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  • 1
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Physiologia plantarum 65 (1985), S. 0 
    ISSN: 1399-3054
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Protoplasts from leaves of radish (Raphanus sativus L. var. sativus) were examined for the subcellular localization of p-coumaric, caffeic, ferulic and sinapic acid esters of malic acid and the enzyme(s) involved in their syntheses. Vacuoles isolated from leaf protoplasts contained all the hydroxycinnamic acid esters as well as all the dependent enzyme activities. Protein from leaf vacuoles was shown to form the hydroxycinnamoylmalic acids, using the corresponding hydroxycinnamic acid glucose esters (1-O-acyl glucosides) as acyl donors. It is proposed that the vacuole is the cell compartment for synthesis and deposition of the hydroxycinnamoylmalic acids.
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  • 2
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    International journal of earth sciences 69 (1980), S. 892-921 
    ISSN: 1437-3262
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Geosciences
    Description / Table of Contents: Abstract The Kreuznach Sandstone belongs to the youngest Rotliegend sediments in the Bad Kreuznach area, northeastern Nahe Syncline. Because of its large-scale crossbedding — the thickness of sets of cross-strata can exceed — it has been interpreted as a typical aeolian dune sandstone, and has been placed to the Upper Rotliegend/ Zechstein boundary. To find out the origin of the Kreuznach Sandstone, it was examined by various sedimentological methods: petrography, granulometry, bedding and frame of crossbedding, sedimentary structures, facies associations, and quartz grain morphoscopy by scanning electron microscope. Although most of the results do not permit a clear decision between aeolian and fluvial origin, there are some arguments speaking well for fluvial sedimentation of the Kreuznach Sandstone. The very large-scale crossbedding — which is uncommon for river sands — is the sedimentological projection of the tectonic rise of the Kreuznach Rhyolitic Massif. Between the latter and the alluvial fans at the southern edge of the Hunsrück uplift the floods of an (ephemeral ?) stream coming from E/SE were narrowed. Thus water depth, stream velocity and concentration of sands grew rapidly so that megaripples, dunes and giant ripples could be built up. In the East before and in the West behind this narrow pass (as to stream direction) the stream spread out over a large plain, as a system of braided channels. Sand- and mudstones with laminated and small-scale ripple bedding were deposited there instead of the Kreuznach Sandstone.
    Abstract: Résumé Le grès de Kreuznach se trouve au sommet de «Rotliegendes» aux environs de Bad Kreuznach (partie orientale du Bassin de la Nahe). En raison de ses unités à stratification entrecroisée allant jusqu'à plus de trois mètres d'épaisseur, il été cosideré jusqu'à présent comme un grès éolien typique à facies du dune, et rangé à la limite «Oberrotliegendes» / «Zechstein». Par différentes méthodes d'étude sédimentologiques, on a tenté d'expliquer la génèse du grès de Kreuznach. Outre la pétrographie et la granulométrie, on a examiné la stratification, les textures sédimentaires, les stratifications obliques ainsi que les surfaces des grains de quartz au microscope électronique à balayage. La plupart des résultats ne permettent aucune décision claire entre une formation éolienne et fluviatile; mais ils premettent de soutenir la thèse d'une formation fluviatile du grès de Kreuznach. Les unités à stratification entrecroisée, anormalement épaisses pour des sables fluviatiles, traduisent le soulèvement tectonique du Massif rhyolithique de Kreuznach ou éntre ce massif et les cÔnes d'alluvions en bordure de l'Hunsrück, auraient été enserrées les crues d'un fleuve (épisodique ?) venant d'E/SE. De ce fait, la profondeur d'eau, la vitesse du courant, la concentration du sable s'accrurent à ce point que des rides de plage géantes et des dunes se seraient formées. A l'est devant cet étroit passage, et à l'ouest derrière celui-ci, les eaux peu profondes coulaient en un système de lacis, réparties sur une grande plaine. A cet endroit des grès et des pélites se seraient déposés en unites à stratification parallèle et ondulée.
    Notes: Zusammenfassung Der Kreuznacher Sandstein tritt am Top des Rotlíegendprofíls in der Umgebung von Bad Kreuznach (nordöstliche Nahemulde) auf. Wegen seiner bis über 3 m mächtigen Schrägschichtungseinheiten wurde, er bisher als typisch äolischer Dünensandstein gedeutet und an die Wende Rotliegendes / Zechstein gestellt. Mit verschiedenen, sedimentologischen Arbeitsmethoden wurde versucht, die Genese des Kreuznacher Sandsteins zu ermitteln. Neben Pétrographie und Granulometrie wurden Schichtung, Sedimenttexturen, Schrägschichtungsgefüge sowie Quarzkornoberflächen mit dem REM untersucht. Zwar erlauben die meisten Ergebnisse keine klare Entscheidung zwischen äolischer und fluviatiler Bildung, jedoch sprechen solche mit eindeutiger genetischer Aussagekraft für einefluviatile Entstehung des Kreuznacher Sandsteins. Seine für fluviatile Sande außergewöhnlich großen Schrägschichtungskörper sind die sedimentologische Abbildung der tektonischen Hebung des Kreuznacher Rhyolithmassivs: Zwischen diesem und den Schwemmfächern am Hunsrückrand wurden die von E/SE kommenden Hochwasserfluten eines (episodischen?) Flusses eingeengt. Dadurch nahmen Wassertiefe, Strömungsgeschwindigkeit und Sandkonzentration soweit zu, daß sich Großrippeln und Dünen aufbauten. östlich vor und westlich hinter diesem Engpaß waren die Wassermassen als System seichter, verflochtener Rinnen auf eine breite Ebene verteilt. Dort wurden anstelle des Kreuznacher Sandsteins Sandsteine und Pelite mit Parallel- und Kleinrippelschichtung sedimentiert.
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  • 3
    ISSN: 1476-4687
    Source: Nature Archives 1869 - 2009
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
    Notes: [Auszug] The repertoire of secondary metabolism (involving the production of compounds not essential for growth) in the plant kingdom is enormous, but the genetic and functional basis for this diversity is hard to analyse as many of the biosynthetic enzymes are unknown. We have now identified a key ...
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  • 4
    ISSN: 1432-2048
    Keywords: Betalain ; Chenopodium (secondary metabolism in cell culture) ; Enzymatis synthesis ; Glucose ester ; Hydroxycinnamic acid ; Phenylpropanoid metabolism
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Cell-suspension cultures of Chenopodium rubrum accumulate various soluble secondary phenolic metabolites such as the hydroxybenzoic acid glycosides 4-hydroxybenzoic acid-β-glucoside, vanillic acid-β-glucoside, the hydroxycinnamic acid acylglycosides 1-O-(4-coumaroyl)-β-glucose, 1-O-feruloyl-β-glucose, 1-O-sinapoyl-β-glucose and 1-O-feruloyl-(β-1,2-glucuronosyl)-β-glucose, the hydroxycinnamic acid amide N-feruloylaspartate, and the betacyanins betanin, amaranthin and celosianin II. In addition, accumulation of the insoluble cell wall-bound hydroxycinnamic acids with ferulic acid as the major component occurs parallel to culture growth. The changes of three pivotal enzymatic activities, all O-transferases which are involved in the formation of the dominant ferulic acid conjugates, were determined. These are (i) uridine 5′-diphosphate(UDP)glucose-hydroxycinnamic acid O-glucosyltransferase (EC 2.4.1), (ii) UDP-glucuronic acid:1-O-hydroxycin-namoyl-β-glucose O-glucuronosyltransferase (EC 2.4.1) and (iii) 1-O-hydroxycinnamoyl-β-glucose:amaranthin O-hydroxycinnamoyltransferase (EC 2.3.1). The patterns of metabolite accumulation associated with these enzyme activities show that the hydroxycinnamic acid-glucose esters play a central role as metabolically active intermediates in the secondary metabolism of Ch. rubrum. Two cell lines of this culture (CH, CHN), differing in their betacyanin content, were compared with respect to this metabolism. A markedly higher total betacyanin content in the CHN line might possibly be the consequence of an increased supply of the key precursor for betalain biosynthesis, i.e. 3,4-dihydroxyphenylalanine (DOPA). In addition, the enhanced accumulation of celosianin II in the CHN line correlates well with a higher activity of the enzyme catalyzing the transfer of ferulic acid from 1-O-feruloyl-β-glucose to amaranthin.
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  • 5
    ISSN: 1432-2048
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
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  • 6
    ISSN: 1432-2048
    Keywords: Acyltransferase purification ; Affinity chromatography (reactive dye) ; Hydroxycinnamic acid amides ; Phenylpropanoids ; Solanum
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract A pathogen-elicitor-inducible acyltransferase [tyramine hydroxycinnamoyltransferase (THT); EC 2.3.1], which catalyzes the transfer of hydroxycinnamic acids from hydroxycinnamoyl-CoA esters to tyramine in the formation of N-hydroxycinnamoyltyramine, was purified to apparent homogeneity from cell-suspension cultures of potato (Solanum tuberosum L. cv. Datura), with a 1400-fold enrichment, a 5% recovery and a final specific activity of 208 mkat·(kg protein)−1. Affinity chromatography on Reactive Yellow-3-Agarose using the acyl donor (feruloyl-CoA) as eluent was the decisive step in the purification sequence. The purified protein showed a native molecular mass of ca. 49 kDa. Sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis in the presence and in the absence of a reducing agent (2-mercaptoethanol) indicated that THT is a heterodimer in which the protein subunits (ca. 25 kDa) are non-covalently associated. The enzyme was stimulated fivefold by 10 mM Ca2+. The apparent K m value for tyramine was dependent on the nature of the hydroxycinnamoyl-CoA present. Thus, the K m value for tyramine was about tenfold greater (174 μM) in the presence of 4-coumaroyl-CoA than in the presence of feruloyl-CoA (20 μM).
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  • 7
    ISSN: 1432-2048
    Keywords: Key words: Arbuscular mycorrhiza ; Cereal (root fungus) ; Glomus ; Poaceae ; Terpenoid accumulation/induction
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract. Sixty one members of the Poaceae, including various cereals, were grown in defined nutrient media with and without the arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) fungus, Glomus intraradices Schenk & Smith. The roots of all species investigated were colonized by the AM fungus, however, to different degrees and independent of their systematic position. High-performance liquid chromatographic analyses of methanolic extracts from the roots of mycorrhizal and nonmycorrhizal species revealed dramatic changes in the patterns of UV-detectable products along with a widespread occurrence of AM-fungus-induced accumulation of sesquiterpenoid cyclohexenone derivatives. The latter occur most often in the tribes Poeae, Triticeae and Aveneae. Some additional control experiments on plant infection with pathogens (Gaeumannomyces graminis) and Drechslera sp.) or an endophyte (Fusarium sp.), as well as application of abiotic stress, proved that the metabolism of these terpenoids is part of a response pattern of many gramineous roots in their specific reaction to AM fungal colonization.
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  • 8
    ISSN: 1432-2048
    Keywords: Key words:Brassica– Brassicaceae – Glucosyltransferase – Hydroxycinnamates – Phenylpropanoids – Sinapate
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract. A cDNA encoding a UDP-glucose:sinapate glucosyltransferase (SGT) that catalyzes the formation of 1-O-sinapoylglucose, was isolated from cDNA libraries constructed from immature seeds and young seedlings of rape (Brassica napus L.). The open reading frame encoded a protein of 497 amino acids with a calculated molecular mass of 55,970 Da and an isoelectric point of 6.36. The enzyme, functionally expressed in Escherichia coli, exhibited broad substrate specificity, glucosylating sinapate, cinnamate, ferulate, 4-coumarate and caffeate. Indole-3-acetate, 4-hydroxybenzoate and salicylate were not conjugated. The amino acid sequence of the SGT exhibited a distinct sequence identity to putative indole-3-acetate glucosyltransferases from Arabidopsis thaliana and a limonoid glucosyltransferase from Citrus unshiu, indicating that SGT belongs to a distinct subgroup of glucosyltransferases that catalyze the formation of 1-O-acylglucosides (β-acetal esters).
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  • 9
    ISSN: 1432-2048
    Keywords: Key words: Conifers (Abies ; Picea ; Pinus ; Pseudotsuga) ; Ectomycorrhiza ; Phenylpropanoids
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract. Tissue-specific accumulation of phenylpropanoids was studied in mycorrhizas of the conifers, silver fir (Abies alba Mill.), Norway spruce [Picea abies (L.) Karst.], white pine (Pinus strobus L.), Scots pine (Pinus silvestris L.), and Douglas fir [Pseudotsuga menziesii (Mirbel) Franco], using high-performance liquid chromatography and histochemical methods. The compounds identified were soluble flavanols (catechin and epicatechin), proanthocyanidins (mainly dimeric catechins and/or epicatechins), stilbene glucosides (astringin and isorhapontin), one dihydroflavonol glucoside (taxifolin 3′-O-glucopyranoside), and a hydroxycinnamate derivative (unknown ferulate conjugate). In addition, a cell wall-bound hydroxycinnamate (ferulate) and a hydroxybenzaldehyde (vanillin) were analysed. Colonisation of the root by the fungal symbiont correlated with the distribution pattern of the above phenylpropanoids in mycorrhizas suggesting that these compounds play an essential role in restricting fungal growth. The levels of flavanols and cell wall-bound ferulate within the cortex were high in the apical part and decreased to the proximal side of the mycorrhizas. In both Douglas fir and silver fir, which allowed separation of inner and outer parts of the cortical tissues, a characteristic transversal distribution of these compounds was found: high levels in the inner non-colonised part of the cortex and low levels in the outer part where the Hartig net is formed. Restriction of fungal growth to the outer cortex may also be achieved by characteristic cell wall thickening of the inner cortex which exhibited flavanolic wall infusions in Douglas fir mycorrhizas. Long and short roots of conifers from natural stands showed similar distribution patterns of phenylpropanoids and cell wall thickening compared to the respective mycorrhizas. These results are discussed with respect to co-evolutionary adaptation of both symbiotic partners regarding root structure (anatomy) and root chemistry.
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  • 10
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Planta 181 (1990), S. 599-603 
    ISSN: 1432-2048
    Keywords: Cell wall (flavonoid location) ; Flavonoid glycosides ; Kaempferol 3-O-glucoside (metabolism, transport) ; Phenolics, insoluble ; Picea (flavonoid glycosides)
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract 14C-Labelled CO2 fed to young Norway spruce (Picea abies [L.] Karst.) twigs was rapidly incorporated into kaempferol 3-O-glucoside (astragalin) of the needles. The patterns of the time course of total (per needle weight) and specific radioactivity (per amount of compound) of soluble and insoluble (cell wall-bound) astragalin indicate its transport from a soluble pool within the protoplast to an extraprotoplastic cell wall-bound pool within the needle. This conclusion is supported by measurements of the distribution of radioactivity between the aglycone (kaempferol) and the sugar part (glucose) of the molecule after various chase periods as well as by control experiments to determine the localization of [14C]astragalin in the cell wall preparations.
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