizen: Abstract The effect of acid irrigation and liming on fine root growth of Norway spruce (Picea abies [L.] Karst.) was studied in an approximately 80-year-old forest stand in southern Germany (Höglwald). Root growth was measured mainly on root windows and in addition by soil core sampling. Root growth rate showed a typical pattern in the course of a year with a maximum in August. Acid irrigation depressed root growth rate, whereas liming, particularly in combination with acid irrigation, markedly increased root growth in the humic layer and the upper 0–5 cm of the mineral soil. The treatment effects on root growth in the mineral soil below 5 cm were small and not significant. Root growth rate was not correlated with the concentration of aluminium (Al) or the molar ratio of calcium (Ca) to Al in the soil solution. The results suggest that inhibition of root growth by acid irrigation is a direct effect of high proton concentrations in the irrigation water, and that enhancement of root growth by liming is caused by an improved supply of mineral nutrients and higher biological activity.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1004254709452
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  • 16
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Cation concentrations of short roots of Norway spruce as affected by acid irrigation and liming (1998)
    Springer
    Plant and soil 199 (1998), S. 23-27 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5036
    Schlagwort(e): aluminium ; calcium ; magnesium ; Picea abies ; root content
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Land- und Forstwirtschaft, Gartenbau, Fischereiwirtschaft, Hauswirtschaft
    Notizen: Abstract The longterm effect of acid irrigation and liming (dolomitic limestone) on the mineral element content of roots of Norway spruce (Picea abies [L.] Karst.) was investigated in an 80-year-old Norway spruce stand in South Germany (Bavaria). Soil cores of four soil depths (humic layer, 0–10, 10–20 and 20–30 cm) were taken over 2 years (August 1991 and August 1992) from six plots with different treatments (control, normal irrigation, acid irrigation solely or in combination with liming) and living short roots selected and analysed for calcium (Ca), magnesium (Mg), manganese (Mn) and aluminium (Al). On the acid irrigated plot, the Ca and Mg contents of roots were decreased in 1991, but by 1992, 2 years after the irrigation had been terminated, no difference could be found. The Al content of the roots was not increased by acid irrigation but rose with increasing soil depth, regardless of treatment. Liming increased root contents of Ca and Mg and reduced contents of Mn and Al. This effect was especially distinct in the humic layer and decreased with increasing soil depth. Even though the molar Ca/Al-ratio in the roots in the mineral soil was generally low (0.09–0.52), no evidence of Al toxicity could be found. The formation of Al complexes is discussed as a reason for this behaviour.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1004206826290
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  • 17
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Effects of acid irrigation and liming on nitrate reduction and nitrate content of Picea abies (L.) Karst. and Oxalis acetosella L. (1998)
    Springer
    Plant and soil 199 (1998), S. 59-70 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5036
    Schlagwort(e): acid irrigation ; liming ; nitrate leaching ; nitrate reductase ; Oxalis acetosella ; Picea abies
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Land- und Forstwirtschaft, Gartenbau, Fischereiwirtschaft, Hauswirtschaft
    Notizen: Abstract Nitrate reductase activities (NRA) and nitrate concentration per unit biomass in Picea abies (L.) Karst. roots from four different soil horizons and in leaves and roots of the frequent field-layer species Oxalis acetosella L. were measured on six different irrigation and liming treatments within the Höglwald project, S-Bavaria, Germany. Liming increased and acid irrigation reduced soil nitrate availability when compared to control plots. Nitrate assimilation capacities of the respective plant compartments per unit of soil volume or ground area were calculated from the NRA per unit of biomass and from the biomass distribution on the various treatments. Mean NRA per unit of biomass in Picea abies roots ranged between 0.23 and 0.09 μmol NO 2 - g-1 d.w. h-1 without significant effects of soil horizon or treatment. Limed and non-limed treatments showed for Picea different root distributions within the soil profile, but root biomass per unit of ground area (295 to 220 g d.w. m-2) was not affected by the various treatments. Thus, nitrate assimilation capacity of Picea roots per unit of ground area ranged between 19.5 and 11.4 μmol NO 2 - m-2 h-1 without major treatment effects. In laminae of Oxalis acetosella mean NRA per unit of biomass ranged between 2.91 and 0.27 μmol NO 2 - g-1 d.w. h-1 and, in contrast to Picea abies, treatment effects were found with NRA on limed plots increased and on acid irrigated plots reduced when compared to control plots. Mean leaf biomass of Oxalis per unit of ground area ranged between 9.57 and 0.66 g d.w. m-2 and responded in a similar manner to the various treatments. Thus, for the Oxalis leaf NRA per unit of ground area (27.85 to 0.18 μmol NO2 m-2 h-1) a cumulative response to the variations in nitrate availability was found. The different responses of Picea abies and Oxalis acetosella to changes in soil nitrate availability are discussed with respect to their suitability to prevent soil nitrate leaching.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1004263223917
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  • 18
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    The Höglwald field experiments – aims, concept and basic data (1998)
    Springer
    Plant and soil 199 (1998), S. 1-10 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5036
    Schlagwort(e): Fagus sylvatica ; liming ; nitrogen cycling ; Picea abies ; soil acidification
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Land- und Forstwirtschaft, Gartenbau, Fischereiwirtschaft, Hauswirtschaft
    Notizen: Abstract An outline is given of the aims and the concept of the interdisciplinary research work exerted at the Höglwald, an experimental field station in Southern Germany. The Höglwald lies in the temperate suboceanic broadleaf zone. Under natural conditions beech would prevail. The soils are mostly developed as Typic Hapludalfs, weakly aquic in the argillic horizon and strongly acidified in the topsoil. The investigations performed in stands of Norway spruce (Picea abies L. Karst) and European beech (Fagus sylvatica L.) were initiated in 1982/83. The main aims are (1) to test experimentally the soil acidification hypothesis predicting root damage by aluminium toxicity, (2) to study the effects of compensatory liming with and without artificially increased acid input, (3) to investigate comprehensively nitrogen cycling and turnover including studies about (a) N-gas fluxes, (b) root reactions to excess N-supply, (c) N-assimilation in the canopy, (d) effects of experimentally increased N-input on trees, soil and seepage water chemistry, and (e) N-turnover under natural and experimentally produced drought periods. Part of these investigations were also performed in a mixed stand of spruce and beech to show possible interactions of both species.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1004384909535
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  • 19
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Soil microbial activity in the coastal Norway spruce [Picea abies (L.) Karst.] forests of the Gulf of Bothnia in relation to humus-layer quality, moisture and soil types (1997)
    Springer
    Biology and fertility of soils 25 (1997), S. 361-365 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0789
    Schlagwort(e): Key words Microbial activity ; Forest soil ; Nutrients ; Land uplift ; Picea abies ; Substrate-induced respiration
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Biologie , Geologie und Paläontologie , Land- und Forstwirtschaft, Gartenbau, Fischereiwirtschaft, Hauswirtschaft
    Notizen: Abstract Relationships between chemical, physical and microbial properties in the humus layer, soil type and crown condition of Norway spruce (Picea abies) were studied in stands located along the Finnish and Swedish coasts of the Straits of the Gulf of Bothnia. Humus layers of ferric podzols had higher basal respiration (BASAL) than those of carbic podzols and higher substrate-induced respiration (SIR) than those of both carbic podzols and dystric gleysols. BASAL and SIR correlated with environmental factors associated with humus-layer fertility; i.e. they were positively associated with pH and extractable K, Mn and P and negatively associated with organic-matter content of the humus layer. A short lag-time was associated with humus-layer fertility and a long lag-time with crown defoliation. Specific respiration increment was lowest at sites with high field moisture and discoloured crowns. The results suggest that on carbic podzols and dystric gleysols poor nutrient status, acidity and lack of oxygen due to excess moisture in the humus layer result in low microbial activity and poor condition of spruce.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s003740050326
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  • 20
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Morphology and ecological significance of intra-annual radial cracks in living conifers (1997)
    Springer
    Trees 11 (1997), S. 216-222 
    Details
    ISSN: 0931-1890
    Schlagwort(e): Key words Dendroecology ; Wood anatomy ; Picea abies ; Radial cracks ; Frost drought
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Biologie , Land- und Forstwirtschaft, Gartenbau, Fischereiwirtschaft, Hauswirtschaft
    Notizen: Abstract  Intra-annual radial cracks were studied on 294 cross-sections of Norway spruce sampled at two forest sites in the eastern Alps (Italy) and from seven isolated trees in the Jura region (Switzerland). Cracks were occasionally accompanied by traumatic resin canals in the wood that was formed after the cracking. Most of the cracks, however, were without such canals. Traumatic resin canals are not significantly more abundant in tree rings formed after cracking, and their occurrence is not related to the cracking. Cracks developed when the cambium was inactive. Water imbalances during the early spring, due to transpiration losses and inadequate moisture supply from very cold roots, are the likely cause of these cracks.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s004680050078
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  • 21
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Effects of climate on vertical resin duct density and radial growth of Norway spruce [Picea abies (L.) Karst.] (1997)
    Springer
    Trees 11 (1997), S. 271-276 
    Details
    ISSN: 0931-1890
    Schlagwort(e): Key words Resin duct ; Tree ring ; Dendroclimatology ; Spruce ; Picea abies
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Biologie , Land- und Forstwirtschaft, Gartenbau, Fischereiwirtschaft, Hauswirtschaft
    Notizen: Abstract  Vertical resin duct density in spruce tree-rings was used as a dendroclimatological variable and compared with radial growth. Resin duct density data were statistically stable and distributed with higher mean sensitivity and standard deviation but lower signal-to-noise rate than the corresponding growth rate. Radial growth and resin duct density relationships with climate were investigated using correlation and response function analysis. It was found that resin duct density has a significant positive response to above-normal temperature especially from June to August and a less significant negative response for above-normal precipitation from May – July during the current growing season. Ring width showed a significant negative response to above-normal precipitation from June to August but no response with temperature. Ring width and resin duct density were not related to each other. Sufficient data indicate that vertical resin duct density is a useful variable for dendroclimatology.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/PL00009673
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  • 22
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Effects of stand structure and physiology on forest gas exchange: a simulation study for Norway spruce (1997)
    Springer
    Trees 11 (1997), S. 436-448 
    Details
    ISSN: 0931-1890
    Schlagwort(e): Key words Canopy gas exchange ; 3-D simulation model ; Forest structure ; Photosynthesis ; Picea abies
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Biologie , Land- und Forstwirtschaft, Gartenbau, Fischereiwirtschaft, Hauswirtschaft
    Notizen: Abstract  The process-based simulation model STANDFLUX describes canopy water vapor and carbon dioxide exchange based on rates calculated for individual trees and as affected by local gradients in photon flux density (PFD), atmospheric humidity, atmospheric carbon dioxide concentration, and air temperature. Direct, diffuse, and reflected PFD incident on foliage elements within compartments of individual trees (defined by vertical layers and a series of concentric cylinders centered on the trunk) is calculated for a 3-dimensional matrix of points. Foliage element gas exchange rates are based on estimates of carboxylation, RuBP regeneration, and respiratory capacities as well as the correlated behavior found between stomatal conductance and assimilation rate. Because of the difficulties associated with effective sampling and description of spatial variation in structure and leaf level gas exchange parameters for trees comprising the forest canopy, the significance for canopy water and carbon dioxide exchange of varied representations of tree foliage distribution and of physiology is examined. The additional interactive effects encountered due to changes in tree density and, thus, spatial aggregation or disaggregation of foliage is also studied. The analysis is conducted within the context of observed structural and physiological variation encountered in Norway spruce (Picea abies) stands in the Fichtelgebirge region of central Germany. Potentials for simplifying the three-dimensional canopy gas exchange model without sizable influence on canopy flux rates were small. A relatively large number of sample points within the tree crowns is necessary to obtain consistent calculations of flux rates because of the non-linear relationship between PFD and net photosynthesis. Transpiration and net photosynthesis for stands with a low leaf area index (LAI) may be obtained from single tree estimates for each tree class weighted by class frequency, while 30 or more trees per class in differing relation to neighboring trees may be necessary to calculate reliable estimates of net photosynthesis in canopies with high LAI. The complexity in structure assumed for modeled trees was important, especially when overall canopy foliage area was either high or low due to spatial heterogeneity in clumping, e. g., potential canopy overlaps or side-lighting. Effects were greater for calculated net photosynthesis than for transpiration, reflecting higher sensitivity of net photosynthesis to differences in light distribution within individual trees. Accuracy in estimates of physiological parameters is equally important, and these characteristics have profound effects on estimated canopy gas exchange rates. While one-dimensional representations of canopy structure or approximations of tree physiological characteristics from other canopies or species may often be necessary in assessing vegetation/atmosphere exchanges, especially in the study of water balance of landscapes or regions, STANDFLUX provides a tool that can aid in evaluating the limitations of these simpler approaches.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s004680050105
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  • 23
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Jasmonic acid affects mycorrhization of spruce seedlings with Laccaria laccata (1997)
    Springer
    Trees 11 (1997), S. 511-514 
    Details
    ISSN: 0931-1890
    Schlagwort(e): Key words Ectomycorrhiza ; Jasmonic acid ; Picea abies ; Laccaria laccata ; Root growth
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Biologie , Land- und Forstwirtschaft, Gartenbau, Fischereiwirtschaft, Hauswirtschaft
    Notizen: Abstract  Jasmonic acid (JA) was shown to be an important regulating molecule after wounding and pathogen attack, but it also conveys mycorrhizal signalling. It was therefore applied to the ectomycorrhizal system. Root growth patterns of 2-month-old spruce seedlings mycorrhized with Laccaria laccata after treatment with 0.5 μM JA, 5.0 μM JA, or none for the control, were studied using a paper-sandwich technique. Changes in plant weight, root length, the degree of branching, presence of root hairs, and infection parameters were monitored for 26 days. Data were analysed by means of Student’s t-test and ANOVA factorial. Shoot and root dry weights were significantly increased by mycorrhizal infection, especially when JA was applied. Lateral root formation and the presence of roots with hairs were dramatically decreased in the presence of the fungus. A synergistic effect of JA and mycorrhization on decrease of lateral root length was shown. The first mycorrhizal contact of fungal hyphae with roots was significantly accelerated after treatment with JA.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/PL00009691
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  • 24
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Experiments on the water balance of individual attached twigs of Picea abies (L .) Karst. in pure and ozone-enriched air (1997)
    Springer
    Trees 11 (1997), S. 229-239 
    Details
    ISSN: 0931-1890
    Schlagwort(e): Key words Ozone ; Picea abies ; Stomatal control ; Water potential ; Xylem sap flow
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Biologie , Land- und Forstwirtschaft, Gartenbau, Fischereiwirtschaft, Hauswirtschaft
    Notizen: Abstract  Rates of transpiration and xylem sap flow were continuously measured in individual twigs in the upper crown of an 18-year-old spruce. Two gas exchange chambers were run simultaneously under identical conditions. One of two equivalent twigs was exposed to pure air whereas the other received the ozone-enriched air of the site. A third gas exchange chamber in mid-crown ran independently with normal outside air and was used for basic experiments. At certain times needles were sampled for water potential measurements. Chamber humidity was reduced step by step and the transpiration and xylem sap flow rates were permanently compared. It turned out that sap flow keeps up with transpiration without lagging as long as chamber humidity is high and the twigs outside the chamber are not subject to substantial evaporative demand. However, in warm summer weather and with high flow rates sap flow is no longer sufficient. As the balance quotient (uptake/release) of 0.8 was reached the stomata began to close and water balance improved. The flux quotient increased far above 1.0 without water potential of the needles, which had decreased before, increasing significantly. The balance quotient of the twig in ozone-enriched air fell to relatively low values and only increased again correspondingly slowly due to lagging stomatal closure. Despite increased water uptake after the light phase, the ozone-treated twig ran into a water deficit in the daily balance during the course of an uninterrupted drought period. Water deficit increased from day to day and only disappeared with the next rainfall. For providing insight into the ozone effect shown in this study it was thought necessary to discuss comprehensively the controversial views of the stomatal control mechanism. The results show that the stomata react to small scale changes in water status as expected for an effective negative feedback system. The less sensitive reaction of the stomata under the influence of ozone confirms earlier results. Increased severity and duration of the daily drought stress loads were attributed to a lag in adjustment due to poor stomatal control. The demonstrated function mechanism shows that the detrimental effect of ozone is dependent on weather conditions.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/PL00009669
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  • 25
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    A model of the gas exchange response ofPicea abies to habitat conditions (1996)
    Springer
    Trees 10 (1996), S. 277-287 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-2285
    Schlagwort(e): Picea abies ; Norway spruce ; Leaf gas exchange ; Net photosynthesis ; Stomatal conductance
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Biologie , Land- und Forstwirtschaft, Gartenbau, Fischereiwirtschaft, Hauswirtschaft
    Notizen: Abstract Databases describing branch gas exchange ofPicea abies L. at two montane forest sites, Lägeren, Switzerland (National Forschungsprojekt 14 of the Schweizerische Nationalfonds) and Oberwarmensteinach, Germany (Bayerische Forschungsgruppe Forsttoxikologie), were analyzed in conjunction with a physiologically based model. Parameter estimates for describing carboxylase kinetics, electron transport, and stomatal function were derived, utilizing information from both single factor dependencies and diurnal time course measurements of gas exchange. Data subsets were used for testing the model at the branch level. Most of the observed variation in gas exchange characteristics can be explained with the model, while a number of systematic errors remain unexplained. Factors seen as contributing to the unexplained residual variation and not included in the model are light acclimation, degree of damage in adjustment to pollutant deposition, needle age, and cold stress effects. Nevertheless, a set of parameter values has been obtained for general application with spruce, e.g., for use in calculating canopy flux rates and to aid in planning of focused leaf and canopy level experiments. The value of the model for estimating fluxes between the forest and the atmosphere must be evaluated together with measurements at the stand level.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02340773
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  • 26
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Changes in root growth patterns of (Picea abies) spruce roots by inoculation with an ectomycorrhizal fungus Pisolithus tinctorius and jasmonic acid treatment (1996)
    Springer
    Trees 10 (1996), S. 410-414 
    Details
    ISSN: 0931-1890
    Schlagwort(e): Key words Ectomycorrhiza ; Jasmonic acid ; Picea abies ; Pisolithus tinctorius ; Spruce
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Biologie , Land- und Forstwirtschaft, Gartenbau, Fischereiwirtschaft, Hauswirtschaft
    Notizen: Abstract  Symbiosis between fungi and plant roots forming a mycorrhiza involves extensive interactions at the molecular level between both partners. The role of plant hormones in the regulation of mycorrhizal infection is not known to involve jasmonates. Their endogenous levels increase during pathogen attack; however, little has been done on their involvement in mycorrhizae. In our recent work, root growth patterns of 2-month-old spruce seedlings after inoculation with Pisolithus tinctorius and/or jasmonic acid (JA) treatment were studied using a paper-sandwich technique. Changes in root length, the degree of branching, presence and length of root hairs, and infection parameters were followed using a stereomicroscope. The first mycorrhizal contact of hyphae with roots was significantly accelerated upon treatment with 0.5 μM JA. Interactions between root hairs and fungal hyphae were seen by scanning electron microscopy. The multiplication of root hairs of non-mycorrhized seedlings treated with 5.0 μM JA and changes of the root surface were observed by the same technique.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02185645
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  • 27
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Changes in root growth patterns of (Picea abies) spruce roots by inoculation with an ectomycorrhizal fungusPisolithus tinctorius and jasmonic acid treatment (1996)
    Springer
    Trees 10 (1996), S. 410-414 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-2285
    Schlagwort(e): Ectomycorrhiza ; Jasmonic acid ; Picea abies ; Pisolithus tinctorius ; Spruce
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Biologie , Land- und Forstwirtschaft, Gartenbau, Fischereiwirtschaft, Hauswirtschaft
    Notizen: Abstract Symbiosis between fungi and plant roots forming a mycorrhiza involves extensive interactions at the molecular level between both partners. The role of plant hormones in the regulation of mycorrhizal infection is not known to involve jasmonates. Their endogenous levels increase during pathogen attack; however, little has been done on their involvement in mycorrhizae. In our recent work, root growth patterns of 2-month-old spruce seedlings after inoculation withPisolithus tinctorius and/or jasmonic acid (JA) treatment were studied using a paper-sandwich technique. Changes in root length, the degree of branching, presence and length of root hairs, and infection parameters were followed using a stereomicroscope. The first mycorrhizal contact of hyphae with roots was significantly accelerated upon treatment with 0.5 μM JA. Interactions between root hairs and fungal hyphae were seen by scanning electron microscopy. The multiplication of root hairs of non-mycorrhized seedlings treated with 5.0 μM JA and changes of the root surface were observed by the same technique.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02185645
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  • 28
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Somatic embryogenesis in conifers—A case study of induction and development of somatic embryos in Picea abies (1996)
    Springer
    Plant growth regulation 20 (1996), S. 3-9 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5087
    Schlagwort(e): conifer ; cryopreservation ; embrogenic cell lines ; embryo morphology ; extracellular proteins ; Norway spruce ; Picea abies ; somatic embryogenesis ; transient gene expression
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Land- und Forstwirtschaft, Gartenbau, Fischereiwirtschaft, Hauswirtschaft
    Notizen: Abstract Vegetatively propagated material offers many advantages over seed material in forest tree breeding research and in reforestation programmes. Evidence is accumulating to suggest that using somatic embryos in forestry is a viable option. However, before somatic embryos can be used optimally in forestry, basic research aimed at increasing the number of responsive genotypes as well as the age of the primary explant is needed. This in turn requires the establishment of a basic understanding of the physiological and molecular processes that underlie the development of somatic embryos. The functions of genes and their developmental and tissue specific regulation are studied using transient and stable transformation techniques. The process of somatic embryogenesis can be divided into different steps: (1) initiation of somatic embryos from the primary explant, (2) proliferation of somatic embryos, (3) maturation of somatic embryos and (4) plant regeneration. Cortical cells in the primary explant are stimulated to go through repeated divisions so that dense nodules are formed from which somatic embryos differentiate. The first formed somatic embryos continue to proliferate and give rise to embryogenic cell lines. Embryogenic cell lines of Picea abies can be divided into two main groups A and B, based on morphology, growth pattern and secretion of proteins. Our results suggest that extracellular proteins play a crucial role in embryogenesis of Picea abies. Somatic embryos from group A can be stimulated to go through a maturation process when treated with abscisic acid. Mature somatic embryos can develop into plants.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00024050
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  • 29
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Base water potential of Picea abies as a characteristic of the soil water status (1996)
    Springer
    Plant and soil 184 (1996), S. 273-280 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5036
    Schlagwort(e): air temperature ; base water potential ; Picea abies ; pressure chamber ; soil water content ; vapour pressure deficit
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Land- und Forstwirtschaft, Gartenbau, Fischereiwirtschaft, Hauswirtschaft
    Notizen: Abstract Variation in base water potential (Ψb, a daily maximum level of plant water potential, which is presumed to correspond to the condition of equilibrium between the soil and plant water potentials) was examined in shoots of Norway spruce trees growing in well-drained and waterlogged soils. The influence of soil water content, air temperature, and vapour pressure deficit of the atmosphere on Ψb was studied using the pressure chamber technique. Maximum daily water potentials were not always observable before dawn; some were registered up to two hours later. This tendency being characteristic of trees growing under stress (shade, waterlogging) conditions, increased with declining soil water availability. In trees growing in well-drained soil, Ψb depended asymptotically on the available soil water storage (R2=0.73), while the values were slightly influenced by vapour pressure deficit of the atmosphere as well. In trees growing in waterlogged soil, Ψb was independent of the soil water storage, but sensitive to the vapour pressure deficit.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00010456
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  • 30
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Effects of varied soil nitrogen supply on Norway spruce (Picea abies [L.] Karst.) (1996)
    Springer
    Plant and soil 186 (1996), S. 361-369 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5036
    Schlagwort(e): ectomycorrhiza ; fungus-specific compounds ; isocitrate dehydrogenase ; nitrogen ; Picea abies ; phosphoenolpyruvate carboxylase
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Land- und Forstwirtschaft, Gartenbau, Fischereiwirtschaft, Hauswirtschaft
    Notizen: Abstract The response of carbohydrate metabolism in 3-year-old Norway spruce plants to an increased amount of nitrogen supply to a N-poor forest soil was investigated in a pot experiment. After 7 months of treatment we found a decreased amount of starch in both needles and roots, together with decreased amounts of sucrose in needles of those plants grown under an enhanced inorganic N supply. In addition, the activity and the protein amount of the anaplerotic enzyme phosphoenolpyruvate carboxylase (PEPC) and the activity of NADP-dependent isocitrate dehydrogenase (IDH) were clearly increased. The activity of sucrose phosphate synthase (SPS) and the pool size of fructose 2,6-bisphosphate (F26BP) were not affected by high supply of inorganic N. These data indicate a shift of carbon flow from starch formation towards an enhanced provision of carbon skeletons for N assimilation and shoot growth. In parallel, we found decreased contents of fungus-specific compounds (ergosterol, mannitol, trehalose) in roots, which are indicators of a decreased colonization by ectomycorrhizal fungi, probably as a result of a changed allocation and partitioning of photoassimilates due to an increased N supply.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02415531
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  • 31
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Adaptive properties of Picea abies progenies are influenced by environmental signals during sexual reproduction (1996)
    Springer
    Euphytica 92 (1996), S. 67-71 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5060
    Schlagwort(e): seed orchard ; phenology ; frost hardiness ; environmental preconditioning ; temperature ; photoperiod ; Norway spruce ; Picea abies
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Land- und Forstwirtschaft, Gartenbau, Fischereiwirtschaft, Hauswirtschaft
    Notizen: Summary Several independent tests have shown that climate and weather during sexual reproduction influence the adaptive properties of the Picea abies progenies. This phenomenon is expressed in seed orchards established by moving parent trees, propagated as grafts, from north to south, from high to low elevation, or from outdoor to indoor greenhouse conditions. The progenies exhibit delayed flushing in the spring, later growth cessation of leader shoots in the summer, delayed bud-set, higher frequency of lammas shoots and delayed development of frost hardiness in the autumn compared to progenies reproduced in the colder native environment. The altered performance is persistent. We have found no effect on progenies of photoperiod and temperature treatments given to the males during meiosis and pollen production. However, when crosses were made in early spring (March), inside a heated greenhouse (short day, high temperature), the progenies are less frost hardy during cold acclimation than progenies from identical crosses performed in late spring (May; long day high temperature) in the greenhouse. The most hardy offspring were from crosses performed under outdoor conditions in May (long day, low temperature). These results indicate that some stages in reproduction, such as female meiosis, pollen tube growth, syngamy and early embryo development, are sensitive to temperature and/or photoperiod which then alter the phenotypic performance of the offspring. The most likely explanation is the existence of a regulatory mechanism affecting the expression of genes controlling adaptive traits. If this is true, it must have implications for the genetic interpretation of provenance differences in Norway spruce.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00022830
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  • 32
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Effects of varied soil nitrogen supply on Norway spruce (Picea abies [L.] Karst.) (1996)
    Springer
    Plant and soil 184 (1996), S. 291-298 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5036
    Schlagwort(e): foliar nutrient contents ; nitrogen ; Picea abies ; root growth ; root morphology ; root/shoot ratio
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Land- und Forstwirtschaft, Gartenbau, Fischereiwirtschaft, Hauswirtschaft
    Notizen: Abstract During a seven-month period the effect of different nitrogen (N) availability in soil on growth and nutrient uptake was studied in three-year-old Norway spruce (Picea abies [L.] Karst.) trees. The plants were grown in pots on N-poor forest soil supplied with various amounts and forms (inorganic and organic) of N. Increasing supply of inorganic N (as NH4NO3) increased the formation of new shoots and shoot dry weight. The root/shoot dry weight ratio of new growth was drastically decreased from 1.6 in plants without N supply to 0.5 in plants supplied with high levels of NH4NO3. This decrease in root/shoot dry weight ratio was associated with distinct changes in root morphology in favour of shorter and thicker roots. The addition of keratin as organic N source did neither affect growth nor root morphology of the trees. The amount of N taken up by plants was closely related to the supply of inorganic N, and trees supplied with highest levels of NH4NO3 also had the highest N contents in the dry matter of needles and roots. In contrast, N contents in needles of trees grown without additional N, or with keratin supply, were in the deficiency range. Supply of NH4NO3 decreased the contents of phosphate (P) and potassium (K) and therefore markedly increased N/P and N/K ratios in the needles. On the other hand, the contents of calcium (Ca), magnesium (Mg), and manganese (Mn) in the needles were increased in the plants supplied with inorganic N, suggesting high soil availability and promotion of uptake of these divalent cations by high nitrate uptake. The observed effects on root/shoot dry weight ratio, root morphology, and mineral nutrient composition of the needles indicated that high inorganic N supply may increase above-ground productivity but at the same time decrease the tolerance of trees against soil-borne (e.g. deficiency of other mineral nutrients) stress factors.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00010458
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  • 33
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Decomposition of Norway spruce and Scots pine needles: Effects of liming (1996)
    Springer
    Plant and soil 179 (1996), S. 1-7 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5036
    Schlagwort(e): ash fertilization ; liming ; litter decomposition ; Picea abies ; Pinus sylvestris
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Land- und Forstwirtschaft, Gartenbau, Fischereiwirtschaft, Hauswirtschaft
    Notizen: Abstract The effect of liming on the decomposition of Norway spruce needle litter was studied in 40–60-year-old Norway spruce stands. Finely-ground limestone had been spread about 30 years ago at a dose of 2 t ha−1 and reliming was carried out about 20 yr later at a dose of 4 t ha−1. Needle litter was collected from both control and limed plots, and it was placed in litter bags in the middle of the humus layer of the plot from which they originated, and similarly to the other plot in May. Litter bags were sampled after 4, 12 and 16 months. The site of origin of the needle litter, whether from control plot or from limed plot, affected mainly the early stages of decomposition. Initially the effect of liming was seen as decreased concentration of water soluble material and then, during decomposition, as decreased mass loss and decreased degradation of lignin, and increased C/N ratio. The incubation site, whether the control or the limed plot, did not affect decomposition significantly. Decomposition of Scots pine needles in a young Scots pine plantation was also studied. The treatments were: 2 t ha−1 of finely-ground limestone and 2.5 t ha−1 of bark ash spread 8 months before this study. The treatments did not affect decomposition much, but some stimulation of the treatments on decomposition was observed. Compared to spruce needles, the C/N ratio of pine seedles was lower, they contained less lignin and more water soluble material, and decomposed faster in the first summer.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00011636
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  • 34
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Application of random amplified polymorphic DNA (RAPD) to detect genetic variation in Norway spruce (1996)
    Springer
    New forests 11 (1996), S. 173-184 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5095
    Schlagwort(e): Picea abies ; genetic markers ; clone identification ; tissue culture ; segregation
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Land- und Forstwirtschaft, Gartenbau, Fischereiwirtschaft, Hauswirtschaft
    Beschreibung / Inhaltsverzeichnis: Abstract The RAPD assay is a screening method for genetic variation; in Norway spruce biology research, it may find many applications. We have investigated into its suitability for Norway spruce genetics by optimizing the protocol, testing for stability in clones, especially tissue culture clones, assessing the variation in a seed sample, and checking for correct Mendelian segregation in haploid megagametophytes. The RAPD assay produced numerous genetic markers quickly. The data obtained gave insight into the genetic make-up of clones and seed.
    Notizen: Zusammenfassung Die RAPD Methode, ein Schnelltest für die genetische Variation, wurde für die europäische Fichte getestet, wo viele Aspekte der Biologie der Baumart damit untersucht werden könnten. Das Protokoll wurde optimiert, und genetische Stabilität in Klonen, besonders aus Gewebekultur, die genetische Variation in einer Samenprobe und die Mendel-konforme Aufspaltung in haploiden Megagametophyten wurde untersucht. Zahlreiche genetische Marker konnten gefunden werden, wodurch ein Einblick in die genetische Zusammensetzung des untersuchten Materials gegeben war.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00033412
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  • 35
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Soil protozoa and forest tree growth: non-nutritional effects and interaction with mycorrhizae (1995)
    Springer
    Biology and fertility of soils 20 (1995), S. 263-269 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0789
    Schlagwort(e): Ectomycorrhiza ; Lactarius ; Minearl nutrition ; Picea abies ; Plant growth ; Protozoa ; Rhizosphere
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Biologie , Geologie und Paläontologie , Land- und Forstwirtschaft, Gartenbau, Fischereiwirtschaft, Hauswirtschaft
    Notizen: Abstract Mycorrhizal (Lactarius rufus Fr.) and non-mycorrhizal Norway spruce seedlings (Picea abies Karst.) were grown in a sand culture and inoculated with protozoa (naked amoebae and flagellates) extracted from native forest soil or with protozoa grown on agar cultures. A soil suspension from which the protozoa were eliminated by filtration or chloroform fumigation was used as a control. After 19 weeks of growth in a climate chamber at 20–22°C, the seedlings were harvested. Protozoa reduced the number of bacterial colony-forming units extracted from the rhizoplane of both non-mycorrhizal and mycorrhizal seedlings and significantly increased seedling growth. However, concentrations of mineral nutrients in needles were not increased in seedlings with protozoan treatment. It is concluded that the increased growth of seedling was not caused by nutrients released during amoebal grazing on rhizosphere micro-organisms. The protozoa presumably affected plant physiological processes, either directly, via production of phytohormones, or indirectly, via modification of the structure and performance of the rhizosphere microflora and their impact on plant growth. Mycorrhizal colonization significantly increased the abundance of naked amoebae at the rhizoplane. Our observations indicate that protozoa in the rhizosphere interact significantly with mycorrhizae.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00336088
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  • 36
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Triacylglycerols in the seeds of northern Scots pine, Pinus sylvestris L., and Norway spruce, Picea abies (L.) Karst. (1995)
    Springer
    Trees 10 (1995), S. 40-45 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-2285
    Schlagwort(e): Picea abies ; Pinus sylvestris ; Conifer seeds ; Fatty acids ; Triacylglycerols
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Biologie , Land- und Forstwirtschaft, Gartenbau, Fischereiwirtschaft, Hauswirtschaft
    Notizen: Abstract The geographical variation in the composition of triacylglycerols in seeds of Scots pine (Pinus sylvestris L.) and Norway spruce [Picea abies (L.) Karst.], grown in Finland, was analyzed. The total lipid content of pine seeds was slightly higher in the northernmost provenance (68 °50′N), whereas the lipid content of spruce seeds was not affected systematically by the geographical origin of the seeds. The species studied differed in the proportions of fatty acids in their triacylglycerols, though the three most abundant components were the same, i.e. oleic acid (18∶1 n9), linoleic acid (18∶2n-6) and 5,9,12-octadecatrienoic acid (18∶3 5c9c12c). These fatty acids corresponded to more than 80 mol% of the total fatty acids. According to mass spectrometric analyses, the triacylglycerols of both spruce and pine seeds consisted of the same molecular species with 52–56 acyl carbons, but in different proportions. Molecules with 54 acyl carbons represented approximately 75% of the pine and 85% of the spruce triacylglycerols, with the most abundant molecular species being 54∶5, 54∶6 and 54∶7. Some minor differences in the fatty acid composition of triacylglycerols of pine seeds from different seed collecting areas were found: the proportion of linoleic acid slightly increased whereas that of 5,11,14-eicosatrienoic acid decreased towards the northern origins. Similar differences were not found in the proportions of fatty acids in spruce seed lots. Furthermore, the proportions of triacylglycerols in both pine and spruce seeds from northern and southern collecting areas were not significantly different. The higher content of total lipids in spruce seeds compared with pine seeds may be due to the structure of the seed coat, and the lipophilic layers inside it, acting as a barrier to imbibition.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00197778
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  • 37
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Seasonal and annual variations of phosphorus, calcium, potassium and manganese contents in different cross-sections of Picea abies (L.) Karst. needles and Quercus rubra L leaves exposed to elevated CO2 (1995)
    Springer
    Trees 10 (1995), S. 55-62 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-2285
    Schlagwort(e): Picea abies ; Quercus rubra ; Nutrients ; Carbon dioxide ; Seasonal variation
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Biologie , Land- und Forstwirtschaft, Gartenbau, Fischereiwirtschaft, Hauswirtschaft
    Notizen: Abstract Norway spruce and red oak trees were planted directly into the soil and enclosed in open-top chambers. For 2 years the trees were exposed to both ambient and elevated CO2 concentrations (700 μmol mol-1) and during this time variations in nutrient concentrations were studied. CO2-treated plants had decreases in global leaf concentrations of nitrogen, potassium, calcium and manganese for both species. When different areas of the foliage were analysed however, the response showed much variability between the respective sites and between species. Furthermore the nutrient concentrations changed differently as the plant material aged and this change showed inter-treatment differences. These results show how it may be important to analyse plant material of different ages and at different cell sites when studying nutrient levels.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00192184
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  • 38
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Poor stomatal control of water balance and the abscission of green needles from a declining stand of spruce trees [Picea abies (L.) Karst.] from the northern Alps (1995)
    Springer
    Trees 10 (1995), S. 63-73 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-2285
    Schlagwort(e): Forest decline ; Osmotic potential ; Picea abies ; Stomatal control ; Water potential
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Biologie , Land- und Forstwirtschaft, Gartenbau, Fischereiwirtschaft, Hauswirtschaft
    Notizen: Abstract On a site on the west slope of the Wank in the northern Alps changes in water potential, osmotic potential and transpiration rate were measured in spruce trees during the dry summer months of 1991. The pattern of decrease in water potential and osmotic potential on days of varying evaporative demand from trees of widely different decline conditions was used to describe the relative ability of the trees to withstand drought stress. Stress diagrams served as a tool for interpreting the state of health of each tree. The criterion is independent of the water situation of the tree and the other external conditions of the respective experiment. These diagrams clearly show that the foliage of spruces with high needle losses reaches the limit of endurance relatively early. For equal evaporative demand much lower turgor levels were observed in spruces with high needle loss compared to undamaged trees. Associated with the occurrence of low turgor values was the shedding of green needles. The abscission zone was shown in sections. The accumulation of highly fluorescent substances in the bundle sheath cells of the same material was described. Incomplete to non-existent stomatal control over water loss was attributed to modifications in the cell walls of the stomata which appear to alter the ability of the guard cells to sense changes in either atmospheric or cellular hydration. Our studies point to the following situation: air pollution directly affects stomatal control, the loss of stomatal control changes the drought avoidance abilities of the foliage and, as a consequence, low turgor levels occur and premature needle abscission is induced. As site water balance decreases, either due to a dry year or to poor moisture holding abilities of the soil, these conditions become apparent.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00192185
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  • 39
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Diurnal changes in the radius of a subalpine Norway spruce stem: their relation to the sap flow and their use to estimate transpiration (1995)
    Springer
    Trees 10 (1995), S. 94-101 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-2285
    Schlagwort(e): Stem radius variation ; Xylem sap flow ; Crown transpiration ; Picea abies
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Biologie , Land- und Forstwirtschaft, Gartenbau, Fischereiwirtschaft, Hauswirtschaft
    Notizen: Abstract Diurnal changes in the stem radius of a subalpine mature Norway spruce were measured simultaneously with the flow of sap in xylem. Matric potentials in the soil were 〉 -35 kPa. The kinetics of the flow were closely related to the changes in the radius of the stem resulting from depletion of its extensible tissues. The radius of the stem oscillated daily and, fairly independently of this, fluctuated over several days. The daily shrinkage (Δd) was correlated with the daily flow through its base (Qd). When the crown transpired little and was nearly saturated during rainy days, ASd tended to increase relative to Qd. Using a linear relation, the estimates of flow by Δd deviated less than ± 10% from the values measured by heat balance, provided that the periods of calibration in their ratio of dry to rainy days were comparable to those estimated. If the two periods differed in this respect, the estimates of flow deviated up to 42%. A quadratic relation yielded estimates that depended less on weather. It reduced maximal deviations to ±22%. Since Δd additionally may represent the time pattern of the daily transpiration better than Qd, analysing changes in the radius of stems may supplement or partly replace measurements of sap flow in stems.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00192189
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  • 40
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Inhibition of photosynthesis in current-year needles of unfertilized and fertilized Norway spruce [Picea abies (L.) Karst.] during autumn and early winter (1995)
    Springer
    Trees 9 (1995), S. 332-340 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-2285
    Schlagwort(e): Chlorophyll fluorescence ; Fertilization ; Photosynthesis ; Picea abies ; Winter inhibition
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Biologie , Land- und Forstwirtschaft, Gartenbau, Fischereiwirtschaft, Hauswirtschaft
    Notizen: Abstract Inhibition of photosynthesis was followed during autumn and early winter in current-year sun and shade needles of unfertilized and fertilized Norway spruce [Picea abies (L.) Karst.] by simultaneous measurements of photosynthetic O2 evolution and chlorophyll a fluorescence at 20 °C. The CO2-saturated rate of O2 evolution was generally higher in sun needles of fertilized trees than in those of unfertilized trees over a wide range of incident photon flux densities (PFDs). Furthermore, the maximum photo-chemical efficiency of photosystem (PS) II, as indicated by the ratio of variable to maximum fluorescence (FV/FM) was generally higher for sun needles of fertilized trees. The depression of fv/fm during frost periods was more pronounced in sun needles than in shade needles, indicating that winter inhibition in Norway spruce is strongly light-dependent. However, the inhibition of the rate of O2 evolution at high PFDs in needles of fertilized trees during early winter was partly independent of the light regime experienced by those needles in the field, which appeared to result in a pronounced decrease in the proportion of oxidized PS II reaction centres in shade needles. A nearly identical linear relationship between the quantum yield of PS II electron transport determined by chlorophyll fluorescence and the quantum yield of O2 evolution (gross rate of O2 evolution/PFD) was obtained for the investigated types of needles during autumn and early winter. Except for shade needles of fertilized trees, this appeared to be largely achieved by adjustments in thermal energy dissipation within PS II.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00202497
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  • 41
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Distribution of Cd and Zn in annual xylem rings of young spruce trees [Picea abies (L.) Karst.] grown in contaminated soil (1995)
    Springer
    Trees 9 (1995), S. 195-199 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-2285
    Schlagwort(e): Cadmium ; Picea abies ; Tree rings ; Xylem ; Zinc
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Biologie , Land- und Forstwirtschaft, Gartenbau, Fischereiwirtschaft, Hauswirtschaft
    Notizen: Abstract Concentrations and total amounts of Cd and Zn in individual annual xylem increments of 5-year-old spruce trees (Picea abies) were investigated after one growing season in contaminated soils. The plants had been potted in soils amended with different concentrations of Cd and Zn and kept in open air conditions. In the outer xylem rings formed during the treatment period lowest concentrations of Cd and Zn were found. In inner rings concentrations of both elements increased and were highest at the pith. Total amounts of both elements showed reversed distribution patterns with highest values in the outermost rings. The observed increase of total dry matter of the rings from pith towards the outer rings was stronger than the parallel increase in total element amounts in the rings. Thus, concentrations dropped in younger rings. The time of the soil contamination event cannot be inferred from element concentrations in annual rings. The results challenge the concept of monitoring historical trends in trace element pollution using analytical data of tree rings of conifers.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00195272
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  • 42
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Experimental manipulation of water and nutrient input to a Norway spruce plantation at Klosterhede, Denmark (1995)
    Springer
    Plant and soil 168-169 (1995), S. 613-622 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5036
    Schlagwort(e): drought ; irrigation ; fertilizer application ; nutrients ; Picea abies ; tree growth
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Land- und Forstwirtschaft, Gartenbau, Fischereiwirtschaft, Hauswirtschaft
    Notizen: Abstract Water and nutrient supply to forest trees are major factors controlling tree growth and forest vitality. Therefore, changes in the supply of water and nutrients to the trees may be important contributing reasons to the forest damages observed in Europe. Such changes may be caused by several factors, e.g. air pollution, soil acidification and climate change. The present study investigates possible effects on tree growth, growth related parameters and nutrition related to changes in the water and nutrient supply. Water and nutrient supply to the forest soil was manipulated in three roof covered plots. The treatments consisted of 1) summer drought, 2) irrigation and 3) combined irrigation and fertilizer application (fertigation). The results from the roof covered treatment plots were compared to a control plot without roof. Increased supply of water during the spring and early summer increased the diameter growth, whereas application of nutrients in addition to irrigation had no additional effect on tree growth. Addition of nutrients increased the needle content of P, Mn, Ca and Mg. Extended summer drought for 2 months had no effect on the tree growth or other growth parameters, but drought reduced the root development in the upper soil layer. Furthermore, drought induced significant stress symptoms by increasing the cone shredding substantially.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00029375
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  • 43
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Fine-root vitality in a Norway spruce stand subjected to various nutrient supplies (1995)
    Springer
    Plant and soil 168-169 (1995), S. 167-172 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5036
    Schlagwort(e): acidification ; fine roots ; forest decline ; Picea abies ; tree vitality ; triphenyl tetrazolium chloride
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Land- und Forstwirtschaft, Gartenbau, Fischereiwirtschaft, Hauswirtschaft
    Notizen: Abstract The vitality of fine roots in a Norway spruce stand subjected to application of ammonium sulphate (NS), wood ash (A) and nitrogen-free fertilizer (V) respectively, was investigated using i) vitality classification of fine roots based on morphological characteristics and ii) the triphenyl tetrazolium chloride (TTC) method of estimating dehydrogenase activity. Although the NS-treated areas showed a 30% increase in above-ground production in response to the NS-application, the vitality of the fine-root system in the humus layer appeared to be in a state of deterioration, as indicated by a decrease in fine-root biomass, an increased amount of dead fine (0–1 mm) and small (1–2 mm) roots, a decreased specific root length (SRL = fine root length/fine root dry weight) and an increased dehydrogenase activity. The impact of the the A and V treatments was reflected in a decrease in fine-root biomass and an increase in SRL. The results make it clear that in order to study the vitality of forest trees, both fine-root studies and studies of above-ground tree parts are necessary.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00029325
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  • 44
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Growth and shoot: root ratio of seedlings in relation to nutrient availability (1995)
    Springer
    Plant and soil 168-169 (1995), S. 205-214 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5036
    Schlagwort(e): Betula pendula ; CO2 ; light ; Picea abies ; shoot:root ratio ; starch
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Land- und Forstwirtschaft, Gartenbau, Fischereiwirtschaft, Hauswirtschaft
    Notizen: Abstract The influence of mineral nutrient availability, light intensity and CO2 on growth and shoot:root ratio in young plants is reviewed. Special emphasis in this evaluation is given to data from laboratory experiments with small Betula pendula plants, in which the concept of steady-state nutrition has been applied. Three distinctly different dry matter allocation patterns were observed when growth was limited by the availability of mineral nutrients: 1, Root growth was favoured when N, P or S were the major growth constraints. 2, The opposite pattern obtained when K, Mg and Mn restricted growth. 3, Shortage of Ca, Fe and Zn had almost no effect on the shoot:root ratio. The light regime had no effect on dry matter allocation except at very low photon flux densities (〈 6.5 mol m-2 day-1), in which a small decrease in the root fraction was observed. Shortage of CO2, on the other hand, strongly decreased root development, while an increase of the atmospheric CO2 concentration had no influence on dry matter partitioning. An increased allocation of dry matter to below-ground parts was associated with an increased amount of starch in the tissues. Depletion of the carbohydrate stores occurred under all conditions in which root development was inhibited. It is concluded that the internal balance between labile nitrogen and carbon in the root and the shoot system determines how dry matter is being partitioned in the plant. The consistency of this statement with literature data and existing models for shoot:root regulation is examined.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00029330
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  • 45
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Effect of nitrogen on drought strain and nutrient uptake in Norway spruce Picea abies (L.) Karst.) trees (1995)
    Springer
    Plant and soil 172 (1995), S. 73-85 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5036
    Schlagwort(e): nitrogen ; nutritional balance ; Picea abies ; tree nutrition ; water stress
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Land- und Forstwirtschaft, Gartenbau, Fischereiwirtschaft, Hauswirtschaft
    Notizen: Abstract A field lysimeter study was established with the aim of investigating the effect of nitrogen availability upon drought strain in Norway spruce trees. Forest soil (Typic Udipsamment) was filled in lysimeters 1 m in diameter and 1 m deep. Small trees of Norway spruce from five different clones were planted in the lysimeters. Roofs under the canopy of the trees ensured full control of water and nutrient input. Three levels of nitrogen were given to the trees during five years; ambient rainwater, and five and fifteen times this N concentration, respectively. Additional N was given as NH4NO3 in irrigation water. Mean annual N-addition during the five years corresponded to 5, 27 and 82 kg per ha and year for the three treatments, respectively. During the third and fifth growth season drought was artificially induced. In addition to a watered control, two levels of drought were applied, representing water deprivation for 2 and 3 months, respectively, in 1990 and 3 and 4 months, respectively in 1992. A higher water consumption in the nitrogen fertilized trees during the droughts resulted in a significantly lower pre-dawn shoot water potential compared to the trees receiving ambient rain N. The interaction between drought and nitrogen fertilization was clear also for photosynthesis and transpiration. A decrease in height- and diameter increment caused by drought was most pronounced in the 82 kg N ha−1 yr−1 treatment. A water strain integral showed a strong positive correlation to the needle biomass of the trees. Foliar concentrations of several nutrients decreased significantly with increasing drought strain in the trees. Concentration of potassium and boron were especially low and visual symptoms of deficiency occurred.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00020861
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  • 46
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Monitoring uptake and contents of Mg, Ca and K in Norway spruce as influenced by pH and Al, using microprobe analysis and stable isotope labelling (1995)
    Springer
    Plant and soil 168-169 (1995), S. 135-150 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5036
    Schlagwort(e): Al effect ; microprobe analysis ; nutrient uptake ; pH effect ; Picea abies ; stable isotope labelling
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Land- und Forstwirtschaft, Gartenbau, Fischereiwirtschaft, Hauswirtschaft
    Notizen: Abstract In a model system using intact spruce trees (Picea abies [L.] Karst.) we followed the path of magnesium, calcium and potassium during uptake into the root and during long-range transport into the shoot, by multiple stable isotope labelling. The roots of two- and three-year-old spruce trees originating from soil culture were removed from the soil and, in part or in toto, exposed to labelling solutions containing the stable isotopes 25Mg or 26Mg, 41K and 42Ca or 44Ca. Optical-emission-spectroscopy (ICP-OES) of plant fractions and labelling solutions was combined with the quantitative analysis of stable isotope ratios in sections of shock frozen, cryosubstituted material using the laser-microprobe-mass-analyser (LAMMA). This combination allowed us to distinguish, both in bulk samples and on the cellular level between (i) the fraction of elements originally present in the plant before the start of the labelling, (ii) the material taken up from the labelling solution into the plant and (iii) any material released by the plant into the labelling solution. In single-root labelling experiments, roots of three-year-old spruce trees, grown in nursery soil, were exposed to various pH conditions. The exchange of Mg and Ca with the labelling solution was nearly 100% in the cell walls of the mycorrhized finest roots. This exchange was only slightly affected by a step down to pH 3.5. The absolute Mg and Ca content in the cell walls was moderately reduced by incubation at pH 3.5 and strongly reduced in the presence of Al at this pH. After a pH 3.5 and 2 mM Al treatment we found Al in the xylem cell walls and the cortex cell lumina at elevated concentrations. To analyse the combined effect of high Al and high proton concentrations on the long-range transport, we used a “split-root system”. The root mass of an intact two-year-old spruce tree, grown in mineral soil, was divided into even parts and both halves incubated in solutions with two sets of different stable isotopes of Mg and Ca (side A: no Al, 25Mg and 42Ca; side B: +Al, 26Mg and 44Ca) and 41K on both sides. We observed a large uptake of Mg, Ca and K into the plant and a pronounced release. The net uptake of all three elements was lower from the Al-doted solution. In cross-sections of the apical shoot we found after seven-day labelling period about 60–70% of the Mg and Ca and 30% of the K content in the xylem cell walls originating from both labelling solutions. The clear majority of the Mg and Ca label originated from the Al-doted side.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00029322
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  • 47
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Concentrations of nutritional and trace elements in needles of Norway spruce (Picea abies [L.] Karst.) as functions of the needle age class (1995)
    Springer
    Plant and soil 168-169 (1995), S. 305-312 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5036
    Schlagwort(e): needle age class ; Norway spruce ; nutrients ; Picea abies ; trace elements
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Land- und Forstwirtschaft, Gartenbau, Fischereiwirtschaft, Hauswirtschaft
    Notizen: Abstract The endogenous concentrations of the essential elements Ca, Cl, Cu, Fe, K, Mg, Mn, N, P and Zn, and of the nonessential elements Al, As, Ba, Br, Co, Cr, Cs, Hg, I, La, Na, Rb, Sb, Sc, Si and Sr were determined in 5 successive needle age classes. 40 mature spruce trees from 6 different sites were investigated individually. A given element usually shows smooth changes with the needle age class t. Trees on a given site usually have a similar dynamic behaviour. The same holds for the different site means. The concentrations can be approximated by functions c=f(t). Three different types of functions are required to describe the dynamic behaviour of 3 groups of elements that increase with t, and one for the elements that decrease with t. A given element usually can be described by the same type of function at all sites, even if its concentration differs widely. Exceptions are Mn, Co and Zn, which change from a decreasing function at low concentrations to an increasing function at high concentrations. Further irregulatities are found at some sites with Ca, Sr and Ba. These findings are corroborated by a multivariate statistical analysis.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00029342
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  • 48
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Nutrient balance and P, K, Ca, Mg, S and B accumulation in a Norway spruce stand following ammonium sulphate application, fertigation, irrigation, drought and N-free-fertilisation (1995)
    Springer
    Plant and soil 168-169 (1995), S. 437-446 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5036
    Schlagwort(e): air pollution ; boron ; calcium ; tertilisation ; irrigation ; nitrogen saturation ; nutrient imbalance ; nutrient accumulation ; magnesium ; Picea abies ; phosphorous ; potassium ; sulphur
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Land- und Forstwirtschaft, Gartenbau, Fischereiwirtschaft, Hauswirtschaft
    Notizen: Abstract The nutrient balance and above ground accumulation of macro nutrients, except for N, resulting from improved or deteriorated availability of water and nutrients in a 25 year old Norway spruce stand in SW Sweden is presented. The site and the productivity of the stand is typical for the area. Treatment include irrigation (I); artificial drought (D1); ammonium sulphate addition (NS); N-free-fertilisation (V) and irrigation with liquid fertilisers including a complete set of nutrients according to the Ingestad principle (IF). At start of the experiment the stand contained 86.5 t dry mass, 342 kg N, 33 kg P, 142 kg K, 172 kg Ca, 36 kg Mg and 34 kg S ha-1. Enhanced accumulation vs control of S was seen in the NS and IF treatments. In the V and IF treatments P accumulation was 7–9 times higher and Ca and Mg, 2–4 times higher compared to the control. K accumulation was increased for the IF treatment. B that accumulated in the needles was decreased in the NS and D1 treatments and increased in the IF and V treatments, as compared to the control. The gross accumulation of nutrients relative to the amounts added was in the IF and V treatments 56 and 47% for P, 40 and 64% for K, 40 and 24% for Mg and, 22 and 8% for S, respectively. We conclude that application with N-free fertilizer, Skogvital (V), including macro nutrients and essential micro nutrients, results in a fast and efficient accumulation above ground of P, K, Ca, Mg and B. The treatment is efficient when aiming at restoring nutrient imbalances in Norway spruce. Application with ammonium sulphate at a rate of 5–6 times higher than the current deposition of N and S did not lead to decreased accumulation above ground of any of the macro nutrients P, K, Ca or Mg. The accumulation of B, however, was significantly reduced. Results from this and other studies indicate that today, N alone, generally is a growth limiting nutrient for Norway spruce in Southern Sweden.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00029357
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  • 49
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Influence of Norway spruce seedlings on the nutrient availability in mineral soil and forest floor material (1995)
    Springer
    Plant and soil 173 (1995), S. 39-45 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5036
    Schlagwort(e): humus ; mor ; nutrient availability ; nutrient cycling ; Picea abies
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Land- und Forstwirtschaft, Gartenbau, Fischereiwirtschaft, Hauswirtschaft
    Notizen: Abstract A greenhouse experiment was performed to evaluate the effect of Norway spruce (Picea abies (L.) Karst.) seedlings on net nutrient availability in five different growing media containing F- or H-layer and mineral soil originating from a haplic podzol in northern Sweden. The initial total amounts of eight nutrient elements (N, K, P, Ca, Mg, Mn, Fe, Zn) and exchangeable amounts of the same elements were analyzed in pots with or without spruce seedlings. In the planted pots seedling nutrient uptake was also estimated. After 26 weeks, higher net nutrient availability with seedlings was found in 25 out of the 40 (62%) growing media and nutrient element combinations. A positive seedling effect on net nutrient availability might be explained by rhizodeposition stimulating the soil microorganism activity and accelerating the weathering of minerals or by seedling roots promoting the nutrient providing processes through changes in soil chemical and physical properties. Nitrogen availability was primarily affected by what part of the forest floor the growing medium contained although the positive response to seedling presence was apparent. The positive net availability response of P, Ca, Mg, Mn, Fe and Zn to seedling presence was on the other hand relatively strong. In the case of P, K, and Zn the growing medium composition (if the F- and H-layer was pure or mixed with mineral soil) was also an important factor for the estimated net availability. Pure F-and H-layer provided greater P- and K-availability while the availability of Zn increased when mineral soil was added. The influence of growing plants ought to be considered when soil samples are used for assessing the nutrient availability.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00155516
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  • 50
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Liming induced stimulation of the amino acid metabolism in mycorrhizal roots of Norway spruce (Picea abies [L.] Karst.) (1995)
    Springer
    Plant and soil 173 (1995), S. 67-77 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5036
    Schlagwort(e): amino acid metabolism ; ectomycorrhiza ; enzymes ; liming ; Picea abies ; protein
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Land- und Forstwirtschaft, Gartenbau, Fischereiwirtschaft, Hauswirtschaft
    Notizen: Abstract Localization and activity of three enzymes involved in the amino acid metabolism of ectomycorrhizas were investigated within an interdisciplinary experiment performed in a mature Norway spruce stand in Southern Germany (Höglwald). The enzymes NAD-glutamate dehydrogenase and aspartate aminotransferase were present in root cells, whereas aminopeptidase was found in mycorrhizas of Norway spruce such as “Piceirhiza nigra” and those with the fungi Cenococcum geophilum, Elaphomyces sp., Russula ochroleuca and Tylospora sp. Mycorrhizas growing in the humus layer contained about double the amount of protein found in those taken from the upper mineral soil (0–5 cm). Acid irrigation of the soil had no effect on the activity of any of the investigated enzymes, soluble protein or total N-contents irrespective of whether roots were taken from the organic layer or from the upper mineral soil. Liming, however, stimulated the activity of the three enzymes in mycorrhizas of the organic layer (Of+Oh) whereas it had no effect on the activity of the investigated enzymes of mycorrhizas in the upper mineral soil. This effect is attributed to increased contents of soluble organic nitrogen compounds in the soil of the limed plots as compared to the unlimed plots.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00155519
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  • 51
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Fine-root morphology and uptake of 32P and 35S in a Norway spruce (Picea abies (L.) Karst.) stand subjected to various nutrient and water supplies (1995)
    Springer
    Plant and soil 173 (1995), S. 147-155 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5036
    Schlagwort(e): fine root morphology ; nutrient uptake bioassay ; 32P ; Picea abies ; 35S ; specific root length
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Land- und Forstwirtschaft, Gartenbau, Fischereiwirtschaft, Hauswirtschaft
    Notizen: Abstract An investigation of fine (〈 1 mm in diameter) and small (1–2 mm in diameter) roots in the organic soil layer was carried out in a Norway spruce forest stand with different treatments of water and nutrients, including control (C); ammonium sulphate application (NS); nitrogen-free fertilization (V); irrigation with liquid fertilization (a complete nutrient solution) (IF); NS followed by artificial drought (ND); V followed by artificial drought (VD). In order to evaluate the vitality and function of the fine roots, the following approaches were used: i) classification of fine roots, based on morphological characteristics; ii) nutrient uptake bioassay, using 32P-phosphate and 35S-sulphate; iii) nutrient concentration in fine roots and its relation to nutrient uptake. The NS treatment showed effects on the fine and small roots, with a decrease in amount of living roots, and a decrease in the total amount of fine and small roots. The VD treatment resulted in increased amounts of living small roots, while the ND treatment showed the opposite, as compared with the V and NS treatments, respectively. The uptake of P was negatively related to the P supply, with a higher P uptake for C and NS fine roots than for IF and V fine roots. The specific root length (SRL, m g-1 DW) decreased for NS fine roots and increased for IF fine roots, indicating a further increase in uptake for NS roots and a decreased uptake for IF roots if calculated on a root length basis. So far, the NS and IF treatments maintain a considerable increase in above-ground biomass with a significantly reduced root biomass and standing crop.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00155526
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  • 52
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Phosphorus and nitrogen fertilization of a Norway spruce forest-effects on needle concentrations and acid phosphatase activity in the humus layer (1995)
    Springer
    Plant and soil 175 (1995), S. 239-249 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5036
    Schlagwort(e): deficiency ; drought ; field experiment ; irrigation ; phosphorus ; Picea abies ; wood ash
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Land- und Forstwirtschaft, Gartenbau, Fischereiwirtschaft, Hauswirtschaft
    Notizen: Abstract Increased atmospheric deposition of N might eventually lead to P deficiency. The relation between needle P concentration and acid phosphatase activity in the humus layer was studied during 1990–93 in a Norway spruce stand where the water and N and P supplies had been experimentally manipulated since 1988. Treatments included control (C), yearly application of ammonium sulphate (NS), N-free fertilizer (V), granulated wood ash (A), irrigation (I), drought (D) and water plus nutrients in an “optimum” combination (IF). We found indications of a feed-back mechanism for P, where low concentrations in the needles were associated with increased acid phosphatase activity in the humus layer. Acid phosphatase estimations made during moist soil conditions were much more informative than those made during dry conditions. We further argue that a site-specific “base-line” exists for acid phosphatase activity in the soil, mainly originating from enzymes immobilized in the field, but active in the assay. Increased phosphatase activity, above the base line, was generally found in the A, I and NS treatments, but in some cases also in C. Although P and N concentrations were significantly higher in the IF treatment as compared to the C and the D treatments, the P as fraction of N was 0.10 and thus balanced in all cases. In the A and I treatment P:N was around 0.09, while it was only 0.07 in the NS treatment, mainly due to high N concentrations. The latter treatment thus created an imbalanced situation where P additions most likely would have increased tree growth.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00011360
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  • 53
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Spatial variability of throughfall chemistry and selected soil properties as influenced by stem distance in a mature Norway spruce (Picea abies, Karst.) stand (1995)
    Springer
    Plant and soil 176 (1995), S. 139-147 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5036
    Schlagwort(e): Picea abies ; soil chemistry ; spatial variability ; throughfall chemistry
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Land- und Forstwirtschaft, Gartenbau, Fischereiwirtschaft, Hauswirtschaft
    Notizen: Abstract Our aims were to investigate the spatial variability of throughfall chemistry and soil parameters as influenced by stem distance and to evaluate the implication of the observed systematic and random patterns for the sampling strategy. One hundred throughfall samplers with a sampling area of 106 cm2 each were established in a systematic grid around 5 trees in a mature Norway spruce; site of the Fichtelgebirge (Germany). One hundred soil cores were taken with an auger of 50 cm2 next to the throughfall samplers. Soil samples were stratified according to genetic soil horizons and analysed for pH, exchangeable NH4 +, SO4 2− and total-S. Throughfall samples were collected over a period of 6 months. For each sampler an aliquod sample was mixed over the observation period and analysed for major ions. The spatial variability of the element concentrations in throughfall, expressed by the coefficient of variance, was 21–164%, depending on the element considered. For precipitation volume, the coefficient of variance was only 3%. The distance to the stem influenced most element concentrations in throughfall with increasing concentrations approaching the stem. Steepest gradients were observed in case of SO4 2− and H+. The spatial variability of the investigated soil parameters was also very high with the exception of pH. The SO4 2− content of the forest floor reflected the gradients observed in throughfall, while for the other investigated soil parameters and soil horizons no significant relations to stem distance were found. To determine site representative throughfall concentrations and soil properties with the sample volumes and time intervals we used, the number of samples required to get a statistical error of less than 10% (with 95% probability) can be very high. In case of throughfall, more than 100, and in case of the soil parameters, more than 300 replicates would be required.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00017684
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  • 54
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Stomatal patchiness in conifers: experiments with Picea abies (L.) Karst. and Abies alba Mill. (1994)
    Springer
    Trees 8 (1994), S. 132-138 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-2285
    Schlagwort(e): ABA ; Abies alba ; Carboxylation efficiency ; Stomatal patchiness ; Picea abies
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Biologie , Land- und Forstwirtschaft, Gartenbau, Fischereiwirtschaft, Hauswirtschaft
    Notizen: Summary Strong evidence for the occurrence of pronounced stomatal patchiness in needles of Picea abies (L.) Karst. and Abies alba Mill. was found using various indirect methods. Anatomical investigations revealed a septate leaf anatomy for both species, a phenomenon expected if a patchy distribution of stomatal aperture is present. Calculation of some photosynthetic characteristics (e.g. carboxylation efficiency) from gas exchange measurements is shown to be markedly affected by the patchy distribution of stomatal apertures on the needles. The importance of stomatal patchiness in connection with air pollution related forest decline symptoms as well as an hypothesis suggesting a possible role of the phenomenon as a protective mechanism against photoinhibition are discussed.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00196637
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  • 55
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    The occurrence of flowering and fruiting on individual trees over 3 years and their effects on subsequent crown condition (1994)
    Springer
    Trees 8 (1994), S. 139-150 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-2285
    Schlagwort(e): Picea abies ; Picea sitchensis ; Pinus sylvestris ; Fagus sylvatica ; Fruit production
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Biologie , Land- und Forstwirtschaft, Gartenbau, Fischereiwirtschaft, Hauswirtschaft
    Notizen: Summary The level of fruiting in four forest trees species (Picea sitchensis, P. abies, Pinus sylvestris and Fagus sylvatica) was monitored in Great Britain over the period 1989–1991. In addition, assessments of crown transparency were available for many of the trees for 1987 and 1988. The monitoring period encompassed severe summer droughts in 1989 and 1990, with wetter conditions in 1991. Variations in the level of fruiting in spruce and beech (Fagus sylvatica L.) were seen, with a marked peak in 1990. No pattern was apparent in Scots pine (Pinus sylvestris L.). Coning, which was greater in trees with the least transparent crowns, had no discernible effect on the crown transparency of the conifers. Cupule production in beech was greatest in trees with the most transparent crowns, and trees with high numbers of cupules in 1990 tended to have greater crown dieback recorded in 1991.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00196638
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  • 56
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Life expectancy of spruce needles under extremely high air pollution stress: performance of trees in the Ore Mountains (1994)
    Springer
    Trees 8 (1994), S. 213-222 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-2285
    Schlagwort(e): Air pollution ; Forest decline ; Photosynthesis ; Picea abies ; Sulfur dioxide
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Biologie , Land- und Forstwirtschaft, Gartenbau, Fischereiwirtschaft, Hauswirtschaft
    Notizen: Summary Photosynthetic performance of Norway spruce needles [Picea abies (L.) Karst.] was measured over a 1-year period. The trees grew in an area of heavy air pollution and forest decline on a mountain ridge in the eastern Ore Mountains (Czech Republic). Photosynthetic capacity, as well as light use efficiency, decreased dramatically with time, starting in July (2 months after bud-break) to finally reach zero (respiration only) by February of the following year. Two months later all needles from upper crown parts were shed. Needles from lower crown parts, on the other hand, were undamaged. The chlorophyll and Mg content decreased transiently during the cold season, with Mg reaching deficiency thresholds during winter. However, total sulfur, as well as organic and sulfate S increased with time. The increase was higher in needles from the upper parts of the crown, which were exposed to windy air throughout the year, than in the lower parts of the crown, which were covered by grass during summer and by snow during most of the winter.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00196624
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  • 57
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Effects of Cd and Zn on the development of annual xylem rings of young Norway spruce (Picea abies) plants (1994)
    Springer
    Trees 8 (1994), S. 223-227 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-2285
    Schlagwort(e): Cadmium ; Picea abies ; Tree rings ; Xylem growth ; Zinc
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Biologie , Land- und Forstwirtschaft, Gartenbau, Fischereiwirtschaft, Hauswirtschaft
    Notizen: Abstract Three-year-old spruce (Picea abies) saplings were planted and cultivated for 2 years in pots with 3 1 substrate, consisting of a homogenized mixture of sand, peat and forest soil with a high organic content (volume ratio 1∶1.5∶2). This substrate was amended with 10–180 μmol Cd [kg soil dry weight (DW)]−1, 50–7500 μmol Zn (kg soil DW)−1 (determined with 1 M ammonium acetate extracts) or combinations of both elements. Annual xylem growth rings in stems of plants treated with 50 μmol Cd (kg soil DW)−1 or 7500 μmol Zn (kg soil DW)−1 were significantly narrower than in control plants. Growth reductions were more pronounced in the second year of the experiment. The contents of Cd and Zn in stem wood and needles were positively correlated with the substrate concentrations. The Mg contents of the spruce needles were inversely correlated with soil concentrations of Cd and Zn. Root development was impeded at moderate concentrations of Cd (50 μmol kg−1) or Zn (1000 μmol kg−1) in the substrate. The adverse effects of potentially toxic trace elements, like Cd or Zn, on xylem growth of spruce plants are discussed with regard to possible growth reductions in forest trees under field conditions.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00196625
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  • 58
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Shedding of older needle age classes does not necessarily reduce photosynthetic primary production of Norway spruce (1994)
    Springer
    Trees 9 (1994), S. 51-59 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-2285
    Schlagwort(e): Forest decline ; Light interception ; Needle loss ; Canopy structure ; Picea abies
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Biologie , Land- und Forstwirtschaft, Gartenbau, Fischereiwirtschaft, Hauswirtschaft
    Notizen: Abstract The hypothesis that the frequently observed shedding of older needle age classes in stands of Norway spruce suffering from atmospheric pollutants has minimal effect on photosynthetic primary production was assessed. Using structural parameters of young Norway spruce [Picea abies (L.) Karst.] trees, an existing 3-dimensional canopy photosynthesis model was adapted and validated for conifer canopies. This model was employed to quantitatively demonstrate that, depending on the stand density, the loss in photosynthetic active foliage area may be compensated by higher photosynthetic rates of the remaining younger foliage age classes due to higher levels of photosynthetically active radiation (PAR) within the thinned tree crowns. Under certain circumstances, beneficial effects on the tree's water use efficiency may be expected. Extrapolating the model results to mature tree stands is addressed. The potential effects of higher PAR levels on abundance and species diversity of the epiphytic and understory vegetation, as well as the general importance of the older foliage age classes for spruce trees on a long term scale, are discussed.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00197870
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  • 59
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    The effects of various soils, different provenances and air pollution on root tip chromosomes in Norway spruce (1994)
    Springer
    Trees 9 (1994), S. 73-79 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-2285
    Schlagwort(e): Picea abies ; Cytogenetic bioindication ; Chromosomal aberrations ; Soil ; Ozone
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Biologie , Land- und Forstwirtschaft, Gartenbau, Fischereiwirtschaft, Hauswirtschaft
    Notizen: Abstract The classification of chromosomal aberrations was used to characterize different factors affecting chromosomes in the root meristem of Norway spruce [Picea abies (L.) Karst.] trees. It is important to know the most significant factor affecting the chromosomes in the root meristem of plants at natural sites. The results suggest that an intensive site effect is more significant than the soil or the provenance of the individual. This cytogenetic plant test system was also used to investigate 5-year-old spruce trees exposed in environmental chambers to elevated concentrations of carbon dioxide (750 cm3m−3) and ozone (0.08 cm3m−3) as single variables or in combination, and then transferred to a field for observation of a “memory effect”. The fumigated variants showed an increased number of chromosomal aberrations compared to the controls, which carried on as a memory effect in the root meristems far beyond the fumigation period.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00202125
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  • 60
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Changes in the content and constituents of the cuticular wax of Picea abies (L.) Karst. in relation to needle ageing and tree decline in five European forest areas (1994)
    Springer
    Trees 9 (1994), S. 80-87 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-2285
    Schlagwort(e): Picea abies ; Cuticular wax ; Forest decline ; Secondary alcohols ; Alkanes
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Biologie , Land- und Forstwirtschaft, Gartenbau, Fischereiwirtschaft, Hauswirtschaft
    Notizen: Abstract Cuticular wax composition of healthy and and declining mature Norway spruce trees [Picea abies (L.) Karst.] was investigated in five European forest areas. The amount of extracted wax and the content of alkanes and secondary alcohols were analysed as a function of the factors “sample area” (five areas, detailed below), “needle age” (current year to 2 years) and “decline class” (Class O to Class 2). Using a GC-MS, alkanes from C20 to C31 and the following alcohols were quantified: 10-nonacosanol, 5,10-nonacosandiol, 4,10-nonacosandiol and the triterpenol 24-methylenecycloartanol. According to our results, the total wax content as well as the alkane and alcohol content of waxes show a large variation corresponding to sample area and needle age. Ageing caused a highly significant increase in alkane content and a highly significant decrease in total wax and alcohol content. The decline class significantly influenced only the content of the long chain alkane C31 (increase), the secondary alcohol 10-nonacosanol (decrease), and the triterpenic alcohol (decrease). Total wax weight was not influenced by tree damage. Thus, according to our results, needle ageing and progressive tree damage are correlated to different changes in the examined parameters.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00202126
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  • 61
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Effects of drought and waterlogging on ultrastructure of Scots pine and Norway spruce needles (1994)
    Springer
    Trees 9 (1994), S. 98-105 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-2285
    Schlagwort(e): Pinus sylvestris ; Picea abies ; Drought ; Waterlogging ; Needle ultrastructure
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Biologie , Land- und Forstwirtschaft, Gartenbau, Fischereiwirtschaft, Hauswirtschaft
    Notizen: Abstract Effects of water stress on needle ultrastructure of 2-year-old Scots pine (Pinus sylvestris L.) and 5-year-old Norway spruce [Picea abies (L.) Karst.] seedlings were studied in greenhouse experiments. Drought stress was induced by leaving seedlings without watering, and waterlogging stress was produced by submerging the seedling containers in water. Needle samples for ultrastructural analyses were collected several times during the experiments, and samples for nutrient analyses at the end of the experiments. In drought stress, plasmolysis of mesophyll and transfusion parenchyma tissues, aggregation of chloroplast stroma and its separation from thylakoids and decreased size and abundance of starch grains in needles of both species were observed. The concentration of lipid bodies around the chloroplasts were detected in pine needles. Calcium and water concentrations in spruce needles were lower by the end of the experiments compared to controls. In waterlogging treatment, swelling of phloem cells in pine needles and large starch grains, slight swelling of thylakoids and increased translucency of plastoglobuli in chloroplasts of both species studied were observed. The phosphorus concentration in pine needles was higher while phosphorus, calcium and magnesium concentrations in spruce needles were lower in the waterlogging treatments compared to controls. Typical symptoms induced by drought stress, e. g. aggregation of chloroplast stroma and its separation from thylakoids, were detected, but, in waterlogging stress, ultrastructural symptoms appeared to be related to the developing nutrient imbalance of needles.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00202129
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  • 62
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Nitrogen uptake in a Norway spruce stand following ammonium sulphate application, fertigation, irrigation, drought and nitrogen-free-fertilisation (1994)
    Springer
    Plant and soil 164 (1994), S. 221-229 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5036
    Schlagwort(e): acidification ; drought ; forest fertilisation ; irrigation ; nitrogen uptake ; nitrogen utilisation efficiency ; nitrogen saturation ; Picea abies
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Land- und Forstwirtschaft, Gartenbau, Fischereiwirtschaft, Hauswirtschaft
    Notizen: Abstract The above-ground accumulation of N,N uptake and litter quality resulting from improved or deteriorated availability of water and nutrients in a 25 year old Norway spruce stand in SW Sweden (as part of the Skogaby project) is presented. Treatment include irrigation; artificial drought; ammonium sulphate addition; N-free-fertilisation and irrigation with liquid fertilisers including a complete set of nutrients according to the Ingested principle (fertigation). At start of the experiment the stand contained 86.5 t dry mass and 352 kg N ha−1. The following three years the annual N uptake in untreated trees was 32 kg N ha−1 to be compared with the annual N throughfall of 17 kg ha−1. Simultaneously, the treatment with ammonium sulphate and liquid fertilisation resulted in 48 and 56 kg ha−1 y−1, respectively, in treatment specific N-uptake following an application of 100 kg N ha−1 y−1. Addition of a N-free fertiliser resulted in improved N-uptake by 19 kg N ha−1 y−1 and irrigation by 10 kg N ha−1 y−1, compared to control. A linear relation between total above-ground dry mass production and N-uptake was found for trees growing with similar water availability. Dry mass production increased with increased water availability given the same N-uptake. It is concluded that the studied stand this far is not N saturated', as N fertilisation resulted in both increased N uptake and increased growth. Addition of a N-free-fertiliser resulted in increased uptake of N compared to the control, indicating an increased mineralisation rate or uptake capacity of the root system. The linear relation between N uptake and biomass production shows that at this study site N is a highly limiting factor for growth.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00010074
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  • 63
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Effects of liming and boron fertilization on boron uptake of Picea abies (1994)
    Springer
    Plant and soil 163 (1994), S. 55-64 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5036
    Schlagwort(e): boron ; calcium ; liming ; pH ; Picea abies
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Land- und Forstwirtschaft, Gartenbau, Fischereiwirtschaft, Hauswirtschaft
    Notizen: Abstract The effects of liming on concentrations of boron and other elements in Norway spruce [Picea abies (L) Karst.] needles and in the mor humus layer were studied in long-term field experiments with and without B fertilizer on podzolic soils in Finland. Liming (2000+4000 kg ha-1 last applied 12 years before sampling) decreased needle B concentrations in the four youngest needle age classes from 6–10 mg kg-1 to 5 mg kg-1. In boron fertilized plots the corresponding concentrations were 23–35 mg kg-1 in control plots and 21–29 mg kg-1 in limed plots. Both liming and B fertilizer decreased the Mn concentrations of needles. In the humus layer, total B concentration was increased by both lime and B fertilizer, and Ca and Mg concentrations and pH were still considerably higher in the limed plots than controls. Liming decreased the organic matter concentration in humus layer, whilst B fertilizer increased it. The results about B uptake were confirmed in a pot experiment, in which additionally the roles of increased soil pH and increased soil Ca concentration were separated by means of comparing the effects of CaCO3 and CaSO4. Two-year-old bare-rooted Norway spruce seedlings were grown in mor humus during the extension growth of the new shoot. The two doses of lime increased the pH of soil from 4.1 to 5.6 to 6.1, and correspondingly decreased the B concentrations in new needles from 22 to 12 to 9 mg kg-1. However, CaSO4 did not affect the pH of the soil or needle B concentrations. Hence the liming effect on boron availability in these soils appeared to be caused by the increased pH rather than increased calcium concentration.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00033940
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  • 64
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Effects of soil pH and calcium on mycorrhizas of Picea abies (1994)
    Springer
    Plant and soil 163 (1994), S. 69-75 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5036
    Schlagwort(e): calcium ; lime ; mycorrhiza ; pH ; Picea abies
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Land- und Forstwirtschaft, Gartenbau, Fischereiwirtschaft, Hauswirtschaft
    Notizen: Abstract The effects of lime, increased soil pH and increased soil Ca concentration on the mycorrhizas of Norway spruce. [Picea abies (L.) Karst.] were studied independently of each other to elucidate the different mechanisms through which lime may influence mycorrhizas in acidic soil. In a field experiment (mature Norway spruce in podzol), lime was applied as CaCO3; increased Ca concentration without an increase in pH was achieved with CaSO4; and soil pH was increased without calcium by means of Na2CO3 and K2CO3 (Na+K treatment). Treatments were done in October, and mycorrhizas were counted from samples collected in the following June and September. All treatments increased the percentage of dead short root tips compared to controls in September, and Na+K already in June. Cenococcum geophilum Fr. increased in proportion in plots treated with Na+K. In a sand culture experiment, Norway spruce seedlings were grown from seed and inoculated with Cenococcum geophilum, or root inoculum, or left uninoculated. When mycorrhizas were beginning to form, CaCO3 and CaSO4 treatments were applied. Six weeks later, the percent of dead short root tips in both salt treatments was significantly increased from control, but formation of mycorrhizas was not inhibited by treatments. As all the treatments increased the proportion of dead short root tips, it is concluded that lime directly and adversely affected mycorrhizas of Norway spruce in sand culture and in mor humus. Both increased ionic strength and increased pH may be reasons for this rather than Ca2+ specifically.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00033942
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  • 65
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Distribution of root biomass and length in Picea abies ecosystem under different immission regimes (1994)
    Springer
    Plant and soil 167 (1994), S. 173-179 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5036
    Schlagwort(e): air pollution ; forest ecosystem ; Picea abies ; root biomass ; root length
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Land- und Forstwirtschaft, Gartenbau, Fischereiwirtschaft, Hauswirtschaft
    Notizen: Abstract This study reports the results of root biomass research in an 80-year-old spruce monoculture where four monitoring plots were established. Three of them were exposed to various influences of immissions; the fourth one was a control plot. The investigation of the below-ground tree biomass and its length was done by means of destructive analysis of sample trees. Twelve complete spruce root systems were processed. Individual stands achieved values of the below-ground biomass from 54.5 t ha−1 to 72.6 t ha−1 in terms of dry weight. The largest total below-ground biomass was found on the control plot. Total root length varied from 430 km ha−1 to 990 km ha−1. Thin roots (⊘≤0.5 cm) formed the most substantial share of the total root length, about 880 km ha−1 on the control plot.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00007942
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  • 66
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Triphenyltetrazolium chloride as an indicator of fine-root vitality and environmental stress in coniferous forest stands: Applications and limitations (1994)
    Springer
    Plant and soil 159 (1994), S. 297-300 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5036
    Schlagwort(e): enzymes ; fine root vitality ; nitrogen ; Picea abies ; Pinus sylvestris ; triphenyltetrazolium chloride
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Land- und Forstwirtschaft, Gartenbau, Fischereiwirtschaft, Hauswirtschaft
    Notizen: Abstract The present study is an attempt to investigate whether triphenyltetrazolium chloride (TTC), a chemical compound which measures dehydrogenase activity, could be used to study fine-root vitality from two different points of view: (i) in relation to ageing; (ii) as an indicator of environmental stress, in this case of excess nitrogen. The study was performed with excavated fine-roots from middle-aged Norway spruce and Scots pine stands. The ageing aspect was investigated by applying TTC to fine roots separated into different vitality classes, based on certain morphological characteristics. A significant difference in activity was demonstrated only in the case of roots that could be referred to as living and dead, respectively. The use of TTC on fine roots grown at different nitrogen supply levels indicates a possible increase in dehydrogenase activity with increasing nitrogen supply.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00009293
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  • 67
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Effects of liming and boron fertilization on mycorrhizas of Picea abies (1994)
    Springer
    Plant and soil 163 (1994), S. 65-68 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5036
    Schlagwort(e): boron ; Cenococcum geophilum ; ectomycorrhiza ; liming ; Picea abies ; Piloderma croceum
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Land- und Forstwirtschaft, Gartenbau, Fischereiwirtschaft, Hauswirtschaft
    Notizen: Abstract Effects of liming and B fertilization on Norway spruce [Picea abies (L.) Karst.] mycorrhizas were studied in factorial field experiments. The lime was applied twice, about 30 years and 12 years before sampling (2000 and 4000 kg ha-1 dolomite). B was applied at the rate of 1.5 kg B ha-1 two years before sampling. Boron fertilization doubled the number of root tips in the top 10 mm of the humus layer. The proportion of dead short root tips was increased from 10 % in control plots to 29 % in the limed plots. Numbers of dead root tips were increased when both lime and B were applied. The % of mycorrhizas with external mycelium was slightly increased and the % of Piloderma croceum Erikss. and Hjortst. was decreased by lime. In conclusion, adverse effects of lime on mycorrhizas were found, which were ameliorated by B fertilization, but lime-induced B deficiency alone was not the only reason for the effects of lime on root mortality.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00033941
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  • 68
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Isotope ratios and concentrations of sulfur and nitrogen in needles and soils of Picea abies stands as influenced by atmospheric deposition of sulfur and nitrogen compounds (1994)
    Springer
    Plant and soil 164 (1994), S. 267-281 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5036
    Schlagwort(e): atmospheric deposition ; δ15N ; δ34S ; forest decline ; nitrogen ; Picea abies ; stable isotopes ; sulfur
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Land- und Forstwirtschaft, Gartenbau, Fischereiwirtschaft, Hauswirtschaft
    Notizen: Abstract Concentrations and natural isotope abundance of total sulfur and nitrogen as well as sulfate and nitrate concentrations were measured in needles of different age classes and in soil samples of different horizons from a healthy and a declining Norway spruce (Picea abies (L.) Karst.) forest in the Fichtelgebirge (NE Bavaria, Germany), in order to study the fate of atmospheric depositions of sulfur and nitrogen compounds. The mean δ15N of the needles ranged between −3.7 and −2.1 ‰ and for δ34S a range between −0.4 and +0.9 ‰ was observed. δ34S and sulfur concentrations in the needles of both stands increased continuously with needle age and thus, were closely correlated. The δ15N values of the needles showed an initial decrease followed by an increase with needle age. The healthy stand showed more negative δ15N values in old needles than the declining stand. Nitrogen concentrations decreased with needle age. For soil samples at both sites the mean δ15N and δ34S values increased from −3 ‰ (δ15N) or +0.9 ‰ (δ34S) in the uppermost organic layer to about +4 ‰ (δ15N) or +4.5 ‰ (δ34S) in the mineral soil. This depth-dependent increase in abundance of 15N and 34S was accompanied by a decrease in total nitrogen and sulfur concentrations in the soil. δ15N values and nitrogen concentrations were closely correlated (slope −0.0061 ‰ δ15N per μmol eq N gdw −1), and δ34S values were linearly correlated with sulfur concentrations (slope −0.0576 ‰ δ34S per μmol eq S gdw −1). It follows that in the same soil samples sulfur concentrations were linearly correlated with the nitrogen concentrations (slope 0.0527), and δ34S values were linearly correlated with δ15N values (slope 0.459). A correlation of the sulfur and nitrogen isotope abundances on a Δ basis (which considers the different relative frequencies of 15N and 34S), however, revealed an isotope fractionation that was higher by a factor of 5 for sulfur than for nitrogen (slope 5.292). These correlations indicate a long term synchronous mineralization of organic nitrogen and sulfur compounds in the soil accompanied by element-specific isotope fractionations. Based on different sulfur isotope abundance of the soil (δ34S=0.9 ‰ for total sulfur of the organic layer was assumed to be equivalent to about −1.0 ‰ for soil sulfate) and of the atmospheric SO2 deposition (δ34S=2.0 ‰ at the healthy site and 2.3 ‰ at the declining site) the contribution of atmospheric SO2 to total sulfur of the needles was estimated. This contribution increased from about 20 % in current-year needles to more than 50 % in 3-year-old needles. The proportion of sulfur from atmospheric deposition was equivalent to the age dependent sulfate accumulation in the needles. In contrast to the accumulation of atmospheric sulfur compounds nitrogen compounds from atmospheric deposition were metabolized and were used for growth. The implications of both responses to atmospheric deposition are discussed.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00010079
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  • 69
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Isolation of two cytokinin metabolites from the rhizosphere of Norway spruce seedlings (Picea abies L. Karst.) (1994)
    Springer
    Plant growth regulation 15 (1994), S. 117-124 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5087
    Schlagwort(e): Picea abies ; radiolabelled cytokinin ; cytokinin ; metabolism ; GC-MS analysis
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Land- und Forstwirtschaft, Gartenbau, Fischereiwirtschaft, Hauswirtschaft
    Notizen: Abstract Roots of young Norway spruce seedlings were incubated under hydroculture conditions in a synthetic nutrient medium containing either 3H-isopentenyladenosine, isopentenyladenosine or zeatin riboside. When feeding with 3H-isopentenyladenosine a new radiaolabelled metabolite was found in the feeding solution as well as in root extracts. Isopentenyladenosine and zeatin riboside were metabolised and for both compounds an unknown metabolite was detected in the feeding solution. The metabolites were purified by solid phase extraction, HPLC and partially characterised. A major characteristic of the metabolites is their reactivity in the presence of NH4OH, which results in the formation of the cytokinin bases isopentenyladenine or zeatin, respectively. UV-spectra and the chemical characteristics indicate that the new metabolites are closely related. The GC-MS analysis revealed, that the metabolites are true derivatives of isopentenyladenine and zeatin. The biogenesis of the new metabolites is discussed with regard to plant microbial interactions.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00024100
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  • 70
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Studies on the metabolism of metallothionein and alkaline phosphatase of adult rat primary hepatocyte cultures: role of fetal calf serum and agonists of the phosphoinositide cascade (1993)
    Springer
    European journal of nutrition 32 (1993), S. 176-186 
    Details
    ISSN: 1436-6215
    Schlagwort(e): Rats ; hepatocytes ; phosphoinositide cascade ; zinc ; metallothionein ; alkaline phosphatase ; Ratten ; Hepatocyten ; Phosphoinositol-Effektorsystem ; Zink ; Metallothionein ; alkalische Phosphatase
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Land- und Forstwirtschaft, Gartenbau, Fischereiwirtschaft, Hauswirtschaft , Medizin
    Beschreibung / Inhaltsverzeichnis: Zusammenfassung Am Modell primärer Rattenhepatocytenkulturen wurde die Beteiligung von Agonisten des Phosphoinositol-Effektorsystems am Metabolismus von Metallothionein (MT) und alkalischer Phosphatase (ALP) untersucht. Alle Experimente wurden in DMEM/F12 (Ham)-Medium sowohl nach 24stündiger Vorinkubation mit foetalem Kälberserum (FCS) als auch nach Vorinkubation mit Rinderserumalbumin (BSA) durchgeführt. Die Versuche an den Hepatocytenkulturen wurden mit Dexamethason (DEX), Zink (Zn) und den Agonisten des Phosphoinositol-Effektorsystems, der Calciumionophore A 23187, 1,2-Dioctanoyl-sn-glycerol (DiC8), 12-O-Tetradecanoylphorbol-13-acetat (TPA), Angiotensin II (AT), Platelet Activating Factor (PAF) und Arg8-Vasopressin (VP), durchgeführt. Als Parameter wurden die Konzentrationen an MT und die Aktivität der ALP im Zellmaterial bestimmt. Die Vitalität der Kulturen wurde über die Freisetzung der Aktivität der Laktatdehydrogenase (LDH) ins Kulturmedium, der Induzierbarkeit der Tyrosinaminotransferase (TAT) durch DEX und der Anfärbbarkeit der Zellen mit Trypanblau nachgewiesen. Die Zellvitalität wurde durch die FCS-Vorinkubation und DEX-Supplementierung insgesamt verbessert. Unabhängig davon, ob die Zellen mit FCS oder BSA vorinkubiert wurden, stieg der MT-Gehalt der Zellen durch Zn und DEX, als aus der Literatur bekannte direkte Induktoren von MT, um ein Mehrfaches an. Nach FCS-Vorbehandlung war ein moderater Anstieg der ALP-Aktivität nachzuweisen, der jedoch als Vitalitätseffekt interpretiert werden kann. DEX und Zn führten zu keinen Veränderungen der ALP-Aktivität. Alle getesteten Agonisten des Phosphoinositol-Effektorsystems konnten weder MT noch ALP induzieren. Lediglich A 23187 führte zu einer signifikanten konzentrationsabhängigen Reduktion der beiden Parameter. Diese Beobachtung wurde, durch den Anstieg der LDH-Aktivität im Medium und der Zunahme mit Trypanblau anfärbbaren Zellen, auf einen cytotoxischen Effekt von A 23187 zurückgeführt. Die vorliegende Untersuchung zeigt, daß Agonisten des Phosphoinositol-Effektorsystems nicht in der Lage sind, den Metabolismus von MT und ALP primärer Rattenhepatocyten zu verändern. Die Ergebnisse früherer in vivo Experimente, in denen Agonisten des Phosphoinositol-Effektorsystems den Zn-Stoffwechsel der Leber modulierten, können somit als indirekter systemischer Effekt gedeutet werden.
    Notizen: Summary Adult rat primary hepatocytes maintained in DMEM/F12 (Ham) media were used as a model system for studying the role of fetal calf serum (FCS) and agonists of the phosphoinositide cascade in the metabolism of metallothionein (MT) and alkaline phosphatase (ALP). Experiments were performed both after a 24 h preincubation with FCS and with bovine serum albumin (BSA). Hepatocytes were treated with dexamethasone (DEX), zinc (Zn) and with the agonists of the phosphoinositide cascade A 23187, 1,2-dioctanoyl-sn-glycerol (DiC8), 12-O-tetradecanoylphorbol-13-acetate (TPA), angiotensin II (AT), platelet activating factor (PAF), Arg8-vasopressin (VP) and were analyzed for MT and ALP activity in cell homogenates. Cell viability was evaluated by lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) liberation into culture medium, induction of tyrosine aminotransferase (TAT) through DEX and by trypan blue exclusion. Overall, cell viability was improved by the FCS pretreatment and by DEX. Exposure of hepatocytes to the established direct inducers Zn and DEX of MT resulted in a manifold increase in MT, independent of whether the cultures were FCS pretreated or not. The FCS preincubation produced a moderate elevation of ALP activity by stimulating cell viability. However, ALP was unaltered in response to Zn and DEX. None of the experiments conducted with agonists of the phosphoinositide cascade led to an elevation of MT and ALP. Only the incubation of hepatocytes with A 23187 resulted in a concentration dependent significant decrease of MT and ALP. This observation was due to a cytotoxic effect of A 23187, displayed by LDH leakage and an increase in the number of cells stained with trypan blue. In conclusion, in primary hepatocyte cultures agonists of the phosphoinositide did not have an effect on the metabolism of MT and ALP. Previous in vivo results indicating alterations of Zn metabolism in liver, therefore seem to be caused by indirect systemic responses.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01610728
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  • 71
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Effects of air pollutants on the photosynthetic capacity of young Norway spruce trees. Response of single needle age classes during and after different treatments with O3, SO2, or NO2 (1993)
    Springer
    Trees 8 (1993), S. 85-92 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-2285
    Schlagwort(e): Air pollution ; Nitrogen oxides ; Ozone ; Picea abies ; Sulphur dioxide
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Biologie , Land- und Forstwirtschaft, Gartenbau, Fischereiwirtschaft, Hauswirtschaft
    Notizen: Summary Potted young Norway spruce trees were exposed to different concentrations of the air pollutants ozone, sulphur dioxide and nitrogen dioxide under completely controlled environmental conditions. After the treatment, the potted trees were kept outdoors. Measurements of the maximum photosynthetic capacity (A2500) were performed with current-year and 1-year-old needles during and after exposure of the trees. In trees fumigated with nitrogen oxides no damage was found at the concentrations used, and the trees' ability to fix carbon dioxide was increased. Using SO2, a rapid and marked decrease in A2500 was obtained within the first days of the experiment. This decrease did not continue further, but was reversed upon cessation of the fumigation. However, a clear dose-dependent decrease in A2500 occurred when trees were fumigated continuously with an ozone concentration of 450 nl l–1 or more. The effect of ozone was not reversible, but continued during post-culture of the trees.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00197685
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  • 72
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Resistance to water flow in xylem of Picea abies (L.) Karst. trees grown under contrasting light conditions (1993)
    Springer
    Trees 7 (1993), S. 220-226 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-2285
    Schlagwort(e): Picea abies ; Xylem ; Relative hydraulic conductivity ; Resistance to water flow ; Tracheid radius
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Biologie , Land- und Forstwirtschaft, Gartenbau, Fischereiwirtschaft, Hauswirtschaft
    Notizen: Summary The relative hydraulic conductivity (k) of xylem and resistance (R) to water flow through trunk, primary roots and branches in Picea abies trees growing under contrasting light conditions were investigated. The xylem permeability to water was measured by forcing 10 mM water solution of KC1 through excised wood specimens. From the values of k, the sapwood transverse area and the length of conducting segments, R of the whole trunk, branches and roots was calculated. The relative conductivity of xylem in open-grown trees exceeded that of shade-grown trees by 1.4–3.1 times, while k was closely correlated with the hydraulically effective radius (R e) of the largest tracheids (R 2 was 0.85–0.94 for open- and 0.51–0.79 for shade-grown trees). Because of both a low k and a smaller sapwood area in shade-grown trees the resistance to water movement through their trunk, roots and branches was many times higher. The distribution of R between single segments of the water-conducting pathway differed considerably in trees from different sites. At high water status the largest share of the total resistance in open- as well as shade-grown trees resides in the apical part of the trunk. The contribution of the branches to total xylem resistance is supposed to increase with developing water deficit.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00202077
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  • 73
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Triggering and predisposing factors in the “Red” decline syndrome of Norway spruce (Picea abies) (1993)
    Springer
    Trees 8 (1993), S. 39-48 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-2285
    Schlagwort(e): Decline ; ICP ; Minerals ; Needles ; Picea abies
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Biologie , Land- und Forstwirtschaft, Gartenbau, Fischereiwirtschaft, Hauswirtschaft
    Notizen: Summary Analysis of 62 mature Norway spruce (Picea abies provenance “Viborg”) trees growing in a Danish plantation was undertaken along with analysis of their nutrient contents (N, P, K, Ca, Mg, Fe, Mn, Cu, Zn, B and Na), in each of the three youngest needle age classes, from branches of four exposure directions near the tree top. The aim was to investigate if one among the studied possible predisposing factors was also a triggering factor in the 1989 outbreak of the “Red” Norway spruce decline in Denmark. Neither nutrient imbalance or deficiency, nor excessive N-deposition or salt-stress were indicated as triggering factors in 1989. The “Red” syndrome, noticeable for the bright red colour of the current-year needles, was found to be an extension of the European type “Novel Decline”. “Red” syndrome is similar to previously reported phenomena of “top-dying” and “sub top-dying”, in that it had fewer needle age classes and significantly higher contents of mobile cations (and Ca) in the younger needle classes. Tree ring analysis suggested that the “Red” syndrome was initiated in the early 1980s, when the trees experienced adverse climatic conditions. Because of this long-term development of the “Red” Norway spruce decline syndrome, it is concluded that a triggering factor is of minor importance relative to the multitude of predisposing factors.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00240980
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  • 74
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Relative importance of factors controlling the leaching and uptake of inorganic ions in the canopy of a spruce forest (1993)
    Springer
    Biodegradation 23 (1993), S. 99-117 
    Details
    ISSN: 1572-9729
    Schlagwort(e): canopy leaching ; canopy uptake ; ionic diffusion ; ionic exchange ; Picea abies ; throughfall
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Biologie , Energietechnik , Land- und Forstwirtschaft, Gartenbau, Fischereiwirtschaft, Hauswirtschaft
    Notizen: Abstract Sequential sampling of precipitation under mature spruce trees and time-series analysis of the data were performed in order to assess, in natural conditions, the relative importance of different factors that could influence the leaching and uptake of inorganic ions in the canopy. Eleven rain events were analyzed in order to estimate how external factors, rain intensity, H+, and ionic concentration of the incident rain influence the ionic throughfall concentrations and the net throughfall fluxes. The results led to the conclusion that leaching or uptake mostly occur by diffusion. The influence of the open rain acidity was not conclusive; however, it was shown that the tested external factors only controlled a few percent of the variation of the data. By contrast, the autocorrelation of the data always explained a large portion of the variance. It could result from the gradual changes in the course time of internal factors related to the exchange system including waxes, cuticles, apoplast and xylem sap. These constituents were known to control the exchange at the canopy surface and to be sensitive to the plant physiology and environmental conditions.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00000445
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  • 75
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Effect of auxins and ectomycorrhizal elicitors on wall-bound proteins and enzymes of spruce [Picea abies (L.) Karst.] cells (1993)
    Springer
    Trees 8 (1993), S. 49-55 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-2285
    Schlagwort(e): Auxin ; Ectomycorrhizal elicitor ; Invertase regulation ; Peroxidase suppression ; Picea abies
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Biologie , Land- und Forstwirtschaft, Gartenbau, Fischereiwirtschaft, Hauswirtschaft
    Notizen: Summary Elicitors of the ectomycorrhizal fungus Hebeloma crustuliniforme and auxins (IAA, NAA and 2,4-D) were tested for their effects on apoplastic proteins and enzymes of suspension cultured cells of Picea abies (L.) Karst. The ectomycorrhizal elicitor increased the amount of some ionically wall-bound proteins (36, 28, 24, 21 kDa) and decreased the amount of others (61, 22 kDa). The elicitor triggered an H2O2 burst and enhanced the peroxidase (EC 1.11.1.7) activity of the Picea cells by increasing one of the two wall-bound peroxidase isoforms. Auxins significantly suppressed the elicitor induction of peroxidase but did not influence the elicitor-triggered H2O2 burst. The elicitors and auxin did not change the amount and the pattern of wall-bound invertase isoforms (EC 3.2.1.26) of spruce cells. However, auxin reduced the uptake of glucose by spruce cells and increased the acidification of the cell culture medium. Since Hebeloma lacks apoplastic invertase as well as a sucrose uptake system, utilization of plant-derived sucrose depends on the apoplastic plant invertase activity. Although the host invertase is constitutive, the fungus might be able to increase this invertase activity within a mycorrhiza by lowering the pH of the interface towards the pH optimum of the enzyme via the action of auxin. This fungus-released hormone could increase the H+ extrusion of plant cells by activation of the plant membrane H+-ATPases. Additionally, an auxin-dependent suppression of glucose uptake by cortical root cells could improve the glucose supply for the fungus. Furthermore, the fungal auxin might suppress the elicitor induced formation of defense enzymes, such as peroxidase.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00240981
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  • 76
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Photosynthetic performance and nutrient status of Norway spruce [Picea abies (L.) Karst.] at forest sites in the Ore Mountains (Erzgebirge) (1993)
    Springer
    Trees 7 (1993), S. 115-122 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-2285
    Schlagwort(e): Air pollution ; Forest decline ; Photosynthesis ; Picea abies ; Sulfur dioxide
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Biologie , Land- und Forstwirtschaft, Gartenbau, Fischereiwirtschaft, Hauswirtschaft
    Notizen: Summary Photosynthetic performance of several needle age classes of Norway spruce trees [Picea abies (L.) Karst.] in highly SO2-polluted and heavily damaged forest sites was measured at two different locations in the Ore Mountains (Erzgebirge, Krusne Hory) during early summer. The carboxylation efficiency showed a dramatic drop from current-year's needles to 1-year-old needles with only a slight further decrease with increased needle age. The light use efficiency also revealed these characteristics. For both parameters, no linear decrease with needle age could be found. In contrast, the maximum photosynthetic capacity (A2500) decreased linearly with time and revealed a good correlation with the total sulfur content of the needles. Absolute values measured for A2500 were approximately 50% lower than those of comparable trees in the nearby Fichtelgebirge. Mineral deficiencies or acute nutrient imbalances of the needles were not detected. In contrast to the situation in the forests of the Fichtelgebirge, a direct effect of gaseous SO2 on the trees in the Ore Mountains seems plausible.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00225478
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  • 77
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Characterization of Picea abies (L.) Karst. ectomycorrhizas: discrepancy between classification according to macroscopic versus microscopic features (1993)
    Springer
    Trees 7 (1993), S. 123-129 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-2285
    Schlagwort(e): Ectomycorrhizal types ; Classification ; Morphology ; Picea abies
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Biologie , Land- und Forstwirtschaft, Gartenbau, Fischereiwirtschaft, Hauswirtschaft
    Notizen: Summary In a 3-year study of ectomycorrhizal diversity in 2 Norway spruce stands in Switzerland the macroscopically classified ectomycorrhizal types were analyzed microscopically to compare the results of the 2 approaches. A total of 22 ectomycorrhizal types were macroscopically classified in the 2 stands. Microscopic investigations — particularly of mantle structures — resulted in the identification of 7 additional types to give a total of 29. These additional types resulted from separation of macroscopically identical types occurring on both stands (type-pairs) at the microscopic level. The problematic nature of characterization and classification of ectomycorrhizas is discussed.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00225479
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  • 78
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Yields of Norway spruce (Picea abies (L.) Karst.) in two consecutive rotations in southwestern Sweden (1993)
    Springer
    Plant and soil 154 (1993), S. 239-247 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5036
    Schlagwort(e): consecutive rotations ; growth pattern ; Picea abies ; site fertility ; volume yield
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Land- und Forstwirtschaft, Gartenbau, Fischereiwirtschaft, Hauswirtschaft
    Notizen: Abstract Comparisons were made between consecutive generations of Norway spruce (Picea abies (L.) Karst.) in southwestern Sweden. The data analysed were obtained from recordings made on permanent sample plots established initially to compare the effects of different management regimes on yield. Measurements on the plots were made at short intervals, resulting in an uninterrupted time series. First- and second-generation growth refers mainly to growth occurring from 1880 to 1919 and from 1950 to 1989, respectively. In total, 22 observation units are from first-generation stands and 17 are from second-generation stands. The plots are located in a very homogenous area of about 100 ha that has been forested for hundreds of years. On average, the total volume yield from 0–40 years of age in the second-generation stand wad 40% higher, than that in the first-generation stand. In addition, dominant-tree height at a stand age of 40 years was about 20% greater in the second generation. Many factors are likely to have contrivuted to the increase in forest productivity. One of the most important is probably the increase in nitrogen deposition that has occurred since 1950 in southwestern Sweden.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00012529
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  • 79
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Movement and possible metabolism of ethylene in dormant Picea abies (1993)
    Springer
    Plant growth regulation 12 (1993), S. 37-41 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5087
    Schlagwort(e): ethane ; ethylene ; Picea abies ; wood formation ; microdialysis
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Land- und Forstwirtschaft, Gartenbau, Fischereiwirtschaft, Hauswirtschaft
    Notizen: Abstract Ethylene or ethane was added to and sampled from the base, middle and top of the stem of intact Picea abies (L.) Karst. using microdialysis probes. The endogenous concentrations of ethylene and ethane in all positions were below 5 × 10−9 mol l−1 throughout the experimental period. Applied ethylene or ethane was always detected in probes above the probe used for the application, never below. If increased ethylene or ethane concentrations were detected, the ethylene concentrations initially increased but thereafter decreased to the basal level, whereas levels of ethane steadily increased. It is proposed that the maintainance of low ethylene levels is important in the regulation of wood formation.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00144580
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  • 80
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Changes in chlorophyll fluorescence and chlorophyll content in suppressed Norway spruce [Picea abies (L.) Karst.] in response to release cutting (1992)
    Springer
    Trees 6 (1992), S. 41-47 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-2285
    Schlagwort(e): Release cutting ; Chlorophyll fluorescence ; Chlorophyll ; Stress reactions ; Picea abies
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Biologie , Land- und Forstwirtschaft, Gartenbau, Fischereiwirtschaft, Hauswirtschaft
    Notizen: Summary In order to study physiological strain caused by release cutting, suppressed Norway spruce on mesic and moist sites was completely released from overstory birch, or 500 birches per hectare were left as a shelter. The treatments were conducted in late June in 1988 and in 1989. The spruce's reaction to the environmental change was monitored by measurements of fast chlorophyll fluorescence kinetics and analysis of chlorophyll content. This was done before treatment, 1 week after treatment, 2 months after treatment, and twice during the following growth period. Complete release resulted in a more pronounced decrease in the ratio of variable fluorescence to maximal fluorescence (Fv/Fm) than partial release. There was also a tendency for the build-up of chlorophyll content in needles to be more affected when the spruce was completely released. Released spruces on moist sites tended to be more affected by the release than released spruces on mesic sites. The results suggest that in this kind of stand the risk of damage to the spruces is greatest when the spruces are completely released on moist sites. Furthermore, it is shown that the weather conditions prevailing shortly before and after the release have a large influence on the spruce's reaction to the release. The results also indicate some adjustment to the new environment in mature needles.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00224498
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  • 81
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Seasonal effects of liming, irrigation, and acid precipitation on microbial biomass N in a spruce (Picea abies L.) forest soil (1992)
    Springer
    Biology and fertility of soils 13 (1992), S. 130-134 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0789
    Schlagwort(e): Microbial biomass N ; Spruce forest ; Acid deposition ; Irrigation ; Liming ; Carbon mineralization ; Picea abies
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Biologie , Geologie und Paläontologie , Land- und Forstwirtschaft, Gartenbau, Fischereiwirtschaft, Hauswirtschaft
    Notizen: Summary Seasonal effects of liming, irrigation, and acid precipitation on microbial biomass N and some physicochemical properties of different topsoil horizons in a spruce forest (Picea abies L.) were measured throughout one growing season. The highest biomass N was recorded in autumn and spring in the upper soil horizons, while the lowest values were obtained in summer and in deeper horizons. The clearest differences between the different soil treatments were apparent in autumn and in the upper horizons. Liming increased the microbial biomass N from 1.7% of the total N content to 6.8% (Olf1 layer) and from 1% to 2% of the total N content in the Of2 layer. The main inorganic-N fraction in the deeper horizons was NO inf3 sup- . An increase in cation exchange capacity was observed down to the Oh layer, while soil pH was only slightly higher in the Olf1 and Of2 layers after liming. The effects of irrigation were less marked. The microbial biomass N increased from 1.7% of total N to 4.8% in the Olf1 layer and from 1% to 2% of total N in the Of2 layer. In the Olf1 layer an increase in C mineralization was observed. Acid precipitation decreased the microbial biomass N in the upper horizons from 4.8% of total N to 1.8% in the Olf1 layer and from 2% to 0.5% in the Of2 layer. No significant changes in soil pH were observed, but the decrease in cation exchange capacity may result in a decrease in the proton buffering capacity in the near future.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00336267
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  • 82
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Interactions between Cylindrocarpon destructans and ectomycorrhizas of Picea abies with Laccaria laccata and Paxillus involutes (1992)
    Springer
    Trees 6 (1992), S. 83-90 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-2285
    Schlagwort(e): Cylindrocarpon destructans ; Picea abies ; Laccaria laccata ; Paxillus involutus ; Protection by mycorrhizas
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Biologie , Land- und Forstwirtschaft, Gartenbau, Fischereiwirtschaft, Hauswirtschaft
    Notizen: Summary In paired cultures with two mycorrhizal fungi, the root pathogen Cylindrocarpon destructans (Zinsm.) Scholten had an inhibitional effect on mycelial growth of Laccaria laccata (Scop, ex Fr.) Bk. & Br. but was inhibited itself by Paxillus involutes (Batsch.) Fr. A similar pathogen-symbiont interaction scheme was observed in triaxenic cultures with Picea abies Karst. seedlings but only in the vicinity of the mycorrhizal root tips. Both mycorrhizas similarly increased the endogenous plant resistance against the infection of C. destructans. This suggests that direct pathogen-symbiont interactions are an important factor for population dynamics in the mycorrhizo sphere. Moreover, endogenous plant resistance constitutes one of the key factors for an effective defence against pathogenic fungi.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00226585
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  • 83
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Extrinsic and intrinsic influences on tree growth — anatomical analysis of spruce branches (1992)
    Springer
    Trees 6 (1992), S. 179-185 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-2285
    Schlagwort(e): Cambial activity ; Gross anatomy ; Picea abies ; Weather conditions
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Biologie , Land- und Forstwirtschaft, Gartenbau, Fischereiwirtschaft, Hauswirtschaft
    Notizen: Summary In order to differentiate between environmental (extrinsic) influences affecting tree growth, and those causing (intrinsic) temporary irregularities in a single tree, we investigated the anatomy of three branches of comparable size and age, taken from two 60-year-old European spruces [Picea abies (L.) Karst]. Wood depositions in five consecutive internodes (4–8) along the branches were analysed. Internodal cross-sections were evaluated to discover whether extrinsic factors may have influenced the structure of the cambial xylogenic derivatives, or whether structural variations were caused by intrinsic events. Features occurring in all three branches were evaluated as extrinsically influenced. Observations like earlywood disturbances, distribution of resin ducts, duplication of radial files, and increments with narrow or broad latewood bands were considered. The ratio of radial cell number to ring width was used to define the vigour of cambial growth during the years covered. Meteorological data of the growing periods (May–September 1981–1988) representing mean values of temperature, cloudiness, sunshine and precipitation were used to characterize weather conditions. They were considered as extrinsic influences, possibly affecting anatomical structures.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00224333
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  • 84
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Histological examination of spruce needles from a long-term gas exchange experiment in pure and polluted air in the field (1992)
    Springer
    Trees 6 (1992), S. 186-194 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-2285
    Schlagwort(e): Air pollutants ; Bundle sheath ; Picea abies ; Stomata ; UV absorbance
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Biologie , Land- und Forstwirtschaft, Gartenbau, Fischereiwirtschaft, Hauswirtschaft
    Notizen: Summary At the end of a 4-year period of gas exchange measurements in a natural stand in the Lower Bavarian Forest, needles of an adult spruce [Picea abies (L.) Karst.] were harvested from two chambers, one with pure air and the other with ambient air. The needles were examined as to their histological properties in the stomatal apparatus and in the bundle sheath. In needles from the polluted air UV absorbance at 280 nm was decreased in the walls of the stomatal apparatus. Simultaneously, the deposition of compounds with an absorption maximum at 310 nm increased within the encrusted plate-like thickenings of the subsidiary cells. The contents of the lumina of hypodermal cells and of the bundle sheath exhibited a greater degree of autofluorescence in ambient-air material than in pure-air leaf organs. Differences between needles exposed to pure and polluted air are gradual. The “damaged” condition is rare in pure air, common in polluted air. The needles from outside the chambers occupied an intermediate position between pure-air and ambient-air needles. This fact is traced to an unnaturally high pollutant load in the liquid phase of the needle surfaces within the ambient-air chamber because in order to compensate pollutant losses within the system, SO2 and O3 were added even during periods of irrigation. The reduction of absorption capacity at 280 nm in the walls of the stomatal apparatus is attributed to destruction of lignin due to the high reactivity of the pollutants in the liquid phase on the damp needle surface. The importance of delignification with regard to hydroregulation is discussed.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00224334
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  • 85
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Influence of nutrient and water stress on Norway spruce production in south Sweden — the role of air pollutants (1992)
    Springer
    Plant and soil 147 (1992), S. 251-265 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5036
    Schlagwort(e): acidification ; air pollutants ; growth ; nitrogen saturation ; nutrient stress ; optimum growth ; Picea abies ; water stress
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Land- und Forstwirtschaft, Gartenbau, Fischereiwirtschaft, Hauswirtschaft
    Notizen: Abstract A field experiment primarily designed for simulating the indirect effects of air pollutants for a 25-year-old Norway spruce stand in SW Sweden is presented (The Skogaby project). Treatment include irrigation; artificial drought; ammonium sulphate addition; nitrogen-free-fertilization and irrigation with liquid fertilizers including a complete set of nutrients. The experiment has a randomized block design with four replicates per treatment. Growth response on an areal basis of basal area, height and dry mass of stems, branches and needles after up to four years of treatment are presented. Dry mass is estimated using allometric equations based on destructive samplings of trees. The stand suffered from temporary water stress during all four years investigated despite 970– 1160 mm of annual precipitation. Irrigation resulted in improved above-ground dry mass production (stem, bark, branches, needles, litter fall) by 20% during the first 3 years of treatment, whereas 2 years of drought treatment followed by 1 year of recovery led to 10% reduced dry mass growth. During year 2 of recovery, however, basal area growth was only about half of that of the control. Nitrogen, markedly, was a growth limiting nutrient, although the stand got approx. 20 kg N ha-1 y-1 from deposition. Ammonium sulphate addition (100 kg N ha-1 y-1) resulted in 31% improved dry mass production whereas irrigation with liquid fertilization (100 kg N ha-1 y-1) including all important nutrient elements led to 57% increased dry mass growth after 3 years of treatment. Basal area growth of the latter treatment gradually increased and during year 4 of treatment was 123% larger than the control. Nitrogen-free-fertilization resulted in a small improvement of dry mass production (+10%). After 3 years of treatment, the amount of needles had increased markedly for both treatments including irrigation, whereas drought treated trees instead had decreased their needle amount vs control. The increase in needle amount occurred as a result of both larger formation of needles and higher preservence of old needles, the opposite relations being found for the drought treated trees. At the same point larger needle formation in combination with a higher shedding of older needles was found for trees treated with ammonium sulphate and nitrogen-free-fertilizer. It is concluded that there is no stage of N saturation in the Skogaby site as there is no leaching of N from the control plots and N fertilization results in both increased tree growth and N uptake.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00029077
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  • 86
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    In vivo demonstration of acid phosphatase activity in the rhizosphere of soil-grown plants (1992)
    Springer
    Plant and soil 144 (1992), S. 199-205 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5036
    Schlagwort(e): acid phosphatase ; ectoenzymes ; naphthyl phosphate ; Picea abies ; rhizosphere ; Zea mays
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Land- und Forstwirtschaft, Gartenbau, Fischereiwirtschaft, Hauswirtschaft
    Notizen: Abstract For in vivo demonstration of acid phosphatase activity in the rhizosphere of soil-grown plants filter papers were treated with a mixture of 1-naphthyl phosphate as substrate and the diazonium salt Fast Red TR as an indicator. After enzymatic hydrolysis, 1-naphthol forms a red complex with Fast Red TR. This method was applied to 8-day old maize plants and 3-year old Norway spruce plants growing in rhizoboxes in soil under non-sterile conditions. The treated filter paper is placed at the surface of roots and soil and acid phosphatase activity is visualized as a red-coloured ‘root print’ on the filter paper. The method can be used as a qualitative analysis of acid phosphatase in the rhizosphere. It also allows a rough estimate of phosphatase activity in different root zones.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00012876
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  • 87
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Effects of aluminium on growth and nutrient uptake of small Picea abies and Pinus sylvestris plants (1991)
    Springer
    Trees 5 (1991), S. 136-142 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-2285
    Schlagwort(e): Aluminium concentration ; Nutrient uptake ; Picea abies ; Pinus sylvestris ; Relative growth rate
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Biologie , Land- und Forstwirtschaft, Gartenbau, Fischereiwirtschaft, Hauswirtschaft
    Notizen: Summary The effects of aluminium concentrations between 0.2 and 30 mM at pH 3.8 ±0.2 on small plants of Norway spruce [(Picea abies (L.) Karst], Scots pine (Pinus sylvestris L.), and Scots pine infected with the ectomycorrhizal fungus Suillus bovinus (L. ex Fr.) O. Kuntze were investigated. The plants were grown at maximum relative growth rate (RG % day−1) with free access but very low external concentrations of nutrients. Steady-state conditions with respect to relative growth rate (RG) and internal nutrient concentrations were achieved before addition of aluminium, which was added as AlCl3 and/or Al(NO3)3. There were reductions in rg at aluminium concentrations of 0.3 mM in spruce, 6 mM in pine and 10 mM in ectomycorrhizal pine, i. e. at aluminium concentrations considerably higher than those normally occurring in the top layer of the mineral soil where most fine roots are found. Nutrient uptake rate per unit root growth rate was calculated for different nutrient elements. The uptake rate of calcium and magnesium was reduced at aluminium concentrations of 0.2 mM (spruce), 1 mM (pine) and 3 mM (ectomycorrhizal pine), without influencing Rg. The results question the validity of the hypothesis of aluminium toxicity to forest tree species at low external concentrations.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00204334
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  • 88
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Quantitative and localized element analysis in cross-sections of spruce [Picea abies (L.) Karst.] needles with different degrees of damage (1991)
    Springer
    Trees 5 (1991), S. 95-100 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-2285
    Schlagwort(e): Element content ; Element distribution ; Forest decline ; Micro-PIXE ; Picea abies
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Biologie , Land- und Forstwirtschaft, Gartenbau, Fischereiwirtschaft, Hauswirtschaft
    Notizen: Summary Proton-induced X-ray microanalysis (micro-PIXE) permits the simultaneous determination of the content and the distribution of elements with atomic numbers higher than Z = 13 in biological samples. This method was used to investigate element content and localization in cross-sections of 6-month-old spruce needles. It was possible to detect the elements silicon, phosphorus, sulphur, chlorine, potassium, calcium, manganese, iron and zinc in semithin (10 μm) sections of the needles. The localization of the cationic elements like potassium, calcium and manganese was determined in the one-dimensional line scan mode and in the two-dimensional raster scan mode. To demonstrate the usefulness of this method for forest decline research, element content and localization were compared in needles from two trees, which differed in their degree of damage. We were able to detect differences in the amount of cations and in their distribution inside the needles.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00227491
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  • 89
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Ammonium and nitrate uptake rates and rhizosphere pH in non-mycorrhizal roots of Norway spruce [Picea abies (L.) Karst.] (1991)
    Springer
    Trees 5 (1991), S. 14-21 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-2285
    Schlagwort(e): Ammonium ; Calcium ; Nitrate ; Picea abies ; Rhizosphere pH
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Biologie , Land- und Forstwirtschaft, Gartenbau, Fischereiwirtschaft, Hauswirtschaft
    Notizen: Summary Relationships between root zone temperature, concentrations and uptake rates of NH 4 + and NO 3 − were studied in non-mycorrhizal roots of 4-year-old Norway spruce under controlled environmental conditions. Additionally, in a forest stand NH 4 + and NO 3 − uptake rates along the root axis and changes in the rhizosphere pH were measured. In the concentration (Cmin) range of 100–150 μM uptake rates of NH 4 + were 3–4 times higher than those of NO 3 − The preference for NH 4 + uptake was also reflected in the minimum concentration (Cmin) values. Supplying NH4NO3, the rate of NO 3 − uptake was very low until the NH 4 + concentrations had fallen below about 100 μM. The shift from NH 4 + to NO 3 − uptake was correlated with a corresponding shift from net H+ production to net H+ consumption in the external solution. The uptake rates of NH 4 + were correlated with equimolar net production of H+. With NO 3 − nutrition net consumption of H+ was approximately twice as high as uptake rates of NO 3 − In the forest stand the NO 3 − concentration in the soil solution was more than 10 times higher than the NH 4 + concentration (〈100 μM), and the rhizosphere pH of non-mycorrhizal roots considerably higher than the bulk soil pH. The rhizosphere pH increase was particularly evident in apical root zones where the rates of water and NO 3 − uptake and nitrate reductase activity were also higher. The results are summarized in a model of water and nutrient transport to, and uptake by, non-mycorrhizal roots of Norway spruce in a forest stand. Model calculations indicate that delivery to the roots by mass flow may meet most of the plant demand of nitrogen and calcium, and that non-mycorrhizal root tips have the potential to take up most of the delivered nitrate and calcium.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00225330
    Standort Signatur Erwartet Verfügbarkeit
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  • 90
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Experiments on the water budget of densely and sparsely needled spruces [Picea abies (L.) Karst.] in a declining stand (1991)
    Springer
    Trees 5 (1991), S. 164-170 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-2285
    Schlagwort(e): Forest decline ; Osmotic potential ; Picea abies ; Water content ; Water potential
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Biologie , Land- und Forstwirtschaft, Gartenbau, Fischereiwirtschaft, Hauswirtschaft
    Notizen: Summary The osmotic potentials of needles were compared from numerous trees that had been classified according to needle loss along an altitude profile. With the increasing degree of damage of the trees, the maximum and minimum values deviated more strongly above and below the common mean of all samples. The level of water content of the needles unequivocally reflected the vitality of the trees. Experiments covering a whole vegetation period were performed on a tree pair selected from a natural stand. They were designed to demonstrate differences in water balance between the “healthy” and “damaged” state of the trees. For the “damaged” tree, measurements of the water potentials of single needles showed a greater reduction of potential during the course of the day compared to the “healthy” tree. Recovery in the evenings was slower and often incomplete. The osmotic potentials of “damaged” and “healthy” shoots measured in individual needles also differed both predawn and especially after transpiration stress. Depending on weather and soil desiccation, the differences were more or less pronounced. In the “damaged” tree, the rises in potential after saturation of the twigs fell far short of the “healthy” tree. Reduction of water potential, osmotic potential and relative water content under comparable stress conditions suggest a reduced tolerance of drought by damaged trees. In the context of earlier experiments this result was ascribed to a lack of stomatal control, and long-term pollution effects were thus explained as a specific disturbance of hydroregulation.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00204339
    Standort Signatur Erwartet Verfügbarkeit
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  • 91
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    The effect of two growth forms of Norway spruce on stand development and radiation interception: a model analysis (1991)
    Springer
    Trees 5 (1991), S. 171-179 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-2285
    Schlagwort(e): Biomass ; Computer simulation ; Picea abies ; Stand dynamics ; Tree architecture
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Biologie , Land- und Forstwirtschaft, Gartenbau, Fischereiwirtschaft, Hauswirtschaft
    Notizen: Summary Development of tree and canopy structure, and interception of photosynthetically active radiation (PAR) were studied in two model stands of Norway spruce consisting of trees with rapid versus slow site capture. The tree models were derived using Burger's (1953) sample tree material, from which two subpopulations of dominant trees were selected using the rate of horizontal site capture of the tree crowns as the criterion of division. The development of stand structure and interception of PAR were simulated in the two model canopies. The simulation period covered the period from tree age 15–80 years. The average development of the trees in the two subpopulations proved to be very different. The rapidly expanding trees were characterized by low mean within-crown needle area density and a long crown. The slowly expanding trees were smaller but had a higher mean within-crown needle area density. Up to approximately 40 years of age the stand of rapidly expanding trees contained more leaf area and intercepted more radiation than the stand of slowly expanding trees, when canopy cover was held constant. After 40 years of age this relationship was reversed due to the subsequent decline of leaf area in the stand of rapidly expanding trees and the increase in leaf area in the stand of slowly expanding trees. The biological relevancy and silvicultural implications of the simulated patterns of tree and stand development are discussed.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00204340
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  • 92
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Influence of needle loss, yellowing and mineral content on monoterpenes in the needles of Picea abies (L.) Karst. (1991)
    Springer
    Trees 5 (1991), S. 208-214 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-2285
    Schlagwort(e): Bavaria ; Disease ; Needle ; (Mono)terpenes ; Picea abies
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Biologie , Land- und Forstwirtschaft, Gartenbau, Fischereiwirtschaft, Hauswirtschaft
    Notizen: Summary Monoterpenes in needles of Picea abies (L.) Karst. were studied to reveal whether or not the symptoms of forest decline observed in three mountain regions of South Germany (Bavaria) — needle loss and needle yellowing — are related to changes in the amounts of all or individual terpenes. The nutrient supply of the needles was examined in addition to the terpene concentrations, since the disease symptom montane yellowing is often associated with mineral deficiency. At two of the eight locations, trees exhibited Mg-deficiency, at one location K-deficiency was observed, and at another location the S-content of the needles indicated SO2-pollution. Using various statistical methods of analysis, no correlation was observed between the mineral element content of the needles, the percentage of needle loss and either the absolute or percentile terpene amounts stored within the needles. This finding is independent of needle age, date of sampling and terpene pattern. Concerning needle yellowing, the data show a tendency towards a reduction of the terpene concentrations in needles originating from branches with partly yellow needles compared to needles from exclusively green-needled branches. In spite of the fact that only 2-year-old and older needles show the disease symptom of yellowing, the terpene level is reduced even in still green, juvenile and 1-year-old needles. No terpene was found to be an indicator for early recognition of injury.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00227527
    Standort Signatur Erwartet Verfügbarkeit
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  • 93
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Nitrate reductase in needles, roots and trunk wood of spruce trees [Picea abies (L.) Karst.] (1991)
    Springer
    Trees 5 (1991), S. 215-226 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-2285
    Schlagwort(e): Picea abies ; Nitrate reductase ; Xylem sap ; Fumigation ; Fertilization
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Biologie , Land- und Forstwirtschaft, Gartenbau, Fischereiwirtschaft, Hauswirtschaft
    Notizen: Summary Nitrate reductase (EC 1.6.6.2) activity (NRA), as measured by an in vivo assay, is present in needle leaves and mycorrhizal fine root tips of adult Norway spruce [Picea abies (L.) Karst.] in at least equal amounts on a fresh weight basis, in both adult and 5-year-old trees. NRA could also be demonstrated in trunk wood of deroted trees after fertilization with 5 mM $${\text{NO}}_{{\text{3}}^{\text{ - }} }$$ , exhibiting a longitudinal profile in the trunk. Inducibility in needles can more efficiently be achieved by NO2 (100 μg·m-3) than by 5 mM nitrate, which is effective only in root-amputated trees. A remarkably high level of needle-NRA in unfertilized trees, which are characterized by a very low level of nitrate in the xylem sap, suggests that NRA in spruce needles may in part be constitutive. Organic-N is a major nitrogen source for the needles even in root-amputated trees, indicating pronounced exchange processes between ray parenchyma and trunk xylem, which in turn are modified by the nitrogen source fed to the trunk stump. Intact trees exhibit a very similar amino acid composition of the xylem sap, regardless of whether $${\text{NO}}_{{\text{3}}^{\text{ - }} }$$ or $${\text{NH}}_{{\text{4}}^{\text{ + }} }$$ has been fed. The amino acid pattern of the needles is not thrown out of balance by “flooding” with $${\text{NO}}_{{\text{3}}^{\text{ - }} }$$ and $${\text{NH}}_{{\text{4}}^{\text{ + }} }$$ , which occurs in fertilized derooted trees. This indicates a distinct potential for homoeostasis of nitrogen entrance-metabolism (i.e. NRA and glutamine synthetase activity) in the needles. In the ectomycorrhiza/fine root-system (EMC), marked differences in NRA were observed depending on root-tip diameter and along the longitudinal profile of the fine roots. EMC-nitrate reductase is strongly enhanced by $${\text{NO}}_{{\text{3}}^{\text{ - }} }$$ . Needle-NRA exhibits a circannual rhythm. An early summer maximum is followed by a December minimum. This activity pattern matches well the transitory increase of soluble nitrogen in spring and the total protein maximum in winter. In an indirect way assimilatory NRA may well contribute to nitrogen overfertilization (by consumption of NOX) as one possible cause of the contemporary decline of spruce populations.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00227528
    Standort Signatur Erwartet Verfügbarkeit
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  • 94
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Comparative studies on ectomycorrhizae synthesized with various in vitro techniques using Picea abies and two Hebeloma species (1991)
    Springer
    Trees 5 (1991), S. 90-94 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-2285
    Schlagwort(e): Picea abies ; Hebeloma crustuliniforme ; Hebeloma cylindrosporum ; Ectomycorrhizal syntheses ; Characteristic-stability
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Biologie , Land- und Forstwirtschaft, Gartenbau, Fischereiwirtschaft, Hauswirtschaft
    Notizen: Summary Various in vitro synthesis techniques with Picea abies and two Hebeloma species showed that structures of the mantle and Hartig net of synthesized ectomycorrhizae within the given two fungus species are stable. However, thickness of mantle, and penetration depth and number of hyphal cell rows between cortical cells of the Hartig net are dependent on techniques and substrates. Porous glass balls as substrate in the Erlenmeyer technique seem to suppress or delay mantle and Hartig net formation. With the other techniques (growth pouch, open cuvette, Erlenmeyer with a vermiculite-peat moss mixture) development of the mantle is simultaneous with or shortly in advance of Hartig net formation. The ectomycorrhizae of the two tested Hebeloma species are similar and cannot be morphologically differentiated by the in vitro techniques used.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00227490
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  • 95
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    The effect of lime on microbial activity in spruce (Picea abies L.) forests (1990)
    Springer
    Biology and fertility of soils 9 (1990), S. 78-82 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0789
    Schlagwort(e): Muramic acid ; Ergosterol ; Glucosamine ; Soil ; Bioactivity ; Lime ; Picea abies
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Biologie , Geologie und Paläontologie , Land- und Forstwirtschaft, Gartenbau, Fischereiwirtschaft, Hauswirtschaft
    Notizen: Summary The use of lime increased heat output and decreased the C:N ratio (global indicators of biological activity) in the organic horizons of a spruce forest (Picea abies L.) soil. These changes were still present after 18 years. During the same period, the muramic acid content increased slightly, while the concentration of both ergosterol and glucosamine decreases. The ratios of ergosterol or glucosamine to muramic acid decreased significantly after 3 years in the plots that had been irrigated and limed, and after 8 years in the limed non-irrigated plots.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00335866
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  • 96
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Effect of soil acidity on the entomophilic nematode Steinernema kraussei Steiner (1990)
    Springer
    Biology and fertility of soils 9 (1990), S. 174-177 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0789
    Schlagwort(e): Cephalcia abietis ; Entomophilic nematode ; Picea abies ; Soil acidity ; Steinernema kraussei ; Endoparasite ; Air pollution
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Biologie , Geologie und Paläontologie , Land- und Forstwirtschaft, Gartenbau, Fischereiwirtschaft, Hauswirtschaft
    Notizen: Summary The free-living stages of Steinernema kraussei (Rhabditida), an endoparasite of Cephalcia abietis L. (Hymenoptera), are exposed to different soil conditions when searching for host nymphs. Field studies and laboratory experiments showed that soil acidity plays a major role in the nematode's ability to parasitize Cephalcia nymphs. Under field conditions in Picea abies forests positive correlations between soil pH and both nematode density and insects parasitized were found. Acidic soil with pH levels below 4.0 may limit the nematode's host-finding. Controlled experiments in the laboratory under different pH conditions confirmed these correlations.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00335803
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  • 97
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Effects of acidification and liming on feeding groups of nematodes in coniferous forest soils (1990)
    Springer
    Biology and fertility of soils 9 (1990), S. 205-210 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0789
    Schlagwort(e): Acidification ; Aphelenchoides ; Bacterial biomass ; Liming ; Nematoda ; Picea abies ; Pinus sylvestris ; Soil fungi
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Biologie , Geologie und Paläontologie , Land- und Forstwirtschaft, Gartenbau, Fischereiwirtschaft, Hauswirtschaft
    Notizen: Summary Nematodes were sampled in untreated, acidified, and limed plots in a Norway spruce (Fexboda) and a Scots pine (Norrliden) stand. At Fexboda, the total number of nematodes was significantly reduced after the acidification. This reduction was probably due to a shock effect, because the samples were taken only 5 months after an application of 200 kg H2SO4 ha-1 to the forest floor. However, the root/fungal-feeding Aphelenchoides was not reduced, probably because it is more tolerant of high acid concentrations than most other nematodes. At Norrliden, where the samples were taken 7 years after the last application of H2SO4, no significant differences were found between the acidified and untreated plots. If the treatment with H2SO4 caused similar effects as at Fexboda, the results indicate a recovery of the nematode populations. Decreased predation from lumbricids rather than a recovery of microfloral populations probably allowed this recovery. No marked effect of lime, spread 2 (Fexboda) and 12 years (Norrliden) before the sampling on the numbers of any of the nematode feeding groups was found. This correlated with almost no change in bacterial biomass after liming, while the active fraction of fungal hyphae was unaffected by liming at Fexboda and reduced by liming at Norrliden. A tendency for decreasing numbers of all nematode feeding groups in the limed plots at Norrliden coincided with increasing numbers of lumbricids.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00336226
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  • 98
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Comparative investigations on the differentiation of the endodermis and the development of the Hartig net in mycorrhizae of Picea abies and Larix decidua (1990)
    Springer
    Trees 4 (1990), S. 41-48 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-2285
    Schlagwort(e): Endodermis ; Larix decidua ; Mycorrhiza ; Picea abies
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Biologie , Land- und Forstwirtschaft, Gartenbau, Fischereiwirtschaft, Hauswirtschaft
    Notizen: Summary The differentiation of the endodermis of mycorrhizal roots of Picea abies and Larix decidua was investigated by means of light and transmission electron microscopy and with fluorescence techniques. The initiation and differentiation of the Hartig net were recorded. Differences between the two tree species were found, as were differences between the two tree species and angiosperms. The Casparian band developed immediately after the origin of endodermal cells from the meristem in mycorrhizae of both tree species. In L. decidua only the primary endodermis was present in most mycorrhizal laterals. The secondary structure of the endodermis was restricted to main roots and proximal parts of larch mycorrhizae. In P. abies mycorrhizae, however, the secondary stage of the endodermis developed soon after the primary endodermis and was characterized by regular alternation of short, active passage cells and elongated, rapidly degenerating cells, the inner surface of which was covered by a thick suberin layer. Hartig net development started in P. abies short roots only after the differentiation of endodermis into the secondary stage, whereas in L. decidua, the Hartig net was already initiated at the primary endodermal stage. Differences were specific for tree species.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00226239
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  • 99
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Carbon partitioning in Norway spruce: amounts of fructose 2,6-bisphosphate and of intermediates of starch/sucrose synthesis in relation to needle age and degree of needle loss (1990)
    Springer
    Trees 4 (1990), S. 9-15 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-2285
    Schlagwort(e): Carbon partitioning ; Fructose 2,6-bisphosphate ; Needle development ; Needle loss ; Picea abies ; Starch/sucrose/intermediates
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Biologie , Land- und Forstwirtschaft, Gartenbau, Fischereiwirtschaft, Hauswirtschaft
    Notizen: Summary Intermediates involved in carbon partitioning between starch and sucrose [dihydroxyacetone phosphate + glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate (TP), 3-phosphoglyceric acid, fructose 6-phosphate (F6P), fructose 2,6-bisphosphate (F26BP), in addition to glucose, fructose, sucrose and starch] were analysed in lyophilized needles of Norway spruce (Picea abies L. Karst). Samples were taken from all distinct parts of first and second order branches and the analysed data related to season, needle age, needle position and degree of needle loss (control and class 2 approx. 30%–40% needle loss). Positive and inverse correlations of F26BP, an important regulator of carbon partitioning between starch and sucrose, and F6P or TP existed in all samples. F26BP levels were highest in developing needles and gradually decreased during maturation, which is possibly indicative of changes in the relative sink strength during development (switch from import to export of sucrose). In class 2 needles the amount of F26BP was significantly increased. Together with nearly unaltered levels of sucrose but only slightly decreased amounts of starch the results can be taken as evidence for impaired carbon export in our class 2 samples. The data are discussed with respect to needle development and a possible impact of both air pollutants and mineral deficiency at the location from which the samples were taken.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00226234
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  • 100
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    The ion concentration of dew condensed on Norway spruce (Picea abies (L.) Karst.) and Scots pine (Pinus sylvestris L.) needles (1990)
    Springer
    Trees 4 (1990), S. 22-26 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-2285
    Schlagwort(e): Deposition ; Dew ; Pine ; Pinus sylvestris ; Spruce ; Picea abies
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Biologie , Land- und Forstwirtschaft, Gartenbau, Fischereiwirtschaft, Hauswirtschaft
    Notizen: Summary Dew droplets collected with pipettes from coniferous needles were analysed for their ionic composition. Almost all samples of dew taken from Scots pine trees (Pinus sylvestris) showed significantly higher ion concentrations than those taken from Norway spruce trees (Picea abies). This can be explained by the micromorphology of the needle surface. The higher microscale roughness of the wax layer of a pine needle causes a more efficient flux of atmospheric aerosol particles compared to the spruce needle surface. Dew on coniferous needles is shown to be capable of maintaining pH values below 3 for several hours.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00226236
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